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Lecture Note Guides
Biology of Plants
Bio 332
Three insert pages are required!
Phylogeny Flowers
Gymnocones 1
Gymnocones 2

Page 1
Science: ____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Scientific Method:
1. ______________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________
6. ______________________________________________
7. ______________________________________________
Biology: _____________________________________________
Properties of Life:
1. ______________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________
6. ______________________________________________
Levels of Organization:
1. ______________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________
6. ______________________________________________
7. ______________________________________________
8. ______________________________________________

Page 2
Taxonomic Hierarchy
1. ______________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________
6. ______________________________________________
7. ______________________________________________
8. ______________________________________________
9. ______________________________________________
10. _____________________________________________
Plesiomorphies of Plants
1. ______________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________
6. ______________________________________________
7. ______________________________________________
Photosynthesis:
__________
________ + ________ >>>>>>>>>>>> ________ + ________
__________
Why Study Plants?
1. __________________
2. __________________
3. __________________
4. __________________
5. __________________
6. __________________
7. __________________
8. __________________
9. _________________
10. ________________
11. ________________
12. ________________
13. ________________
14. ________________
15. ________________

Page 3
Seed Parts:
1. ______________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________
Seed Germination: ____________________________________
_____________________________________________
Seeds Lacking Dormancy Need:
1. ________________ 2. ______________________
If More Dormant:
Feature Treatment needed Example
Barley Seed Germination Labeled Sketch

Page 4
Capsella Seed Longitudinal Section
Seed Coat
Endosperm
Micropyle
Embryo
Lettuce Seed Germination Story:
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

Page 5
Root Structure and Function
1. ___________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________
6. ___________________________________________
7. ___________________________________________
Four Overlapping Areas Along Root Length
1. ___________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________
Three Primary (immature) Tissues
1. ___________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________
Root Cap Facilitates Penetration Three Ways
1. ___________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________
Gravitropism Mechanism
1. ___________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________
6. ___________________________________________

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Water and Mineral Uptake
1. ___________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________
Sketch of Dicot Root Cross Section
1. _______________________
2. _______________________
3. _______________________
4. _______________________
5. _______________________
6. _______________________
(7. _____________________ )
Monocot Cross Section Differs By
1. Having _____________________________________
2. Having _____________________________________
3. Lacking ____________________________________
Pericycle Functions
1. In all plants _________________________________
2. In woody plants ______________________________
Root System Structure
1. ___________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________
(among others!)

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Stem Structure and Function
1. ________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________
Sketch of Dicot Stem Cross Section
1. __________________________
2. __________________________
3. __________________________
4. __________________________
5. __________________________
6. __________________________
7. __________________________
Sketch of Monocot Stem Cross Section
1. __________________________
2. __________________________
3. __________________________
4. __________________________
5. ________________________
6. ________________________
7. ________________________
Sketch of Woody Dicot Stem Cross Section
1. __________________________
2. __________________________
3. __________________________
4. __________________________
5. ________________________
6. ________________________
7. ________________________
8. __________________________
9. __________________________

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Annual Growth Rings
Spring wood cells are ___________________________
Cells get _______________ as the summer progresses
Winter wood cells are ___________________________
The ring is perceived because ____________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
The study of growth rings is called ________________ .
The oldest individual organism is _________________ .
Their individual age may be _________________ years.
Periderm
Cambium differentiates between_________ _________
The cambium is called __________________________
The parenchyma derivative is called ________________
And is found towards the _________________________
The sclerenchyma derivative is called ______________
And is produced _______________________________
The dead cells accumulate the chemical ____________
The periderm can insulate against _________________
The periderm can also assist in ___________________
The three regions of a woody stem are
1. ___________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________
When a sommelier (wine steward) presents you with the cork you should
1. ___________________________________________
2. If _________________________________________
3. If not ______________________________________

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Leaf Structure and Function
1. ________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________
6. ________________________________________________
Kinds of Leaves
One blade per petiole: ________________________________
Multiple blade shapes per plant: ______________________
Multiple blades per petiole: ____________________________
At end of petiole: __________________________________
Along rachis (petiole): ______________________________
Sketch of “Typical” Leaf Cross Section
1. __________________________
2. __________________________
3. __________________________
4. ________________________
5. ________________________
6. ________________________
7. __________________________
8. __________________________
9. __________________________
Stomatal Function
Guard cells possess this energy organelle ______________ .
In light photosynthesis makes __________ in the guard cells.
Water moves ________________________ the guard cells.
The turgor pressure _________________ in the guard cells.
The guard cells increase in _________________________ .
The two cells are joined ____________________________ .
The stoma between the cells ________________________ .
Floating leaves likely have stomata ___________________ .

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Epidermal hairs might be soft to __________________________ .
In bright sun the layers of palisade mesophyll _______________ ,
And comprise _______________________ of the leaf thickness.
In shade the palisade may be ____________________________ .
In Connecticut shade is used to make _____________________ .
Glandular hairs might produce __________________ for defense.
Hairs might produce ___________________ to spring a pulvinus.
Glandular hairs produce __________________ to mine an insect.

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Photosynthesis
The energy is from __________________________________
The molecules put together are ________________________
The organic product is ________________________________
The inorganic by-product is ____________________________
Photosynthesis in “one step”
______ + ______  ______ + ______
Photosynthesis Block Diagram
___  what
____ 
what what
___  where
 ____ 
where
 ____ 
___ 
specif.
 ____ 
specif.
where
 _____
Light
Wavelength from ____ to ____ ___ perceived as ________ .
Energy sequence is
Short/High ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ Long/Low
Presence of all visible wavelengths perceived as ________ .
Absence of all visible wavelengths perceived as _________ .
A green object absorbs _____________________________ .
A green object reflects _____________________________ .
Amplitude from ____ to ____ ___ perceived as _________ .
Darkness is ____ ___ Living room is _____ ___
CT Winter day is _____ ___ Brightest Earth day is _____ __

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Sketch of Photosynthesis Action Spectrum
Colors used effectively in PSN: ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
Color least effectively used in PSN: ___
Wavelengths not used in PSN at all: ___________________
Sketch of Light Dose Response
The intensity where PSN=Resp is called _______________
At higher intensities ________________________________
At lower intensities ________________________________
A sun-loving has a _________________ compensation point.
A shade-tolerant plant is _______________ efficient at PSN.

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Light Reactions
The light energy is absorbed ____________ by chlorophyll a.
The reaction center pigments absorb at _____ wavelengths.
These wavelengths have _____________________ energy.
More pigments __ energy of other wavelengths to P680/700.
Electrons for this come from the splitting of _____________ .
The electrons and some protons are received by _________ .
These electronic reactions occur in the ________________ of the ___________________________________________ .
Besides the oxygen by-product, the two coupling products of the Light reactions are: ___________ and _____________ .
Calvin Cycle
Is a system of _____________________________reactions.
It occurs in the ____________________________________ of the __________________________________________ .
Its 3 phases:___________,___________, ______________ .
The system requires the inputs:______, ______and ______ .
The product removed from the cycle is _________________ .
The rate-limiting step is catalyzed by __________________ .
This enzyme is inefficient because ____________________ .
C-4 Reactions
Evolved an enzyme for fixation: ______________________ .
This enzyme uses the substrate ______________________ .
The first product of fixation is a ____________________acid.
This is decarboxylated to swamp rubisco with ___________ .
This avoids the competitive __________________________ .
The C-4 fixation is in these cells ______________________ .
The C-3 fixation is in these cells ______________________ .
Which fixation cycle uses the most energy? _____________ .
These cells have more light reaction capacity ___________ .
The cost of C-4 reactions is _________________________ .
In CAM, the C-4 and C-3 reactions are separated ________ .

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Insert Phylogeny Flowers Here!

Page 15
Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are in kingdom _________________________
They are _______-karyotic and so lack __________________
They and their kin evolved in the ___________________ time.
The cyanobacteria dominated the ____________________ era.
The cyanobacteria added ______________________ to the air.
The cyanobacteria have been on this planet for _______ years.
The inorganic by-product is ____________________________
Sketch of a Vegetative Cyanobacterial Cell
The cell above reproduces by ______________________ .
Its cytokinesis is by ______________________________ .
The resulting cells are often joined by a ______________ .
When the cells clump the species is _________________ .
When the cells form chains the species is ____________ .
Chain branches held only by sheath are _____________ .
Chain branches held by cell contact are ______________ .

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Division of labor may include__________and _________ .
The cell responsible for nitrogen fixation: _____________ .
The cell serving as hypnospore: ____________________ .
Vegetative cells ___________________ endomembranes.
Heterocysts do not carry out _______________________ .
Heterocysts ________________________ endwall plugs.
Cyanobacterial photosynthetic pigments include:
_____________, _____________, and ______________ .
The prochlorophytes uniquely use: __________________ .
Prochlorophyte most-related to chloroplasts: _________ .

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Plant Clade
Green Algae, Bryophytes, and Vascular Plants ______ a clade.
The unifying features, aka _________________________ , are:
1. ______________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________
6. ______________________________________________
Sketch of the Generic Life Cycle (with two shortcuts)
If there is no multicellular haploid it is ________________ .
If there is no multicellular diploid it is ________________ .
With both multicellular haploid and diploid ____________ .
With no multicellular stage it is _____________________ .
Sketch of the three kinds of gametes

Page 18
Chlorophyta (Green Algae) Cell Sketch
Sketch of the Chlamydomonas Life Cycle
The gametes are_________ and cycle is _____________ .

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Sketch of the Ulva Life Cycle
The gametes are_________ and cycle is _____________ .
Sketch of the Codium Life Cycle
The gametes are_________ and cycle is _____________ .

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Sketch of the Oedogonium Life Cycle
The gametes are_________ and cycle is _____________ .

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Synapomorphies of Bryophytes with all Plants a. _________________________________________ b. _________________________________________ c. _________________________________________ d. _________________________________________ e. _________________________________________ f. __________________________________________ g. _________________________________________
Three classes: ___________ ____________ __________
Sketches of the Thallose Liverwort Gametophyte Parts
Sketches of the Thallose Liverwort Sporophyte Parts

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Sketch of the Thallose Liverwort Life Cycle
Sketch of the Leafy Liverwort Life Cycle

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Synapomorphies of Moss with all Plants a. _________________________________________ b. _________________________________________ c. _________________________________________ d. _________________________________________ e. _________________________________________ f. __________________________________________ g. _________________________________________
Sketches of the Moss Gametophyte Parts
Sketches of the Moss Sporophyte Parts

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Spores germinate into a filamentous gametophye showing how ________________recapitulates______________.
In difficult conditions the chloronema can form_________ .
The "leaf" of the moss is known as a ________________ .
The leaf arrangement is __________________________ .
The stem _________________________ conducting cells.
These are known as ____________ and _____________ .
The photosynthetic tissues are ____________ cell(s) thick.
The male gametangium is called ___________________ .
The female gametangium is called __________________ .
Sperm move to egg by ___________________________ .
Sperm have this shape _______ and swim with_________.
Sperm chemotaxis is chemistry from _____________ cells.
The calyptra over the moss capsule is from ___________ .
The three sporophyte parts: _______ _______ ________
The sporophyte gets its energy from ________________ .
The spores are dispersed by ________________ in most.
The spores are shed to this vector when the air is ______ .
Other species that colonize ____are dispersed by ______ .
Their spores must be ____________________________ .

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Hornwort Gametophyte wm Hornwort Gametophyte cs
Hornwort Antheridium ls Hornwort Archegonium ls
Hornwort Zygote
(hypothesis)
Hornwort Sporophyte wm
Hornwort Sporophyte ls Hornwort Sporangium cs

Page 26
Critical Apomorphies of Hornworts
1. _____________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________
Sketches of the Hornwort Life Cycle

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Spore-Producing Vascular Plants
Psilotum sporophyte features
1. Stem ________________________________________
Branching Pattern ____________________________
Xylem/Phloem arrangement ____________________
Xylem maturation _____________________________
Stele type ___________________________________
2. Leaf is a(n)__________because __________________
3. “Root” anchorage ______________________________
Mineral and water uptake ______________________
4. Sporangium __________________________________
Number of sporangia __________________________
Position of sporangia __________________________
Spores are vectored by ________________________
Psilotum gametophyte features
1. Thallus ______________________________________
Anchorage __________________________________
Nutritional Mode______________________________
2. Antheridia ____________________________________
Sperm release is by ___________________________
3. Archegonia ___________________________________
Fossil genera similar to Psilotum :_________, __________
These plants dominated the landscape in the __________

Page 28
Club moss sporophyte features
1. Stem ________________________________________
Branching Pattern ____________________________
Xylem/Phloem arrangement ____________________
Xylem maturation _____________________________
Stele type ___________________________________
2. Leaf is a(n)__________because __________________
Leaf arrangement ____________________________
3. “Root” anchorage ______________________________
Mineral and water uptake ______________________
4. Sporangium __________________________________
Number of sporangia __________________________
Position of sporangia _______________ of _________
Sometimes collected into a terminal ______________
Spores are vectored by ________________________
Club Moss gametophyte features
1. Thallus ______________________________________
Anchorage __________________________________
Nutritional Mode______________________________
2. Antheridia ____________________________________
Sperm release is by ___________________________
3. Archegonia ___________________________________
Fossil genera similar to Club Moss:_________, ________
Similar plants were present later in the _______________

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Equisetum sporophyte features
1. Stem ________________________________________
Branching Pattern ____________________________
Xylem/Phloem arrangement ____________________
Xylem maturation _____________________________
Stele type ___________________________________
2. Leaf is a(n)__________because __________________
Leaf arrangement ____________________________
3. Root anchorage _______________________________
Mineral and water uptake ______________________
4. Sporangium __________________________________
Number of sporangia __________________________
Position of sporangia _______________ of _________
Sporangiophores are in a terminal _______________
Spores are vectored by _______ facilitated by_______
Equisetum gametophyte features
1. Thallus ______________________________________
Anchorage __________________________________
Nutritional Mode______________________________
2. Antheridia ____________________________________
Sperm release is by _________ facilitated by _______
3. Archegonia ___________________________________
Fossil genus similar to Equisetum :_________, _________
The largest horse-tail is___________ _______________

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Ferns
Fern sporophyte features
1. Stem ________________________________________
Xylem/Phloem arrangement ____________________
Xylem maturation _____________________________
Stele type ___________________________________
2. Leaf is a(n)__________because __________________
Leaf is often _________________________________
3. Root anchorage _______________________________
Mineral and water uptake ______________________
4. Sporangia clustered in_________on _______________
Number of sporangia __________________________
Spore release _______________________________
Spores are vectored by ________________________
Fern gametophyte features
1. Thallus ______________________________________
Anchorage __________________________________
Nutritional Mode______________________________
2. Antheridia ____________________________________
Sperm release is by ___________________________
3. Archegonia ___________________________________
Chemotaxis of sperm is by _____________________

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Selaginella
Selaginella sporophyte features
1. Stem ________________________________________
Xylem/Phloem arrangement ____________________
Xylem maturation __________ Stele type___________
Endodermal cells are called ____________________
2. Leaf is a(n)__________because __________________
Dorsiventral flattening leads to __________________
3. Root anchorage _______________________________
Stem suspended above soil by __________________
4. Sporangia clustered in_________on _______________
Kinds of sporangia ____________________________
Kinds of spores ______________________________
Spore release _______________________________
____spores are vectored by ____________________
Selaginella gametophyte features
1. Male thallus is__________composed of an __________
Sperm release is by ___________________________
2. Female thallus location __________________________
Anchorage __________________________________
Nutritional Mode___________ and source__________
3. Embryo has a stalk called a ______________________
4. Embryo + gametophyte + spore wall ≈ “ ____________ ”
5. A heterosporous close relative is __________________

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Cycads
Ovule = ________________________________ in_____
That the ovule is exposed makes for a ________________
Cycad sporophyte features
1. Leaf is __________because ______________________
Veination in the leaflet is _______________________
2. Stem ________________________________________
3. Root anchorage _______________________________
Root endosymbiont ___________________________
4. Strobili called _________on _________________ plants
5. M-sporangia called ________in________on _________
6. µ-sporangia in groups on ________________________
µ-sporangiate cone sheds ______________________
These are known as _______ vectored by _________
Destination is _____________ of ________________
Cycad µ-gametophyte features
1. Tube cell ___________________________________
2. Sperm are __________________________________
Cycad M-gametophyte features
1. Surrounded by ___________and ________________
2. Thallus is__________ _________________________
3. Archegonium ________________________________
Cycad Seed Features _____________________________
Embryo includes a crushed ________________________

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Ginkgo
Ginkgo sporophyte features
1. Leaf is __________with a ___________________ shape
Veination in the blade is _______________________
First-year leaves have characteristic ______________
2. Stem is____________with _________________ growth
Stem has both__________and ____________ shoots
3. Root anchorage _______________________________
4. µ-strobili is a ___________cone shedding ___________
5. M-strobilus is reduced to just two __________________
In the end of each is an opening called a ____________
The ________ captures the________vectored by_____.
Ginkgo Sperm are ______________________________
Ginkgo M-gametophyte features
1. Surrounded by ___________and ________________
2. Thallus is__________ _________________________
3. Archegonium ________________________________
4. Syngamy occurs _____________________________
5. Zygote becomes an _______ with _______ phyllotaxis
Ginkgo Seed Coat fleshy_______ produces ___________
Stony layer of seed coat contains______,______, _____
The storage tissue is the ________________________ .

Page 34
Insert syngamy gymnocones page here

Page 35
Insert seed formation gymnocone page here

Flower Structure
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How do the terms… …relate to this diagram?
Pistil_________________________________________________________
Superior_________________________________________________________
Perfect_________________________________________________________
Complete_________________________________________________________
Monoecious_________________________________________________________
Pollination_________________________________________________________
Pollen Tube Growth_________________________________________________________
Syngamy_________________________________________________________
Embryo_________________________________________________________
Seed_________________________________________________________
Fruit_________________________________________________________

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Pollen Grain
(provide both name and function )
Embryo Sac
(provide both name and function )

Page 38
Aftermath of Syngamy:
After syngamy these disintegrate ________________________ __________________________
After syngamy these flower parts may abscise_______ _______ _______ ________ __________
After syngamy the egg is called a __________ which divides by ________ to become an _____ .
After syngamy the central cell is called the ____________ which divides by ____________ to become the ______________________________________ .
After syngamy the integument and nucellus become the _______________________________ .
After these changes, the ovule becomes a ___________________________________________ .
Hormones from the ovules cause the ovary wall to become a ____________________________ .
Origin
Three Fruit Classification Schemes
# Pistils # Fruits #
Flowers
Examples
Composition
Flower parts involved Examples
Description
Name Feature Examples

Page 39
Plesiomorphic State Character floral axis arrangement of parts symmetry number of parts fusion of parts perianth size pollinator gender perianth position
Apomorphic State ovary position grouping of flowers inflorescence organization
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Version 2
Two Angiosperm Phylum Synonyms:_______________________ ________________________
Three Protoanthophyte Orders:_______________ ________________ _____________________
Three Class-Level Group Names:______________ ______________ ______________________
Four Magnoliid Orders:_____________ _____________ _____________ __________________
Two Basal Monocot Orders:____________________________ __________________________
Crown Monocot Super Order: _____________________________________________________
Two Basal Eudicot Orders:___________________________ ____________________________
Two Major Core Eudicot Subclasses:_______________________ ________________________
Two Basal Eurosid Orders:_________________________ ______________________________
Example of each Eurosid SuperOrder:______________________ ________________________
Two Basal Euasterid Orders:___________________________ ___________________________
Example of each Euasterid SubOrder:______________________ _________________________