Textilní nanomateriály: Úvod: So you know how I'm like

Textilní nanomateriály:

Úvod:

So you know how I'm like, "Nanotechnology is the wave of the future," and y'all are like, "No way, Dr. Ellis!" And I'm like, "Totally!" and you're like, "Nah, we don't believe it."

Well believe it, 'cause you might be wearing it.

Levi is claiming that its new line of Dockers Go Khaki pants features "revolutionary nanotechnology" to keep it stain-resistant. According to tech.porn site Gizmodo, this is not strictly true -- the pants themselves are made of Teflon, like Martha Stewart's hair. The

"nanotech" part has to do with making Teflon feel like fabric.

Personally, I think there's something inherently sick about using nanomaterials to keep yuppies from freaking out whenever they spill their

Venti

Mochaccinos on their lameass khaki slacks. But I'm a very cynical man.

So what are nanomaterials? Well, most synthetic fabrics used in clothing manufacturing -- polyester being the most prevalent example -- are simply woven plastics. Try burning a polyester shirt sometime and you'll see what I mean. Most fabric innovations simply rely on combining these synthetic fabrics with real fabrics like cotton or cashmere.

Nanomaterials, on the other hand, are designed on a molecular scale. New molecules are woven into or attached onto cottons or other synthetics. This allows the creation of textiles -- which prevent liquid spills from soaking in, for example -- or fabrics that dry extremely quickly.

It sounds sorta boring when you put it that way, I suppose, but this is exciting stuff. Imagine clothes that automatically dry when you come in out of the rain, or a baby jumper that doesn't stain. Imagine a world in which you don't even have to wash clothes, because they don't stain, wrinkle or absorb smells.

As far as I can tell, the leader in textile nanomaterials is a company called Nano-Tex out of

North Carolina. It makes several lines of fabrics, which behave as described above, and its

clients include companies like the Gap, Haggar and Levi, as well as a bunch of companies that make things like fishing outfits and uniforms.

Nanomaterial design isn't limited to "Dawson's Creek"-wear, either. A few weeks ago, scientists at the University of Texas in Dallas managed to create thread made of carbon nanotubes, which are ridiculously strong (roughly 17 times tougher than the Kevlar used in bulletproof vests, according to the scientists). The thread is also capable of storing energy, like a capacitor. In theory, one could use these threads as batteries for a hybrid electric car ... woven into the composite body of the car itself.

A lot of people are pushing carbon nanotubes as the solution to actually building a "space elevator," a concept first envisioned by science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke in his 1979 novel The Fountains Of Paradise . The elevator would be a one-centimeter cable woven from nanotubes as fine as spider silk, stretching the 21,700 miles required to escape geosynchronous orbit. An elevator car would carry freight -- like spaceships or people -- up the cable easily, without the explosive force of rocket travel.

It may sound like ridiculous sci-fi bullshit, but a Seattle company called HighLift Systems wants to build a space elevator in the middle of the equatorial Pacific; it is currently engaged in feasibility studies and attempts to gain funding from NASA and other national space agencies. Its conclusion is that an elevator could be built within the next 15 years, for a cost of about $10 billion -- a relatively small amount when you look at the benefits. For example, a space elevator would reduce the price of sending a single kilogram of material into orbit from

$10,000-$40,000 to about $100. This means it would cost about $9,000 to send the average

American male into space, which makes ideas like civilian space travel and habitats a helluva lot more reasonable.

If some of this still sounds relatively primitive, keep in mind that most nanomaterial manufacturing wasn't even really doable until a few years ago. Carbon nanotubes were first described in 1991, but it took the dozen intervening years for anybody to figure out how to use them as anything but microcircuitry for computers. Molecular manufacturing requires tools like electron and scanning tunneling microscopes, which both observe and manipulate the world at the quantum level.

Nanomaterials are where the money's at, as far as nanotechnology is concerned. The traditional idea of nanotech (crafting molecule-sized robots to build things and manipulate matter) may be a lot sexier, but most experts agree it's also a lot further off -- 50 years, by some estimates. I personally doubt that, because I think that nanomaterial research is going to provide a lot of insights into building the more complicated stuff.

Either way, nanomaterials are transforming the way we look at the clothes we wear, the cars we drive and the artificial world we create around ourselves. If nothing else, it's helping to keep the more clumsy of us from looking like total retards by wandering around all day with coffee stains on our crotches. Finally -- a really useful application for speculative science.

Joshua Ellis, raconteur and deranged futurist, has a doctorate in divinity from the Universal

Life Church. He can be contacted at column@zenarchery.com

or on the web at

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/paranoid_annex, the discussion group for this column.

Databáze nanotech:

1)

Scientists rope in nanotubes for stronger conducting yarns

22 November 2004

Researchers from the University of Texas at Dallas, US, and CSIRO Textile and

Fibre Technology, Australia, have dry-spun multiwalled carbon nanotubes into twisted yarns that are both strong and good electrical conductors. The fibres could have applications in areas such as structural composites, protective clothing, artificial muscles, electronic textiles, heat pipes and supercapacitors.

"Our yarns are strong, tough, extremely flexible; they are knot, creep, chemical and radiation resistant; electrically and thermally conducting; sewable; weavable; and can be used from near absolute-zero to ultra-high temperatures," said Ray

Baughman of the University of Texas at Dallas NanoTech

Institute. Spinning a yarn

To make the yarns, the scientists adapted the traditional textile spinning techniques that have been around since at least the late Stone Age. They drew 10 nm-diameter multiwalled carbon nanotubes from a "forest" of similar length tubes deposited on a substrate, applying a twist at the same time.

The technique builds on a previous dry-spinning method developed in China but produces yarns that the scientists say are 1000 times stronger.

"The trick is that we use yarn twist and the resulting nanoscale friction to provide inter-nanotube mechanical coupling leading to yarn strength, rather than weak van der Waals interactions or a polymer binder," said Baughman. "The absence of this polymer is important for maximizing properties for multifunctional applications, such as for a yarn used for structural purposes that also functions as an artificial muscle, supercapacitor, heat pipe or fuel cell."

The team drew the yarns by hand while they were twisted with a motor at about 2000 rpm. This limited the length of the yarn to about 1 m because of "the arm length of the person doing the drawing". But the researchers say the spinning process is amenable to automation, which would enable the production of continuous yarns.

"We see no barrier to commercially practicing our spinning process - and modifications of it that are described in our pending patent application," said

Baughman. "We are working with CSIRO to upscale the process."

To adjust yarn diameter, the team altered the width of the forest sidewall that they used to generate an initial wedge-shaped ribbon. Using forest sidewall widths from less than 150 microns to around 3 mm gave yarn diameters of between 1 and 10 microns.

The team typically applied a twist of around 80,000 turns per metre. This compares to about 1000 turns per metre for a highly twisted conventional textile yarn with a diameter 80 times larger.

The researchers also made two-ply yarns by overtwisting a singles yarn and allowing it to untwist until it reached a torque-balanced state. Then they made four-ply yarns

by repeating the procedure with a two-ply yarn, this time twisting in the opposite direction.

Despite the good conductivity of individual nanotubes and pure nanotube yarns, composite fibres containing nanotubes and insulating polymers generally have low conductivities. But Baughman and colleagues found that the "intertube mechanical coupling" brought about by twisting helped maintain the electrical conductivity of the yarn after the infiltration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).

Introducing PVA decreased the yarn's electrical conductivity by around 30%, resulting in nanotube/PVA composite yarns with an electrical conductivity more than

150 times that of coagulation-spun nanotube composite fibres containing PVA.

"Although not yet quite as tough as the Kevlar used for antiballistic vests, our nanotube-based yarns are tougher than graphite fibre," added Baughman.

"Moreover, our multiwalled nanotube yarns have advantages over Kevlar in terms of thermal stability, resistance to creep and resistance to ultraviolet-induced degradation."

The yarns also showed extremely large Poisson's ratios: 4.2 compared to the typical value for a solid of around 0.3. As a result, applying a strain to the yarns produces a considerable densification. The team say this might be used for tuning the absorption and permeability of the yarns.

The researchers reported their work in Science .

2)

Nanotube yarn toughs it out over spider silk

12 June 2003

Scientists at the University of Texas at Dallas Richardson and Trinity College,

Dublin, have spun super-tough carbon nanotube fibres. The fibres, which are suitable for weaving into electronic cloth, are four times tougher than spider silk and 17 times tougher than the Kevlar fibres used in bullet-proof vests.

"To our knowledge, no other material of any type - natural or synthetic - has a toughness comparable to that of the nanotube composite fibres," said Ray Baughman of the

University of Texas at Dallas. "Possible applications for this super-toughness include safety harnesses, explosion-proof blankets for aircraft cargo areas, and antiballistic vests and shields."

Electronic textile

Baughman and colleagues made the fibres using a coagulation-based carbon nanotube spinning technique. They spun surfactantdispersed single-walled carbon nanotubes from a rotating bath of aqueous polyvinyl alcohol to produce nanotube gel fibres that they then converted to solid nanotube composite fibres at a rate of more than 70 cm per minute.

The resulting 100 m long fibres were 50 µm in diameter and contained around 60% nanotubes by weight. They had a tensile strength of 1.8 GPa and an energy-to-break value of 570 J/g.

Scanning electron microscopy showed that the polyvinyl alcohol formed a largely amorphous coating on the nanotubes.

Scientists believe that the toughness of spider silk is due to chain extension in amorphous regions between relatively rigid crystalline protein blocks; the polyvinyl alcohol may serve a similar function in the carbon nanotube composite fibres.

Nanotube composite fibre

Since submitting their work to Nature , the researchers have further improved the properties of the spun fibres. They have doubled the strength of the fibres so that they are stronger than Kevlar and twice as strong as the highest performance spider silk, as well as improving the fibre toughness to four times that of spider silk at the strain-to-break of spider silk.

"We are developing applications that exploit both these mechanical properties and the novel electronic and electrochemical properties of the carbon nanotube fibres," said Baughman. "One example is electronic textiles, where the nanotube fibres provide a structural function, in addition to one or more other functions."

To demonstrate one such application, the team made supercapacitors from spun nanotube fibres by coating them with electrolytes. They wove these capacitors into textiles, thus enabling the materials to store electrical energy. Baughman reckons that other promising electronic textile applications include distributed sensors, electronic interconnects, electromagnetic shielding, antennas and batteries. Last year, the team reported the use of nanotube fibres as artificial muscles that develop

100 times the force of natural muscle with the same diameter.

"We are currently making our fibres on the laboratory scale, producing hundreds of metres of fibre per run," added Baughman. "This basic fibre-spinning process is amenable to upscaling, which will involve increasing the spinning rate and going from single filament to multifilament spinning."

The scientists reported their work in the journal Nature .

About the author

Liz Kalaugher is editor of nanotechweb.org

.

3)

Scientists spy on nanotube growth

30 January 2004

Researchers in Denmark have taken the first high-resolution videos of the growth of carbon nanofibres in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The scientists, from Haldor Topsøe and the Technical University of Denmark, made the nanofibres by methane decomposition over nickel nanocrystals.

“Recent advances in in situ techniques now allow gas-solid interactions to be studied at the atomic-level in the course of a catalytic reaction or a nanomaterial synthesis,” Stig Helveg told nanotechweb.org

. “The movies directly show elementary steps involved in the catalytic growth reaction.”

The videos revealed that the graphitic nanofibres grew from nickel nanoclusters about 5 to 20 nm in diameter. The nickel catalyst particles actually changed shape during the growth process, becoming periodically more and less elongated. The nanocrystals elongated until they reached a length:width ratio of up to about four, before contracting to a spherical shape

Growing nanofibres within less than half a second. The elongation appeared to correspond to the formation of more graphene sheets at the graphene-nickel interface: the scientists say the reshaping of the nanocrystals assists the alignment of graphene layers into a tubular structure. If the graphene layers completely surrounded the nickel particle, growth of the nanofibre stopped.

The TEM images also showed the presence of mono-atomic steps at the nickel surface, with a graphene sheet terminating at each of the steps. These nickel step edges appeared to play a key role in the nucleation and growth of graphene sheets, with graphene layers growing between pairs of step edges as the steps moved towards the ends of the nickel cluster and vanished.

“By combining the atomic-scale observations with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we derived a detailed and coherent growth mechanism describing carbon nanofibre formation in terms of atomic-scale surface transport and restructuring of the nickel nanocrystals,” said Helveg. “What’s more, the direct observations and DFT calculations show that the active site/growth centre is associated with step edges at the nickel surface, mainly because carbon binds more strongly to such sites than to sites at closepacked facets.”

The scientists, who reported their work in Nature , believe that their discovery that the metallic step sites exhibit spatiotemporal dynamic behaviour “may be important for understanding catalytic reactions and nanomaterial syntheses, which usually assume a fixed number of stationary active sites.”



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4)

Carbon nanotubes head for brain repair

26 May 2005

Researchers in Italy have grown nerve cells from the hippocampus region of the brain on substrates containing networks of carbon nanotubes. The team, from the University of Trieste, University of Ferrara, International School for

Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS) and the National Consortium of Materials

Science and Technology (INSTM), found that the nanotubes improved neural signal transfer between the cells.

“The idea of putting together carbon nanotubes and neurones came first of all because of their structural similarities,” Laura

Ballerini and Maurizio Prato of the University of Trieste told nanotechweb.org

. “Neurite elongations are reminiscent of the cylindrical shape of carbon nanotubes. And since carbon nanotubes can be either conducting or semiconducting, in principle they could be used as assistive devices to functionally and structurally re-connect neurones that do not talk to each other anymore.”

Nanotube researchers

In order to deposit multi-walled carbon nanotubes onto a glass substrate, the researchers functionalized the tubes with pyrrolidine groups, boosting their solubility in the organic solvent dimethylformamide. The team then placed small drops of a solution of the nanotubes onto glass coverslips. Once the solvent had evaporated, the application of a heat treatment defunctionalized the nanotubes, leaving a coating of nonfunctionalized nanotubes on the glass.

The researchers attached hippocampal neurones both to nanotube-coated glass coverslips and to uncoated coverslips. Then they monitored the growth of the neurones for eight to ten days. The amount of growth on both substrates appeared similar.

The neurones developed on carbon nanotubes and directly on glass also had similar electrophysiological characteristics - for example, resting membrane potential, input resistance and capacitance - and similar intrinsic excitability. But neurones grown on carbon nanotubes displayed a six-fold increase in the frequency of postsynaptic currents.

“We demonstrate here for the first time a large improvement in neural-signal efficacy due to the presence of the carbon nanotube substrate,” said Ballerini. “In the long term, our results will prompt the development of new tissue engineering strategies ... such as the development of materials suited to functionally reconnecting injured neurones or to directly improving neural signal transfer.”

The researchers say they can foresee an immediate impact of their findings in the design of chronic neural implants. “In the field of spinal cord injury, investigating nanomaterial interactions with nervous tissue will also favour the design of acceptably small electrodes to provide spinal microstimulation without causing significant neural damage,” said Ballerini.

The researchers reported their work in Nano Letters .



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5)

Carbon nanotubes fill up with magnetic nanoparticles

1 April 2005

Researchers at Drexel University and TRI/Princeton, US, have filled carbon nanotubes with magnetic nanoparticles. The resulting magnetic

nanostructures could have applications in memory devices, medicine and wearable electronics.

“After successfully filling multiwalled carbon nanotubes with a variety of polar and nonpolar liquids, such as water, glycerin, alcohols, benzene, and cyclohexane, it was tempting to try filling large-diam eter nanotubes with a particulate fluid,” Yury

Gogotsi of Drexel University told nanotechweb.org

. “Ferrofluid was a natural choice because it contains small particles (about

10 nm in diameter); numerous ferrofluids are commercially available; and the practical benefits from filling nanotubes with magnetic particles were obvious.”

Gogotsi and colleagues made the carbon nanotubes by chemical vapour deposition into the pores of an alumina

Magnetic nanotubes membrane. The result was 300 nm-diameter tubes that were open at either one or both ends. Next, the researchers filled the nanotubes with either organic- or waterbased ferrofluids containing paramagnetic magnetite (Fe

3

O

4

) nanoparticles with an average diameter of 10 nm.

Capillary action enabled the ferrofluid to enter the nanotubes. The carrying fluid then dried to leave magnetic particles. The scientists used sodium hydroxide to remove the alumina template and expose the individual carbon nanotubes. They performed this step either before or after filling the nanotubes with ferrofluid.

“Filling of nanotubes with the ferrofluids appeared to be easier than anticipated,” said

Gogotsi. “We initially used strong magnets to guide the fluid into the tubes, but the effect of spontaneous penetration of wetting fluids into capillaries was sufficient. We have also recently demonstrated penetration of the same ferrofluid into 40 nm nanotube channels.”

The team did use a magnetic field to control the magnetic anisotropy of the structures. They estimated that around 70 000 nanoparticles entered each tube.

When suspended in liquid, the resulting paramagnetic nanotubes aligned with an applied magnetic field. The researchers were able to use gold electrodes to orient the nanotubes in the plane of a silicon wafer or to make them stand up perpendicular to the surface.

“The filled nanotubes can be used as nanosubmarines externally driven through blood vessels by a magnetic field and transporting attolitres of drugs to specific locations in the body, as well as for medical diagnostics without surgical interference,” said Gogotsi. “They can also be incorporated into smart textiles or films for magnetic recording.”

According to the researchers, other applications for the magnetic nanotubes include cantilever tips in magnetic force microscopes, magnetic stirrers or magnetic valves in nanofluidic devices. And aligned arrays of magnetic nanotubes could be used instead of nanoposts in fluidic chips for DNA separation. “We should also be able to control the properties of nanotube-covered material surfac es by applying a magnetic field,” said Gogotsi.

Now the team is exploring biomedical applications for the nanotubes and carrying out cytotoxicity studies. “We are also working on modification of tube surfaces to control their hydrophilicity,” said Gogotsi. “We believe that we can create a large number of

magnetically-controlled and nanopositioned tools for delivery and diagnostics on cellular and subcellular levels using our magnetic nanotubes.”

The scientists, who reported their research in Nano Letters , have filed for a patent on their work.



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6)

Lotus effect shakes off dirt

8 November 2002

The lotus - a flowering wetland plant native to Asia - may not, at first glance, be of interest to the nanotechnologist. But researchers at German chemical company BASF are developing a spray-on coating that mimics the way lotus leaves repel water droplets and particles of dirt.

Lotus plants have superhydrophobic surfaces: water droplets falling onto them bead up and, if the surface slopes slightly, will roll off. As a result, the surfaces stay dry even during a heavy shower. What's more, the droplets pick up small particles of dirt as they roll, so that the lotus leaves are self-cleaning.

Wilhelm Barthlott, a botanist from the University of Bonn in

Germany, first explained the phenomenon and now owns a patent and the Lotus Effect trademark. The effect arises

Dirty water because lotus leaves have a very fine surface structure and are coated with hydrophobic wax crystals of around 1 nm in diameter. Surfaces that are rough on a nanoscale tend to be more hydrophobic than smooth surfaces because of the reduced contact area between the water and solid. In the lotus plant, the actual contact area is only 2-3% of the droplet-covered surface.

The nanostructure is also essential to the self-cleaning effect - on a smooth hydrophobic surface, water droplets slide rather than roll and do not pick up dirt particles to the same extent.

BASF's lotus-effect aerosol spray combines nanoparticles with hydrophobic polymers such as polypropylene, polyethylene and waxes. It also includes a propellant gas. As it dries, the coating develops a nanostructure through self-assembly.

BASF says that the spray particularly suits rough surfaces such as paper, leather, textiles and masonry: the self-cleaning shoe may soon be a reality.

That said, in its current form, the spray may affect the colour of dark surfaces as its layers are slightly opaque. The coating can

Water-repellant wood also be mechanically unstable on smooth surfaces. But BASF is working to overcome these problems. The company even aims to develop a product that will retain its lotus effect after abrasion with sandpaper. Dubbed lotus stone, the material has potential for use in the construction industry, in applications such as facing tiles.



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7)

Researchers spin carbon nanotube yarns

24 October 2002

A team of Chinese researchers has come up with a new technique for making long threads of carbon nanotubes. The scientists, from the department of physics and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center at Tsinghua

University, drew out yarns up to 30 cm long from superaligned arrays of nanotubes.

Nanotube yarn experts

"The unique electrical and mechanical properties of a carbon nanotube are mainly exhibited along its axis direction,"

Shoushan Fan of Tsinghua University told nanotechweb.org

.

"If long nanotubes can be obtained, they can be used to create macroscopic nanotube structures that maintain the unique properties of the nanotube. It's difficult to infinitely increase the length of nanotubes by growth - our work offers an alternative method to obtain nanotube yarns of any desired length, which should help the remarkable properties of carbon nanotubes to be realized at a macroscopic level."

The scientists discovered the technique whilst attempting to pull a bundle of carbon nanotubes out of an array of nanotubes several hundred microns high on a silicon substrate. Instead, they managed to draw out a continuous yarn of nanotubes, a process they compare to drawing a thread from a silk cocoon.

The researchers found they could only draw continuous yarns from superaligned arrays in which the nanotubes are aligned parallel to one another and held together in bundles by van der Waals forces. The yarns appear as thin ribbons a few hundred microns wide that contain parallel threads with diameters of several hundred nanometres.

A light bulb filament made from the yarn emitted light for 3 hours at 70 V. After this treatment, the yarn's conductivity and tensile strength both increased, indicating that some welding may have occurred at the connection points between the tubes. The scientists also made a polarizer from the yarn.

"Our pure carbon nanotube yarn, after proper heat treatment, should be able to be woven into a variety of macroscopic objects for various applications, just like silk thread in the textile industry," added the researchers.

Now the team is working to increase the strength of the joints between the nanotubes in the yarn and looking at ways to extend the yarn's applications. The scientists reported their work in Nature .

8)

UK study calls for extra safety measures for nanotechnology

29 July 2004

The UK's Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering today released their long-awaited report on the potential risks and benefits of nanotechnology.

The document recommends additional safety testing for nanoparticles and nanotubes.

"There is a gap in the current regulation of nanoparticles," said Ann Dowling, chair of the working group that carried out the study. "They have different properties from the same chemical in larger form, but currently their production does not trigger additional testing. It is important that the regulations are tightened up so that nanoparticles are assessed, both in terms of testing and labelling, as new chemicals."

The report proposes that UK and European legislation should treat nanoparticles and nanotubes as new chemicals. In addition, it recommends avoiding "as far as possible" the release of such nanomaterials into the environment until more is known about their impact, and that the UK's Health and Safety Executive considers setting lower exposure levels for people who work with manufactured nanoparticles.

"The lack of evidence about the risk posed by manufactured nanoparticles and nanotubes is resulting in considerable uncertainty," states the report. With this in mind, it suggests that a new interdisciplinary centre should research the "toxicity, epidemiology, persistence and bioaccumulation of manufactured nanoparticles and nanotubes as well as their exposure pathways" and instruments for monitoring the materials in the environment. It's likely that such a centre would bring together several existing research institutions.

Nanoparticles and nanotubes should also be approved by an independent scientific safety committee before their use in consumer products such as cosmetics, according to the study. And industry should make details of its nanomaterial safety tests publicly available if the toxicological data available in peer-reviewed journals is incomplete.

In addition, the working group proposes a public dialogue about the development of nanotechnologies "before deeply entrenched or polarized positions appear". Market research conducted during the course of the study indicated that only 29% of the UK population had heard of nanotechnology.

The UK government commissioned the two bodies to conduct a study on nanotechnology back in June 2003. According to UK science minister David

Sainsbury, the government plans to respond formally to the report by the end of the year.

• The UK Health and Safety Laboratory is holding a conference on the occupational health implications of nanomaterials in October.



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9)

Nanotechnologies in textiles-for now and in the future

Ian Holme . Technical Textiles International : TTI . Holwell: Sep 2004 .Vol.13, Iss. 6; pg. 11, 4 pgs

Abstract (Document Summary)

Varying the feedstock, the thiophene concentration, the flow rate of hydrogen and the synthesis temperature determines if the spun material is composed of single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) or multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT) fibres. The SWNT fibres have diameters of 1.6-3.5 nm and are organized in bundles with a lateral dimension of 30 nm. The MWNT fibres have a nanotube diameter of 30 nm with an aspect ratio of about 1000.

DATABÁZE WOS:

1)

Title: Smart textiles for soldier of the future

Author(s): Sahin O , Kayacan O , Bulgun EY

Source: DEFENCE SCIENCE JOURNAL 55 (2): 195-205 APR 2005

Document Type: Review

Language: English

Cited References: 15

Times Cited: 0

Abstract: The textile-based materials, equipped with nanotechnology and electronics, have a major role in the development of high-tech military uniforms and materials. Active intelligent textile systems, integrated to electronics, have the capacity of improving the combat soldiers performance by sensing, adopting themselves and responding to a situational combat need allowing the combat soldiers to continue their mission. Meantime, smart technologies aim to help soldiers do everything they need to do with a less number of equipment and a lighter load. In this study, recent developments on smart garments, especially designed for military usage owing to their electronic functions, and intelligent

textile-based materials that can be used in battlefield, are introduced.

Author Keywords: smart textiles; nanotechnology; helmets; high-tech military uniform; smart garments; robotic suits; intelligent textile system; high-tech textiles; military shelter; heated-clothes; modular integrated communication helmet

Addresses: Sahin O (reprint author), Dokuz Eylul Univ, Engn Fac, Izmir, Turkey

Dokuz Eylul Univ, Engn Fac, Izmir, Turkey

Publisher: DEFENCE SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION DOCUMENTATION CENTRE, METCALFE

HOUSE, DELHI 110054, INDIA

Subject Category: MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES

IDS Number: 941ZR

ISSN: 0011-748X

2)

Title: Globalisation and the environment: the long-term effects of technology on the

international division of labour and energy demand

Author(s): Miozzo M , Dewick P , Green K

Source: FUTURES 37 (6): 521-546 AUG 2005

Document Type: Article



Times Cited: 0

Abstract: This paper examines the effect of the structural changes arising from the globalisation of production and innovation and from technological changes on the environment. Drawing on theories of international production from international business and innovation, we assess the impact of longterm technological change and changes in international production on the international division of labour and energy demand. We select two industrial sectors with different technological characteristics (the textile, clothing and footwear sector and the chemical sector). We examine the effects of the globalisation of production and of technological change on these two sectors on the level of industrial

production and resource intensity in different regions and countries over the last 30 years. We speculate on the impact of globalisation of production and innovation in future pervasive technologies-information technology, biotechnology and nano-technology. The implications of these developments on industrial greenhouse gases emissions are assessed. (c) 2004 Elsevier

Ltd. All rights reserved.

KeyWords Plus: PRODUCT CYCLE; INDUSTRY; TRADE; MODEL

Addresses: Miozzo M (reprint author), Univ Manchester, Inst Sci & Technol, Manchester Sch

Management, POB 88, Manchester, Lancs M60 1QD England

Univ Manchester, Inst Sci & Technol, Manchester Sch Management, Manchester, Lancs M60

1QD England

E-mail Addresses: marcela.miozzo@umist.ac.uk

Publisher: ELSEVIER SCI LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD

OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND

Subject Category: ECONOMICS; PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

IDS Number: 936VM

ISSN: 0016-3287

3)

Title: Electrospinning of nanofibers

Author(s): Subbiah T , Bhat GS , Tock RW , Pararneswaran S , Ramkumar SS

Source: JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE 96 (2): 557-569 APR 15 2005




Times Cited: 0

Abstract: Nanotechnology is the study and development of materials at nano levels. It is one of the rapidly growing scientific disciplines due to its enormous potential in creating novel materials that have advanced applications. This technology has tremendously impacted many different science and engineering disciplines, such as electronics, materials science, and polymer engineering. Nanofibers, due to their hi-h surface area and porosity, find applications as filter medium, adsorption layers in protective clothing, etc. Electrospinning has been found to be a viable technique to produce nanofibers. An in-depth review of research activities on the development of nanofibers, fundamental understanding of the electrospinning process, and properties of nanostructured fibrous materials and their applications is provided in this article. A detailed account on the type of fibers that have been electrospun and their characteristics is also elaborated. It is hoped that the overview article will serve as a good reference tool for nanoscience researchers in fibers, textiles, and polymer fields. Furthermore, this article will help with the planning of future research activities and better understanding of nanofiber characteristics and their applications. (C)

2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Author Keywords: fiber; polymer; nanotechnology; collagen; polyester

KeyWords Plus: POLYMER FIBERS; BENDING INSTABILITY; COLLAGEN NANOFIBERS;

MORPHOLOGY; JET; DIAMETER; ATOMIZATION; COMPOSITES; LIQUIDS; BLENDS

Addresses: Ramkumar SS (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Inst Environm & Human Hlth,

Box 41163, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA

Texas Tech Univ, Inst Environm & Human Hlth, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA

Texas Tech Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA

Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA

E-mail Addresses: s.ramkumar@ttu.edu

Publisher: JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA

Subject Category: POLYMER SCIENCE

IDS Number: 902MM

ISSN: 0021-8995

4)

Title: Polymer microspheres as carriers of antibacterial properties of textiles: A

preliminary study

Author(s): Goetzendorf-Grabowska B , Krolikowska H , Gadzinowski M

Source: FIBRES & TEXTILES IN EASTERN EUROPE 12 (4): 62-64 OCT-DEC 2004




Times Cited: 0

Abstract: A significant part of medical, fibre-based materials are antibacterial textile fabrics which can be obtained by various advanced technologies. The application of now nanotechnologies offers the possibilities of producing and implementing such products. In this work we present some preliminary tests concerning the irreversible immobilisation of poly(L,Llactide) microspheres loaded with Triclosan onto viscose nonwoven structures. In the available publications concerning encapsulation techniques, there is no information on trials pertaining to the production of microspheres from poly(L,L-lactide) with Triclosan. The experiments described in this paper were divided into two parts: the synthesis of microspheres with Triclosan (carried out at the Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz), and the attachment of microspheres to a textile fabric structure (carried out at the Textile Research

Institute, Lodz). The results were quantified and the microbiological efficiency of the modified fabrics was examined.

KeyWords Plus: ALUMINUM ISOPROPOXIDE TRIMER; TETRAMER

Addresses: Gadzinowski M (reprint author), Text Res Inst, Ul Brzezinska 5-15, Lodz, PL-

92103 Poland

Text Res Inst, Lodz, PL-92103 Poland

Polish Acad Sci, Ctr Mol & Macromol Studies, Lodz, PL-90363 Poland

E-mail Addresses: grabowska@mail.iw.lodz.pl

, mariuszg@bilbo.cbmm.lodz.pl

Publisher: INST CHEMICAL FIBRES, UL SKLODOWSKIEJ-CURIE 19/27, 90-570 LODZ,

POLAND

Subject Category: MATERIALS SCIENCE, TEXTILES

IDS Number: 892FV

ISSN: 1230-3666

5)

Title: think small - Nanotechnology's small changes may produce a big impact in the textile industry

Author(s):

Thiry MC

Source: AATCC REVIEW 4 (5): 9-13 MAY 2004



Cited References: 1

Times Cited: 0

Publisher: AMER ASSOC TEXTILE CHEMISTS COLORISTS, PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK,

NC 27709 USA

Subject Category: CHEMISTRY, APPLIED; ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL; MATERIALS SCIENCE,

TEXTILES

IDS Number: 821LY

ISSN: 1532-8813

6)

Title: Nanotechnology in textiles: Recent, developments and future prospects

Author(s): Qian L

Source: AATCC REVIEW 4 (5): 14-16 MAY 2004




Times Cited: 0

KeyWords Plus: ELECTRIC PROPERTIES; CARBON NANOTUBES; BLACK

Addresses: Qian L (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Inst Text Technol, Campus Box

8301, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA

N Carolina State Univ, Inst Text Technol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA

E-mail Addresses: leiq@itt.edu

Publisher: AMER ASSOC TEXTILE CHEMISTS COLORISTS, PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK,

NC 27709 USA

Subject Category: CHEMISTRY, APPLIED; ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL; MATERIALS SCIENCE,

TEXTILES

IDS Number: 821LY

ISSN: 1532-8813

7)

Title: Intelligent biomedical clothing for personal health and disease management:

State of the art and future vision

Author(s): Lymberis A , Olsson S

Source: TELEMEDICINE JOURNAL AND E-HEALTH 9 (4): 379-386 WIN 2003

Document Type: Review



Times Cited: 0

Abstract: Telemedicine has been introduced to overcome distance in order to get prompt access to medical knowledge and appropriate health care. More recently, work in telemedicine has aimed at developing solutions to support the management of chronic diseases such as diabetes, and lung and heart diseases, as well as to provide support for home care services.

Telemedicine is also entering the fields of health promotion/prevention disease, life style management, and well-being. The evolution and broadening of telemedicine gives birth to a nomenclature that includes "e-health," "telehealth," and "telecare." The latest developments in microsystems and nanotechnologies as well as in information processing and communication technologies allow miniaturization and non-invasive smart monitoring of physiological and physical data. Ongoing cutting-edge multidisciplinary research in textile fibers, biomedical sensors, and wireless and mobile telecommunications integrated with telemedicine, aims at developing intelligent biomedical clothing (IBC) that could pave the way to support personalized management of health and diseases at the point of need and at any time. In this study, we aim to describe the current status of multidisciplinary research and development of IBC, based on bibliographic research and reports from seminars, workshops, conferences, and working groups. A further aim is to inform the developers, the decision makers, and users in the health and healthcare sector regarding future solutions to support personalized health care and disease management. Both the textile sector and healthcare sector are looking with great interest at the innovative products and applications that could result from the integration of microsystems, nanotechnologies, biomedical sensors,

textiles, and mobile telecommunications. For health monitoring, disease prevention and management, rehabilitation, and sport medicine, IBC may offer, in the mid-term future, a unique, wearable non-obtrusive telemedicine platform for individualized services that is readily accessible and of good quality.

KeyWords Plus: EUROPEAN-SOCIETY; TASK-FORCE

Addresses: Lymberis A (reprint author), European Commiss, Informat Soc Directorate Gen

Off, EHlth Unit, BU-31, Brussels, B-1049 Belgium

European Commiss, Informat Soc Directorate Gen Off, EHlth Unit, Brussels, B-1049 Belgium

E-mail Addresses: Andreas.lymberis@cec.eu.int

Publisher: MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL, 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA

Subject Category: HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES

IDS Number: 772MT

ISSN: 1530-5627

8)

Title: Continuous carbon nanotube composite fibers: properties, potential

applications, and problems

Author(s): Dalton AB , Collins S , Razal J , Munoz E , Ebron VH , Kim BG , Coleman JN , Ferraris JP ,

Baughman RH

Source: JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY 14 (1): 1-3 2004



Cited References: 22 Times Cited: 8

Abstract: Using solution spinning, which involves an intermediate gel-state, we obtained exceptionally strong carbon nanotube fibers that are tougher than either spider silk or any fiber used for mechanical reinforcement. We use these fibers to make 100 micron diameter supercapacitors and electronic textiles. Per weight, the energy needed to break these fibers is about 4x higher than spider dragline silk and 20x higher than steel wire. This article

describes this advance, comparisons with the prior art, potential applications, and present barriers for large volume applications.

KeyWords Plus: SPIDER SILK; POLYMER COMPOSITES; CATALYTIC GROWTH; SENSORS;

GAS

Addresses: Dalton AB (reprint author), Univ Texas, UTD Nanotech Inst, POB 830688,BE 26,

Richardson, TX 75083 USA

Univ Texas, UTD Nanotech Inst, Richardson, TX 75083 USA

Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, Mat Ireland, Dublin, 2 Ireland

Publisher: ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY, THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,

CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND

Subject Category: CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL; MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

IDS Number: 757DH

ISSN: 0959-9428

9)

Title: Electrospun MEH-PPV/SBA-15 composite nanofibers using a dual syringe

method

Author(s): Madhugiri S , Dalton A , Gutierrez J , Ferraris JP , Balkus KJ

Source: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 125 (47): 14531-14538 NOV 26

2003




Abstract: The process of electrospinning, which produces fibers in the nanometer to micron range under the influence of high voltages, has been widely studied to produce polymer and

textile fibers. Mesoporous molecular sieve fibers have been produced in our lab, and this technique was extended to produce an interwoven mesh of polymer-molecular sieve composite fibers. The electroluminescent polymer MEH-PPV and molecular sieve SBA-15 were used to produce the composite fibers. An interesting aspect of these composites is that the fluorescence of MEH-PPV is blue shifted in the composites. The composites have been characterized by microscopy, vibrational spectroscopy, and fluorescence measurements.

KeyWords Plus: MESOPOROUS SILICA FIBERS; CONJUGATED POLYMERS; MEH-PPV;

POLY(PHENYLENE VINYLENE); OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; ENERGY MIGRATION; ULTRAFAST;

SPECTROSCOPY; DERIVATIVES; COPOLYMER

Addresses: Balkus KJ (reprint author), Univ Texas, Dept Chem, Richardson, TX 75083 USA

Univ Texas, Dept Chem, Richardson, TX 75083 USA

Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA

Subject Category: CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

IDS Number: 745ZU

ISSN: 0002-7863

10)

Title: Concepts for energy-interactive textiles

Author(s): Kim YK , Lewis AF

Source: MRS BULLETIN 28 (8): 592-596 AUG 2003




Times Cited: 0

Abstract: This review examines textile fibers and fabrics in the context of their interaction with various forms of energy, such as electromagnetic (photolytic), electrical magnetic thermal, chemical and mechanical. This interaction can involve conversion storage or management of energy. Examples are described suggesting some new materials configurations that could be incorporated into textiles to <LF>create special energy interactive textile (EITX) structures. Areas discussed are the management of electron flow

(electrical resistivity) and the adsorption of mechanical energy in textile fibers and fabrics.

Surface resistance studies on carbon nanotubes and conductive carbon black filled films of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and paraffin wax show that the electrical conductivity of these materials depends upon the matrix material type and the amount of charge-carrying

particles in the matrix. PMMA films filled with carbon nanotubes are found to be more electrically conductive than matrices filled with conductive carbon black. Mechanically energy interactions of flocked textile surfaces show that in compression they exhibit unique gradual load-deflection behavior. This effect should be useful in applications requiring impact-energy adsorption. Finally the functional steps in an integrated energy-interactive textile system are discussed.

Author Keywords: advanced fabrics; carbon nanotubes; electrical resistance; fiber coatings

(textile flocking); polymers

KeyWords Plus: EFFICIENCY

Addresses: Kim YK (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dartmouth, MA USA

Univ Massachusetts, Dartmouth, MA USA

Publisher: MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY, 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086

USA

Subject Category: MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; PHYSICS, APPLIED

IDS Number: 712FK

ISSN: 0883-7694

11)

Title: Super-tough carbon-nanotube fibres - These extraordinary composite fibres can

be woven into electronic textiles.

Author(s):

Dalton AB

,

Collins S

,

Munoz E

,

Razal JM

,

Ebron VH

,

Ferraris JP

,

Coleman JN

,

Kim BG

,

Baughman RH

Source: NATURE 423 (6941): 703-703 JUN 12 2003




KeyWords Plus: SPIDER SILK; FIBERS; ROPES

Addresses: Dalton AB (reprint author), Univ Texas, Dept Chem, Richardson, TX 75080 USA

Univ Texas, Dept Chem, Richardson, TX 75080 USA

Univ Texas, NanoTech Inst, Richardson, TX 75080 USA

Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, Dept Phys, Dublin, 2 Ireland

Publisher: NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP, MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1

9XW, ENGLAND

Subject Category: MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES

IDS Number: 688PA

ISSN: 0028-0836

12)

Title: Preparation of nanocomposite fibers for permanent antibacterial effect

Author(s): Yeo SY , Lee HJ , Jeong SH

Source: JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 38 (10): 2143-2147 MAY 15 2003




Abstract: The polypropylene/silver nanocomposite fibers were prepared for the attainment of permanent antibacterial activity to common synthetic textile. The fibers were melt-spun by co-extrusion of polypropylene (PP) and PP/Ag master-batches using general conjugate spinning. Master-batches were made up of mixture of PP chips and nano-sized silver powder.

The antibacterial efficacy of spun fibers was excellent not when the master-batch used as the core, but when used as the sheath. The antibacterial activity of nano-silver in fibers was evaluated after certain contact time and calculated by percent reduction of two kinds of bacteria; Staphylococus aureus and Klebsiela pneumoniae. For the characterization, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray diffractometer (WAXD) were used for analysis of structure, thermal and crystallization behavior of the spun-fibers.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out to observe particle distribution on the

nanocomposite fibers. (C) 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Addresses: Jeong SH (reprint author), Hanyang Univ, Coll Engn, Dept Fiber & Polymer Engn,

Seoul, 133791 South Korea

Hanyang Univ, Coll Engn, Dept Fiber & Polymer Engn, Seoul, 133791 South Korea

Publisher: KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT,

NETHERLANDS

Subject Category: MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

IDS Number: 676FX

ISSN: 0022-2461

13)

Title: Protective textile materials based on electrospun nanofibers

Author(s):

Schreuder-Gibson H

,

Gibson P

,

Senecal K

,

Sennett M

,

Walker J

,

Yeomans W

,

Ziegler D

,

Tsai PP

Source: JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 34 (3): 44-55 JUL 2002




Abstract: Electrospinning is a process for making extremely fine submicron fiber by a process of charging polymer solutions to thousands of volts. This method of manufacturing man-made fibers has been known since 1934, when the first patent on electrospinning was filed by

Formhals(1). Since that time, many patents and publications have been reported on electrospinning.

This paper describes our latest accomplishments in the development of useful fabric membranes from electrospun fibers and describes the properties of these membranes with respect to their strength and performance as protective layers, This paper reviews the electrospinning process and its current status as a manufacturing method. New data and properties of electrospun membranes are reported, including structural effects upon moisture transport, air convection, aerosol filtration, porosity, tensile strength, and enhanced chemical activity of these membranes, demonstrating the potential of these nanofiber layers in laminates for specialty textiles.

KeyWords Plus: PERMEABILITY

Addresses: Schreuder-Gibson H (reprint author), USA, Natick Soldier Ctr, Natick, MA 01760

USA

USA, Natick Soldier Ctr, Natick, MA 01760 USA

Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA

Publisher: SAMPE PUBLISHERS, 1161 PARKVIEW DRIVE, COVINA, CA 91722 USA

Subject Category: MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

IDS Number: 564MD

ISSN: 1070-9789

14)

Title: Helical carbon nanotube arrays: mechanical properties

Author(s): Pipes RB , Hubert P

Source: COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 62 (3): 419-428 2002




Abstract: An investigation of the effective mechanical properties of large arrays of carbon

nanotubes assembled in helical geometries of circular cross-section is undertaken following two approaches. The first is a traditional textile-mechanics approach wherein the nanotube is treated as a continuous textile fiber, and the second utilized anisotropic elasticity theory to examine the behavior of a layered cylinder with layers consisting of discontinuous carbon

nanotubes embedded in a polymeric matrix with the collimation direction in each layer following a helical path prescribed by a linear variation in the tangent of the helix angle with radial position. Stress distribution and effective elastic property results are presented for the two approaches. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Author Keywords: polymer-matrix composites; mechanical properties; anisotropy; stress transfer; carbon nanotube

KeyWords Plus: FIBERS

Addresses: Pipes RB (reprint author), Univ Akron, Coll Polymer Sci & Polymer Engn, 250 S

Forge St, Akron, OH 44325 USA

Univ Akron, Coll Polymer Sci & Polymer Engn, Akron, OH 44325 USA

Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA USA



Subject Category: MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

IDS Number: 526PA

ISSN: 0266-3538

15)

Title: Electrospinning of polymer nanofibers with specific surface chemistry

Author(s): Deitzel JM , Kosik W , McKnight SH , Tan NCB , DeSimone JM , Crette S

Source: POLYMER 43 (3): 1025-1029 FEB 2002




Abstract: Electrospinning is a process by which sub-micron polymer fibers can be produced using an electrostatically driven jet of polymer solution (or polymer melt). Electrospun

textiles are of interest in a wide variety of applications including semi-permeable membranes, filters, composite applications, and as scaffolding for tissue engineering. The goal of the research presented here is to demonstrate that it is possible to produce sub-micron fibers with a specific surface chemistry through electrospinning. This has been accomplished by electrospinning a series of random copolymers of PMMA-r-TAN from a mixed solvent of toluene and dimethyl formamide. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis shows that the atomic percentage of fluorine in the near surface region of the electrospun fibers is about double the atomic percentage of fluorine found in a bulk sample of the random copolymer, as determined by elemental analysis. These results are in good agreement with XPS and water contact angle results obtained from thin films of the same copolymer materials. (C) 2001

Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

Author Keywords: electrospinning; random copolymer; surface segregation

KeyWords Plus: BLOCK-COPOLYMERS; END-GROUPS; SEGREGATION; FIBERS; BLENDS;

FILMS; XPS

Addresses: Tan NCB (reprint author), WL Gore & Associates, 501 Vieves Way, Elkton, MD

21922 USA

USA, Res Lab, Polymer Res Branch, AMSRL,WM,MA, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005

USA

Univ N Carolina, Dept Chem, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA




IDS Number: 500CC

ISSN: 0032-3861

16)

Title: Transport properties of porous membranes based on electrospun nanofibers

Author(s): Gibson P , Schreuder-Gibson H , Rivin D

Source: COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS 187:

469-481 AUG 31 2001




Abstract: Electrospinning is a process by which high voltages are used to produce an interconnected membrane-like web of small fibers (10-500 nm in diameter). This novel fiber spinning technique provides the capacity to lace together a variety of types of polymers, fibers, and particles to produce ultrathin layers. Of particular interest are electrospun membranes composed of elastomeric fibers, which are under development for several protective clothing applications. The various factors influencing electrospun nonwoven fribrous membrane structure and transport properties are discussed. Performance measurements on

experimental electrospun fiber mats compare favorably with transport properties of textiles and membranes currently used in protective clothing systems. Electrospun layers present minimal impedance to moisture vapor diffusion required for evaporative cooling. There may be special considerations in the application of elastomeric membranes for protective clothing.

Effects of membrane distortion upon transport behavior of the structure might be significant.

Preliminary measurements have found that changes in elastomeric membrane structure under different states of biaxial strain were reflected in measurements of air flow through the membrane. Changes in membrane structure are also evident in environmental scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the pore/fiber rearrangement as the membrane is stretched. Experimental measurements and theoretical calculations show electrospun fiber mats to be extremely efficient at trapping airborne particles. The high filtration efficiency is a direct result of the submicron-size fibers generated by the electrospinning process.

Electrospun nanofiber coatings were applied directly to an open cell polyurethane foam. The air flow resistance and aerosol filtration properties correlate with the electrospun coating addon weight. Particle penetration through the foam layer, which is normally very high, was eliminated by extremely thin layers of electrospun nanofibers sprayed on to the surface of the foam. Electrospun fiber coatings produce an exceptionally lightweight multifunctional membrane for protective clothing applications, which exhibits high breathability, elasticity, and filtration efficiency. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Author Keywords: electrospinning; electrospun; porous; membrane; fiber

KeyWords Plus: DEPENDENT AIR PERMEABILITY; HUMIDITY

Addresses: Gibson P (reprint author), USA, Soldier Syst Ctr, AMSSB, RSS,MS, Natick, MA

01760 USA

USA, Soldier Syst Ctr, AMSSB, RSS,MS, Natick, MA 01760 USA

Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS

Subject Category: CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

IDS Number: 454AV

ISSN: 0927-7757

17)

Title: Micro- and nano-cellulosic fibres

Author(s): Laszkiewicz B

Source: MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS 353: 271-274 2000



Cited References: 5

Times Cited: 0

Abstract: Conditions of micro- and nanofibres preparation was reported. In this paper was presented global situation in the textile industry and its restructurization. As a result of the movment in textile industry many companies and research centers started to prepare new technologies for new fibres with special properties. One of this direction are research works on special micro-and nanofibres.

Author Keywords: cellulose; fibres; micro and nanofibres

Addresses: Laszkiewicz B (reprint author), Lodz Tech Univ, Zeromskiego 116, Lodz, PL-

90543 Poland

Lodz Tech Univ, Lodz, PL-90543 Poland

Publisher: GORDON BREACH PUBLISHING, TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP, 325 CHESTNUT ST,

8TH FL, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA

Subject Category: CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

IDS Number: 422QX

ISSN: 1058-725X

18)

Title: Use of nanotechnology in textile industry

Author(s):

[Anon]

Source: JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH 59 (5): 427-427 MAY 2000

Document Type: News Item


Cited References: 1

Times Cited: 0

Publisher: NATL INST SCIENCE COMMUNICATION, DR K S KRISHNAN MARG, NEW DELHI

110 012, INDIA

Subject Category: ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL; MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES

IDS Number: 363EQ

ISSN: 0022-4456

19)

Title: The effect of processing variables on the morphology of electrospun nanofibers

and textiles

Author(s):

Deitzel JM

,

Kleinmeyer J

,

Harris D

,

Tan NCB

Source: POLYMER 42 (1): 261-272 JAN 2001




Abstract: Electrospinning is a process that produces continuous polymer fibers with diameters in the sub-micron range through the action of an external electric field imposed on a polymer solution or melt. Non-woven textiles composed of electrospun fibers have a large specific surface area and small pore size compared to commercial textiles, making them excellent candidates for use in filtration and membrane applications. While the process of electrospinning has been known for over half a century, current understanding of the process and those parameters, which influence the properties of the fibers produced from it, is very limited. In this work, we have evaluated systematically the effects of two of the most important processing parameters: spinning voltage and solution concentration, on the morphology of the fibers formed. We find that spinning voltage is strongly correlated with the formation of bead defects in the fibers, and that current measurements may be used to signal the onset of the processing voltage at which the bead defect density increases substantially.

Solution concentration has been found to most strongly affect fiber size, with fiber diameter increasing with increasing solution concentration according to a power law relationship. In addition, electrospinning from solutions of high concentration has been found to produce a bimodal distribution of fiber sizes, reminiscent of distributions observed in the similar droplet generation process of electrospray. In addition, we find evidence that electrostatic effects influence the macroscale morphology of electrospun textiles, and may result in the formation of heterogeneous or three-dimensional structures. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Author Keywords: electrospinning; nanofiber; morphology

KeyWords Plus: POLYETHYLENE FIBERS; POLYMER; LIQUIDS

Addresses: Tan NCB (reprint author), USA, Res Lab, Polymers Res Branch, AMSRL,WM,MA,

Mat Div Bldg 4600,Deer Creek Loop, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA

USA, Res Lab, Polymers Res Branch, AMSRL,WM,MA, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005

USA




IDS Number: 358FV

ISSN: 0032-3861

20)

Title: Synthetic nano-scale fibrous extracellular matrix

Author(s): Ma PX , Zhang RY

Source: JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 46 (1): 60-72 JUL 1999




Abstract: Biodegradable polymers have been widely used as scaffolding materials to regenerate new tissues. To mimic natural extracellular matrix architecture, a novel highly porous structure, which is a three-dimensional interconnected fibrous network with a fiber diameter ranging from 50 to 500 nm, has been created from biodegradable aliphatic polyesters in this work. A porosity as high as 98.5% has been achieved. These nano-fibrous matrices were prepared from the polymer solutions by a procedure involving thermally induced gelation, solvent exchange, and freeze-drying. The effects of polymer concentration, thermal annealing, solvent exchange, and freezing temperature before freeze-drying on the

nano-scale structures were studied. In general, at a high gelation temperature, a platelet-like structure was formed. At a low gelation temperature, the nano-fibrous structure was formed.

Under the conditions for nano-fibrous matrix formation, the average fiber diameter (160-170

nm) did not change statistically with polymer concentration or gelation temperature. The porosity decreased with polymer concentration. The mechanical properties (Young's modulus and tensile strength) increased with polymer concentration. A surface-to-volume ratio of the

nano-fibrous matrices was two to three orders of magnitude higher than those of fibrous nonwoven fabrics fabricated with the textile technology or foams fabricated with a particulate-leaching technique. This synthetic analogue of natural extracellular matrix combined the advantages of synthetic biodegradable polymers and the nano-scale architecture of extracellular matrix, and may provide a better environment for cell attachment and function. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Author Keywords: scaffold; tissue engineering; polymer; matrix; fiber; morphology

KeyWords Plus: HEART-VALVE LEAFLETS; IN-VITRO; BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER; BONE;

CARTILAGE; COLLAGEN; COPOLYMERS; RELEASE; IMPLANT; GROWTH

Addresses: Ma PX (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Biol & Mat Sci, 1011 N Univ

Ave,Room 2211, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA

Univ Michigan, Dept Biol & Mat Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA

Publisher: JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA

Subject Category: ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL; MATERIALS SCIENCE, BIOMATERIALS;

MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

IDS Number: 197LH

ISSN: 0021-9304

Databáze Proquest:

1)

Harnessing Nanotechnology to Improve Global Equity

Peter A Singer , Fabio Salamanca-Buentello , Abdallah S Daar . Issues in Science and

Technology . Washington: Summer 2005 .Vol.21, Iss. 4; pg. 57, 8 pgs

Subjects:

Author(s):

Document types:

Publication title:

Source type:

Nanotechnology , Research & development--R&D , Developing countries--LDCs

Peter A Singer

Commentary

Periodical

, Fabio Salamanca-Buentello

Issues in Science and Technology

, Abdallah S Daar

. Washington: Summer 2005 . Vol. 21, Iss. 4; pg. 57, 8 pgs

ISSN/ISBN: 07485492

ProQuest document ID: 864973741

Text Word Count

Document URL:

4360 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=864973741&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=46402&RQT=309&VName=PQD


As Singer et al discuss, developing countries usually find themselves on the sidelines watching the excitement of technological innovation. The wealthy industrialized nations typically dominate the development, production, and use of new technologies. But many developing countries are poised to rewrite the script in nanotechnology in which they see the potential for nantotechnology to meet several needs of particular value to the developing world and seek a leading role for themselves in the development, use, and marketing of these technologies.

ZTN2

2)

Funds for future of nanotechnology

Process Engineering . London: Apr 25, 2005 . pg. 6

Document types:

Publication title:

Government news

Process Engineering . London: Apr 25, 2005 . pg. 6

Source type:

ISSN/ISBN:

Periodical

03701859


Text Word Count

Document URL:


Full Text (240 words)

(Copyright (c) 2005. Centaur Communications Limited. Reproduced withpermission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction ordistribution is prohibited without permission.)

The regional development agency Yorkshire Forward has announced plans to invest pound 5million in three university centres to develop micro- and nanotechnology. The investment is aimed at helping projects with 'substantial commercial potential' to move from the development stage to the open market.

The three projects to receive funding are the Nanofactory, located at the University of

Leeds and in partnership with the Universities of Bradford and Sheffield, which receives pound 2.1million to create a 'nano-manufacturing' centre focusing on consumer products; the York-JEOL Centre for Nanolithography and Analysis, which receives pound 1.65million to purchase equipment for an industrial research centre; and the Polymer Interdisciplinary Research Centre, based at the Universities of

Sheffield, Leeds and Bradford, which receives pound 1.2million to upgrade equipment for commercial development of polymers and composite materials.

* The world demand for nanomaterials is set to reach $90billion by 2020, according to market research from the Freedonia Group. The five-fold increase in demand from

2008 to 2020 reflects an expected explosion in applications for nano-scale material, the report says.

Currently, commercial applications for nanotechnology are limited to tiny particles of metals and oxides, used for wafer polishing, textile treatment and sunscreens,

Freedonia says. However, in the next decade, novel nanomaterials such as dendrimers and single- walled carbon nanotubes are expected to account for larger shares of the market, entering applications such as drug delivery systems, water treatment and power generation technologies.

Copyright: Centaur Communications Ltd. and licensors

3)

The commercial potential of nanotechnology and the value for investors

Alexandre Gauthier-Jaques . Journal of Medical Marketing . London: Jan

2005 .Vol.5, Iss. 1; pg. 36, 8 pgs

Subjects: Nanotechnology , Biomedical research , Technological change

Classification Codes 5400 Research & development , 8641 Pharmaceuticals industry

Author(s):

Document types:

Section:

Publication title:

Alexandre Gauthier-Jaques

Feature

Financial Market Perspective

Journal of Medical Marketing . London: Jan 2005 . Vol. 5, Iss. 1; pg. 36, 8 pgs

Source type:

ISSN/ISBN:

Periodical

17457904


Text Word Count 3826

Document URL: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=792084461&sid=1&Fmt=7&clientId=46402&RQT=309&VName=PQD


Smaller is indeed becoming better, according to this review of the nascent nanotechnology sector, which focuses on biomedical applications. Nanotechnology in diagnostics and therapeutics is being driven by a series of real needs, a situation similar to that in the electronics industry, where new paradigms, approaches and systems are required to overcome real problems. The astute investor will see opportunities in a medical nanotechnology revolution that has already begun.

ZTN1

4)

New strategies, new allies for a new era (Purchasing)

Executive Quote and Information Service : EQUIS . Lanham: Nov 4, 2004 . pg. n/a

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Publication title: Executive Quote and Information Service : EQUIS . Lanham: Nov 4, 2004 . pg. n/a

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In the burgeoning pharma area, specialty chemical suppliers are keen to attract and retain their customers from the initial drug discovery phase through commercial production. As a result, many of these suppliers are making acquisitions that can fill out their roster of services. For example, Sigma-Aldrich Fine Chemicals, St. Louis,

Mo., this year acquired two smaller companies--Ultrafine, based in Manchester, U.K., and Tetrionics, located in Madison, Wisc.

Full Text (312 words)

2004 Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier, Inc.

Specialty chemicals are a diverse group of products with some very inviting opportunities and more than a few risks. In order to exploit these opportunities and sidestep the pitfalls, specialty chemical makers are carefully tailoring and shaping their business strategies. In particular, they are acquiring and divesting businesses and technologies, building new facilities, offering new services, expanding their R&D and forming partnerships with other firms.

Among the fastest growing sectors in specialty chemicals--defined as products with specific and unique performance characteristics--are active pharmaceutical ingredients, nanomaterials and enzymes, according to SRI Consulting, which reports annual expansion rates of 5% or more for these product classes. Also showing vibrant activity, says the firm, are dyes and pigments for the inks and toners in laser and inkjet printers, high-performance thermoplastics, and radiation-curable coatings. On the other hand, SRI identifies six specialty chemical industries with growth rates of 1% or less: pesticides, textile chemicals, lubricating oil additives, synthetic dyes, rubber-processing chemicals and mining chemicals.

In the burgeoning pharma area, specialty chemical suppliers are keen to attract and retain their customers from the initial drug discovery phase through commercial production. As a result, many of these suppliers are making acquisitions that can fill out their roster of services. For example, Sigma-Aldrich Fine Chemicals, St. Louis,

Mo., this year acquired two smaller companies--Ultrafine, based in Manchester, U.K., and Tetrionics, located in Madison, Wisc. David Feldker, vice president at Sigma-

Aldrich Fine Chemicals, says the deals were the culmination of a four-year gap analysis at the company to find out which of its pharma services needed augmenting.

Absorbing the smaller firms, he adds, "added to our current API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) and advanced intermediates manufacturing capabilities, which gave us better penetration into those markets." ...

[Copyright: Content copyright 2004, Reed Business Information, a division of Reed

Elsevier, Inc. Formatting copyright 2004, FDCH e-Media, Inc. (f/k/a Federal

Document Clearing House, Inc.).]

5)

Small Is Big

Jennifer LeClaire . Area Development Site and Facility Planning . Easton: Oct

2004 .Vol.39, Iss. 5; pg. 16, 4 pgs

Author(s): Jennifer LeClaire

Document types:

Section:

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ISSN/ISBN:

General Information

High Technology

Area Development Site and Facility Planning . Easton: Oct 2004 . Vol. 39, Iss. 5; pg. 16, 4 pgs

Periodical

10486534





"Nanotech's biggest challenge is the funding gap, often referred to as the valley of death," says Kelly Kordzik, chair of Winstead sechrest & Minick P.C.'s intellectual property section and nanotechnology practice, and president of the Texas

Nanotechnology Initiative. "With little venture capital, companies are bootstrapping.

Much of the nano research has not made it to the commercial marketplace because there's no money available."

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6)

Patent Pools as an Alternative to Patent Wars in Emergent Sectors

Michael Bednarek , Markus Ineichen . Intellectual Property & Technology Law

Journal . Clifton: Jul 2004 .Vol.16, Iss. 7; pg. 1

Subjects: Patents , Intellectual property , Technological change , Litigation , Acquisitions & mergers , Licensing

Classification Codes 9190 United States , 7500 Product planning & development , 4330 Litigation , 2330 Acquisitions & mergers

Locations: United States , US

Author(s):

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Michael Bednarek

Feature

, Markus Ineichen

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Intellectual Property & Technology Law Journal . Clifton: Jul 2004 . Vol. 16, Iss. 7; pg. 1

Periodical





Available evidence suggests that the world is in the midst of a 21st century gold rush as companies and individuals race to secure patent rights both in nascent fields such as nanotechnology and bioinformatics and in sectors of the economy that have not traditionally been involved in patents, such as financial services, retail, travel, and

hospitality. The inevitable result of this rush to the patent office will be patent thickets that present challenges for those seeking to compete. The emergence of these patent thickets means that there will be conflicting claims of IP ownership among the many different patent owners. Patent thickets are nothing new. To the contrary, the introduction of new technologies has historically been followed by the emergence of thickets of overlapping patent rights, ensuing conflicts, and litigation. While history suggests that patent thickets are unavoidable, there are alternatives to patent wars.

The alternatives to litigation may be characterized as: 1. mergers or acquisitions, 2. sales/assignments, and 3. licensing.

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7)

Too much, too soon; [1]

Joshua Jaffe . The Deal.com

. New York: May 3, 2004 . pg. 1



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Author(s): Joshua Jaffe

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NewsWeekly

The Deal.com

. New York: May 3, 2004 . pg. 1

Source type: Periodical





Where will exits come from? Some on Wall Street would like to think IPOs will be the preferred avenue. In March, New York-based boutique investment bank Punk,

Ziegel & Co.

created a nanotech tracking index of 15 publicly traded small-cap nanotech companies. The objective: Create an investor following for subsequent listings by the next crop of nanotech companies to go public.

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8)

Too much, too soon

Joshua Jaffe . The Deal.com

. New York: May 3, 2004 . pg. 1

Author(s):

Section:

Joshua Jaffe

NewsWeekly

Publication title: The Deal.com

. New York: May 3, 2004 . pg. 1

Source type: Periodical


Text Word Count

Document URL:



Where will exits come from? Some on Wall Street would like to think IPOs will be the preferred avenue. In March, New York-based boutique investment bank Punk,

Ziegel & Co.

created a nanotech tracking index of 15 publicly traded small-cap nanotech companies. The objective: Create an investor following for subsequent listings by the next crop of nanotech companies to go public.

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9)

Nanotechnology and the Challenges It Poses for the Federal Government

Thomas W Elwood . Journal of Allied Health . Washington: Winter

2004 .Vol.33, Iss. 4; pg. 227, 3 pgs

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Thomas W Elwood

General Information

A VIEW FROM WASHINGTON

Journal of Allied Health

Periodical

00907421

. Washington: Winter 2004 . Vol. 33, Iss. 4; pg. 227, 3 pgs




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10)

The Next Big Thing?

Gloria Bergen . OH & S Canada . Don Mills: Jan/Feb 2004 .Vol.20, Iss. 1; pg. 50, 2 pgs

Subjects: Nanotechnology , Health risk assessment , Manufacturing , Toxins , Nanoparticles

Classification Codes 5340 Safety management , 9172 Canada , 8600 Manufacturing industries not elsewhere classified

Locations:

Author(s):

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Section:

Canada

Gloria Bergen

News

Nanotechnology

Publication title: OH & S Canada . Don Mills: Jan/Feb 2004 . Vol. 20, Iss. 1; pg. 50, 2 pgs

Source type:

ISSN/ISBN:

Periodical

08274576





Nanotechnology is currently used primarily in industries and research facilities that manufacture or construct materials measured in nanometers (billionths of a meter).

Despite current limited applications, the technology is raising concern that it may introduce new classifications of toxins or environmental hazards. Nanoparticles are created through high-energy processes such as welding, fuel-processing and generation of diesel exhaust. These processes produce particulate matter that, when inhaled, enter the respiratory and digestive systems, but can eventually travel to the liver, central nervous system and cardiovascular system. Little is known about the risk of exposure during manufacturing and handling of nanoparticles. Despite 25 years of laboratory work on nanoparticles around the world, scientists have still not managed to agree upon safety protocols to protect workers even though many organizations have attempted to do so.

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11)

Mark Document

Abstract , Full Text

BASF takes big steps in small technology

Alex Scott . Chemical Week . New York: Dec 4, 2002 .Vol.164, Iss. 47; pg. 45, 1 pgs

Subjects: Research & development , R&D , Chemical industry , Nanotechnology , Corporate profiles

Classification Codes 9175 Western Europe , 9110 Company specific , 8640 Chemical industry , 5400 Research & development

Locations:

Companies:

Germany

BASF AG (NAICS: 551112 )

Author(s):

Document types:

Publication title:

Alex Scott

News

Chemical Week . New York: Dec 4, 2002 . Vol. 164, Iss. 47; pg. 45, 1 pgs

Source type:

ISSN/ISBN:

Periodical

0009272X


Text Word Count 825



Nanomaterials - particles measured in tens of nanometers in size - are now one of

BASF's two chief R&D thrusts. BASF is developing nanomaterials to allow the production of colorants without dyes, and plastic bags that do not leach color, as well as for hydrogen storage nanocubes for fuel cells, scratch-resistant polymers, synthetic tooth enamel, and superinsulators for electronic applications. The company is developing a synthetic tooth enamel, hydroxyapatite, that is generated in the form of nano-sized crystals. The company also wants to introduce novel emulsion polymers with nanodimensions. BASF's functional polymers division already has a broad range of nanoscale products including those for the textile and leather industries, and introduces up to 10 new products/year. BASF is also developing nanomaterials to generate different colors in polymers without the use of dyes.

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12)

Nanomaterials & wear resistant polymers

R W Brotzman , J Aikens , F Batllo , M Kullberg , G Kritchevsky . Ceramic Industry . Troy:

Jun 2000 .Vol.150, Iss. 6; pg. 39, 5 pgs



Select language


Subjects: Nanotechnology , Polymers , Composite materials , Process engineering

Classification Codes 8640 Chemical industry , 5310 Production planning & control , 9190 United States

Locations: United States , US

Author(s):

Document types:

R W Brotzman

Feature

, J Aikens , F Batllo , M Kullberg , G Kritchevsky

Publication title:

Source type:

ISSN/ISBN:

Ceramic Industry . Troy: Jun 2000 . Vol. 150, Iss. 6; pg. 39, 5 pgs

Periodical

00090220





There is growing demand for abrasion resistant polymer systems for coating applications in sensors, optics, textiles and numerous consumer goods. Conventional epoxy materials generally do not provide enough war resistance. To solve these

problems, a polymer dispersion incorporating nanocrystalline alumina was developed. Laboratory wear testing at 45 pounds applied force demonstrates that nanocrystalline polymer coated aluminum oxide powder covalently incorporated into an epoxy formulation (using targeted chemical reactivity) at 45 wt% provides nearly 4 times and 19 times more wear resistance compared to other commercial materials

(80-83 wt% filled epoxy and 46.5 wt% filled elastomer-modified epoxy, respectively).

The ability to tailor the surfaces of nanosized particles to improve the electronic, optical and chemical performance of polymer-based materials will enable new functional, abrasion-resistant coatings to be developed in the future.

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Textile nanotubes:

1. CSIRO AUSTRALIA: The University of Texas breakthrough for carbon nanotube materials

M2 Presswire. Coventry: Aug 19, 2005. p. 1

Full text Abstract

2. Nanotube Yarns

Anonymous. American Ceramic Society. American Ceramic Society Bulletin. Columbus:

Aug 2005. Vol. 84, Iss. 8; p. 6 (1 page)

Full text Page Image - PDF Abstract

3. Harnessing Nanotechnology to Improve Global Equity

Peter A Singer, Fabio Salamanca-Buentello, Abdallah S Daar. Issues in Science and

Technology. Washington: Summer 2005. Vol. 21, Iss. 4; p. 57 (8 pages)

Text+Graphics Page Image - PDF Abstract

4. Award-winning developments for apparel textiles take honours

Anonymous. Technical Textiles International : TTI. Holwell: Jul/Aug 2005. Vol. 14, Iss. 5; p.

15 (5 pages)


5. CSIRO AUSTRALIA: Major award for Carbon Natotube partners

M2 Presswire. Coventry: Jun 10, 2005. p. 1

Full text Abstract

6. Nanotubes Provide Power Boost

Anonymous. USA Today. New York: Jun 2005. Vol. 133, Iss. 2721; p. 8 (2 pages)


7. Leading experts debate future developments of smart textiles

Ian Holme. Technical Textiles International : TTI. Holwell: May 2005. Vol. 14, Iss. 3; p. 31

(4 pages)


8. Funds for future of nanotechnology

Process Engineering. London: Apr 25, 2005. p. 6

Full text Citation

9. The Business Of Nanotech

Stephen Baker and Adam Aston. Business Week. New York: Feb 14, 2005. p. 64

Full text Abstract

10. Spinning yarns

Gerald Ondrey. Chemical Engineering. New York: Jan 2005. Vol. 112, Iss. 1; p. 15 (1 page)

Full text

11. Developments in Fibers and Fabrics Lead to Unique Applications

Anonymous. JOM. New York: Jan 2005. Vol. 57, Iss. 1; p. 11 (3 pages)


12. Smart yarn

Anonymous. R & D. Highlands Ranch: Jan 2005. Vol. 47, Iss. 1; p. 46 (1 page)

Full text Page Image - PDF Citation

13. Tight Twist Toughens Nano Fiber;

Technology Research News. Boston: Nov 24, 2004. p. 1

Full text Abstract

14. CSIRO AUSTRALIA: Futuristic 'smart' yarns on the horizon

M2 Presswire. Coventry: Nov 19, 2004. p. 1

Full text Abstract

15. Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube Yarns by Downsizing an Ancient Technology

Mei Zhang, Ken R Atkinson, Ray H Baughman. Science. Washington: Nov 19, 2004. Vol.

306, Iss. 5700; p. 1358 (4 pages)

Abstract

16. New Horizons Conference

Darrel L Muck. Journal of Surfactants and Detergents. Champaign: Oct 2004. Vol. 7, Iss. 4; p.

342 (2 pages)


17. Nanotechnologies in textiles-for now and in the future

Ian Holme. Technical Textiles International : TTI. Holwell: Sep 2004. Vol. 13, Iss. 6; p. 11 (4 pages)


18. Nanotechnology applied to fibres, composites and coatings

Ian Holme. Technical Textiles International : TTI. Holwell: Sep 2004. Vol. 13, Iss. 6; p. 15 (5 pages)


19. NICE THREADS

Alexandra Goho. Science News. Washington: Jun 5, 2004. Vol. 165, Iss. 23; p. 363 (3 pages)


20. Nanotube Composite Research Shows Progress

Carmen Pang. Textile World. Atlanta: Jun 2004. Vol. 154, Iss. 6; p. 52 (1 page)

Text+Graphics Page Image - PDF Citation

21. Nanowatch

Jim Thomas. The Ecologist. Sturminster Newton: Jun 2004. Vol. 34, Iss. 5; p. 12 (1 page)


22. Crops

Wayne Wenzel, Jodie Wehrspann. Farm Industry News. Minneapolis: May/Jun 2004. Vol. 37,

Iss. 6; p. 20 (3 pages)


23. US industry gets ready to show its true worth in Atlanta

John W McCurry. Technical Textiles International : TTI. Holwell: Mar/Apr 2004. Vol. 13,

Iss. 2; p. 29 (8 pages)


24. The Next Big Thing?

Gloria Bergen. OH & S Canada. Don Mills: Jan/Feb 2004. Vol. 20, Iss. 1; p. 50 (2 pages)


25. Creating a tangled web of CNTs

Anonymous. R & D. Highlands Ranch: Aug 2003. Vol. 45, Iss. 8; p. 10

Text+Graphics Page Image - PDF Citation

26. The next big thing is really amazingly small

Mark Veverka. Barron's. New York, N.Y.: Jul 21, 2003. Vol. 83, Iss. 29; p. T2


27. Those Intriguing Nanotubes Create the Toughest Fibers Known

Kenneth Chang. New York Times (Late Edition (East Coast)). New York, N.Y.: Jun 17, 2003. p. F.3

Full text Abstract

28. Incredibly tough nanotube fibers

Mitch Jacoby. Chemical & Engineering News. Washington: Jun 16, 2003. Vol. 81, Iss. 24; p.

9

Abstract

29. Researchers spin super-powerful fiber ; Tougher than Kevlar, with electronic capability; [FINAL Edition]

Dan Vergano. USA TODAY. McLean, Va.: Jun 12, 2003. p. D.08

Abstract

30. JAPAN: A TINY LEAP FORWARD The country is mastering molecular assembly -

- and that could revive its high-tech industries

Irene M. Kunii in Tokyo. Business Week. New York: Apr 21, 2003. p. 75

Full text Abstract

31. JAPAN: A TINY LEAP FORWARD Nanotech may revive its industry

Irene M. Kunii in Tokyo. Business Week. New York: Apr 14, 2003. p. 58

Full text Citation

32. Small-scale technology with the promise of big rewards

Derek Ward. Technical Textiles International : TTI. Holwell: Mar 2003. Vol. 12, Iss. 2; p. 13

(3 pages)


33. Pulling nanotubes makes thread;

Eric Smalley. Technology Research News. Boston: Oct 25, 2002. p. 1

Full text Abstract

34. The 39th DAC: Design the "Big Easy" way

Gabe Moretti, Luciano Lavagno, Joseph Sawicki. EDN. Boston: May 30, 2002. Vol. 47, Iss.

12; p. 36 (7 pages)


35. Technology Stocks Push TSE Higher

Jiji Press English News Service. Tokyo: Mar 23, 2001. p. 1

Full text Abstract

36. Tokyo Stocks Stage Strong Comeback in Morning Trade


Full text Abstract

37. Gunze, Applied Sciences Start Selling Carbon Nanotubes


Full text Abstract

38. Putting a new spin on carbon nanotubes

Ray H Baughman. Science. Washington: Nov 17, 2000. Vol. 290, Iss. 5495; p. 1310 (2 pages)


39. Carbon nanotubes

Bradley S Files, Brian M Mayeaux. Advanced Materials & Processes. Metals Park: Oct 1999.

Vol. 156, Iss. 4; p. 47 (3 pages)

Citation

40. Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays Formed by Cutting a Polymer R

Science. Washington: Aug 26, 1994. Vol. 265, Iss. 5176; p. 1212 (3 pages)


Konec rešerše.

Textilní nanomateriály: Úvod: So you know how I'm like

Textilní nanomateriály:

Scientists rope in nanotubes for stronger conducting yarns

Nanotube yarn toughs it out over spider silk

Scientists spy on nanotube growth

Carbon nanotubes head for brain repair

Carbon nanotubes fill up with magnetic nanoparticles

Lotus effect shakes off dirt

Researchers spin carbon nanotube yarns

UK study calls for extra safety measures for nanotechnology

Konec rešerše.

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Textilní nanomateriály: Úvod: So you know how I'm like

Textilní nanomateriály:

Scientists rope in nanotubes for stronger conducting yarns

Nanotube yarn toughs it out over spider silk

Scientists spy on nanotube growth

Carbon nanotubes head for brain repair

Carbon nanotubes fill up with magnetic nanoparticles

Lotus effect shakes off dirt

Researchers spin carbon nanotube yarns

UK study calls for extra safety measures for nanotechnology

Konec rešerše.

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