honors biology
Ch. 13 “How populations evolve”
objectives
Opening Essay
Describe four adaptations that help blue-footed boobies survive. Explain why these adaptations represent an evolutionary
compromise.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
13.1 Briefly summarize the history of evolutionary thought.
13.1 Explain how Darwin’s voyage on the Beagle influenced his thinking.
13.1 Describe the ideas and events that led to Darwin’s 1859 publication of The Origin of Species.
13.2 Explain how the work of Thomas Malthus and the process of artificial selection influenced Darwin’s development of the
idea of natural selection.
13.2 Describe Darwin’s observations and inferences in developing the concept of natural selection.
13.2 Explain why individuals cannot evolve and why evolution does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms.
13.3 Describe two examples of natural selection known to occur in nature. Note three key points about how natural selection
works.
13.4 Explain how fossils form, noting examples of each process.
13.4 Explain how the fossil record provides some of the strongest evidence of evolution.
13.5 Explain how biogeography, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, and molecular biology support evolution.
13.6 Explain how evolutionary trees are constructed and used to represent ancestral relationships.
The Evolution of Populations
13.7 Define the gene pool, a population, and microevolution.
13.8 Explain how mutation and sexual recombination produce genetic variation.
13.8 Explain why prokaryotes can evolve more quickly than eukaryotes.
13.9 Describe the five conditions required for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
13.9–13.10 Explain the significance of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to natural populations and to public health science.
Mechanisms of Microevolution
13.11 Define genetic drift and gene flow. Explain how the bottleneck effect and the founder effect influence microevolution.
13.11 Explain how genetic bottlenecks threaten the survival of certain species.
13.12 Explain why natural selection is the only mechanism that leads to adaptive evolution.
13.13 Distinguish between stabilizing selection, directional selection, and disruptive selection. Describe an example of each.
13.14 Define and compare intrasexual selection and intersexual selection.
13.15 Explain how antibiotic resistance has evolved.
13.16 Explain how genetic variation is maintained in populations.
13.16 Explain what is meant by neutral variation.
13.17 Give four reasons why natural selection cannot produce perfection.
Key Terms
adaptation
artificial selection
balancing selection
biogeography
bottleneck effect
directional selection
disruptive selection
evolution
evolutionary tree
extinction
fitness
fossil record
fossils
founder effect
frequency-dependent
selection
gene flow
gene pool
genetic drift
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
heterozygote advantage
homologous structures
homology
microevolution
molecular biology
mutation
natural selection
neutral variation
paleontologist
population
sexual dimorphism
sexual selection
stabilizing selection
strata
vestigial organ
honors biology
Ch. 14 objectives
“The Origin of Species”
Opening Essay
Explain how the diverse assemblage of cichlid species evolved in Lake Victoria. Explain why many of these species no
longer exist.
Concepts of Species
14.1 Define and distinguish between microevolution and macroevolution.
14.2 Compare the definitions, advantages, and disadvantages of the different species concepts.
14.3 Describe five types of prezygotic barriers and three types of postzygotic barriers that prevent populations belonging to
closely related species from interbreeding.
Mechanisms of Speciation
14.4 Explain how geologic processes can fragment populations and lead to speciation.
14.5 Explain how sympatric speciation can occur, noting examples in plants and animals.
14.6 Explain why polyploidy is important to modern agriculture. Explain how modern wheat evolved.
14.7 Explain how reproductive barriers might evolve in isolated populations of organisms. Refer to studies of laboratoryraised fruit flies, Japanese land snails, and monkey flowers.
14.8 Explain how hybrid zones are useful in the study of reproductive isolation.
14.9 Describe the discoveries made by Peter and Rosemary Grant in their work with Galápagos finches.
14.10 Describe the circumstances that led to the adaptive radiation of the Galápagos finches.
14.11 Compare the gradualism model and the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution. Explain how each model applies to
the fossil record.
Key Terms
adaptive radiation
allopatric speciation
biological species concept
ecological species concept
hybrid zone
morphological species concept
phylogenetic species concept
polyploidy
postzygotic barrier
prezygotic barrier
punctuated equilibrium
(plural, equilibria)
reproductive barrier
reproductive isolation
speciation
species
sympatric speciation
taxonomy
honors biology
Ch.15 Objectives
“Tracing Evolutionary History”
Opening Essay
Compare the structure of the wings of pterosaurs, birds, and bats. Explain how the wings are based upon a similar pattern.
Early Earth and the Origin of Life
15.1 Describe the conditions on the surface of the early Earth. Describe the current evidence supporting the idea that life
existed at least 3.5 billion years ago.
15.1 Describe the four stages that might have produced the first cells on Earth.
15.2 Describe the experiments of Dr. Stanley Miller and their significance in understanding how life might have first evolved
on Earth.
15.3 Describe the significance of protobionts and ribozymes in the origin of the first cells.
Major Events in the History of Life
15.4 Describe the key events in the history of life on Earth. Use the back of your assignment sheet for this objective.
15.5 Distinguish between the relative age and the absolute age of a fossil. Explain how radiometric dating is used to
determine the age of rocks and fossils and when carbon-14 and potassium-40 are most appropriately used.
15.6 Briefly describe the history of life on Earth, noting the major eras, their time range, and which types of life were most
abundant. Describe the key events that serve to divide these eras.
Mechanisms of Macroevolution
15.7 Describe how Earth’s continents have changed over the past 250 million years. Explain the consequences of these
changes for life on Earth.
15.8 Explain how mountains, volcanoes, and earthquakes result from plate tectonics.
15.9 Describe the causes, frequency, and consequences of mass extinctions over the last 600 million years.
15.10 Explain how and why adaptive radiations occur.
15.11 Explain how genes that program development function in the evolution of life.
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15.11 Define and describe examples of paedomorphosis.
15.12 Define exaptation and describe two examples in birds.
15.13 Explain why evolutionary trends do not reflect “directions” or “goals.”
Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
15.14 Distinguish between homologous and analogous structures and provide examples of each. Describe the process of
convergent evolution.
15.15 Be able to list the organization of life from Domain to species. Explain the goals of systematics. List the progressively
broader categories of classification used in systematics in order, from most specific to most general
15.16 Describe the goals of phylogenetic systematics. Define the terms clade, monophyletic groups, shared derived
characters, shared primitive characters, ingroup, outgroup, phylogenetic trees, and parsimony.
15.17 Explain how molecular biology is used as a tool in systematics. Describe examples used to study panda and human
evolution. Explain why some studies use DNA coding for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and other studies use mitochondrial
DNA (mtDNA).
15.18 Explain how molecular clocks are used to track evolutionary time. Describe the limits of this process.
15.19 Explain why a diagram of the tree of life is difficult to construct.
Key Terms
analogy
binomial
clades
cladistics
class
continental drift
convergent evolution
domain
“evo-devo”
family
genus (plural, genera)
geologic record
horizontal gene transfer
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ingroup
kingdom
macroevolution
molecular clock
molecular systematics
monophyletic
order
outgroup
paedomorphosis
Pangaea
parsimony
phyla
phylogenetic tree
phylogeny
protobiont
radiometric dating
ribozyme
shared ancestral characters
shared derived characters
species
stromatolite
systematics
taxon
three-domain system
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Student Media
Early Earth and the Origin of Life
Process of Science: How Might Conditions on Early Earth Have Created Life? (15.2)
Major Events in the History of Life
Activity: The History of Life (15.4)
Activity: A Scrolling Geologic Record (15.6)
Mechanisms of Macroevolution
Activity: Paedomorphosis: Morphing Chimps and Humans (15.11)
Activity: Mechanisms of Macroevolution (15.12)
Discovery Channel Video Clip: Mass Extinction (15.9)
Video: Grand Canyon (15.9)
Video: Lava Flow (15.8)
Video: Galápagos Islands Overview (15.8)
Video: Volcanic Eruption (15.8)
Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
Activity: Classification Schemes (15.19)
Process of Science: How is Phylogeny Determined Using Protein Comparisons? (15.17)
Video: Tubeworms (15.15)
BLAST Animation: DNA and RNA Compared (15.17)
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honors biology
Ch. 16 Objectives
“The Origin and Evolution of Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists”
Opening Essay
Describe the formation of stromatolites and explain the significance of the organisms that produce them.
Prokaryotes
16.1 Describe the diverse roles and abundance of prokaryotic life.
16.2 Compare the characteristics of the three domains of life. Explain why biologists consider Archaea to be more closely
related to Eukarya than to Bacteria.
16.3 Compare the different shapes of prokaryotes.
16.4 Describe the structures and functions of the diverse features of prokaryotes. Explain how these features have
contributed to their success.
16.5 Describe the nutritional diversity of prokaryotes. Explain the significance of biofilms.
16.6 Describe the diverse types of Archaea living in extreme and more moderate environments.
16.7 Distinguish between the subgroups of the domain Bacteria, noting the particular structure, special features, and habitats
of each group.
16.8 Describe some of the diseases associated with bacteria. Distinguish between exotoxins and endotoxins, noting
examples of each.
16.9 Describe the history of bioterrorism and the effectiveness of anthrax as a weapon.
16.10 Describe the important natural roles and human uses of prokaryotes.
Protists
16.11 Describe the basic types of protists. Explain why biologists currently think that they represent many clades.
16.12 Explain how primary endosymbiosis and secondary endosymbiosis led to further cellular diversity.
16.13–16.20
Describe the major protist clades, noting characteristics and examples of each.
16.20 Describe the life cycle of Ulva, noting each form in the alternation of generations and how each is produced.
16.21 Explain how multicellular life may have evolved in eukaryotes.
Key Terms
alga (plural, algae)
alternation of generations
alveolates
amoeba
amoebozoan
apicomplexans
Archaea
autotroph
bacillus (plural, bacilli)
Bacteria
biofilm
bioremediation
brown algae
cellular slime molds
chemoautotroph
chemoheterotroph
chlamydia
ciliates
coccus (plural, cocci)
cyanobacteria
diatoms
dinoflagellates
diplomonads
endospore
endotoxin
euglenozoans
exotoxin
extreme halophile
extreme thermophile
foraminiferans
gametophyte
gram-positive bacteria
gram stain
green algae
heterotroph
methanogens
parabasilids
parasite
pathogen
peptidoglycan
photoautotroph
photoheterotroph
pilus (plural, pili)
plasmodial slime mold
plasmodium
proteobacteria
protist
protozoan (plural, protozoa)
pseudopodium
(plural, pseudopodia)
radiolarians
red algae
secondary endosymbiosis
spirochetes
sporophyte
stramenopiles
symbiosis
water molds
Student Media
Prokaryotes
MP3 Tutor: Microbial Life (16.1)
Activity: Prokaryotic Cell Structure and Function (16.4)
Activity: Diversity of Prokaryotes (16.7)
Process of Science: What Are the Modes of Nutrition in
Prokaryotes? (16.5)
Discovery Channel Video Clip: Bacteria (16.1)
Discovery Channel Video Clip: Tasty Bacteria (16.1)
Discovery Channel Video Clip: Early Life (16.6)
Discovery Channel Video Clip: Antibiotic Resistance (16.8)
Video: Prokaryotic Flagella (16.4)
Video: Hydrothermal Vent (16.6)
Video: Cyanobacteria (16.7)
Protists
Process of Science: What Kinds of Protists Are Found in Various Habitats? (16.20)
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PROTIST VIDEOS:
Euglena (16.15)
Euglena Motion (16.15)
Stentor (16.16)
Stentor Ciliate Movement (16.16)
Vorticella Cilia (16.16)
Vorticella Detail (16.16)
Vorticella Habitat (16.16)
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Paremecium Vacuole (16.16)
Paramecium Cilia (16.16)
Dinoflagellate (16.16)
Diatoms Moving (16.17)
Various Diatoms (16.17)
Amoeba (16.18)
Amoeba Pseudopodia (16.18)
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Plasmodial Slime Mold (16.18)
Plasmodial Slime Mold Streaming
(16.18)
Volvox Colony (16.20)
Volvox Daughter (16.20)
Volvox Flagella (16.20)
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