REVISION
ENGLISH IS BECOMING A WORLD LANGUAGE. IS THIS GOOD
NEWS FOR EVERYONE, OR CAN IT CAUSE PROBLEMS?
TEXT
«NO GETTING AROUND IT: ENGLISH IS GLOBAL TONGUE»
Most of us feel that our own language is an essential part of our
national identity, yet at the same time we realize that we need a world
language, a sort of lingua franca.
Over the centuries, Greek, Latin, Spanish, French, Malay, Swahili and
other languages have been used as international instruments for trade,
diplomacy, or religion. Many of them are still used in that capacity.
But three new elements have complicated the situation. The first is the
rise of English to the position of world language. This makes life easier for
many people but others envy. Many speakers of less widespread languages
feel threatened by English. It is like sleeping next to an elephant; the size of
the animal means danger.
Speakers of minority languages do their best to keep their cultural
identity. According to Michael Krauss of the Alaska Native Language Center,
nine out of ten of the 6,000 languages in the world will die out within the next
century. This is the second new element in the linguistic situation. The third,
more dangerous novelty is the modern refusal to accept multilingualism. Why
shouldn’t a Corsican use Corsican in some cases and French in others?
Indeed, why should a Frenchman feel ashamed using English to sell
Camembert to a Japanese?
Nowadays, linguistic rivalry is the third most common cause of
conflict, after race and religion, and is often mixed with the others, too. It
need not be so. Everyone is right in trying to preserve his or her local
language. But this shouldn’t exclude the rest of the languages. Speakers of
minor languages will also have to learn a major language to profit from the
expanding world economy.
«International Herald Tribune»
NOTES:
1. get around sth - avoid sth (a problem, the truth, etc.)
No getting around it. = We can’t avoid the fact.
2. identity
- the unique character of a person/country.
Индивидуальность, самобытность.
3. lingua franca (Lat.) - a language used by different nationalities to speak
to each other – «лингва франка» – язык, используемый для общения
людьми, говорящими на разных языках.
4. minority
- a small number of people, Ant. majority
5. novelty
- a new element
6. multilingualism - use of two or more languages
7. rivalry
- competition
8. expanding
- growing, increasing
EXERCISES
COMPREHENSION
Ex. 1. Look through the text and say if these statements are true or false
(according to the author of the article).
1. Most people are happy to give up their own language and learn a world
language.
2. Latin used to be a lingua franca.
3. Everybody is pleased about the rise of English.
4. If your language dies out, you lose an important part of your culture.
5. Multilingualism is a dangerous thing.
6. Learning languages can help you in the modern world.
Ex. 2. Pairwork.
In some countries people are getting angry about the use of English
words in their own language. For example, not everybody likes фаст фуд,
хот дог, провайдер in Russian. How do you feel about this? Does it matter?
Can it be stopped?
Discuss in pairs and tell the class about the conclusion you have come
to. The following phrases can be useful.
Expressing Personal Opinion
Formal
I’d like to point out
The way I see it/As I see it
As far as I am concerned
In my view
In my opinion
Less formal and informal
I believe
If you ask me
It seems to me
I think
To my mind
I guess
I reckon (BrE)
3
KEY STRUCTURES AND WORD STUDY
Ex. 3. Find words in the text similar in meaning to the following.
a world language, an important thing to understand, for many years, to make
something more difficult, to feel frightened, to disappear, a new thing, to feel
disgraced, to keep unchanged.
Ex. 4. (A) Study the model and translate the following sentences into
Russian.
Model: four hundred / thousand / million cars
dozens / hundreds / thousands / millions of cars.
1. Their country house cost them thousands of dollars.
2. Mr Baron was paid three thousand pounds.
3. I want to live for a hundred years.
4. Twenty thousand pounds (it) was stolen in the robbery.
5. There were thousands of people at the concert.
6. I’ve been there hundreds of times.
7. I’ve got thousands of things to do.
8. We’re giving you ten thousand dollars for this car, isn’t it enough?
9. They’ve been here for hundreds of years.
10. There were about a/one hundred people in the room.
11. This vase is worth six thousand roubles.
12. He is a hundred (years old) today.
13. I could give you several hundred reasons for not going there.
14. I’ve said it a thousand times.
15. This academic year we are to read dozens of books.
(B) Translate into English using the patterns above.
1. Ежегодно тысячи москвичей (Moscovites) покупают новые
квартиры.
2. В Москве более десяти миллионов жителей.
3. Сотни людей ездят на работу в центр города, а вечером
возвращаются домой на окраины.
4. В выходные дни столица пустеет. Тысячи москвичей выезжают за
город.
5. Сотни молодых людей стараются поступить в наш университет,
чтобы стать журналистами, дипломатами, специалистами в
области международной экономики.
4
6. Миллионы компьютеров выпускаются в мире ежегодно.
Ex. 5. Fill in the blanks with «it» or «there».
1. We can’t go skiing. ____ isn’t any snow.
2. _____was a storm last night. Did you hear it?
3. _______’s a long way from here to the nearest shop.
4. ______’s no water on the moon.
5. I’m afraid _____ ’s time to see Granny.
6. «What’s that noise?» ______’s the wind.
7. _______’s nice to see you.
8. _______’s a bus at the bus stop. ________’s full.
9. _______’s a good film at the cinema. ________’s a Western.
10._______’s a funny smell in the kitchen.
11._______’s some soup, if you are hungry.
12._______’s somebody on the phone for you.
13._______’s too late to go out.
14._______’s hard to understand him.
Ex. 6. Put in enough, in, it, on, there, too.
«Not only for birds»
________is an island 1,300 miles southwest of Tokyo. ______belongs to
Japan and is called Okinorishima, or «Offshore Bird Island». People don’t
live _____ this island because _______is often under the sea. In 1988 the
Japanese government sent 17 ships and 200 workers to Okinorishima. They
‘built up’ the island with 9,000 steel blocks. This cost $225 million. Was this
______much money to spend? The island is ____small to live on but big ____
to give Japan fishing rights to 163,000 square miles ___ the Pacific ocean.
Ex. 7. (A) Complete the following using much, many, little, few, a lot of.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
_______ people go to the Atlantic for a holiday.
There is _____ furniture in the room, only the most necessary pieces.
Please, don’t make so _____ noise.
There isn’t _____ sugar left, go and buy some.
How _____ rooms are there in your country house?
Max made ______ mistakes and passed the examination well.
We haven’t got _______ potatoes.
I’ve read _______ books by Hailey.
Hurry up, we have ______ time left.
5
10. _________ people enjoy walking in rainy weather.
11. ________ famous English writers described country life.
12. I’ve got ________ work to do.
13. Her parties are always boring, that’s why ________ people come to them.
B. Translate into English.
1. Мало кто знает о детстве этого музыканта.
2. Нам известно очень немногое о жизни этого человека.
3. Многие певцы стремятся (хотят) учиться в Италии.
4. У нас осталось мало молока, пойди купи еще.
5. Немногие любят купаться в холодную погоду.
6. Было много сказано о наших достижениях, теперь давайте
поговорим о наших проблемах.
7. Многие люди предпочитают отдыхать в Испании.
8. В этом кофе слишком много сахара.
Ex. 8. Complete the following using few, little, a few, a little.
1. I’ve got ______ Spanish books, but not many.
2. Please, give me _______ water, I’m thirsty.
3. I have _______ pictures at home, but they are all very good.
4. I’m afraid there is too ______ cheese and bread. There will be a lot of
people at the party.
5. We have ______ milk. We can go shopping tomorrow.
6. There were not many people at the bus stop at that hour, only ______.
7. I know very ________ about this writer, better ask somebody else.
8. Unfortunately there are ______ books on this problem in our library,
you will have to turn to a specialized library.
Ex. 9. Translate into English using few, little, a few, a little.
1. У меня очень мало книг по этому вопросу, но я советую тебе
просмотреть книгу этого автора.
2. Боюсь у нас слишком мало денег, чтобы купить такой дом.
3. У меня мало времени, но я могу немного рассказать тебе о наших
планах.
4. Позвольте мне сказать несколько слов о результатах экзаменов.
5. В этом городе очень немного людей ходит на концерты классической
музыки.
6. В этом году у нас мало времени на обсуждение подобных вопросов в
аудитории.
6
7. Очень мало студентов интересуется этой проблемой.
8. Он привел несколько примеров использования этого прибора.
(the use of this machine)
Ex. 10. Put in too or either.
We use too and either at the end of the sentence.
We use too after a positive verb.
I’m happy. I’m happy too.
She enjoyed the film. I enjoyed it too.
We use either after a negative verb (am not/isn’t/can’t, etc).
I’m not happy. I’m not happy either.
She didn’t enjoy the film. I didn’t enjoy it either.
I’m happy.
I’m not hungry.
I’m tired.
It rained on Saturday.
Ann can’t drive a car.
I don’t smoke.
Jane’s mother is a teacher.
I don’t like cold weather.
I’m happy too .
I’m not hungry _______.
I’m tired ________.
It rained on Sunday ______ .
She can’t ride a bicycle ______.
He doesn’t smoke ________.
Her father is a teacher __________.
We don’t like cold weather ________.
READING I
Pre-reading questions:
1. What kind of food is popular in your country?
2. What foreign food and drinks are popular in your country?
FOOD NEAR AND FAR
Everyone loves to eat. People in every country enjoy this activity. There
are so many different kinds of food in the world – there is Chinese food,
Italian food, South American food, Indian food, and many others. It’s fun to
eat and compare different types of cuisine. Italian food is sometimes very
spicy, but South American food is usually much spicier. Indian food can be
the spiciest food of all – sometimes it is so hot that it can make your mouth
burn.
Some wonderful food comes from Oriental countries. Chinese food is
popular in many parts of the world. Lots of people love Chinese - style
vegetables because they are so crispy. Because we cook Chinese - style
7
vegetables for a much shorter time, they are crispier than American - style
vegetables.
In fact, they are probably the crispiest cooked vegetables you can find.
It is always fun to eat desserts. Desserts in Oriental countries are often
less sweet than desserts in Western countries. For example, European cakes
and pastries are richer and sweeter than Chinese custard or Japanese rice cake.
The United States has some of the sweetest desserts you can find – apple pie
with ice-cream, banana splits, and chocolate brownies, to name a few.
Some people don’t like American-style food. They think it is often less
tasty and sometimes less nutritious than food in other countries.
Americans eat more ‘fast food’ than people in other countries. Fast foods take
a short time to prepare. Hamburgers, hot dogs, pizza, canned and frozen food
are all examples of fast foods. Often Americans feel they are too busy to
spend a lot of time cooking.
Of course, in some other countries, like France, cooking is still an ‘art
form’. Some people believe that French cuisine is the best in the world.
Ex. 11. Guess the meaning (a-d) of the underlined words.
1. Mexican food contains a lot of spices. North American people think it’s
very hot.
a. opposite of «cold»
b. warm
c. not tasty
d. spicy
2. Oranges are sweet, but lemons are sour.
a. very sweet
b. opposite of sweet
c. tasty
d. small
3. If you eat a healthy diet, you won’t get sick very often.
a. delicious
b. hot
c. nutritious
d. rich
4. For breakfast I want fried eggs. First, break the eggs, then fry them in a hot
pan.
a. broken
b. French
c. cooked in hot water
d. cooked in hot butter or oil
8
5. Give me a well-done steak for dinner. I don’t want it red. I want it very
brown.
a. well-prepared
b. cooked for a short time
c. cooked for a long time
d. delicious
6. My friend wants a rare steak. He doesn’t want it brown. He wants it very
red.
a. dark
b. colour
c. cooked for a long time
d. cooked for a short time
7. Most of the time we eat dinner at home. It’s rare for us to eat at restaurants.
a. often
b. usual
c. unusual
d. cooked for a short time
8. Give me a big slice of pizza. I’m hungry today.
a. pie
b. Italian food
c. fast food
d. piece
9. Slice the pizza eight ways. Eight people want to share it.
a. cut
b. piece
c. give
d. tear
10. This soup is too hot. Let’s wait a few minutes before we eat it.
a. spicy
b. burnt
c. opposite of «cold»
d. Mexican.
Ex. 12. Answer the questions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
What does the author of the article think is fun?
What is special about Chinese food?
What do you know about Oriental desserts?
What problems can fast food cause?
Ex. 13. Pairwork. Discuss the following.
9
Many fast food restaurants are being opened in our country (McDonald’s,
Pizza Hut, etc.) Do you like going to such restaurants or prefer traditional
dishes of Russian cuisine?
Discuss in pairs and tell the class about the conclusion you’ve come to. Use
the phrases expressing opinion and attitude.
Honestly/to be honest
Perhaps
Frankly/ to be frank
Actually
Naturally
Generally
Of course
Unfortunately
READING II
Pre-reading questions:
1. Are newspapers and especially Sunday papers very popular in the UK?
2. Britain has a reputation for having a lot of rain. Which city, New York or
London, has more average rainfall?
A WARNING TO BEGINNERS
George Mikes is the author of the funniest book ever written about the British.
He was born in Hungary but made Britain his home. In "How to Be an Alien"
he describes the strange things British people do and say - the things that
make them different from other Europeans...
In England everything is the other way round. You must understand that
when people say 'England", they sometimes mean 'Great Britain' (England,
Scotland and Wales), sometimes 'the United Kingdom' (England, Scotland,
Wales and Nothern Ireland), sometimes 'the British Isles' (England, Scotland,
Wales, Nothern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland) - but never just England.
On Sundays in Europe, the poorest person wears his best clothes and the life
of the country becomes happy, bright and colourful; on Sundays in England,
the richest people wear their oldest clothes and the country becomes dark and
sad.
In Europe nobody talks about the weather; in England, you have to say
'Nice day, isn't it?' about two hundred times every day, or people think you
are a bit boring.
In Europe you get Sunday newspapers on Monday. In England, a strange
country, you get Sunday newspapers on Sunday.
10
In Europe people like their cats but in England they love their cats more
than their family.
In Europe, people eat good food. In England people think that good
manners at the table are more important than the food you get to eat. The
English eat bad food but they say it tastes good.
In Europe important people speak loudly and clearly; in England they learn
to speak slowly and quietly so you cannot understand them.
In Europe, clever people show that they are clever by talking about
Aristotle, Horace and Montaigne; in England only stupid people try to show
how clever they are. The only people who talk about Latin and Greek writers
are those who have not read them.
In Europe, almost every country, big or small, fights wars against those
people who think they are the best. The English already know which country
is really the best.
Europeans cry and quickly get angry; instead of this the English just laugh
quietly at their problems.
In Europe people are either honest with you or they lie to you; in England
people almost never lie, but they are almost never quite honest with you
either.
Many Europeans think that life is a game; the English think cricket is a
game.
(From «How to Be an Alien». Retold by Karen Holmes.)
Ex. 14. Answer the questions.
1. What does Great Britain mean?
2. What clothes do the richest people in England wear on Sundays in the
country?
3. Who talks in Europe about the weather?
4. What kind of food do the English eat?
5. How do important people speak in Europe and in England?
6. Do the English cry and get angry when they have problems?
7. Do the English ever lie?
Ex. 15. Work in pairs. Discuss the following.
1. What do the English think of themselves?
2. The reputation the English have among foreigners.
3. What does the author think about the English?
11
GRAMMAR. REVISION
Ex. 16. Review the degrees of comparison of adverbs.
Positive
Comparative
One syllable words
fast
hard
Ending in «-ly»
wisely
beautifully
Irregular forms
Special cases
well
badly
much
little
far
often
quickly
slowly
early
easily
+ er
faster
harder
more + …
more wisely
more
beautifully
better
worse
more
less
farther/further
oftener /
more often
quicker /
more quickly
slower /
more slowly
earlier
easier
Superlative
+ est
fastest
hardest
most + …
most wisely
most beautifully
best
worst
(the) most
least
farthest/furthest
oftenest /
most often
quickest /
most quickly
slowest /
most slowly
earliest
easiest
NOTE: We use intensifiers to strengthen adverbs, such as much / far /
a great deal / still with a comparative degree, e.g.
Гораздо
Намного
Значительно
much
She works much harder than you.
far
It happens far more often.
Ex. 17. Open the brackets using the comparative or superlative forms of
the adverbs.
1.
2.
3.
4.
I like this book (well) than that.
She visits them (frequently) than us.
Which of the students ran (fast) at the contest?
Which of all these books did you enjoy (much)?
12
5. He speaks English (correctly) of all my class.
6. Whose singing did you like (well), Mary’s, Olga’s or Helen’s?
7. There is no better death than dying to save the one you love (much) of all.
Ex. 18. Fill in the adverbs in brackets in the comparative or superlative
forms.
When Mary arrived home that evening, two hours …later than… (late)
usual, she found the children playing much ……. (quiet) normally. She was
used to her kids behaving much ……. (noisy) this. Dennis, the youngest, and
the one who usually acted ……. (naughty), was behaving ……. (well) she
had ever seen him do before. Susan, the eldest, who usually stayed up …….
(late) all her brothers and sisters, had gone to bed ……. (early) usual and the
rest of the children were peacefully watching the TV. It is true that her
children are quite strange, but this was …….. (odd) she had ever seen them
acting.
It was when she entered the kitchen that she realised why.
Ex. 19. Translate into English.
Она бегает еще быстрее меня.
Анна знает английский намного лучше отца.
Он играет в шахматы плохо, а она ещё хуже.
Елена говорит по-английски лучше всех в нашей группе.
Джон знает испанский, французский и немецкий языки, но он
говорит лучше всего по-немецки.
6. Она читает гораздо больше нас.
7. Я прихожу в институт раньше вас, а ухожу гораздо позже.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ex. 20. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I usually go out __ Monday evenings.
Mozart was born __ Salzburg __ 1756.
I’ll phone you __ Tuesday morning __ about 10 o’clock, okay?
Mr. Davis is 63. He’ll be retiring __ his job __ two years' time.
I went __ __ dinner last time. Unfortunately, I began to fill ill ___ the
meal.
6. I’m going __ London next week. I hope to see Tom ___ I’m there.
7. I’ll be working ___ 11 o’clock.
8. We ‘d better hurry. We have to be __ home __ 5 o’clock.
9. In Britain we drive __ the left.
10. Who is that woman __that photograph?
13
11. Who is that man standing __ the bus stop?
12. There is a telephone box __ the corner of the street.
13. Write your name __ the back __ this piece __ paper.
14. The boy was learning ___ but there was still a lot to learn.
15. The headquarters of the UN is __ New York.
16. I have to walk __ and __ a lot of stairs every day. My flat is __ the third
floor and there is no lift.
17. Ann’s brother lives __ a small village __ the south coast __ England.
18. Have you ever worked __ a farm?
19. When did he arrive __ Britain?
THE SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) TENSE FORMS
(Present, Past and Future)
Ex. 21. Review the Simple (Indefinite) tenses. Can you explain their use
in each example?
Past
Present
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
I often go to school by bus.
They like playing football.
We don’t know his name.
Does he speak German?
The sun shines a lot in summer.
He reads a lot of books.
The train leaves at 5.15.
We lived in Kiev many years ago (in 1988, last year, etc).
She saw an interesting film yesterday (the day before yesterday,
the other day, last week, etc.).
When did you see them last/first?
When we phoned him, he told us about his journey.
I got out of the car, bought some fruit and chocolates and went
to buy flowers for my girlfriend.
Did you study any interesting subjects (at school)?
When I was your age I did a lot of sport.
14
Future
1. Soon it’ll (will) be warm and sunny.
2. Maybe/I think I will (’ll) solve this problem tomorrow (the day
after tomorrow, in three days, next week, in a fortnight, etc.).
3. We will not (won’t) go to the country at the weekend.
4. She will (’ll) be back in the evening.
5. Will you start reading, please?
6. I’m afraid I’m terribly late. I won’t be there on time. – It’s OK.
We’ll wait.
7. If/When he is back/returns, he’ll tell you everything.
8. Shall I open the window?
NOTE: The Future Simple tense can be used after the conjunctions «if» and
«when» if they introduce object clauses, e.g.
I don’t know (what?) if he will phone us tonight.
Ex. 22. Practise the 3rd person singular in the Present Simple tense form.
Model 1: - Does Peter study at Columbia University?
- No, he doesn’t. He studies at Moscow University.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Does he go to work by bus? (by car)
Does she smoke in her office? (in the smoking-room)
Does he live in St.Petersburg? (in Moscow)
Does it often rain here in the summer? (in the autumn)
Does he read many books in German? (in English)
Does she study Chinese as a second foreign language? (Hebrew)
Model 2: You study English and Ann studies Chinese.
1. My parents watch Russian films and my younger brother ____ foreign
films.
2. I like to dance and she ______ to watch people dancing.
3. I see well and my grandfather _______ badly.
4. Mary’s grandparents live in the country and she _________ in town.
5. We play tennis well and Peter _________ tennis still better.
Ex. 23. Work in pairs. Imagine your friend has just come back from
holiday and you are asking him about it. Use the prompts to make up
questions. Let your partner answer them.
15
Model:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
where / go → Where did you go? - …
food / good → Was the food good? - …
how / travel ?
the weather / fine?
how long / stay there?
stay in a hotel?
go alone?
what / do in the evenings?
meet any interesting people?
Ex. 24. Work in pairs. (A) Ask each other questions and give true
answers about yourself using the following adverbs of frequency.
hardly ever
never
occasionally
seldom
regularly
sometimes
often
usually
always
Model I:
- Do you ever smoke?
- No, I never smoke.
Model II:
- Did you ever have lectures at school?
- We hardly ever had any.
… have coffee …
… sleep till 10 am …
… play hockey …
… cook for yourself…
… watch TV …
… go on holiday abroad …
… drive to University …
… read books …
… go to the theatre …
… study in the library …
… have classes on Saturday …
… get up at 7 am …
… take exams …
… go out …
… play football …
… walk to school …
… go on tours …
… miss classes …
… fail any subjects …
… stay after classes …
(B) Sum up your findings about your partner beginning “He/She often
(sometimes/hardly ever, etc.) …”
Ex. 25. Open the brackets using the Future Simple tense form.
1. “I’m afraid I … (not be) on time. I’m in a traffic jam.”
“Don’t worry. I … (wait) for you.
2. “Are there enough chairs for all of us?” - “I … (fetch) a few more.
3. I don’t believe the oil prices … (go) up next month.
16
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Do you think he … (help) you with the construction of the house?
“Is that the doorbell?” - “I … (go and see) who it is.”
“He … (not stay) at the party even if you ask him to.”
Maybe she … (choose) the career of a journalist.
“Look! He’s got a wound!” - “I … (call) the doctor.”
“ … (take) you please these boxes outside?” - “Yes, sure.”
Ex. 26. Use the proper tenses in the following situations about the future.
Mind the clauses of time.
1. The Owens … (move) to a new flat when their baby … (be) born.
2. I … (give) him your message as soon as he … (phone).
3. We … (visit) the Duty Free shop before our flight … (be) called.
4. I … (not tell) you anything until he … (come).
5. She … (get) a surprise when she … (open) the door.
6. We … (go) to the cinema when John … (be) ready.
7. We … (read) a story before the lesson (finish).
8. We … (go) out as soon as I … (do) the washing up.
9. After the sun … (set), it … (get) dark.
10. I … (stay) with you till the train … (arrive).
11. I … (not take) the driving test till I … (be) ready.
12. I … (collect) her from the station as soon as she … (phone) me.
13. I … (not answer) Ann’s letter until I … (hear) from you.
14. We … (not go) out until the weather … (change).
Ex. 27. Translate into English using the proper tenses in clauses of time
and condition.
1. Если погода не изменится к лучшему, мы останемся в городе.
2. Когда она прочитает письмо, будет уже слишком поздно.
3. Что мы будем делать, если он не встретит нас в аэропорту?
4. Я свяжусь с вами, как только он позвонит. (get in touch with sb)
5. Если вы откроете окно, мы почувствуем запах цветов в саду.
6. Он получит хорошую работу, если окончит университет.
7. Если вы придете вовремя, мы успеем на поезд.
8. Если ты принесешь стулья, мы сможем сесть в саду и поговорить.
9. Вы его узнаете, как только его увидите.
10.Все огорчатся, если ты не останешься.
Ex. 28. Use the proper tense forms in clauses of time/condition and
object clauses.
17
Model: I don’t know if she … (phone) but if she … (phone/do) I’ll ask her to
give me a lift to the University.
I don’t know if she will phone but if she phones (does) I’ll ask her
to give me a lift to the University.
1. Ann doesn’t know if her friends … (call) at her place but if they …. she …
(show) them her latest picture.
2. I wonder if we … (go) on holiday to Spain but if we …. we … (visit) my
favourite museum of Dali.
3. We don’t know if the weather … (change) for the better but if it ... we …
(go) fishing.
4. She isn’t sure if everybody … (arrive) on time and wonders when they …
(reach) the hotel.
5. It isn’t clear if the weather … (change) and if it … the plane … (be) late.
6. Bob doesn’t know when he … (return) home after a football match but
when he … he … (get in touch) with you.
7. Jim is afraid he … (come) much too early and he wonders if he … (have)
to wait for the other guests to come.
THE CONTINUOUS TENSE FORMS
(Present, Past, Future)
is/am/are
was/were + doing
will be
Past
Continuous
Present
Continuous
Ex. 29. Review the Continuous tenses. Can you explain their use in each
example?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
She is in the garden. She is planting vegetables.
She is always arguing.
After lunch she is meeting her parents at the airport.
Are you going to the party? – No, I’m not.
I’m not taking any exams now.
While you are taking a shower, I’ll cook something to eat.
He was reading a newspaper at 8 in the morning (when I
entered the room).
They were swimming in the sea when the storm began.
From 9 to 10.30 we were writing a test.
She was doing her homework while I was washing up.
He said they were working on an interesting problem.
18
Future
Continuous
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
At 9 o’clock I’ll be still sleeping.
I can buy some fruit. I’ll be passing by the supermarket.
I wonder where we’ll be travelling at this time on Friday.
She will be writing a report on modern history in August.
When you return, I’ll be doing my homework.
Ex. 30. Answer the following questions using the Continuous tense
forms. (Present, Past or Future)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Where is John? (play football in the yard)
Why did the policeman stop him ? (cross the street in the wrong place)
What is the weather like? (rain a little)
Why didn’t you go out yesterday? (rain)
Why didn’t you answer the telephone? (take a shower)
Why do you think you won’t get much sleep tonight? (write a course paper
on history)
Ex. 31. Open the brackets using the Present Continuous or the Present
Simple according to the meaning of the sentence.
1. I _______(not belong) to a political party.
2. Ron is in London at the moment. He ______ (stay) at the Hilton Hotel. He
usually ________ (stay) at the Hilton Hotel.
3. What ______ (your father/do)? He’s a teacher, but he _____ (not/work) at
the moment.
4. George says he’s 80 years old but I _____ (not/believe him)
5. ________ (it/never/snow) in India?
6. The River Nile ________ (flow) into the Mediterranean.
7. The river ________ (flow) very fast today- much faster than usual.
8. We usually _______ (grow) vegetables in our garden but this year we
_______ (not /grow) any.
9. You can borrow my umbrella. I _______ (not/need) it at the moment.
Ex. 32. Open the brackets using the Past Simple or Past Continuous.
(A)
Tug-of-War with a Hedgehog
Mrs May, our District Nurse, … (drive)home at 3 a.m. one night after an
urgent visit to a sick patient.
She … (drive) along a deserted country lane, when she … (see) a new kind
of animal. She … (stop) her car and … (get out). The animal … (be) clearly
visible in the blaze of her headlights. It … (look) like a hedgehog with a tall
19
white hat. It … (cross) the road without paying any attention to Mrs May.
When Mrs May … (go) close to it, she … (notice) that there was a plastic
yoghurt pot on the hedgehog’s head. The poor creature had got its head stuck
in the plastic pot. Her instincts of a nurse … (tell) her she would have to
rescue it, so she … (pull) at the pot, but the hedgehog … (pull), too. After a
struggle, she … (pull) the pot off the hedgehog’s head. Mrs May … (think)
the hedgehog … (look) rather sad, when she … (notice) that the pot was half
full of strawberry yoghurt. She … (give) it back to the hedgehog. The creature
… (seize) it, … (put) it on its head again, and triumphantly … (continue) its
journey across the road.
(B) Simon … (walk) home from work the other day when he … (notice)
something shining on the pavement on the other side of the road. A car …
(come) down the street, so he waited until it had driven past, then he …
(cross) over. When he … (get) to the other side he saw that it was a tiny coin!
He … (look) around to make sure no one … (look), then he … (bend) down
to pick it up. Imagine his surprise when he … (not/can) move it! He … (be)
just about to give up when he … (hear) a strange sound behind him. Someone
… (laugh) at him, but he couldn’t see who it … (be). Two little boys … (hide)
behind a hedge, laughing at anyone who tried to pick up the coin they had
stuck to the pavement with glue!
Ex. 33. Match the tense forms 1-8 with the correct description of their
use a-h.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
I think I’ll go home now.
We’ll be sailing around the islands this time next month.
They are delivering the furniture tomorrow.
Perhaps we’ll see Nicky at school today.
I’m sure you’ll have a wonderful holiday.
Will Jo be staying with you this Easter?
I’ll be having lunch with Sam tomorrow as usual.
While they are fixing the tyre, I’ll make a phone call.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
asking politely about people’s arrangements
action which is the result of a routine
fixed arrangement in the near future
decision taken at the moment of speaking
prediction about the future
action which may (not) happen in the near future
future action set against a future background
action in progress at a stated future time
20
Ex. 34. Choose the correct form. Explain your choice.
1. “ I really need a drink.” – “OK, I’ll buy / ’m buying you one. What would
you like?”
2. “You look dreadful.” – “I know. I’m seeing / ’ll see the doctor tomorrow
at 4 o’clock.”
3. “Did you remember to water the plants today?” – “Oh, I forgot; I’ll water
/ ’m watering them now.”
4. I’ve already told you why I can’t see you tonight. I’m having / ’ll have
guests.
5. I’m sorry. I promise I’ll stay / ’ll be staying out of trouble in the future.
6. I’m sure he’ll understand / ’s going to understand if you explain it to him
clearly.
7. “I’ve burnt the dinner.” – “Never mind. I’ll go / ’m going to the restaurant
and get a takeaway pizza.”
8. “I forgot to invite Fergus to the party.” – “That’s OK. I’ll see / ’ll be
seeing him this afternoon.”
9. If I have / will have enough money, I will buy a new bicycle.
10. Excuse me, Colin. Will you be going / Will you go to the library this
morning?
11. I’m not sure when I go / ’ll go on holiday this year.
12. If we go / will go to Greece in the summer, we will visit the islands.
13. We can’t get into the office until Jane arrives / will arrive with the key.
14. I doubt if they are / will be on time.
Ex. 35. Speak about (A) tomorrow’s (next week’s, etc.) routine and (B)
your plans for tomorrow (next week, etc.)
Model: (A) Tomorrow I’ll be getting up at 7 o’clock as usual.
(B) Tomorrow I’m having a party / ’m going to the theatre …
THE PERFECT TENSE FORMS
(Present, Past and Future)
has/have
had
will have
+ done
Ex. 36. Review the Perfect tense forms. Can you explain their use in each
example?
21
Present
Perfect
Past
Perfect
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Future
Perfect
1.
2.
3.
Have you ever been to Paris?
Have they finished their work yet? – No, not yet.
I’ve already (just, never) seen this film.
I’ve lost my key. I can’t get in.
He’s been ill lately (this week, this month, this year).
We’ve been friends since school (for ten years).
I’ve lived here all my life.
I didn’t know he’d gone to Spain.
She had finished her work by 3 o’clock yesterday (by the time
I came back).
When we arrived at the country house the rain had already
stopped.
She told us she had known him since 1994 (for the past few
days, years).
As soon as (after, when) they had left Moscow Fred arrived to
visit them.
He’ll have taken his exam by 12 o’clock (in an hour, by the
time you arrive).
Next month we’ll have lived here for two years.
When you return, I’ll have cleaned up everything.
NOTE:
1. The Present Perfect versus Past Simple.
The Present Perfect always has
connection with the present, e.g.
Helen hasn’t been ill this year.
Have you seen Mary this morning?
(it is still morning)
Lucy has lived in London for
10 years.
(She still lives now)
The Past Simple tells us only about
the past, e.g.
Helen was ill last year.
Did you see Mary this morning?
(it is afternoon now)
Lucy lived in London for 10 years.
Then she moved to …
(She no longer lives there)
2. The Past Perfect is not used to denote a succession of actions. In this case
the Past Simple is used, e.g.
He got up, went to the bathroom, sat down to breakfast, read a newspaper
and went to work.
3. The Past Simple is used after the conjunctions after, before, when if a
succession of actions is implied, e.g.
She had a short rest before she went on with her work.
When I wrote the letter I posted it.
22
Ex. 37. Put the verb in brackets into the Present Perfect tense form.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
I don’t know this man. I … (never / meet) him before.
«Don’t you know what the story is about?» - «No, I … (not / read) it».
«Don’t worry about the letter. I … (already / post) it».
«Is he a good boy?» – «Oh, yes, he … (help) me a lot».
I know London perfectly well. I … (be) there several times.
I can’t find my bag. I think, somebody … (take) it by mistake.
«Do you speak Spanish?» – «No, I … (never / study) it».
Ex. 38. Answer the questions using the prompts with yet, just and
already.
Model: Would you like something to eat? (No/just/have dinner)
No, thank you. I’ve just had dinner.
Have you done the washing-up yet? (Yes/already/do)
Yes, I’ve already done it.
1. Have you seen John anywhere? (Yes/I/just/see/him).
Yes, _________________________.
2. Has Ann phoned yet? (Yes/she/just/phone)
________________________________
3. Would you like a cigarette? (No, thanks,/I/just/put/ one out)
_______________________
4. Shall I pay the waiter? (No/I/already/pay/him)____________________
5. Don’t forget to post the letter. (I/just/post/it) ___________________
6. Why don’t you read the paper? (I/already/read/it) ______________
7. Have you been to New York yet? (No,/I/be/N.Y./yet)
No, __________________________
Ex. 39. (A) Review the use of for and since with Perfect forms.
23
for
We use for when we refer to a period
of time. (two hours, six weeks, etc.)
since
We use since when we refer to
the start of the period. (8 o’clock,
Monday, 2008, etc.)
I’ve known her since 1995.
I’ve known her for 20 years.
for
two hours
20 minutes
five days
six months
since
8 o’clock
Monday
13 May
September
a week
50 years
a long time
ages
We haven’t been to the cinema for
ages.
1996
Christmas
lunchtime
they were at school
Sarah has lived in London since
2002.
(B) Put in «for» or «since».
1. It hasn’t rained ________ autumn.
2. Tom’s father has worked in the same company _______ 20 years.
3. How long have you lived in London?
I’ve been living in London ________my childhood.
4. __________Christmas the weather has been quite good.
5. Please, hurry up! We’ve been waiting _______ an hour.
6. Kevin has been out of work _________he left school.
Ex. 40. (A) Compare When+Past Simple? and How long+Present Perfect?
-
When did you first meet Carol?
I met her a long time ago / when we were at school.
How long have you known Carol?
I have known her for a long time / since we were at school.
(B) Make up similar conversations about
1. your new friends
2. your friend’s car / watch / …
3. your English / French / … teacher
4. living in Moscow
5. being a student
6. somebody’s illness / absence / being away …
Ex. 41. (A) Compare the meaning of been and gone in Perfect forms.
24
She’s gone to China. = She is in China now.
She’s been to China. = She went to China some time ago and now she has
returned.
(B) Put «been» or «gone» into the gaps.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Mary’s hair looks nice. She has just _______ to the hairdresser’s.
John has ________ to Brazil and he’s staying there.
She has ___________ in hospital since Monday.
Where is Tom? He has _______ home.
Carol knows a lot about films. She has _______ to the cinema a lot.
Ted isn’t at work. He has ________ ill for a week.
George is outside his friend’s house. Nobody answers. They have ______
out.
Ex. 42. Translate into English using the Present Perfect.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Ты показал друзьям свою картину? Нет, она еще не готова.
Возьмите эти журналы. Я уже прочитал их.
Она никогда не переводила раньше такие трудные статьи.
Ты видел Тома сегодня? Нет. Я его уже вечность не видел.
Вы были когда-нибудь в Таиланде? – Да, это очень красивая страна.
Я посмотрел новый фильм ' Звездные войны -3' , а ты?
7. Сегодня он уехал в Санкт-Петербург.
Ex. 43. (A) Study the following table attentively.
1. lately/recently - (за) последнее
время, недавно
2. for the last/past few weeks,
months, years, etc. - за
последние несколько недель, …
3. last time - (в) прошлый раз
4. last, for the last time –
в последний раз
5. first, for the first time –
в первый раз
1. I have been to many countries
lately/recently.
2. She has asked too many
questions for the last/past few
hours.
3. We talked about it last time.
4. When did you last hear from him
(last/for the last time)?
5. When did you (first) meet him
first/for the first time?
(B) Put an appropriate expression from A in the gaps.
25
1. I have seen this film several times ___________.
2. When did you see him _________?
3. There hasn’t been such bad weather in New York ________.
4. You promised to call on us ________.
5. When did you get a letter from him ____________?
6. I told you _____ I didn’t have your phone number.
7. I have read many interesting books _________.
Ex. 44. Put the verb in brackets into the Present Perfect or Past Simple.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ann ______ (buy) a new car two days ago.
My bicycle isn’t here anymore. Somebody _______ (take) it.
Her hair is very short. She ______ (have) a haircut.
When _______ you (give up) smoking?
We ________ (not eat) anything yesterday because we ______ (not feel)
hungry.
6. Robert Burns _______ (write) lots of poems.
7. The car looks very clean. _________ you (wash) it?
8. Thousands of people _________ (visit) the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
for the last few years.
Ex. 45. Translate into English using either the Present Perfect or Past
Simple.
1. У меня ещё не было каникул в этом году.
2. «Я звонил ему вчера несколько раз, его не было на месте».
«Он дома. Он болен уже неделю».
3. Мне дали интересный фильм на прошлой неделе, но я его ещё не
видел.
4. «Вы давно знаете Глэдис?» - «Я знаю её всю жизнь. Я когда-то знал
её родителей».
5. Последнее время она часто заходила сюда. Она совсем не
изменилась.
6. «Когда ты видел мистера Грея последний раз?» - «В прошлый
вторник. С тех пор я его больше не видел».
Ex. 46. Use the Past Perfect tense form.
Model: Why didn’t you watch this film on TV?
a) Because I had seen it before.
b) I didn’t watch the film on TV because I had seen it before.
26
1. Why didn’t you tell her my phone number? (forget)
2. What did he learn about Mary from the letter he received? (be ill for a
fortnight)
3. What did you read in the newspaper about that writer? (stop writing)
4. Why couldn’t you start your car ? (not/find/the key)
5. What did you learn about Tom? (marry)
6. Why was the house very quiet when you got home? (everybody/go to bed)
Ex. 47. Use the verb in brackets in either the Past Perfect or Past Simple.
The biggest event in Tom’s life ……. (happen) by chance. He ……. (be)
22 and he …….. (just/leave) college. He …….. (get) his degree and he …….
was looking for a job. He …….. (want) to be a journalist but he ……. (know)
he ……. (not/have) enough experience. You see, as a student, he ……..
(spend) most of his time in the university theatre. He …….. (write) to all the
newspapers but he …….. (not/receive) any replies. Then one day, the phone
…….. (ring). It was a woman who …….. (offer) him a job as an actor. She
…….. (see) him in a play at the university and …….. (enjoy) the
performance. He …….. (take) the job and since then he’s been very
successful. Last night he …….. (discover) he …….. (win) an award for his
performance in the play.
Ex. 48. Translate the following sentences using the correct tense form.
1. Я хотел пить. Я ничего не пил с самого утра.
2. Было гораздо жарче, чем она предполагала.
3. Как только я открыл открыть дверь, я услышал свою любимую
музыку.
4. Мария закончила паковать вещи к тому времени, когда ее муж вызвал
такси.
5. По радио сообщили, что самолет из Мюнхена уже прилетел.
6. В конце концов, он вернулся в город, где жил в детстве.
7. Мисс Рой не понимала по-французски, так как никогда не учила этот
язык.
8. Они не могли найти такси, так как вышли из театра поздно, и все
такси уже разъехались.
9. Я пришел в химчистку забрать костюм, в котором я был на свадьбе.
Ex. 49. Complete the sentences logically using appropriate past tense
forms.
27
She …went to the market… and bought some vegetables.
What ………………………………….. when the fire started?
I could tell she ………………………. because her eyes were red.
She ………………………….. when she slipped and landed on the ice.
My arm ………………………. for two weeks, before I went to the
doctor.
6. She got on the motorbike and …………………………. away.
7. He ……………………….. the road when a flower pot fell on his head.
8. While Sally …………………………. dinner Steve was laying the table.
9. The patient ………… in hospital for five weeks before he fully recovered.
10. He was upset because he …………………………… the exam.
11. Nobody knew where Jane ……………………………. the front door key.
12. He didn’t sign for the tournament because he ………………………… for
the past few months.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ex. 50. Put the verb in brackets into the Future Perfect tense form.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
We … (finish) all the house work by 6 o’clock this afternoon.
I … (read) this book by tomorrow evening.
Thousands of people … (see) this exhibition by the end of the month.
They … (build) this house long before the end of October.
They … (do) half of the journey when they reach the Volga.
I … (write) my composition by the time you come back.
We’ve got five days in St.Petersburg: we are leaving on Monday; but I’m
sure that we … (see) everything of importance by then.
Ex. 51. Put the verb in brackets into the Present Simple, Future Simple
or Future Perfect tense forms.
1. I … (suppose) when I … (come) back in two years’ time they … (pull)
down all these old houses.
2. «Your face … (be) dirty, Tom.» – « All right, I … (wash) it.»
3. «You have just missed the last train.» – «Never mind, I … (walk).»
4. « …(you/know) the way to the Bolshoi Theatre?» – «No.» – «Then I …
(show) you.»
5. By the time you … (finish) cooking they … (do) their work.
6. «May I use your phone to ring for the taxi?» – «Oh, there is no need for
that; my son … (drive) you home.»
7. I hope it … (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning.
8. If you … (think) it over you … (see) I am right.
28
9. «I’m going to Hyde Park to hear the people making speeches.» – «You …
(be) late. By the time you … (get) there they … (finish) their speeches and
everybody … (go) home».
Ex. 52. Translate into English using the Future Perfect tense form.
1. Он уже пообедает к тому времени, когда вы ему позвоните.
2. Я напишу ему письмо к тому времени, как она придет ко мне.
3. К тому времени, когда он приедет, я буду жить в Хорватии уже две
недели.
4. К 1 июня мы сдадим зачеты.
5. Строители построят этот бассейн к началу нового учебного года.
6. Я надеюсь, что к концу конференции все студенты сделают свои
доклады.
Ex. 53. Fill in the proper present or future tense forms or be going to.
Dear Mum,
By the time you ………. (receive) this letter I ………. (finish) my final
exams and, whether they went well or not, I ……… (celebrate).
I ……… (start) looking for a job at the end of the summer because I
……… (go) on holiday around Europe for a month, starting next week. Sue
………. (probably/come) with me, although she’s not sure yet. If she does,
I’m sure we ……… (have) a great time. I ………. (see) her this evening, as
usual, so I expect she ……….. (tell) me her decision then.
Anyway, my first exam ……… (start) at 9 o’clock tomorrow so I ……..
(drive) down to the library to do some last-minute revision. Even though I
……… (study) Russian for four years by the time these exams are over, I feel
I’ve still got a lot to learn about the language.
Give my love to Sam and Rover,
Yours,
Jason
REPORTED SPEECH
Ex. 54. Review the rules for imperative sentences (requests, warnings,
instructions, prohibition)
29
Direct Speech.
Reported Speech.
1. The teacher says/ said to the
students: «Open the book at page
25».
2. «Never say such things again»,
my son said to his younger sister.
1. The teacher asks/asked the
students to open the book at
page 25.
2. My son told/ordered his younger
sister never to say such things
again.
3. Ann asked her roommate not to
ask silly questions all the time.
3. Ann said to her roommate:
«Don’t ask silly questions all the
time».
Ex. 55. Use Reported Speech.
1. «Don’t forget to send me a telegram», Peter said to his wife.
2. «Leave your umbrella at the door», my companion advised me.
2. «Don’t try to settle all the questions at once», said the chairman.
3. «Behave yourselves!», the doorkeeper said to some children in the theatre.
4. «Shut the door but don’t lock it», she said to us.
5. «Leave your address with the secretary», the assistant manager said to me.
6. «Don’t come before 6 o’clock», I said to him.
7. «Will you buy tickets to the cinema, please?», my friend asked me.
8. «Be careful when crossing the street»,
9. mother said to her little son.
10.«Can you open your suitcase?», the customs officer asked us.
Ex. 56. Review the rules for reported statements paying attention to the
Sequence of Tenses and time words.
now → then/at that time/at once/immediately
today → that day
yesterday → the day before
tomorrow → the next day/the following day
ago → before
this/that → these/those
here → there
last year/month → the year/month before
the last lesson/ … → the previous lesson/ …
next year/… → the following year/…
30
Direct Speech
“Water turns into ice,” he said.
“I work hard,” he said.
“I’m going out,” he said.
“I’ve made a lot of friends here,” she
said.
“He’s been studying hard lately,” she
said.
“They arrived yesterday,” she said.
Reported Speech
He said (that) water turns into ice.
He said (that) he worked hard.
He said (that) he was going out.
She said (that) she’d made a lot of
friends there.
She said (that) he’d been studying
hard lately.
She told me (that) they arrived
yesterday / had arrived the day
before.
He said (that) she hadn’t been
feeling very well.
She said (that) she met/had met
Pedro twice while she was staying in
Madrid.
He promised (that) they would finish
soon.
He said (that) he’d be using the car
himself the next day / tomorrow.
She said (that) she’d have done the
ironing in 5 minutes.
He said (that) nobody had warned
them about the storm.
“She wasn’t feeling very well,” he
said.
“While I was staying in Madrid, I
met Pedro twice,” she said.
“We’ll finish soon,” he promised.
“I’ll be using the car myself
tomorrow,” he said.
“I’ll have done the ironing in 5
minutes,” she said.
“Nobody had warned us about the
storm,” he said.
NOTE:
1.
If the reported statement is out-of-date, the tenses change. If the
reported statement is up-to-date, the tenses can remain the same, e.g.
“They are leaving next week,” he said. →
He said they were leaving the following week. (out-of-date)
He said they are leaving next week. (up-to-date)
2.
The Past Perfect and Past Continuous usually remain the same in
Reported Speech, e.g.
“I was watching TV while Ann was reading a book.” →
He said he was watching TV while Ann was reading a book.
3.
With a definite indication of the time of action there will be no change
in the tense form, e.g.
“I lived in Paris when the war broke out,” she said. →
She said (that) she lived in Paris when the war broke out.
31
He said: “I was born in 1970”. →
He said (that) he was born in 1970.
Ex. 57. Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech.
“China is a densely populated country,” she said.
“It’s time we moved to a new house,” Ann said.
“Water freezes below 0º C,” he said.
“I was reading the children a story last night when the lights went out,”
she said.
5. “I’ll help you to repair your car tomorrow,” he said to me. (out-of-date)
6. “I didn’t understand the meaning of the film,” he said.
7. “You can come to me if you have any problems,” she said to him. (out-ofdate)
8. “I saw the film you recommended last night,” he said to her.
9. “I’m going to Spain next week,” he said. (out-of-date)
10. “She doesn’t understand,” he said. (up-to-date)
11. “I will not repeat this again,” he said to us. (out-of-date)
12. “I’ve applied for several jobs this week,” he said. (out-of-date)
13. “I’m afraid I can’t come,” he said to me. (up-to-date)
14. “If I finish it this evening, we’ll go out,” he said to her. (out-of-date)
15. “I saw him yesterday but he didn’t recognize me,” she said.
16. “I left school in 2005,” he said.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ex. 58. Jim received Ann’s message while she was on holiday. Read
Ann’s words and report them.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
“The weather is hot.”
“The hotel is nice and the food is delicious.”
“I go swimming every day.”
“I will always remember this place.’
“I don’t want to go back to work.”
“I’m learning Spanish.”
“I’ve got a lovely sun tan.”
“I’m coming back again next year.”
“I’ve bought many souvenirs.”
Ex. 59. Review the rules for reported and indirect questions.
Direct question
He asks me, ”Do you
know this girl?”
Reported question
Indirect question
He asks me if/whether I I wonder if/whether
know this girl.
you know this girl.
32
He asked me, “Shall I
phone her?”
He asked me, “How old
is she?”
He asked me, “Where
does she live?”
He asked me if he
should phone her.
He asked me how old
she was.
He asked me where she
lived.
He wondered if he
should phone her.
I didn’t know how old
she was.
He wanted to know
where she lived.
Ex. 60. Fiona went for an interview last week. First read, then report
Mr Roberts’ questions.
1. “Why do you want to work for Portman Plastics?”
2. “How long were you employed at Smithson Steel?”
3. “Can you speak French?”
4. “Are you familiar with the plastics industry?”
5. “Why did you leave your last place of employment?”
6. “Is this the first time you have applied for a managerial post?”
7. “Would you be willing to move to Paris?”
8. “When did you graduate?”
9. “What salary would you hope to receive?”
10. “May I check your references?”
Ex. 61. Turn the following into indirect questions. Omit question marks
where necessary.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Where’s the post office? Do you know …
What have you told her? I wonder …
Are we going out tonight? I want to know …
Is this correct? I doubt …
Whose car is this? I wonder …
Does this train stop at Leeds? Could you tell me …
***
Ex. 62. Change the following from Direct into Reported Speech.
1. «Don’t wait for me if I am late», Ann said.
2. «Can you speak more slowly, we will be making notes of your lecture»,
the students asked the lecturer.
3. George said: « I am working tomorrow evening. I can’t go out with you».
4. «I don’t know what Fred will be doing this time on Saturday», Charlie
said.
5. «I hurt my arm when I was playing squash», Jack told us.
33
6. Tom said, «I can’t have a party next weekend, I will be writing my course
paper in English literature».
7. Barbara asked, «What are you doing on Wednesday evening?»
8. «As soon as I get in touch with him, I’ll send you a message,» my
secretary told me.
9. «I’ll explain this rule again to you if you don’t understand it,» our teacher
said.
10. «We’ll take him to the South after he recovers from that terrible wound»,
my neighbours said.
11. «I’ll stay in town till the weather changes for the better,» my daughter
said.
12. «Come and see us this summer. We’ll be redecorating our country house
if we find reliable workers and your advice will be very useful,» my
friend said.
13. My girlfriend said: «I’ll be missing you very much while you are on a
business trip. Come back soon.»
14. She asked, «Where will you stay when you arrive in London?»
15. Bob said, «I’ll pay you back when I get my next pay check.»
16. «Did you really see this happen with your own eyes?» the policeman
asked the boy.
17. My sister said to me, «You look very well, much better than you looked
yesterday. I think you have recovered after your illness.»
18. «Who has left this message?» he asked his secretary.
19. «Have you ever been to Australia?» my neighbour asked.
20. «I haven’t seen such a wonderful play since I don’t remember when,» she
said.
21. «Have you stayed in Rome long?» the stranger asked them.
22. «Have you taken the sick man to hospital?» I asked them.
23. «I believe they will have made their minds by the end of the party,» she
said.
24. «I‘ve just seen my close friend,» my brother said to me. «I haven’t seen
him since he left for America.»
ARTICLE with parts of the day and seasons
I.
As a rule no article is used with (a) the names of months and days, e.g.
May is a spring month.
I met her on Monday.
(b) the names of seasons, e.g.
I like winter.
It was summer when we first came here.
34
(c) the nouns day, night, morning, evening, afternoon as indications of a
certain time, e.g.
Day is meant for work, night for sleep.
It was evening.
II.
The definite article the is used when the nouns are modified by a
limiting attribute, situation, e.g.
We'll always remember the May of 1945.
She came on the Friday when David was born.
It happened in the spring of 1999.
He'll never forget the day when he met her.
The (that) night was warm and beautiful.
III. The indefinite article a/an is used when the nouns are modified by a
descriptive attribute, e.g.
A cold May is a usual thing in Moscow.
It was a beautiful autumn.
She spent a sleepless night.
IV.
Remember the use of articles in set expressions.
by day, at night, from morning till night;
in the morning (evening, afternoon); in the daytime; during the day;
in (the) spring (winter, autumn, summer);
It's early/late evening. (morning, spring, winter, etc.)
Come on Monday morning.
Ex. 63. Use the proper article where necessary.
1. 1. …. autumn has come and early in …. morning …. sheets of …. ice
cover …. puddles on the road. 2. …. rain never stopped at …. night, and
…. morning started with …. dull rain typical of …. late autumn. 3. We
had …. cold winter last year with a lot of …. snow. …. frost didn’t let go
even during …. day. 4. It was …. late afternoon on …. foggy September
day when he left the town in his car. 5. We are expecting them on ….
Friday evening, some time after seven.
2. The year is divided into four seasons: …. spring, …. summer, ….
autumn and …. winter. In …. spring Nature awakens from her long winter
sleep. The trees are filled with new life, …. earth is warmed by …. rays of
…. sun, and the weather gets gradually milder. The fields and meadows
are covered with fresh green grass. …. sky is blue and cloudless. At ….
night millions of stars shine in …. darkness.
35
3. When …. summer comes …. weather gets warmer and sometimes it’s
very hot. It’s farmer’s busy season – he works in his fields from ….
morning till …. night. The grass must be cut and the hay must be made,
while …. dry weather lasts. Sometimes …. skies are overcast with ….
heavy clouds. There are …. storms with …. thunder, …. lightning and ….
hail.
(From London Linguaphone Course)
Ex. 64. Use the proper articles where necessary.
In …. summer of 2000 I was living in …. little cottage in …. country, at
…. small distance from …. sea. Half …. mile from my cottage there was ….
school where Harold Brown, …. headmaster, and several other teachers
taught students and prepared them for various professions.
One day, at …. end of July .... severe storm arose. …. wind was very
strong and …. waves rose high at …. base of …. cliffs. It rained all day, but in
…. evening …. wind fell. …. next morning …. weather was fine again. ….
sea was calm, …. tide was out, but …. waves had left …. deep lagoon under
…. cliffs. It was impossible to stay at home on such …. fine morning and I
decided to take …. walk along …. path that led to …. beach. At …. short
distance from …. cliffs I was overtaken by Harold Brown.
«What …. morning, Mr.Duffy!», he cried, waving his hand in greeting.
«Very fine,» I answered. «Going for …. swim, I see». «Yes, Mr.Baisley went
to …. beach some fifteen minutes ago and I want to join him there».
Mr.Baisley was one of …. teachers. He was young and …. very good
swimmer, though he suffered from …. weak heart.
***
Ex. 65. Translate the following sentences into English. Pay attention to
the use of articles with nouns modified by numerals.
Room 223 is on the third floor.
Take Bus 603, get off at the fifth stop.
1. Где у нас урок английского? – В аудитории 25.
2. Как мне добраться до супермаркета «Перекресток»? – Садитесь на
715 автобус, выходите на третьей остановке.
3. Где дом номер 83? – Второй от угла.
4. Скажите, пожалуйста, где картины импрессионистов? – На втором
этаже, во втором зале.
5. На нашем курсе около 25 групп; самая маленькая – шестая, в ней
только 3 студента.
36
6. Я не могу найти группу 28. – У них обычно в это время лекция по
дипломатии в пятом зале.
UNIT I. APPEARANCE AND CHARACTER
GRAMMAR: COMPLEX OBJECT. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF
TIME
Pre-reading questions:
1. What questions do we usually ask if we want to know the appearance
of someone we have never seen?
2. What do ballet dancers (boxers, models, etc) look like?
3. Describe your friend’s appearance.
TEXT: “THE GIRLS IN THEIR SUMMER DRESSES”
37
Skim the text (when you skim the text you just look through the text quickly.
You should try to understand important ideas, general meaning).
Work in pairs:
Find out:
1. how the writer introduces the pattern of Michael’s attitude towards
women? Is it humorous at first, almost a joke?
2. how serious Michael seems when he talks about marriage?
3. if Frances seems to be deeply in love with Michael.
4. how Frances reacts to Michael’s confession about his true feelings?
Fifth avenue was shining in the sun when they left the Brevoort. The sun
was warm, even though it was February, and everything looked like Sunday
morning – the buses and the well-dressed people walking slowly in couples
and the quiet buildings with the windows closed.
Michael held Frances’s arm tightly as they walked toward Washington
Square in the sunlight. Michael unbuttoned his coat and let it flap around him
in the mild wind.
“Look out,” Frances said as they crossed Eighth Street. “You’ll break
your neck». Michael laughed and Frances laughed with him.
“She’s not so pretty,” Frances said. “Anyway, not pretty enough to take a
chance of breaking your neck.”
Michael laughed again. “How did you know I was looking at her?”
Frances patted his arm lightly and pulled him along a little faster toward
Washington Square. “Let’s not see anybody all day,” she said. “Let’s just
hang around with each other. You and me. I want to go out with my husband
all day long. I want him to talk only to me and listen only to me.”
“What can stop us?” Michael asked.
“The Stevensons. They expect us to drop by around one o’clock and
they’ll drive us to the country.”
“The cunning Stevensons,” Mike said. ‘To be quite honest about it, I hate
to go somewhere with them. They can go driving in the country by
themselves.”
“Let me arrange a program» Frances said. A planned Sunday in New
York for a young couple with money to throw away.” “I am not against it at
all.”
“First let’s go to the Metropolitan Museum of Art,” Frances suggested,
because Michael had said during the week he wanted to go. Then we can take
the bus down to Radio City and watch them skate. And later we’ll go down to
38
Cavanagh’s and get a steak as big as a blacksmith’s apron, with a picture at
the Filmarte that everybody says – say, are you listening to me?”
“Sure,” he said. He took his eyes off the hatless girl with the dark hair, cut
dancer-style like a helmet, who was walking past him.
“You always look at other women,” Frances said. “Everywhere. Every
place we go.”
“No, darling,” Michael said, “I look at everything. God gave me eyes and
I look at women and men in subway excalations and morning pictures and the
little flowers of the field. I casually inspect the universe.”
“I’m a happily married man.” Michael pressed her elbow tenderly.
“Example for the whole twentieth century – Mr. and Mrs. Mike Loomis. Hey,
let’s have a drink”, he said, stopping.
“We just had breakfast.”
“Now listen, darling,” Mike said, choosing his words with care, «it’s a
nice day and we both felt good and there’s no reason why we have to break it
up. Let’s have a nice Sunday.”
“All right. I don’t know why I started this. Let’s drop it. Let’s have a good
time. Let’s enjoy ourselves!”
They joined the people walking between the crowded benches, under the
scrubby citypark trees.
“I try not to notice it,” Frances said, “but I see that look in your eye and
that’s the way you looked at me the first time. It makes me feel terrible. I
think I would like to have a drink now,” Frances said.
They walked over to a bar on Eighth Street, without saying anything. He
sighed and closed his eyes and rubbed them gently with his fingertips. “I like
the way women look. One of the things I like best about New York is the
battalions of women. When I think of New York City I think of all the girls
on parade in the city. I don’t know whether it’s something special with me or
whether every man in the city walks around with the same feeling inside him,
but I feel as though I am at a picnic in the city. I like to sit near the women in
the theatres, the famous beauties who’ve taken six hours to get ready and look
it. And the young girls at the football games, with the red cheeks, and when
the warm weather comes, the girls in their summer dresses”. He finished his
drink. “That’s the story.”
She began to cry silently into her handkerchief, bent over just enough so
that nobody else in the bar would notice. “Someday,” she said, crying, “you
are going to make a move. You don’t even know that I need you badly.”
Michael didn’t say anything. He watched the bartender slowly peel a lemon.
Frances stopped crying then. Two or three snuffles into the handkerchief and
she put it away and her face didn’t tell anything to anybody. Frances regarded
Michael coolly across the table. “Do you want me to call the Stevensons?”
she asked. “It’ll be nice in the country.” “Sure,” Michael said. “Call them. I
39
promise you’ll be pleased to meet them.” She got up from the table and
walked across the room toward the telephone. Michael watched her walk,
thinking what a pretty girl, what nice legs.
(after Irwin Shaw)
NOTE: Irwin Shaw (1913-1984) was born Irwin Gilbert Shamforoff in Bronx
in New York to Jewish immigrants from Russia. His parents changed their
family name to Shaw and moved to Brooklyn, where the young Irwin spent
most of his childhood. At the age of 21 Shaw started his career as a writer.
During World War II Shaw served in the US Army. Shaw’s war experiences
in Europe gave basis for his novel “The Young Lions” (1948) which became
a huge success. In 1951 he left the United States living 25 years in Europe.
There he continued to write several bestsellers including “Two Weeks in
Another Town” (1960), “Rich Man, Poor Man” (1970) and “Evening in
Byzantium” (1973), “Nightwork” (1975).
VOCABULARY
even adv даже. He didn’t even help me carry my heavy bag, he was that
angry with me.
look vi 1.выглядеть, казаться. How did she look when you saw her? She
looked pleased (happy, sad, ill, well, older, worn out, tired, etc). Phr What
does she look like? Как она выглядит? (Какая у нее внешность?) She is
tall, very good-looking. 2. look like (= be like) sb. походить, быть похожим
на кого-л. He looks like his father. He looks like a scientist. 3. look for sb/sth
искать кого-л/что-л) 4. look after sb/sth присматривать за кем-л/чем-л.
pull vt тащить, тянуть. The woman was pulling the child by the hand. Don’t
pull the door, push it. Phr pull oneself together – взять себя в руки,
встряхнуться.
expect vt 1.oжидать, ждать expect a visitor (a letter, question, rain, etc). I
expected you yesterday. 2. расчитывать, надеяться. I expect to be back on
Sunday. We expect you to help us; expectation n ожидание, in expectation
of sth в ожидании /в предвкушении/ чего-л, according to expectations как
и следовало ожидать; against expectations – вопреки ожиданиям, beyond
expectations – сверх ожидания.
honest adj честный. An honest man (face, look, smile, decision). Phr to be
honest with sb – быть откровенным, честным с кем-н; dishonest adj –
нечестный, бесчестный; (dis) honesty
n (не) честность, (не)
40
порядочность, бессoвестность. She was dismissed for dishonesty. Она
была уволена за воровство.
arrange vt 1. устраивать, организовывать, договариваться. Arrange a
party (meeting, trip, etc). We’ve arranged to meet on Saturday. I’ve arranged
for a meeting next week. 2. приводить в порядок, расставлять (книги,
мебель…) to arrange books in a bookcase (furniture, etc), to arrange one’s
business (plans, etc); arrangement n 1. cоглашение, договоренность
There is an arrangement between them about the price (payment, etc). Phr to
have (make) an arrangement (with sb) – уславливаться, договариваться c
(кем-н) 2. pl приготовления, мероприятия, планы Phr make arrangements
(for sth) делать приготовления (к чему-н).
feel vt (felt) 1. чувствовать, ощущать, испытывать I felt somebody push
me in the crowd. What did you feel when you first climbed a dangerous rock?
2. полагать, считать. He felt it necessary to say something. 3. чувствовать
себя. How do you feel? I feel well (bad, better, worse, all right, ill etc);
feeling n чувство, ощущение. I had a feeling that somebody was watching
me. She spoke with feeling.
enjoy vt 1. наслаждаться (чем-л.), веселиться, хорошо проводить время
Did you enjoy your holiday? Вы хорошо провели время? Phr enjoy oneself
приятно проводить время, развлекаться. Не еnjoyed himself in the
Crimea. Он весело провел время в Крыму; еnjoyment n наслаждение,
удовольствие to take great enjoyment in sth наслаждаться чем-то,
находить удовольствие в чем-то. 2. любить что-либо, получать
удовольствие (от чего-либо) to enjoy music (a film, poetry, concert, trip,
etc) He enjoys life = он жизнелюб. I enjoy talking to her.
join vt 1. присоединяться (к) May I join you in the game (in the
conversation; on the trip; for an excurtion; etc.); 2. вступать (в); стать
членом (клуба, общества и т.д.) join a sports club (society, etc.); join the
army
way n 1.путь, дорога. A long (short, hard, etc) way. You have taken the
right (wrong) way. Phr on the (one’s) way home (to some place) – по дороге
домой; on the (one’s) way back – на обратном пути; Phr by the way –
кстати, между прочим. 2. средство, способ, метод, манера, образ
действия. I don’t like the way you look at other people. She doesn’t like my
way of laughing. What is the quickest way of learning to drive a car? In (such
a, this, friendly etc.) way – таким образом If you treat them in such a way
they will be hurt.
41
make vt (made) заставлять, побуждать make sb do sth, make sb work
(read, speak, laugh, cry, think, etc), make sb angry – рассердить кого-н,
make sb (un) happy – сделать кого-то счастливым, несчастным make a
move – двинуться куда-н.
without prep. 1. без (кого-н, чего-н; означает отсутствие). It’s difficult to
plant a tree without help. Phr to do without (sb/sth) – обходиться без (когон/чего-н). She can’t do without music. 2. не (означает характер действия).
She left the room without saying good-bye.
need vt нуждаться (в ком-н/чем-н). Need a book (dress, clothes); need
money (time, sb’s help, sb’s advice, etc). How much time do you need to
repair this machine? I needn’t do this work at once; need n необходимость,
нужда. Phr be in need of sth –нуждаться. Are you in need of help?
badly adv сильно, очень. I need your advice badly. He is badly ill. To be
badly off – нуждаться, быть в трудном положении. He is badly off for
friends – с друзьями у него дело плохо; у него мало друзей.
promise vt обещать. Promise sb (one's) help (a book, a lift, etc). He
promised to call at her place soon. Phr give (make) a (one’s) promise –
давать oбещание; keep one’s promise – сдержать обещание; break one’s
promise – нарушить обещание; promising adj многообещающий, a
promising writer (student, etc).
be (dis) pleased быть (не) довольным (чем-л). He is very pleased with
himself. Он очень доволен собой. I am pleased to meet you. They were very
pleased with his report.
Word combinations
to walk in couples
look out
pat sb’s arm lightly/tightly
to drop by
to throw sth away
at all
гулять парами
осторожно! Берегись!
похлопать кого-н по руке легонько/с
силой
зайти, заглянуть, проходя мимо
выбрасывать, разбрасывать, сорить
деньгами
совсем (не), вообще
42
EXERCISES
COMPREHENSION
Ex. 1. Read the text again and answer comprehension questions.
1. What was the weather like in February?
2. What did Michael do when he was going with Frances towards
Washington Square?
3. Why did Frances ask Michael to look out?
4. Why didn’t Frances want to see anybody all day long?
5. Did they want to visit the Stevensons?
6. Who arranged the program?
7. Where did they decide to go?
8. Why was Frances so disappointed when she saw Michael look at a hatless
girl who was walking past them?
9. What made Frances feel bad?
10. Why did Michael like to look at women?
11. Why did they decide to call the Stevensons?
Ex. 2. Find in the text the English for the following words and phrases.
Хотя это был февраль, хорошо одетые люди, крепко держать чью-то
руку, расстегнуть пальто, в любом случае, целый день, хитрый,
проходящая мимо, исследовать вселенную, стараться не замечать,
вздохнуть, потереть глаза кончиками пальцев, тихонько плакать в
носовой платок.
Ex. 3. Are the following statements about the text true or false? Say why.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Michael and Frances had been married a very short time.
Frances tries to plan a day of activities that her husband will enjoy.
Michael never looks at other women.
Michael finally tells his wife how he really feels.
His wife keeps her feelings to herself.
Ex. 4. Guessing the meaning.
Select the meaning that you think is closest to the meaning in the text for each
of these words and expressions.
43
1 battalions
a furniture tables and chairs
b armies; large groups of people
c department stores; large shops
2 to make a move
a to do sth about it; take actions; act on sth
b move away on some other location
c move sb; arouse deep emotions in someone
3 to regard
a think about sth frequently
b look at; gaze at
c listen to sth inattentively
KEY STRUCTURES AND WORD STUDY
Ex. 5. Give the four forms of the following verbs.
Shine, leave, hold, let, break, take, drive, say, give, sigh, marry, try, feel,
think, know, bend
Ex. 6. Put questions to the words in bold type.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Michael laughed and Frances laughed with him.
She wants to go out with her husband all day long.
Frances suggested going to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
He took his eyes off the hatless girl with the dark hair.
I look at everything.
They walked between the crowded benches, under the scrubby citypark
trees.
7. When I think of New York City I think of all the girls on parade in the
city.
8. Frances sees that strange look in her husband’s eyes.
Ex. 7. Translate the following sentences with phrasal verbs with “out”
into Russian.
1. Look out! The step is broken.
44
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Without more coal the fire will soon go out.
You really should throw out that old sofa and get a new one.
Why didn’t you tell me at once, instead of holding out on me?
When she saw us together she burst out laughing.
She put her bag on the seat and took out her camera.
Can I ask you to put out ashtrays and bowls of peanuts before the party?
Ex. 8. Translate the following sentences into English using a different
phrasal verb in each: look out, go out, throw out, burst out, put out, hold
out, take out. Ex. 7 will help you.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Вынь руки из карманов.
Она не увидела свое имя в списке студентов и расплакалась.
Я не скрываю от тебя. Я не знаю, где он.
Огонь погас. Стало холодно.
Осторожнее. Машина едет.
Из трубы валил черный дым. (the chimney…)
Положи, пожалуйста, чистые полотенца для гостей. Они хотят
умыться.
Ex. 9. Paraphrase the following sentences according to the model.
Translate them into Russian.
Model: He asked question after question and didn’t wait for an answer.
He asked question after question without waiting for an answer.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ann sat in front of the TV but didn’t watch it.
I always try not to make mistakes when I speak English.
He left the house and didn’t say good-bye.
They found the station easily. They didn’t ask anyone about the way.
When she left for London she didn’t give me her new address.
Kate started crying and didn’t answer my question.
She entered the room and looked out of the window. She didn’t turn on the
lights.
Ex. 10. Paraphrase the following sentences according to the model.
Model: It always gives him pleasure to talk to famous politicians.
He always enjoys talking to famous politicians.
1. My friends liked to show me the places of interest when I visited
Budapest.
45
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
It gives me pleasure to travel by air.
His aunt is not happy to have guests all the weekends.
They have bought a new car and rather like to travel around the country.
There is nothing I like better than to read a good book on a rainy day.
We listened to the opera with great pleasure.
Ex. 11. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs where necessary.
1. I want to be honest ………. you and tell you what I think ………. your
work.
2. She was very pleased ……….her son’s behaviour. He looked like a
grown up.
3. She was speaking slowly looking ………. the right words.
4. Look ……….. There is a car coming.
5. I need your advice ……….. The situation is so strange I can’t do ……….
your help.
6. Shall I find you ………. if I drop ………. tomorrow afternoon?
7. The sun was warm even though ………. it was March, and everything
looked ………. Sunday morning – the quiet buildings and the well-dressed
people walking slowly ………. couples.
8. Stop acting like a baby. Pull yourself ………..
9. Look, the child has a glass of hot water ………. his hand. Take it ……
….…. him quickly.
10.………. the door she turned ………. and caught him looking ………. her
………. a strange way.
11.She doesn’t look her age………. all.
Ex. 12. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word. Use the correct form.
Translate the sentences into Russian.
advice (2), enjoy, need (2), pleased, pull(2), honest (2), without, look, way
(2), expect, arrange (2), feel, feelings, even, at all.
1. It’s always easier to give ………. than to take it.
2. Do you really ………. playing tennis in the open air? Isn’t that just
wonderful!
3. She ………. a sudden stab of pain in her chest.
4. She smiled at him and he knew she was ………. to see him.
5. The bus had already started when they ran up. We quickly ………. them
inside.
6. I can’t take your ………. in this confusing matter. This is something I
must decide on my own.
46
7. The books are ………. on the shelves in alphabetical order.
8. You can’t go out in this awful weather ……….a jacket.
9. She doesn’t ………. her age ………. .
10.I don’t like her ………. of speaking.
11.Are you in ………. of money? I know you’ve lost your job. I’ll try to help
you.
12.To tell you the truth, I’ve never ………. him to give an ………. answer to
that question of yours.
13. Help me move the piano over here; you push and I’ll ………..
14. He was quite ………. with us, yet he wasn’t telling the whole truth.
15. How much time do you ………. to do this work?
16. We’ve ………. with them to meet at the restaurant.
17. I don’t really know what to think. I’ve got very mixed ………. on the
subject.
18. Which ………. is the house from here?
19. He is a strict vegetarian – he doesn’t ………. eat cheese.
Ex. 13. Translate into English using the active vocabulary.
1. Я не помню, как она выглядит. Я не видел ее с детства.
2. Вы вчера заходили к нему? Как он выглядит? Надеюсь, он чувствует
себя лучше.
3. Почему вы всегда уходите, не прощаясь? Это невежливо.
4. Даже если ты не хочешь дать им совет, как поступить в такой
сложной ситуации, посочувствуй им (sympathize with).
5. Все произошло как раз так, как мы и ожидали – он все сделал посвоему.
6. Я советую вам взять себя в руки. Если вы плохо себя чувствуете,
сядьте и закройте глаза.
7. Я заходила к ним вчера по дороге домой, но не застала никого дома.
8. Он выглядит так молодо, но я знаю, что он многообещающий физик.
Все об этом говорят.
9. Очень советую посмотреть фильм, который идет в нашем
кинотеатре. Получите удовольствие.
10. Что она здесь ищет? Какая странная женщина. Мне не нравится, как
она смотрит на нас.
11. Я не могу заставить тебя много заниматься. Но ты знаешь другой
путь выучить иностранный язык?
12. Я ожидала, что ты поможешь мне организовать эту конференцию.
Мне так нужна помощь.
13. У меня было такое чувство, что кто-то идет за мной.
47
14. Мы приятно провели время в Турции. Были очень рады встретить
старых друзей, которые отдыхали там уже две недели и
посоветовали нам посмотреть собор Св. Николая (St. Nicolas
Cathedral).
15. В такую жаркую погоду опасно ходить на пляж, даже с зонтиком.
16. Почему вы не верите мне? Я же была с вами откровенна.
17. Посмотрите на эту женщину, которая тащит ребенка за руку. Он
выглядит ужасно. Ему нужно сесть.
18. Мне не нравится, как ты соришь деньгами. Ты еще не привел в
порядок свое дело (business), а уже покупаешь дорогие машины и
всякие ненужные вещи.
LANGUAGE WORK
Ex. 14. Study the words:
NOT… AT ALL
(in questions and negatives)
not in any way
(NOT) QUITE
not completely
not perfectly
not… at all – совсем не, вовсе не (употребляется в конце
предложения); e.g. It isn’t cold at all, it’s quite warm
quite – вполне, совсем, совершенно, довольно-таки; e.g. I’m quite
happy!
not quite – не вполне, не совсем (употребляется в середине
предложения); e.g. I don’t quite understand what you mean.
A. 1. The idea is … clear, will you explain it to me again? 2. I am … sure
whether I will be able to join you tomorrow. 3. ‘Are you busy?’- ‘…, I’m
absolutely free, what’s the problem?’ 4. We don’t… understand the reasons
for your anxiety (волнение). 5. Lily refused to take part in the concert saying
that she could not sing ... . 6. I am afraid you are ... right, there are other ways
of solving this problem. 7. I’m … ready, let’s start. 8. We didn’t like the film
… . 9. I … agree with your plan, but I … understand the second point. 10.
You didn’t speak at the seminar … . What was the matter?
B. 1. Я не совсем согласен с докладчиком. 2. Вы совершенно правы:
такие вопросы нельзя обсуждать в спешке. 3. Мне совершенно не
понравилось, как она пела. 4. Я вовсе не хочу обидеть (to hurt) ее, но она
не вполне справляется с работой секретаря. 5. Это была довольно-таки
безобидная шутка. 6. Они совсем не устали после поездки за город. 7.
48
Студент не совсем правильно ответил на вопрос экзаменатора. 8. Это
было вполне разумное объяснение того, что произошло.
Ex. 15. Study the words and fill in the gaps according to the meaning:
Expect (sb/sth)
(ожидать, предполагать что
что-то произойдет)
Expecting is a state of mind.
Wait for sb/sth
(ждать, дожидаться кого-либо/
чего-либо)
Waiting is a sort of activity.
A. 1. You are late again. We … here for half an hour. 2. We must … till it
stops raining before we go out. 3. I … Julian to dinner yesterday but he did
not come. 4. The train is late, so we’ll have to… . 5. Don’t … me to call on
you tonight. 6. You can’t … them to do the work in a day, it’s too difficult for
them. 7. The visitors were kept … in the reception room as the director was
busy. 8. The sea was rough and the sailors … the storm at any moment. 9.
Oliver did not … anything good from his brother who had always disliked
him. 10. Let’s … at the entrance to the theatre. Shall we?
B. 1. Мы не ожидали вас так рано. 2. Давайте еще немного подождем
Павла у входа в метро, ладно? 3. Кого ты ждешь? – Двоюродную сестру.
Я ожидала, что она придет в 12, а сейчас уже 20 минут первого. 4. Я не
ожидаю ничего хорошего от его визита. 5. Если я не позвоню в 2 часа, не
ждите меня. 6. Не ждите, что все будут счастливы увидеть этого
человека. 7. Извините, что заставил вас ждать. Я попал в автомобильную
пробку. 8. Мы ждали, что в выходные приедет моя сестра со всем своим
семейством, но они так и не приехали.
PHRASAL VERBS
Ex. 16. TAKE
Match the meaning in B with the phrasal verb in A.
49
1. take after sb быть похожим
на кого-то
2. take sb for sb принимать за
кого-то, что-то
3. take sth in понять,
догадаться
4. take sth off снять, убрать
5. take off взлететь
6. take sth out удалить,
устранить
7. take to sth пристраститься,
привыкнуть к чему-либо
1. begin to spend time doing, interest
oneself in
2. leave the ground (of airplanes)
the opposite to land
3. remote, extract
4. resemble (one’s parents/
grandparents)
5. understand, receive into the mind
6. attribute wrong identity or
qualities to someone
7. remove (when used of clothing
«take off» is the opposite of
«put on
8. begin as a practice, habit. It’s often
used with the gerund.
8. take up sth браться за чтолибо, заниматься чем-либо
Ex. 17. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the
phrasal verbs.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
He ______ golf and became very keen on it.
I couldn’t ________ the lecture at all. It was too difficult for me.
Petrol will ________ that stain.
He _________ borrowing money from the petty cash.
He _________ his coat when he entered the house and put it on again
when he went out.
6. I was thinking of something else while she was speaking and I …… really
___________ what she was saying.
7. He _________ drinking.
8. There’s often a spectator’s balcony at airports, where people can watch the
planes _________ and landing.
9. My father was forgetful and I _________ him; I forget everything.
10. I _____ him _____ his brother. They are extremely alike.
11. The dentist _______ two of his teeth.
12. Do you _______ me ___ a fool?
13. He _______ his grandmother; she had red hair too.
Ex. 18. Translate into English using phrasal verbs.
50
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Я полюбил быстрорастворимый кофе.
Я не мог понять, что он имеет в виду.
Мой двоюродный брат решил заняться немецким языком.
Когда взлетает наш самолет?
Я Вас опять не узнала, приняла Вас за Вашего старшего брата.
Ты ходил вчера к стоматологу? Да, мне удалили зуб.
За кого ты меня принимаешь? Я не брал твои деньги. Они на столе.
READING I
WITCHES' LOAVES* (after O’Henry)
Miss Martha Meacham kept a little bakery on the corner. Miss Martha
was forty and rather rich. She had two false teeth and a good heart. Many
people had got married who had not so many chances as Miss Martha.
Two or three times a week a customer came to her bakery in whom she
began to take an interest. He was a middle-aged man wearing glasses and a
brown beard. His clothes were worn, but he looked neat and had good
manners.
He always bought two loaves of stale bread. Fresh bread was five cents a
loaf. Stale loaves were two for five. He never bought anything but stale bread.
Miss Martha was trying to guess his occupation.
Once Miss Martha saw a red-and-brown spot on his fingers. She thought
then that he was an artist and very poor. She was sure he lived in a small
room, where he painted his pictures, and ate stale bread and thought of the
good things to eat in Miss Martha’s bakery.
She wasn’t curious but she wanted to know more about the customer. One
day, to find out his occupation, she brought from her room a painting she had
bought at a sale and hung it on the wall.
Two days later the customer came again.
«Two loaves of stale bread, if you please,» he said as usual and added,
«you’ve got a new picture , madam.»
«Yes,» said Miss Martha, «I like art and …paintings.» «Do you think it’s
a good picture?» she asked pointing to it.
«No, I’m afraid it isn’t. I don’t like the colours.» Yes, her guess was right.
He was an artist, just as she had suspected.
When he came to her bakery, he talked for a while with Miss Martha. He
was always very polite and nice to her. And he kept on buying stale bread,
never a cake, never a pie.
* Заколдованные хлебцы (witch ведьма, колдунья); loaf (pl loaves) булка, буханка
51
It seemed to her that he began to look thinner. She wanted to add
something good to eat to his stale bread, but she did not dare.
One day the customer came in as usual, laid the money on the counter and
asked for his stale loaves. At that moment a noise was heard outside. A crowd
had gathered in the street. The customer rushed to the door to see what had
happened. Miss Martha took the chance. On the shelf behind the counter there
was a pound of fresh butter. With a bread knife Miss Martha made a deep cut
in each of the loaves, put a big piece of butter there and pressed the loaves
tight again. When the customer turned round, she was wrapping them up.
Miss Martha smiled. She was sure he would be touched and grateful to her for
what she had done. She could not think of anything else that day.
She didn’t know how much time had passed when she heard a knock.
Somebody was knocking at the door loudly and impatiently. Miss Martha
hurried to the front door. There were two men there. One was a young man
she had never seen before. The other was her artist. He looked excited. His
face was red, his hat was on the back of his head, his hair was in disorder. At
first Miss Martha didn’t even recognize him. «Fool!» he shouted. Miss
Martha was very much surprised at his behaviour. She’d never expected he
could be so rude. His companion tried to draw him away.
«Now, don’t be silly, calm down,» he said.
«I shan’t go before I tell her. You’ve spoilt my work. You are a foolish
old cat, that’s what you are,» the customer shouted angrily at Miss Martha.
She got frightened. She couldn’t understand why he hated her so. She
thought he had gone mad. The young man pulled the customer by the hand.
He drew the angry man out of the shop and came back alone. There was
silence for a moment, and then he began to speak.
«I’m his friend. I believe I must tell you, ma’am, what made him so angry
and why he behaved like that. Well, the matter is that he is a draftsman. He
has been working hard for three months drawing a plan for a new town hall. It
was a prize competition. A draftsman always makes his drawing in pencil
first. When it’s done, he rubs out the pencil lines with stale bread. He’s been
buying bread here. Well, today… well, you know, ma’am that butter you
added to the loaves… The moment he touched the drawing… I didn’t even
believe him at first. It was certainly thoughtless of you. Of course you meant
well. But the drawing is no good now. He’ll have to tear it up and throw it
away.»
Miss Martha ‘s heart was broken. Life was so cruel and unfair to her.
Notes:
52
O.Henry (1862-1910), a US writer of short stories, whose real name was
William Sydney Porter. His stories are known for treating the everyday life of
working people in a humorous way, and for their unexpected endings.
Ex. 19. Answer the questions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What kind of woman was Miss Martha?
What kind of man was the customer?
What made Miss Martha suspect that the customer was a painter?
What did Miss Martha do to find out the customer’s occupation?
How did Miss Martha manage to add butter to the customer’s stale bread?
Why didn’t Miss Martha recognize her customer at first?
How did the customer’s companion explain the strange behaviour of his
friend towards Miss Martha?
8. What did the customer’s friend think of Miss Martha’s behaviour?
9. What did the customer’s friend say the man would have to do with his
drawing?
10.What did Miss Martha think about what had happened?
Pairwork
Discuss with a partner what made the customer take part in the prize
competition.
READING II
Pre-reading questions:
What makes a person beautiful? A perfect face? A good body? A healthy
attitude to life? A good character?
THE UGLY DUCKLING
I realised how cruel life can be for an unattractive child when everybody
in my class was invited to a tenth birthday barbecue on the beach. Everybody,
that is, except for me. At first I thought there had been a mistake and that my
invitation had been lost. But when I made inquiries to the hostess, she didn't
beat about the bush: "Sorry, Susie. You are too fat to wear a swimsuit on the
beach and you can't see without those horrible glasses anyway."
I went home and cried for hours. My mother was ready with comforting
embraces, yet even she couldn't force herself to reassure me I was lovely. I
used to spend a long time staring at my brother and twin sisters and feeling
extremely unlucky.
53
My inferiority complex became obvious in my aggressive manner. This,
of course, only made things worse. Tea invitations stopped, I walked home
from school alone and often found drawings that looked like me in the
classroom wastepaper bin. I hated everyone because everyone seemed to hate
me.
When I was 14, my mother decided that I should go to the church youth
club. I stood alone watching the dancing, feeling embarrassed, ugly and
awkward. Then a miracle happened.
A skinny boy called Peter, with glasses and spots, asked me to dance.
He also had a brace on his teeth. We didn't talk much but he asked if I
would be there the following week. I have to be grateful to Peter for changing
my life. He stopped me feeling hideous (very ugly).
Encouraged, I put myself on a diet, begged my mother for contact lenses
and grew my hair. Then another miracle occurred. I grew taller and, as that
happened, I started looking slimmer. The brace was finally removed and my
teeth were even. I was never going to be a beautiful swan, but I was going to
try.
(from The Sunday Times)
Ex. 20. Answer the questions:
1. Who wasn’t invited to a tenth birthday barbecue? Why?
2. How did the girl feel?
3. What did her classmates do to punish her for her aggressive maner?
4. What did the girl’s mother want her to do?
5. Why was the girl grateful to Peter?
6. What happened to the girl after the dancing?
Pairwork
How do you choose your friends? What influences you in your choice? Put
these ideas in order of importance (1= most important, 9= less important) and
discuss your decision with a partner. (sense of humour, physical appearance,
money, taste in music/TV/films, dress sense, interests, personality,
intelligence, similar education/family background).
54
READING III
WORDS AND FEELINGS
People use both words and gestures to express their feelings. Can you
be sure you really know what these words and gestures mean? After all, they
can be interpreted in many different ways.
It is true that smile means more or less the ame in any language, even
though the things that make people smile may be very different. Laughter and
crying also have universal meanings. It is equally sure that there are many
similarities in the ways in which humans and animals show their feelings.
Dogs and tigers, for instance, show their teeth in the same way we do when
they are angry.
Fear and surprise are other emotions that are often shown in much the
same way all over the world. A phare like “He went pale and began to
tremble” suggests that the man was either afraid or had just had a nasty shock
in any language. In the same way “Her mouth fell open and she stared at me”
also suggests that something has just happened or been said which the women
did not expect.
Nevertheless, even surprise is not always easy to recognize. In Chinese,
this emotion can be described in a phrase like “they stretched out their
tongues”. In the language, like English, however, sticking out your tongue
usually has a different meaning. It suggests disgust, as if you have just tasted
something unpleasant or seen something horrible.
Even in the same culture, people differ in their ability to interpret and
express feelings. Experiments in the United States have shown that women
they are usually better than men at recognizing fear, anger, love and hate in
people’s faces. The same studies suggest that body language – the way we
suggest our feelings in our physical movements and posture – is another
problem. Older people in North America seem to find it easier to interpret
than younger people.
In another famous experiment, it was clear evidence that the most difficult
feeling of all to interpret is physical pain. University students were shown part
of a film in which woman in China was suffering while giving birth to a baby.
They could see only her face. She later died. However, more than ninety
percent of the audience believed she was experiencing great physical
pleasure.
Psychologists such as E.G.Beier have also shown that some people often
give completely the wrong impression of how they feel. For example, they try
55
to show affection but actually communicate dislike. When they try to show
interest, it seems to others that they are indifferent. This can happen even
among close friends or members of the same family. In other words, what you
think you communicate through words and body language may be the exact
opposite of what other people actually understand.
1. Give an example from the text of the way in which one emotions is
expressed differently in two different cultures.
2. Give an example of how people can give other people the opposite
impression of the feeling they are really trying to express.
3. Describe as fully as possible the experiment that showed which
particular feeling is the most difficult to recognise.
DESCRIBING PEOPLE’S APPEARANCE
Positive: beautiful is generally used to describe women, handsome is used to
describe men; good-looking is used for both; pretty is another positive word
to describe a woman (often a girl) meaning ‘attractive and nice to look at ‘
Negative: ugly is the most negative word to describe someone; plain is more
polite.
tall
height
medium height
short
slim
build
medium build
fat
Note: Another word for slim is thin, but slim has a more positive meaning, e.
g. John is lovely and slim, but his brother is terribly thin. Skinny also has the
same meaning but is very negative. It is not very polite to say someone is fat;
overweight is more neutral and polite. A sporty person can offen be described
as muscular.
When you want somebody to describe the appearance of someone you have
never seen you ask: What does he(she) look like?
56
hair
straight wavy
hair
curly
long
short
shoulder-length
hair
fair
blond(e) light brown
dark
dark brown
black
red
grey
auburn
white
Special features
A person can have very pale skin (=white skin), dark skin, broad
shoulders. A man can have a beard and/or a moustache or sideburns. A
woman can wear her hair in plaits (braids AmE) or in a bun. A person can
have wrinkles on his/her face or dimples on the cheeks. A nose can be
turned-up, ears can be sticking-out.
Asking questions about a person’s appearance.
‘What does she look like?’ ‘She’s quite tall, with short fair hair.’
‘How tall is she?’ ‘About 1 metre 65’.
‘How much does she weigh?’ ‘I don’t know and it may be rude to ask.
Probably about 45 kilos.’
Ex. 21. Complete these sentences in a suitable way. (More than one
answer is possible).
1. She’s got blonde …………………. .
2. He’s got very pale ………………..
3. They’ve both got curly …………… .
4. I would say he was medium ……………. .
5. Her brother has got very broad …………… .
6. Last time I saw him he had grown a ……………. .
7. He’s got very muscular……………….. .
8. Both men were very good………………… .
9. All of them have got dark …………….. .
57
Ex. 22. Replace the word in italics in each sentence with a word which is
either more suitable or more polite.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
He told me he met a handsome girl in the disco last night.
She’s beautiful but her younger sister is really ugly.
I think Peter is getting a bit fat, don’t you?
Most people want to stay slim, but not as skinny as that girl over there.
I think she’s hoping she’ll meet a few beautiful men at the tennis club.
Ex. 23. You want to know about the following:
-
someone’s general appearance
their height
their weight
What questions do you need to ask? Complete these questions.
What ……………………………………. ?
How …………………………………….. ?
How much ……………………………… ?
Ex. 24. Work in pairs. Ask your partner these questions.
1. How tall are you?
2. How would you describe your build?
3. How much do you weigh?
4. What kind of hair have you got?
5. What colour is it?
6. Would you like it to be different? If so, what would you like?
7. Do you think you have any special features?
8. Are there any special features you would like to have?
9. Do you like beards?
10. Can you think of a famous woman you would describe as beautiful, and a
famous man you would describe as good-looking?
Ex. 25. Work in pairs. Did you know? Does it happen nowadays?
It has been scientifically proved that once men wore as much makeup as
women! They outlined their eyes, dyed their hair and coloured their eyebrows
with grey, black, or green paint. No wonder archaeologists stumble upon
cosmetic jars when they open up pharaohs' tombs.
58
Ex. 26. When do you think plastic surgery is a good idea?
Ex. 27. Roleplay a conversation between two people.
One person has decided to have a tattoo done, the other is trying to persuade
him/her not to.
Use some of these ideas:
What type?
Need parents’ permission (under16)
Painful
Looks good/tough/cool
friend has tattoo
don’t mind pain.
DESCRIBING CHARACTER
Intellectual ability
Ability: intelligent bright clever smart shrewd able gifted talented
brainy (colloquial)
Lacking ability: stupid foolish half-witted simple silly brainless daft
dumb dim (the last four are predominantly colloquial words) Clever, in a
negative way, using brains to trick or deceive: cunning crafty sly
Attitudes towards other people
Enjoying others' company: sociable gregarious Disagreeing with others:
quarrelsome argumentative Taking pleasure in others' pain: cruel sadistic
Relaxed in attitude to self and others: easy-going even-tempered Not polite
to others: impolite rude ill-mannered discourteous Telling the truth to
others: honest trustworthy reliable sincere Unhappy if others have what
one does not have oneself: jealous envious
Many positive words describing character have clear opposites with a
negative meaning.
Positive
warm and friendly
kind
nice, pleasant
generous
optimistic
cheerful
Negative
cold and unfriendly
unkind
horrible, unpleasant
mean
pessimistic
miserable
59
relaxed, easy-going
strong
sensitive
honest
sociable/outgoing
extroverted
hard-working
punctual (always on time)
reliable
flexible
ambitious
tense (=nervous; worries a lot; not calm)
weak
insensitive
dishonest
reserved
introverted
lazy
not very punctual; always late
unreliable
inflexible (=a very fixed way of thinking;
unable to change)
unambitious (no desire to be successful
and get a better job)
Jane is very tense at the moment of her exams, but she’s usually quite
relaxed and easy-going about most things.
I think the weather influences me a lot; when it’s sunny I feel more cheerful
and optimistic; but when it’s cold and raining I get very miserable.
He seems a bit unfriendly at first, but now I’ve got to know him I realize he’s
very warm and kind.
The shop assistant told me that the dress I tried on looked better on people
younger than me. I thought that was very insensitive of her, but at least she
was being honest, I suppose.
One person's meat is another person's poison
Some characteristics can be either positive or negative depending on your
point of view. The words in the right-hand column mean roughly the same as
the words in the left-hand column except that they have negative rather than
positive connotations. Use your dictionary.
determined - obstinate stubborn pig-headed
thrifty/economical - miserly mean tight-fisted
self-assured - self-important arrogant full of oneself (colloquial)
assertive - aggressive bossy (colloquial)
original - peculiar weird eccentric odd
frank/direct/open - blunt abrupt brusque curt
broad-minded - unprincipled permissive
inquiring - inquisitive nosy (colloquial)
generous - extravagant
innocent - naive
ambitious - pushy (colloquial)
60
Ex. 28. Match these words with their opposites.
1 clever
2 extroverted
3 rude
4 cruel
5 generous
6 unsociable
introverted
tight-fisted
courteous
gregarious
kind-hearted
half-witted
Ex. 29. Do you think that the speaker likes or dislikes the people s/he is
talking about?
1. Di's very thrifty.
2. Molly's usually frank.
3. Liz's quite broad-minded
4. Sam can be aggressive.
5. Dick's quite bossy.
6. I find Dave self-important.
7. Don't you think Jim's nosy?
8. Jill is very original.
Reword the sentences above to give the opposite impression. Example: Di’s
very stingy.
Ex. 30. Work in pairs. Ask you partner:
1 Do you prefer to be in the company of other people?
2 Look at the picture. Do you think 'my glass is half empty'?
3 Do you find it easy to tell your boss if you feel he or she has treated you
badly?
4 Do you always look out of the window if you hear a car draw up?
5 Do you often buy your friends presents for no particular reason?
6 Do you frequently disagree with what other people say?
7 Do you lie awake at night if someone has said something unkind to you?
Ex. 28. What prefix forms the opposite of each of these words? (You need
three different prefixes -in, dis-, un-).
kind; reliable; flexible; sensitive; friendly; ambitious; honest; pleasant
Ex. 29. How would you describe the person in each of these descriptions?
61
1. He never bought me a drink all the time we were together.
2. I have to tell her what to do every minute of the working day. She won’t
even open a window without someone’s permission.
3. He often promises to do things but half the time he forgets.
4. She’s always here on time.
5. I don’t think he’s done any work since he’s been here.
6. She finds it difficult to meet people and talk to strangers.
7. He could work in any of the departments, and it doesn’t matter to him if
he’s on his own or part of a team.
8. One of the great things about her is that she is so aware of what other
people think or feel.
9. Bob, on the other hand, is the complete opposite. He is always making
people angry or upset because he just doesn’t consider their feelings.
10. The other thing about Bob is that he really wants to get the supervisor’s
job and then become boss for the whole department.
Ex. 30. What nouns can be formed from these adjectives? Use a
dictionary to help you.
Example: kind- kindness
punctual
confident
sensitive
optimistic
generous
strong
reliable
ambitious
flexible
lazy
stupid
shy
Ex. 31. Work in pairs. What, in your opinion, are a) the best three
qualities b) the worst three qualities a person can have.
GRAMMAR. COMPLEX OBJECT
Verb + Noun/Pronoun(the boy, …, me, us, you, him, her, them) + Infinitive
Complex Object is a grammar pattern with the Infinitive, which is used
after certain groups of verbs in English. The object in this case is the doer of
the action expressed by the Infinitive. In Russian this grammar pattern is not
always translated with the help of the Infinitive (like after the verbs tell, ask,
order, advise, recommend, allow, remind, invite, etc. sb to do sth), a
subordinate object clause is necessary in many cases. We shall deal with the
cases difficult for Russian-speaking students.
62
Compare:
They told him to stop. Они велели ему остановиться. (infinitive)
They wanted him to stop. Они хотели, чтобы он остановился. (object clause)
I. The Infinitive with the particle «to» is used in this pattern after the verbs
want, expect, would like / would love, (would) prefer, (would) hate.
Study the following examples:
Your teacher wants (what?) you to open the book.
Твой учитель хочет (что?), чтобы ты открыл книгу.
I’d like (what?) my brother to take up English.
Я бы хотел (что?), чтобы мой брат занялся английским.
Did you expect (what?) him to be back so soon?
Ты предполагал (что?), что он вернется так скоро?
NOTE: After the verbs like / love / hate both the Infinitive and the -ing form
are possible, e.g.
I like (= find it proper or right) my brother to keep his desk in order.
Мне нравится, когда брат поддерживает порядок на своем столе.
I like (= enjoy) her playing the piano.
Мне нравится, как она играет на пианино.
In American English the Infinitive is more common.
Ex. 32. Translate into Russian.
1. I expect him to arrive tomorrow. 2. They wanted us to tell them everything.
3. We’d like you to stay with us. 4. He liked the children to behave well in the
presence of his friends. 5. I want you to keep this paper till the boss returns.
6. He likes to eat well. 7. He likes his staff to eat well. 8. I expect to arrive
tomorrow. 9. I expect him to arrive tomorrow. 10. I hate Mum teaching me
what to wear. 11. She doesn’t want you to worry. 12. Nobody expected him to
steal it. 13. We didn’t expect to be late. 14. Who would like me to give them a
lift? 15. He wants to be a pilot. 16. He wants his son to be a pilot. 17. I don’t
like people to discuss their problems in public. 18. I wouldn’t like you to
discuss your problems with this man.
Ex. 33. Complete the sentences with a complex object.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
They will enjoy the film. Their friends expect …
He always goes to the parties without her. She doesn’t want …
This boy behaves badly. Poor mother! I would hate my son …
She loses so much time reading these awful reports. I wouldn’t like …
Susan is very sorry you can’t see her off tonight. She’d love …
63
6. I think it’s a good idea to keep the news secret for some time. I would
prefer you …
7. Jill doesn’t look very well – not well enough to go to work. I don’t expect
…
8. Do you want me to come with you or stay at home? I’d prefer you …
Ex. 34. Paraphrase the following in one sentence using Complex Object.
Model: Why did you stay there? Nobody expected that.
Nobody expected you to stay there.
1. Why did he drive away? She didn’t want it. 2. Please, help me with my
computer. I want it. 3. Though we didn’t expect it, they moved aside. 4. She
listens to music all the time. Her parents don’t like it. 5. Why doesn’t he take
part in this conference? The professor would like it. 6. He will certainly pass
the exam. We all expect it. 7. Why did she leave so early? They didn’t expect
it. 8. Don’t speak to strangers. Your mother doesn’t want it. 9. Shall I switch
off the light? Would you like it? 10. He broke the vase. We didn’t expect it.
11. Should they come tomorrow? Do you want it? 12. She asks so many silly
questions! I hate it! 13. Should he make corrections? Would you like it?
14. She plays the flute beautifully! Everybody loves it.
Ex. 35. Make up and finish the sentences with Complex Object using
your own ideas.
Model:
I
would (not) like
(don’t) want
(don’t) expect
my parents/grandparents
my teacher
my girl/boy friend
to do what?
my friends
our neighbours
Ex. 36. Imagine that you are preparing a foreign language party. What
party is it? What do you (not) want / would (not) like / (not) expect your
teachers / other students to do? Make up 5 sentences with Complex
Object.
Model: - I’d like Mike to perform in a sketch with me.
- We expect our French teacher to help us with pronunciation.
- I don’t want Helen to play the piano. I hate her playing it.
64
Ex. 37. Translate the following sentences using Complex Object.
I. Он хочет (хотел), чтобы: 1. она последовала его совету;
2. вы договорились о встрече;
3. вы остались пообедать;
4. ты ему рассказал, как быстрее всего
выучить английский;
5. она перестала критиковать его.
II. Я не хочу/хотел(а), чтобы: 1. ты раздавал пустые обещания;
2. он помогал мне упаковывать вещи;
3. они подвозили меня до аэропорта;
4. они устраивали эту конференцию;
5. он искал еще какую-нибудь работу.
III. Мы ждем (ждали), что: 1. вы проводите нас до остановки автобуса;
2. он заскочит к нам на минутку;
3. она объяснит, почему не бросает курить;
4. вы поможете нам переставить мебель в
комнате;
5. кто-нибудь поможет ему с английским, он
пропустил так много уроков.
IV. Они не думают
(не ожидали), что: 1. он солжет им, он честный человек;
2. он будет говорить о таких вещах в присутствии
детей;
3. она попытается проучить их (teach sb a lesson);
4. они приедут на вокзал вовремя.
5. мы у них выиграем (beat sb).
II. After the verbs of sense perception, such as see, watch, notice, observe,
hear, listen to, feel, either the Infinitive without «to» or Present Participle (ing form) is used in the complex object. The Infinitive expresses a complete
action, whereas the ing-form (Participle I) expresses an incomplete action, i.e.
action in progress e.g.
I saw (what?) her cross the street.
Я видел (что?), как/что она перешла улицу.
I saw (what?) her crossing the street.
Я видел (что?), как/что она переходила улицу.
The verb smell is normally used with an –ing form, e.g.
I smell something burning in the kitchen.
Я чувствую, что в кухне что-то горит.
65
If we witness a succession of actions, we use the Infinitive, e.g.
I saw (what?) the child take a step and fall.
Я видел (что?), как ребенок сделал шаг и упал.
NOTE: Sometimes the verbs see, feel, hear are not verbs of sense perception,
they have a different meaning. In this case no Complex Object is used, we
can only use a subordinate object clause, e.g.
I see (=understand) that he doesn’t want to go there.
Я видел (=понимал), что он не хочет туда ехать.
I felt (= realized) that he wasn’t telling the truth.
Я чувствовал (=понимал), что он лжет.
I hear (= know) that you’ve just come from London.
Я слышал (=имею сведения), что вы только-что приехали из
Лондона.
Ex. 38. Translate into Russian.
1. I saw him looking for his pen. 2. I heard him make arrangements for his
journey. 3. We wanted to listen to them talking about their holidays.
4. I watched them rehearsing the play. 5. I felt that he didn’t understand me.
6. Didn’t you hear the clock striking? 7. I felt the car skidding. 8. I hear he has
passed his exams. 9. The police noticed him entering the bank with a shotgun.
10. I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out a document,
photograph it and put it back. 11. I hear her father has died. 12. We heard a
voice singing a tune. 13. I smelt something burning downstairs. 14. I saw that
she didn’t realize the danger. 15. You can watch me riding a horse from here.
16. They observed tourists buying souvenirs at the stands. 17. I could hear
him whispering something to his companion. 18. You must come and listen to
her singing. 19. I felt my heart sink.
Ex. 39. Combine the two sentences into one using a complex object.
Model I: He got out of the car. We saw it.
We saw him get out of the car.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The postman brought a newspaper. I saw it through the window.
She told a lie. Her parents heard it.
Somebody pushed me in the back. I felt it.
Jane came into the room. Nobody noticed it.
At the bus stop he got off. I saw it with my own eyes.
66
6.
7.
8.
9.
She sang at the party last night. Did you hear?
The police car suddenly stopped at the corner. Everybody saw it.
The boys broke the window and ran away. I saw it.
He stole into the room. Nobody heard him.
Model II: The police observed that he was parking near the bus stop.
The police observed him parking near the bus stop.
1. The professor noticed that some students were sitting at the lecture with
closed eyes.
2. I can smell that something is burning.
3. Out of the window she saw that her grandchildren were crossing the street.
4. The customs officer observed the tourists. They were entering the
building.
5. In his sleep he felt that somebody was stroking his head.
6. I noticed that she was writing something in her note-book.
7. The gardener was mowing the lawn. I watched him.
8. She was explaining the task to her son. I listened to it.
9. He heard that somebody was crying for help.
Ex. 40. Use either the Infinitive or Participle I of the verbs in brackets as
the second element of the complex object.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ann noticed her husband _________ her a quick look (give).
When I turned round I saw him still _________out of the window (look).
They watched her ______ away until they could see her no more (walk).
She thought she heard somebody ______ her (call).
Did you hear her ______that unpleasant remark (make)?
He heard the child ______ behind the wall (sing).
While we sat on the bench in the park we felt the wind ______ colder and
colder (get).
8. She smelt something ______ (burn) and saw smoke _______ (rise).
9. I see him ________ my house every day (pass).
Ex. 41. Translate the following sentences using a complex object.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Мы слышали, как они спорили.
Она видела, как мальчик поднимался по лестнице.
Я не заметил, что вы подняли руку.
Я услышал, как собака залаяла.
Мы наблюдали, как ремонтировали дорогу.
Вы почувствовали, как (что) земля дрогнула?
67
7. Я видел, как какой-то человек показывал ей дорогу на вокзал.
8. Когда я садился в поезд, я вдруг почувствовал, как кто-то коснулся
моего плеча.
9. Мать не заметила, как я выключил свет, открыл окно и выпрыгнул в
сад.
Ex. 42. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
1. I could see a man … (sit) on the balcony and … (read) a newspaper. Then I
saw him … (get) up and … (go) indoors. 2. I turned round and saw a snake
slowly … (slither) towards me. 3. I could hear a car … (come) fast along the
main road. I heard the driver … (brake) hard. 4. I thought I heard someone …
(break) a window in the next room. 5. I heard the bomb … (explode), and felt
the whole building … (shake). 6. I heard them … (talk) in a low voice, and
then suddenly I heard someone … (shout) “Help!” 7. Through my binoculars
I could see the girl across the street … (sunbathe) on her balcony. But she
noticed me … (look) at her. Then I saw her … (blush), … (pick) up her
magazine, and … (go) indoors. 8. Last night as I was going to bed I could
hear the neighbours … (shout) and … (throw) crockery at each other. Then, a
few minutes later, I heard a door … (slam), and everything went quiet.
9. – “Now you say someone took your wallet out of the back pocket of your
trousers while you were standing in the bus queue. Are you sure it didn’t just
fall out?” – “No, I’m quite sure – I actually felt someone … (take) it out of
my pocket” – “And when you turned round, there was a young man running
away down the street. Is that correct?” – “Yes, I saw him … (run) away.” –
“And did anyone else see all this … (happen)?”
Ex. 43. Work in pairs. You are pair A or pair B.
a) Read the story of what you saw and heard. With your partner,
practice retelling it, using wherever possible:
I saw / heard
I could see / hear
A. You live opposite a house where a B. You were a tenant in a house
murder was committed.
where a murder was committed.
I was standing on my balcony on the It was breakfast time. I was getting
first floor. Some children were dressed. There was bacon frying
68
playing in the street.
Then a car came down the road, and
stopped on the other side, just
opposite my house. There were two
men in the car. One got out. He said
to the other, “This won’t take long.”
He rang the doorbell of the house
opposite. Mrs Jones opened the door
and the man went inside. A few
minutes later there was a shot from
inside the house.
Immediately after that, the door
opened suddenly and the man came
running out. He got into the car, and
they drove away.
Someone in the house opposite was
screaming.
downstairs in the kitchen, and Mrs
Jones was hoovering the hall.
The doorbell rang. Mrs Jones stopped
the hoover and opened the door. She
was talking to a man. Then she
shouted to her husband, “It’s for
you.”
There was a pause. I went to listen
from the top of the stairs: now the
two men were exchanging angry
words in a foreign language.
Then somebody fired a shot. The
whole house shook. Mrs Jones
screamed. A cold sweat began to run
down my back. I went downstairs. Mr
Jones was lying motionless on the
floor. There was blood coming from a
wound in his chest.
b) Form new pairs (one A and one B). Compare in as much detail as you
can what you both saw and heard.
Ex. 44. Read this fragment of a story. Answer the questions and do the
tasks after it.
... The woman was well-dressed and in her late twenties. She was
sitting at one of the corner tables with an older man. He was talking to her
intensely, but in a very low voice.
“No,” she suddenly said.
She threw a glass of wine in his face. Then she jumped up, and ran out of
the restaurant. The older man ran after her.
“Jennifer. For God’s sake, stop. Try to understand,” he shouted.
It was raining and the street was badly lit. A car had just turned the corner
and was coming towards her very fast. The driver probably didn’t see her.
And she didn’t seem to notice the car as she ran out into the middle of the
street...
1. What do you think they were talking about? Try to imagine something
one or the other actually said.
2. What do you think happened after she ran out into the street?
3. Imagine you happened to witness this situation. Describe what you saw
and heard.
69
4. What do you think are some other ‘fragments’ of this story – either
something that had happened before or later.
Ex. 45. Have you ever witnessed any accident? anything unusual?
Speak / write about it using the following patterns.
I
saw / could see
heard / could hear
noticed
watched
observed
I
saw / felt that ...
who?
do / doing what?
Ex. 46. Translate the following sentences using a complex object or a
subordinate clause according to the sense.
1. Я хотел бы, чтобы вы объяснили мне эту задачу.
2. Что вы хотите, чтобы я сделал для Вас?
3. Вы слышали когда-нибудь, как он говорит по-французски?
4. Я слышал, что он приехал в Москву.
5. Они не видели, как я взял кольцо.
6. Никто не ожидал, что они уедут так скоро.
7. Я видела, что он не хочет меня слушать.
8. Я слышал, что он сдал все экзамены.
9. Он не слышал, как я открыл дверь.
10. Я слышал, как он это сказал.
III. After the verbs of knowing and thinking, such as know, think, consider,
believe, find, suppose, imagine, trust and some others, the Infinitive in the
Complex Object is usually the verb to be. It can be omitted after the verbs
think, consider, find. (The use of this construction after most verbs of mental
activity is more characteristic of literary style). Study the examples:
I knew (what?) them to be right.
Я знал (что?), что они правы.
I find (what?) him (to be) a very clever man.
Я нахожу (что?), что он очень умный человек.
I don’t consider (what?) him (to be) an honest man.
Я не считаю (что?), что он честный человек.
Ex. 47. Translate into Russian.
70
1. Do you consider him to be a reliable person? 2. Nobody thought her to be
an attractive girl. 3. We considered the situation to be desperate. 4. I find him
a very good mediator. 5. I don’t believe them to be our enemies. 6. Do you
imagine this to be the only way out? 7. He spent much time with them
because he found them to be very pleasant company. 8. I consider him to be
the best candidate. 9. I knew him to be the owner of a big factory in the South.
10. We trusted him to be working for his stepfather. 11. They supposed him to
be in command of the situation. 12. We meant it to be a surprise.
Ex. 48. Open the brackets making up a sentence with a complex object.
Model: We considered ... (he, an authority in this field).
We considered him to be an authority in this field.
1. I knew … (they, right).
2. Everybody found … (he, a very bright student).
3. She imagined … (he, in love with her).
4. His friends considered … (he, very reliable).
5. I don’t suppose … (she, in favour of this plan).
6. Do you consider ... (he, worthy of the prize)?
7. I never knew ... (you, so stubborn).
8. Both of them believed ... (each other, responsible for the accident).
9. I find … (your paper, acceptable for competition).
10. He doesn’t believe … (you, an outstanding scientist).
11. What’s wrong with this price? Don’t you find … (it, reasonable)?
12. Everybody believed … (they, very good friends).
Ex. 49. Speak / Write about the following using your own ideas.
I
(don’t)
know
find
consider
believe
think
my best friend
my father
studying languages
sport
to be what?
myself
tourism
a University diploma
Ex. 50. Translate into English.
1. Все знали, что он смелый человек.
2. Вы думаете, ему уже есть 50? (over 50)
3. Я полагаю (верю), что это ошибка.
71
4. Она всегда знала, что он многообещающий писатель. (promising
writer)
5. Я считаю, что она прекрасная мать.
6. Я не знал, что он так любит читать. (be fond of)
7. Я думал, что она смотрит телевизор в гостиной.
8. Мы считаем, что это его лучшая картина.
9. Вы полагаете, он интересуется компьютером?
10.Я не считаю, что это очень важная новость.
IV. The English verbs make, have, get, which are called causative verbs
(they show that one person causes a second to do something for the first
person), and the verb of permission or suggestion let are followed by
Complex Object. After them the Infinitive is used without “to”, except the
verb get.
Study the examples, paying attention to the Russian translation:
I made (what?) him do his homework. ( = I got / forced him to do it.)
Я заставил его сделать домашнюю работу.
We had (what?) them postpone the discussion. ( = We persuaded them to
postpone it.)
Мы добились, чтобы (сделали так, что) они отложили дискуссию.
I can’t get (what?) him to clean his room. ( = I can’t make him clean it.)
Я не могу заставить его убирать свою комнату.
Let (what?) them go home. ( = Allow/Permit him to go home.)
Пусть они идут домой.
I can’t let (what?) you stay up so late. ( = I can’t allow you to stay up so
late.)
Я не могу позволить тебе ложиться спать так поздно.
Let (what?) us go to the cinema. Let’s go to the cinema. (= Why not go
to the cinema? How about going to the cinema? I suggest going to the
cinema.)
Пойдем(те) в кино!
Ex. 51. Translate into Russian.
1. I’ll let you watch TV so late just this once. 2. Nobody made you rewrite
this essay. 3. Have him keep his promises! 4. Did she let him use her car?
5. What made you cry? 6. Her question made his blood rush to his cheeks.
72
7. I shall have him come to class whether he likes it or not. 8. What made him
give up his hobby? 9. They got me to move my car. 10. Let me explain why I
was late. 11. Let him not smoke in my presence! 12. Who made you wash up?
13. I can’t get her to tell me everything about that party. 14. Let’s not (Don’t
let’s) argue about such trifles! 15. I had my parents let me go on that trip to
the mountains. 16. Let’s go out to dinner, shall we? 17. I can’t make him
study harder.
Ex. 52. Paraphrase the following sentences using make, have, let.
1. Anna will never persuade her husband to buy a house.
2. Why do you think you have a talent?
3. Both sadness and joy can force a person to cry.
4. Don’t allow him to say such things in my presence.
5. Bob told his dog to bring him his slippers.
6. I tried to persuade him to tell me more.
7. Don’t allow him to speak in such a loud voice.
8. Why not go to the restaurant tonight?
9. The police forced the criminal to return the stolen car.
10.The chairman told his assistants to arrange a press conference.
11. I want you to allow me to go to the cinema.
Ex. 53. Make up sentences according to the pattern, using your own
ideas.
I
My parents
My teacher(s)
Computer
The coming exam
My …’s job
my …
myself
(can’t) make(s) / don’t (doesn’t) make him
do what?
(can’t) let(s) / don’t (doesn’t) let
me
her
…
Ex. 54. Translate into English using causative verbs.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Не заставляйте меня лгать.
Распорядитесь, чтобы кто-нибудь принес словари.
Не позволяй им так кричать.
Дайте мне подумать.
Я велела ему объяснить, что это значит.
Дайте мне знать, когда она придет.
Давайте не будем обсуждать поведение этого человека.
Не смеши меня.
73
9. Я не могу заставить его бросить курить.
10. Надеюсь, я не заставил вас долго ждать.
11. Не давай ей носить тяжелые вещи.
***
Ex. 55. Complete the sentences using a complex object (where possible)
or an object clause.
1. My mother wants ... (you, come and stay) with us next week. 2. I saw ...
(he, come) into the hall. 3. The teacher made ... (her pupils, read) the long text
again. 4. We see ... (you, be) right. 5. He wants ... (you, return) the book
tomorrow. 6. I didn’t hear ... (the bell, ring). 7. I hear ... (he, be) a good writer.
8. Do you want ... (I, translate) the article? 9. I’d prefer ... (you, come)
tomorrow. 10. What makes ... (you, think) so? 11. I hear ... (you, move) here
not long ago. 12. I feel ... (you, not understand) me. 13. He felt ... (someone,
push) him slightly. 14. I’d like ... (you, meet) my sister. 15. Let ... (I, go)!
Ex. 56. Finish the sentence with a complex object to complete the
situation logically.
1. She crossed the road. I saw her.
I saw ..........................................
2. She was crossing the road. I caught sight of her.
I noticed .....................................
3. Something’s burning! I can smell it.
I can smell .................................
4. They sang a song. I listened to them.
I listened ....................................
5. He never obeys my orders. I can’t get him!
I can’t get ...................................
6. She was shouting at the children. I heard it.
I heard ........................................
7. The robbers were waiting near the bank. The police observed them.
The police observed ...................
8. I don’t want to speak to the manager. You do it!
I want .........................................
9. Why did you refuse their offer? What made you?
What made you .......................... ?
10. She doesn’t want to pay. She asks her parents.
She expects ................................
11. Why did he take my sweater? Did you let him?
74
Did you let .................................. ?
12. I don’t want to write to them. Could you do it?
I’d like ........................................
13. Nobody should know about it. It’s a secret.
I’d hate .......................................
14. He is guilty. I believe it.
I believe ......................................
15. She was too interested in fashions. I knew it.
I knew .........................................
Ex. 57. Open the brackets using a complex object in the sentences about
the text from “The Girls in Their Summer Dresses”.
1. Frances noticed .. (he, look at) a girl passing by.
2. Michael felt … (she, pat) his arm lightly.
3. Frances wanted … (he, talk) only to her.
4. The Stevensons expected … (they, drop by) around 1 o’clock.
5. That look in Michael’s eye made … (she, feel) terrible.
6. “We can watch … (people, skate) at Radio City.”
7. “Would you like … (I, not notice) it?”
8. Frances knew … (Michael, be) fond of women.
9. She watched … (he, finish) his drink.
10. Frances could hardly listen to … (he, talk) about all the girls in New
York.
11. His words made … (she, cry).
12. She watched … (he, peel) a lemon.
13. Frances asked Michael if he wanted … (she, call) the Stevensons.
14. She couldn’t possibly let … (he, notice) her tears.
15. He thought … (she, be) just a pretty girl with nice legs.
Ex. 58. Make up sentences based on the text in Reading I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Everyone knew … (Miss Martha; 40, rather rich, kind-hearted, single).
People considered … (her bakery; the best in town).
Miss Martha found … (the stranger; quite neat, polite).
She believed … (he; poor, a middle-aged man).
Miss Martha imagined … (he; an artist, in need of money, pleased with
her little surprise).
Miss Martha bought a picture to make … (he; speak about his job).
She expected … (he; appreciate the picture).
She wanted … (he, fall in love with her, propose to her, marry her).
Miss Martha heard … (somebody; knock at the door).
75
10. She didn’t expect … (the man; behave like that, be so excited and rude, go
mad).
11. The man’s friend made … (he; leave the shop).
12. He tried to make … (he; calm down).
13. Miss Martha never expected … (life; be so cruel and unfair).
Ex. 59. Translate the sentences from Russian into English using a
complex object where possible.
Я никогда не слышал, как он поет.
Я слышала, что он поступил в университет.
Я слышал, как она сказала это.
Я видел, что она не понимает меня.
Она видела, что он вошел в сад, и вышла , чтобы встретить его.
Я увидел, что текст очень трудный, и опасался, что не смогу
перевести его.
7. Я бы хотел, чтобы его пригласили на вечер.
8. Я знаю, что он очень опытный врач.
9. Мы ожидаем, что они подпишут договор в ближайшее время.
10. Никто не ожидал, что это случится.
11. Мы не ожидали, что обсуждение будет таким интересным.
12. Я слышала, что он уже уехал в Испанию.
13. Хочет ли он, чтобы мы ему помогли?
14. Я не допущу, чтобы ты произносил такие ужасные слова в моем
присутствии.
15. Что заставляет вас так много работать?
16. Они вынудили его признать себя виновным (to plead guilty).
17. Я видел, как он запарковал машину, вышел из нее и направился к
банку.
18. Никто не заставлял вас учить текст наизусть.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
THE USE OF TENSES IN COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME:
A. (the Past)
I. introduced by the conjunction «as».
In clauses of time “(just) as” indicates almost simultaneous, short actions, or
means while/when. Correspondingly, we use either the Simple Past or the
Past Continuous in the clause, e.g.
Just as I turned the corner, I saw a terrible accident. (exactly at that
moment)
He saw her as he was getting off the bus. (while)
76
Ex. 60. Answer the following questions according to the model. Make use
of the prompts in brackets.
Model: When did you notice her? (open the window).
I noticed her (just) as I opened the window.
1. When did she say she wanted to go on holiday? (get the money for her new
book)
2. When did he smile? (get that message)
3. When did she feel happy? (hear from him at last)
4. When did we hear his music? (turn on the radio)
5. When did we hear some people cry for help? (come to the bank of the
river)
6. When did you close the window? (start raining)
7. When did you see your friends playing football? (pass our local sport
ground)
Ex. 61. Translate the following sentences using the conjunction “as” .
1. Как только она услышала его голос, она вспомнила, где видела его
раньше.
2. Она вспомнила о сообщении, которое забыла отправить, как только
увидела компьютер.
3. Как только мы вошли в дом, начался ливень.
4. По мере того как они рассказывали о своем отдыхе в Италии, нам
самим захотелось увидеть все это своими глазами.
5. Как только машина остановилась, журналисты бросились
фотографировать новую чемпионку.
II. introduced by the conjunctions «when, after, as soon as»
When we speak about the past, to emphasize a completed action, a result, we
can use the Past Perfect in the clause of time (though the Simple Past is also
possible, especially after as soon as), e.g.
When I had finally understood what he meant, it was too late.
After he had explained everything once again, all became clear.
As soon as we had reached the village, we went to the inn.
Ex. 62. Answer the following questions according to the model. Make use
of the prompts in brackets.
77
Model: When did they recognize the stranger? (as soon as, pronounce a few
words)
As soon as the stranger had pronounced a few words, they recognized
him.
1. When did she advise them to pull themselves together? (when, learn the
sad news about their son)
2. When did he shoot at the robber? (as soon as, open the boot of his car)
3. When did you teach her a lesson? (after, lie to me several times)
4. When did you get out of your car? (as soon as, hear someone cry for help)
5. When did she remember who that strange person was? (as soon as, look
into the room)
6. When did you arrange to meet on Saturday? (after, decide to ski in the
mountains)
7. When did they set him free? (when, confess everything)
Ex. 63. Translate the following sentences using the conjunctions «as soon
as», «after», «when».
1. Он понял ее проблему только после того, как прочитал ее длинное
письмо.
2. Как только в нашем районе открыли новый спортивный комплекс,
все жители стали играть там в футбол, баскетбол, теннис.
3. Мы приехали уже после того, как студенты закончили сдавать
экзамен.
4. Прочитав несколько книг Фаулза (Fowles) ей захотелось прочитать
все, что он написал.
5. Из-за пробок на дорогах мы приехали в аэропорт уже после того, как
самолет взлетел.
6. Когда все гости собрались, он объявил, что уходит со своего поста,
хочет жить за городом и начать писать книги по истории России.
III. introduced by the conjunctions «before» (до того, как / прежде,
чем), «till / until» (вплоть до того, как / пока … не …).
When we speak about the past, we can use the Past Perfect to emphasize a
completed action, a result, in the clause of time (though the Simple Past is
also possible), e.g.
He knew what had happened, before they had told him.
( = They hadn’t yet told him anything, when he understood what had
78
happened.) Он понял, что произошло, прежде чем они ему
рассказали.
We waited till / until he had finished his report.
Мы подождали, пока он не закончит свой отчет.
NOTE: Mind that there is no negation after the conjunctions till / until,
whereas the corresponding Russian conjunctions require the negative form of
the verb.
Ex. 64. Insert «before» or «till / until».
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
We went on and on ... we saw a church on our right.
He worked hard and didn’t stop ... I told him to.
She wouldn’t go out … it stopped raining.
They turned left just … they reached the cinema.
How long did it take … you started to have some success?
She had to stay in bed … her temperature went down.
I thought carefully about it … I made a decision.
Ex. 65. Answer the following questions according to the model. Make use
of the prompts in brackets.
Model: How long did they stay at this hotel?
(till, receive an invitation from their relative to visit him).
They stayed at this hotel till (until) they had received an invitation
from their relative to visit him.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
How long did you watch TV? (till, fall asleep)
How long was she ill? (until, complete the physiotherapy course)
When did you recognize him? (before, say a word)
How long did they play golf? (till, get dark)
When did you feel there was somebody in the room? (before, switch on
the light)
How long did they sleep that day? (till, wake them up)
When was their baby born? (before, move house)
How long did you wait? (till, stop raining)
When did he disappear? (before, discover his mistake)
IV. introduced by the conjunction «while».
79
Speaking about the past we can only use the Past Continuous in the clause of
time, which either describes the background of the action in the main clause,
or an action parallel with the action in the main clause, e.g.
The phone rang while I was sleeping. (background)
While I was doing my homework, my roommate was watching TV.
(parallel action)
Ex. 66. Complete the sentences using the Past Indefinite (Simple Past) or
the Past Continuos (Past Progressive).
1. At 6.00 p.m., Bob sat down at the table & began to eat. At 6.05, Bob (eat)
______ dinner.
2. While Bob (eat)______, Ann (come) _________ through the door.
3. In other words, when Ann (come) ________ through the door, Bob (eat)
_______ dinner.
4. At 7.00 p.m., Bob took his newspaper. While Bob ________ (read) the
newspaper, Ann _________ (watch) TV.
5. Bob went to bed at 10.30. At 11.00 Bob (sleep) _________.
6. While Bob (sleep) _________, the phone (ring) _________.
7. In other words, when the phone (ring) ________ , Bob (sleep) _____.
8. Bob left his house at 8.00 and (begin) _________ to walk to class. While
he (walk) ________ to class, he (see) ________ Mrs. Smith.
9. When Bob (see) ________ Mrs. Smith, she (stand) ________ on her front
porch. She (hold) ___________ a broom. Mrs. Smith (wave) _____ at Bob
when she (see) him.
B. (the Future)
When we speak about the Future, using clauses of time, we should remember
that we can only use the Simple Present, Present Continuous or Present
Perfect to emphasize a completed action, a result. We cannot use any future
tenses, e.g.
When he returns the money, I’ll buy a new computer.
We’ll be friends again only after he has returned the money.
Ex. 67. Complete the following sentences using the Present Perfect to
emphasize the result in the clauses of time.
Model: She will wait until (the rain, stop).
She will wait until the rain has stopped.
80
1. Jane will do the shopping until (she, buy all the food for her birthday
party).
2. We will have dinner only after (we, phone Kate).
3. There will be serious traffic problems in our city until (they, build new
modern roads).
4. Please, call me as soon as (you, buy the tickets).
5. I think it will be better after (she, apologise to you).
6. When (you, make it up), you will find life more amusing.
7. I’ll find somewhere to live until (you, take your words back).
8. I’ll come straight back home after (I, do the shopping).
9. I think Jane will get the job after (she, graduate from our University).
Ex. 68. Translate into English. Pay attention to the conjunctions and
tenses in the clauses of time.
1. Никто не пригласит вас, пока вы не объясните свое отвратительное
поведение.
2. Навести его, пока он не уехал в Италию.(!)
3. Я не пойду с тобой в ресторан, пока ты не позволишь мне заплатить
за тебя.
4. Зайдите ко мне до отъезда.
5. Не приходите, пока я вас не позову.
6. Как только он увидит это, он разозлится.
7. Давайте переждем дождь.
8. Когда она истратит все деньги, она придет к тебе.
9. Я не смогу с вами общаться, пока я не закончу свою дипломную
работу.
10. Он не придет, пока вы его не пригласите.
11. Пока вы будете спорить, они сами завершат этот проект.
12. Сделайте это, пока не забыли.
13. Не уходите, пока я не вернусь.
14. Я должен закончить свою работу, а уж потом идти домой.
WORD BUILDING. ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES
Suffixes change word class, e.g. from verb to noun or noun to adjective, but
they can also change meaning.
81
Noun / verb + suffix
danger, fame
-ous
dangerous, famous
music, politics, industry
-al
musical, political, industrial
cloud, fog, sun, dirt
-y
cloudy, foggy, sunny, dirty
attract, create
-ive
attractive, creative
NOTE: Sometimes there is a spelling change. Here are common examples:
double the consonant, e.g. sun - sunny, fog - foggy
leave out the final ‘e’, e.g. create - creative, fame - famous
leave out the final ‘s’ before ‘al’, e.g. politics - political
change ‘y’ to ‘i’ before ‘al’, e.g. industry - industrial
-able / -ible
The suffix -able (also -ible in some words) is used to form many adjectives
from nouns or verbs: enjoyable, comfortable, knowledgeable (=knows a lot),
suitable.
Quite often, -able (-ible) has the meaning “can be done”. For example,
something that is washable “can be washed”. Other examples include:
drinkable, comprehensible ( = can be comprehended or understood), reliable
( = can be relied on or trusted, e.g. a car or other machine that never goes
wrong or breaks down).
Words ending -able quite often express the opposite meaning by adding the
prefix un-:
undrinkable, unreliable, unbreakable, unsuitable,
uncomfortable.
Words ending -ible add the prefix in-:
incomprehensible, inflexible (somebody who is inflexible has a fixed idea
about something and cannot change quickly or easily; an inflexible timetable
cannot be changed easily); inedible ( = cannot be eaten).
-ful and -less
The suffix -ful often means ‘full of’ + the meaning of the adjective: careful,
you are full of care; if you are helpful you are full of help. Other examples:
painful (hurts a lot), useful, and thoughtful ( = someone who is thoughtful is
82
kind and always thinks about others; a thoughtful action shows care for
others).
The suffix -less means ‘without’ + the meaning of the adjective: if you are
careless, you do something ‘without care’. Other examples are: painless,
useless, thoughtless, jobless and homeless ( = with nowhere to live).
Ex. 69. Write down an adjective (or adjectives) formed from these
nouns or verbs.
thought
dirt
pain
comfort
home
break
attract
care
knowledge
fame
use
glory
create
danger
suit
rely
expense
enjoy
fog
politics
sun
wash
music
mercy
Ex. 70. Fill in the gaps with suitable adjectives.
1. You must be very …………… when you drive in wet weather.
2. It was so …………. this morning that I couldn’t see more than twenty
metres in front of me.
3. Everyone in my country has heard of her; she’s very ……….. .
4. The people in the tourist information office were very ………. and
answered all our questions without any problems.
5. This is a very …………. road; there were at least three serious accidents
on it last year.
6. It was very …………. when I hit my leg against the corner of the table.
7. This bag is very …………… because I can use it for work or when I go
on holiday.
8. We’ve never had any problems with our TV in ten years; it’s been very
…………. .
9. The factory is in the middle of the …………. part of the city, surrounded
by other factories.
10. I made some coffee but it was horrible. In fact, my sister said it was
……………. .
11. I’m afraid my working hours are very ………….. ; I have to start at
exactly the same time every day and finish at the same time every day.
12. It seems terrible to me that there are so many ………….. people living in
a city with thousands of empty houses.
Ex. 71. How many of these words can form opposites with the suffix
83
-less?
painful, wonderful, useful, careful, beautiful, tactful, awful, thoughtful
Can you think of words which mean the opposite of the other words (the ones
without -less)?
Ex. 72. Think of three adjectives which could describe each of these
people or things. (You can use the same adjective more than once).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
the weather
someone who is a very bad driver
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
a large city
Albert Einstein
a new car
a speech
yourself
ARTICLE with the names of parts of the body
The use of articles with the names of parts of the body is similar to the use of
articles with ordinary class nouns, e.g.
She has a weak heart.
The heart of the patient needs an operation.
When the heart stops, the man dies.
However, there many prepositional set expressions connected with parts of
the body that have some abstract adverbial meaning marked by the zero
article, such as: by hand, at hand, on foot, from head to foot, head over heels,
from top to toe, off-hand, eye to eye, by heart, at heart, on foot, etc. For
example:
Don’t take the news close to heart.
He sees eye to eye with his boss.
She is head over heels in love with him.
Yet, in other set expressions, you will find both the indefinite and definite
article with these nouns that can never be changed and should be memorized
because they are part of phraseological units, e.g.
He likes to have a finger in every pie. ( = have interest in everything)
He doesn’t have the heart to propose to her. ( = have enough courage)
84
Ex. 73. Translate into Russian. Consult your dictionary.
1. Give me a hand and we shall finish the work in no time. 2. The young man
has a good head for figures. 3. The child made a face when she saw the
bottle of medicine. 4. A hunter needs a dog with a good nose. 5. Will you
keep an eye on the child? 6. The pupil is at the foot of the class. 7. She is
known as a woman with a heart of gold. 8. I don’t have the heart to tell him
the whole truth. 9. I have no voice in the matter. 10. You have described him
to a hair. 11. He is a good man at heart. 12. Now she’s got a foot in the
door in show business, I think her talent will carry her a long way.
Ex. 74. Fill in the gaps with the words given in brackets with an
appropriate article (where necessary).
1. a) You will be at … of the class if you don’t work hard. b) He is such a
cunning fox. He would like to have … in both camps. c) The station is quite
near here. You can easily get there on … . (foot) 2. a) The student must
always keep a dictionary close at … b) We shook … . … she gave me was
dry and cold. It was … small … for an athletic-looking person. (hand) 3. a)
… of the woman looks familiar to me. b) A boy with … sun-burnt … , a
rucksack on his back, stood in front of me. c) They were standing very close,
actually … to … . (face) 4. a) The child had big blue eyes and … turned up …
. b) … of the elephant is called a trunk. (nose) 5. a) He had … of a thinker. b)
The boy has … good … on his shoulders. c) Who is at … of the expedition?
(head) 6. a) You don’t have to learn the text by … , just retell it in your own
words. b) She has … good … for a woman her age. (heart)
Ex. 75. Fill in the blanks with the definite article or possessive pronoun.
1. The old man put … hand on … shoulder of his grandson and they slowly
walked away. 2. The doctor took the sick man by … hand and felt … pulse.
3. Take the child by … hand when crossing the street. 4. I was watching …
face of the man. … face was red with anger. 5. The boatman pulled the man
out of the water by … hair. 6. … hair is golden like her mother’s.7. I looked
at the man sitting in front of me. … neck was strong, it was … neck of a
boxer. 8. She liked … face; it was … face of a man who knew his mind. 9. He
gave the door a hard push with … shoulder. 10. The singer was famous not
only for … voice, he was a fine actor as well. 11. … voice behind the closed
door asked us what we wanted. 12. He put … foot in the door and it wouldn’t
close.
85
TENSE AND VOICE REVISION
Ex. 76. Use the verbs in brackets in the proper tense form.
Louise was making a new start. She finally … (leave) work and …
(renovate) the house. She and her husband, Bob, … (live) in their large house
for 25 years and it always … (be) a very happy, though slightly untidy, family
home. Now the last of their children … (leave) and they could, at last, afford
to renovate the house.
Louise … (decide) to go to an auction and buy some antique furniture. In
the corner of the auction room she … (find) a beautiful Edwardian wardrobe
with a large oval mirror in the middle of the door.
She still … (imagine) how the wardrobe … (look) in her quest room when
a man behind her … (ask) if she … (be) all right. “Oh, yes. I’m fine. I just …
(look) at the wardrobe.”
The man … (tell) Louise that if she … (want) to buy the wardrobe she
should come the next morning at ten. The next day Louise … (buy) it.
While Louise … (dust) the inside of the wardrobe, she … (find) an
envelope, grimy with age. Louise … (open) the envelope and … (begin) to
read.
My dearest Emily,
If you … (read) this it must be because I … (lose) my life. I am prepared now
to go off to war, although the thought … (fill) me with horror. It is bad
enough to be apart from you, and from my own dear family, but I … (do) this
for the King and country…
The author of the letter promised to love Emily forever and asked her to
marry another man if he was killed.
Tears … (fall) from Louise’s eyes as she … (put) the letter aside. Then
she … (smile). The letter was unopened. Louise … (hope) that the young man
… (get) through the war and …. (return) to Emily.
WRITING: COMPARISON ( A ? B )
Ex. 77. We can compare a different number of objects or people. Study
the examples paying attention to the words in bold type, their position,
correlation with the verb, articles, etc.
86
Many items
Two items
(a) We all wanted to go to the
mountains.
(b) All of us wanted to go to the
mountains.
(c) All the students wanted to go to
the mountains.
(d) We were all eager to go to the
mountains.
(e) Some people like mountains,
others (other people)don’t.
(f) Two of us liked the trip, the
others didn’t.
(i) Liz and Peter / They both study
Spanish.
(j) Both of them study Spanish at
University.
(k) Both Liz and Peter study Spanish.
(l) One of the friends (Liz) speaks
Spanish well, the other (Peter)
doesn’t.
(m) You can ask for help either Liz or
Peter.
(n) Neither of them studies Chinese.
(o) Neither Liz nor Peter studies
Chinese.
(p) They study neither Chinese nor
Japanese.
(q) They don’t study either Chinese or
Japanese.
(g) None of us fell ill during the trip.
(h) None of us was/were ill.
Ex. 78. Paraphrase the sentences using the words in bold type from the
table above.
1. Stephen, Mary, Ben, Michael, Betty and John are fond of classical music.
2. People speak Spanish and Portuguese in Latin America.
3. Europeans go in for different sports, e.g. soccer, rugby, swimming, horseracing, etc.
4. My friend speaks French and Italian. I don’t speak French or Italian. I
(don’t) speak …
5. It was cold, it was wet.
6. Peter, Mary, Dan, Sally, and Clara didn’t take part in the discussion.
7. Five students worked last summer. Peter and Mary helped to arrange the
conference. Dan, Sally and Clara were interpreters.
8. She didn’t do the cooking, she didn’t do the washing up.
9. I have two dictionaries. The English-Russian dictionary is new. The
Russian-English dictionary is old.
10. He bought the suits and the ties in Paris.
11. Maybe they will spend their holidays in Greece, maybe they will spend
them in Italy. They …
87
12. The Chinese write characters, the Japanese write characters.
13. These shoes are too tight, those shoes are too stylish, and those are too
expensive. I like …
14. My friend attended the lecture, and I attended the lecture.
15. There were many businessmen at the conference. They spoke different
languages, such as French, English, German, Spanish. Nobody spoke
Arabic. … businessmen spoke Arabic.
Ex. 79. Study the ways of expressing similarity and difference when
making a comparison.
We want to compare the prices of all the radios before we decide which to
buy.
If you compare this one with the others, you’ll see a difference.
Our new flat is very big in comparison with our old flat.
Our new flat is very big compared to/with our old flat.
(= If you compare it ...)
SIMILARITY
DIFFERENCE
(a) Like my father I am quite tall.
I am quite tall, like my father.
(b) I am as tall as my father.
(c) I am the same height as my
father.
(d) She is/looks/acts/dresses (...) like
her sister.
(e) She and her sister are / look / act /
dress (...) alike.
(f) She is similar to her mother in
character.
(g) She and her mother have a lot in
common.
(h) Unlike my father I wear my hair
long.
(i) I am taller than my sister.
(j) I am different from my relatives.
(k) I differ from my mother.
(l) My cousin and I have little/
nothing in common.
Ex. 80. Use the same (as), similar (to), different (from), (un)like, alike,
have …in common in the following sentences. There may be more than
one possible variant.
1. Joan and Jack both come from Cambridge. In other words, they come
from ……. town.
88
This city is ……. my hometown. Both are quiet and conservative.
You and I don’t agree. Your ideas are ……. mine.
Ants are fascinating. An ant colony is ……. a well-disciplined army.
He never wears ……. clothes two days in a row.
In terms of shape, cabbage looks ……. lettuce.
A male mosquito is not ……. size ……. a female mosquito. The female is
larger.
8. I’m used to strong coffee. I think the coffee most North Americans drink
tastes ……. dishwater.
9. A crocodile and an aligator look ……. . They are ……. in appearance.
10. Most of my friends are future businessmen. I am not. ……. my friends, I
study law.
11. “Flour” and “flower” have ……. pronunciation, but they have nothing
……. . They have ……. meanings.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ex. 81. Study the facts about TOM, PHIL, and PAUL and make
comparisons, completing the following sentences.
TOM
- is 21
- lives with his parents
- is a shop-assistant
- hard-working but shy
- is very good at sport
- would like to become
the manager of a
sports shop
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
PHIL
- is 21
- lives alone
- is at University
- clever but lazy
- likes rock and parties
- has no plans for the
future
PAUL
- is 18
- lives with his parents
- is a trainee in a bank
- clever and practical
- is a good footballer
- would like to be a
bank manager
Tom is _________________________________________________Phil.
They ________________________________________________ single.
______________________________________________ is /are married.
Tom and Paul are quite ___________________________________ , but
Paul is _____________________________________________ .
Phil is quite ______________________________________________ the
other two.
_________________________________________________ like sport.
____________________________________________________ is lazy.
Phil and Paul have almost nothing _____________________________ .
Paul is ___________________ ambitious _________________ Phil.
89
10. Tom and Paul have _________________________________________ .
11. ________________________________________ Phil lives alone.
12. Tom and Paul have _________________________________ interests.
Ex. 82. Complete this comparison of John Smith and Roger Dromard
using the appropriate linking words:
John Smith is __________________________________________ Roger
Dromard. They are _______________________ 45, but Roger looks a little
______________________________ .
_____________________________ John, Roger lives in a flat in London,
has no television, and plays no sports. But they have something
________________________________ , a few_______________________
interests: ___________________________ like pottering in the garden and
taking their dogs for a walk.
Roger’s weekend is very ________________________________ John’s.
In _________________________________ with Roger, John’s weekend is
more traditional.
Though Roger ___________________ eats out often in expensive
restaurants ___________ goes to shows, he feels _________________
contented and happy __________________ John.
Ex. 83. Write a comparison. Compare yourself with another person
(your brother / friend) or compare any two people, making use of the
vocabulary of Unit I.
What are you / they like? How similar or how different are you /
they?
Compare age, appearance, character, occupation, interests,
hobbies, etc.
90