AS Bio 2.4 – Cellular Processes
Cell Organelles…(master)
Cell wall
A rigid structure made of cellulose surrounding
plant cells. This provides shape and strength.
Cell membrane
A layer that encloses the cell contents and controls
what enters and exits the cell.
It is made of two layers of lipid (fat) molecules with
proteins for cell identification, active transport and
communication.
Cytoplasm
fills the interior of the cell. It consists of a liquid
(called the cytosol that contains water, proteins and
dissolved ions) and cell organelles.
It is used to transport substances throughout the cell
and create internal pressure and is where most
chemical reactions occur.
Nucleus contains the genetic
material which controls the
cells activities.
Nuclear membrane separates
the contents of the nucleus
from the cytoplasm. Perforated by pores and
continuous with ER.
Chromosomes
Structures made of DNA and protein containing genes
for protein synthesis.
Mitochondria
Organelles within the cytoplasm for cell respiration where food molecules are broken down to release
energy.
Chloroplast
Organelles in plant cells containing chlorophyll for
photosynthesis.
Centrioles
Produce spindle fibres for separating chromosomes
during cell division
Vacuole
Liquid-filled organelle in cytoplasm for creating
pressure and storing water and dissolved substances.
Ribosome
Organelle found free in the cytoplasm or attached to ER.
Used for protein synthesis.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Is a system of membranes and connecting tubes that
provide a surface for chemical reactions and a pathway
for moving material within the cell.
Lysosome
Membrane-bound sac containing digestive
enzymes.
Breaks down food and worn out cell parts.
Cell size
Cell size is limited by the rate at which essential
nutrients and oxygen can diffuse into a cell and waste
products can be removed.
Golgi body
a series of membrane-bound sacs for producing and
releasing secretions.
Cell shape
is determined by the role of the cell.
Nerve cells are long and thin to conduct neural messages
around the body.
Intestinal cells have frilly edges to increase surface area
for rapid diffusion.
Plant Cells
have:
-rigid cell walls giving the cells a geometric shape;
-chloroplasts (usually);
-starch granules
-large central vacuole
They are usually larger than animal cells.
Become specialised to perform support, absorption
of water, conduct liquids, allow gases in and out,
manufacture food, form protective surfaces and
reproduction.
Animal Cells
don’t have a cell wall and have centrioles and an
irregular shape. Become specialised to perform
specific tasks. Humans have over 200 different
kinds of cells.
Similarities and differences
Egg cells are spherical and large to contain organelles
and nutrients for the zygote.
Sperm cells have a long flagellum and many
mitochondria for fast movement.
RBC’s are disc-shaped with rounded edges for easy
passage through blood vessels.
Many cells are flat to increase the surface area, reduce
travelling distance and increase diffusion rates
Relative numbers of organelles present
Secretory cells (e.g. glands) have large numbers of golgi
bodies.
Highly active cells (e.g. muscle) have larger numbers of
mitochondria.
Leaf cells contain large numbers of chloroplasts.
Root cells have a large surface area for efficient water
absorption.
AS Bio 2.4 – Cellular Processes
Cell Organelles…(Cloze)
Structures made of DNA and ____________ containing
____________ for protein synthesis.
Cell wall
A rigid structure made of __________ surrounding
plant cells. This provides shape and strength.
Mitochondria
Organelles within the cytoplasm for cell _________ where food molecules are broken down to release
_________.
Cell membrane
A layer that encloses the cell contents and controls
what _________ and _________ the cell.
It is made of two layers of lipid (fat) molecules with
proteins for cell identification, active
____________ and communication.
Cytoplasm
Fills the interior of the cell. It consists of a liquid
(called the _________ that contains water, proteins
and dissolved ions) and cell organelles.
It is used to transport substances throughout the cell
and create internal pressure and is where most
chemical _______________ occur.
Nucleus contains the
_________ material which
controls the cells activities.
Nuclear membrane separates
the contents of the nucleus
from the cytoplasm. Perforated by _________ and
continuous with ER.
Chromosomes
Chloroplast
Organelles in plant cells containing _________ for
_________.
Centrioles
Produce s_________ fibres for separating chromosomes
during cell d__________
Vacuole
Liquid-filled organelle in cytoplasm for creating
____________ and storing water and dissolved
substances.
Ribosome
Organelle found free in the cytoplasm or attached to ER.
Used for _______________ _______________.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Is a system of ____________ and connecting tubes that
provide a surface for chemical reactions and a pathway
for moving material within the cell.
Lysosome
Membrane-bound sac containing digestive
__________.
Breaks down food and worn out cell parts.
Golgi body
a series of membrane-bound sacs for producing and
releasing ____________.
Plant Cells
have:
-rigid cell walls giving the cells a ________ shape;
-____________ (usually);
-starch _________
-large central _________
They are usually _________ than animal cells.
Become specialised to perform support, absorption
of water, conduct liquids, allow gases in and out,
manufacture food, form protective surfaces and
reproduction.
Animal Cells
don’t have a cell wall and have ____________ and
an irregular shape. Become specialised to perform
specific tasks. Humans have over 200 different
kinds of cells.
Similarities and differences
Cell size
Cell size is limited by the rate at which essential
nutrients and oxygen can _________ into a cell and
waste products can be removed.
Cell shape
is determined by the _________ of the cell.
Nerve cells are _________ and thin to conduct neural
messages around the body.
Intestinal cells have frilly edges to increase surface area
for rapid _________.
Egg cells are spherical and large to contain organelles
and nutrients for the _________.
Sperm cells have a long flagellum and many
____________ for fast movement.
RBC’s are disc-shaped with rounded edges for easy
passage through _________ vessels.
Many cells are flat to increase the surface area, reduce
travelling distance and increase ____________ rates
Relative numbers of organelles present
Secretory cells (e.g. glands) have large numbers of
_________ bodies.
Highly active cells (e.g. muscle) have larger numbers of
mitochondria.
Leaf cells contain large numbers of ____________.
Root cells have a large surface area for efficient water
absorption.