Section 22.3 and 22.4
Religious Crusades/Christians and Muslims in Spain
In 1095, Europeans began several centuries of military campaigns to
establish Christian control over the Holy Land called the Crusades.
I.
Religious Crusades
A. Calls for Crusade due to attacks on pilgrims in Palestine
1. Muslim caliphs usually allowed pilgrims
2. Fatimids began destroying churches
3. Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1071
a) Harassed and killed Christian pilgrims
b) Marched on Constantinople
4. Byzantine Emperor asks Pope Urban II for help
B. Pope calls for Crusade to free Jerusalem in 1095
1. Crusade was a religious war
a) Crusaders were “Soldiers of Christ”
b) Jesus was lord, soldiers were vassals
2. Taking the cross was expensive, dangerous
C. The First Crusade included 150,000 people
1. most Crusaders were nobles
2. Peter the Hermit leads army of peasants
3. First Crusade was military success overall
a) Surprise was main advantage
b) Muslims were too divided to resist
4. Captured Jerusalem by 1099
D. Second and Third Crusades
1. Crusader states on the defensive
a) Muslims counterattack in 1144
b) Capture crusader state of Edessa
2. Second crusade organized by King Louis VII
a) Wife Eleanor of Aquitaine joins crusade
b) Second crusade fails for several reasons
(1) Crusader leaders argued
(2) Mistreated Muslims in Palestine
c) Saladin recaptures Jerusalem – 1187
3. Third Crusade – “Crusade of Kings” in 1189
a) Led by Richard the Lionheart
(1) Shared mutual respect with Saladin
(2) Saladin known for noble character
II.
b) Truce ends third crusade
(1) Christian pilgrims free to travel
(2) Jerusalem remained Muslim controlled
E. Later crusades never reached the Holy Land
1. Constantinople looted in 1204
2. Children’s Crusade never went beyond Italy
3. Muslims unified in holy war by Crusaders
F. Crusades resulted in religious persecutions
1. Jewish communities attacked
a) Many killed in German cities along Rhine
b) Crusaders slaughtered Jews in Jerusalem
2. Crusades against heretics in Languedoc
a) Massacred for disagreeing with Church
b) Heresy used to destroy Knights Templar
G. Effects of the Crusades
1. Failed to expel Muslims from Holy Land
2. Crusades brought trade wealth to Europe
a) Venice and Genoa became rich
b) Traded exotic goods with Crusaders
3. Led to European-Muslim cultural exchange
Christians and Muslims in Spain
A. Muslim Moors rule Iberian peninsula by 700s
1. Ruled what is now Andalusia
2. Cordoba was world’s largest city in 10th century
3. Multicultural society tolerant of Jews
a) Cordoba had Muslim and Jewish philosophers
b) Jews and Christians held high positions
c) Later Muslim rulers less tolerant
B. The Reconquista
1. Cordoba caliphate splits due to civil war in 1002
a) Toledo captured by Christians in 1085
b) Cordoba falls in 1236
2. Ferdinand and Isabella unite Spain’s largest kingdoms
a) Grenada finally falls in 1492
b) Religious persecution by Christians begins
3. Ferdinand and Isabella wanted Catholic Spain
a) Dominican Friar Torquemada led inquisition
(1) Tortured heretics who didn’t convert
(2) Inquisition becomes permanent in Spain
b) Jews and Muslims who refuse to convert banned