February 27, 2014
• Complete your stations from yesterday (you
will have 10 minutes!)
• Then, make a list of everything you know
about Islam.
Origins of Islam
1. The Arabian Peninsula
a. Bedouins
i.
Nomadic Arab people
b. Limited Farming
c. Trading towns
i.
Mecca
1.
2.
Both a trading and religious center
Kaaba
a.
b.
Ancient Building considered sacred
Holds what is believed to be a meteorite
2. Muhammad the Messenger
a. His Life
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Born about 570 A.D.
Married at the age of 25
Judaism and Christianity influenced his thinking
610 A.D., had a dream in which he was
commanded by an angel to speak messages, or
revelations by God (Allah)
v. Would become both a prophet and political
leader
b. Revelations
i.
Allah was the one and only true and all-powerful
God
ii. Began preaching in public 3 years after his dream
iii. Criticized the belief in many gods
c. Sharing Revelations
i.
622- Muhammad move to Medina
1.
His journey from Mecca to Medina would become
known as the hejyruh or hijra
ii. Built up followers and their faith became known
as Islam
1.
Means “achieving peace through submission to God”
iii. Followers became known as Muslim
3. Basic Ideas of Islam
a. Followers would later write down Muhammad’s
revelations
b. This would form the Qur’an
i.
Sacred text of Islam
c. 5 pillars of Islam
i.
Profession of faith
1.
2.
3.
4.
“There is no god but God (Allah) and Muhammad is the
messenger of God”
Signals acceptance of the faith
Denies existence of gods and goddesses
Affirms that Muhammad was a man not a deity
ii. Performance of five daily prayers
1. Worshipers always face Mecca when they pray
iii. Giving of alms, or charity, to the needy and
poor
1. Required to give certain amount of their income
to charity
iv. Required to fast
1. Go without food or water from dawn to dusk
during the month of Ramadan
v. Journey to Mecca
1. Only if you are financially and physically able
2. Journey called hajj
3. Gather and pray around the city’s mosque
a. Building where Muslims worship
d. Guidelines for Behavior
i.
Qur’an provides guidelines for moral behavior
1.
2.
3.
Forbidden to eat pork or drink alcoholic beverages
Must wash themselves before praying to be pure
before God
Prohibits murder, lying and stealing
ii. Jihad
1. Has several meanings
a. Can be translated to mean “Struggle for the Faith”
b. Struggle to defend the Muslim community
c. Has also been translated as “holy war”
e. The Summa and Sharia
i.
Summa
1.
2.
Means “tradition”
Provides guidance in many areas
a.
b.
c.
Personal relationships
Business dealings
Religious practice
ii. Sharia Law
1. Part of the Muslim legal system
2. Outlines methods of reasoning and arguing legal
cases
f. The People of the Book
i.
Islam is monotheistic, like Judaism and
Christianity
ii. Teach that Allah is the same God in Jewish and
Christian traditions
iii. Muhammad saw Abraham, Moses and Jesus as
messengers from God, but he was the last
prophet
iv. See the sacred text from Judaism and
Christianity as coming from Allah but Qur’an
has the greatest authority
v. Told to respect Jews and Christianity as
“people of the book”
4. Division in Islam
a. Sunnis
i. Followers of Mu’awiya
ii. Name means “followers of Summa” or “way of
the prophet”
b. Shia
i. Formed by those who did not support Mu’awiya
ii. Followed Muhammad’s son-in-law, Ali
iii. Believed God had blessed Ali’s descendents
because they were Muhammad’s true heirs
iv. Call each of Ali’s successors Iman
c. Sufis
i.
Seek a mystical, personal connection with God
The Family
Women
Muslim
Society
Slavery
Economy
The Family
- main social unit
- man is head of family
- men can have many wives
- treat all wives equally
Women
- women are equal to men before Allah
- women can inherit property and seek
divorce in some circumstances
- go into battle
- influence political decisions
- few rights during Abbasid rule (veil and
hijab)
Muslim Society
Slavery
- slavery common in Muslim
lands (from non-Muslim
regions)
- required slaves to be treated
fairly
- slaves could buy their own
freedom
Economy
- trade routes
- expanded use of coinage,
which eased long-distance trade
- standardized weights and
measurements
- trade of goods and ideas
Form and Function of a Mosque
• Response Groups
– Groups of 4
– One presenter per question
– Each person will be the presenter once
Religions Graphic Organizer
• Take out your religions graphic organizer
(should be in Unit 1 section)
• Complete the graphic organizer for Islam (the
last column)
The Crusades
February 28, 2014
Please turn in your
HW from last night
(religions graphic
organizer)
1. On your web-enabled device, go to
m.socrative.com
2. Enter room 779513.
3. Answer the questions! (You may use your
notebook to help you).
** If you do not have a smart phone, please take
a quarter-sheet from the front of the room.
The Crusades
1. What are they and why did the
happen?
a. What is a crusade?
i.
It is a series of religious wars launched by
European Christians
b. Why did they happen?
i.
European Christians’ goal was to take back
Jerusalem and the area around it called the Holy
Land
1.
It was under the control of the Muslims
ii. Jerusalem and the area around it, were
considered holy to Christians, Jews and Muslims
2. Launching the Crusades
a. Council of Clermont
i.
ii.
Called by Pope Urban II
Purpose of the meeting
was to address the
Byzantine emperor’s
request for help against
the Turks
iii. Urban called on all
Christian warriors to put
aside their differences
and fight against the
Turks
3. Fighting the Crusades
a. The First Crusade
i. Set out in 1096
ii. Made up of two groups
1.
The Peasants
a.
b.
c.
Were unskilled
While they were passing through Germany some attacked
Jewish communities
Those who made it to Jerusalem quickly fell to the Seljuk
Turks
2. Trained Knights
a. Were unprepared for the hardships of their journey
i.
Will resort to looting towns and farms to get supplies when
food and water ran low
b. Took 3 years to reach the Holy Land
c. Recaptured Jerusalem
d. Created 4 states in the Holy Land
i.
ii.
Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch, and Tripoli were the capitals of
these four states
They were intended to be Christian strongholds
Crusader Fortress in Tripoli
Still standing today in Lebanon
“It was necessary to pick one’s
way over the bodies of men and
horses… In the Temple and
porch of Solomon, men rode in
blood up to their knees and bridle
reins… The city was filled with
corpses and blood.”
—Raymond d’Aguilers, History of the Franks
Who Captured Jerusalem
b. Second Crusade
i. 1144, Muslims recaptured Edessa
ii. European leaders will call for a second crusade in
response to this
iii. It was a failure
c. Third Crusade
i.
Saladin
1.
2.
New leader of the Muslims
Will drive the Crusaders out of Jerusalem
ii. Loss of Jerusalem starts
the Third Crusade
1.
2.
Known as the Kings
Crusade
Richard the Lion-hearted
was the only king to fight
in the Holy Land
a.
b.
Had respect for Saladin
He won several battles
against the Muslims; was
unable to drive them out
of the Holy Land or
retake Jerusalem
d. Fourth and later Crusades
i.
Fourth Crusade began in 1201
1.
2.
Crusaders could not pay the Venetians for transport
Agreed to attack the city of Zara, which had once belong to
the Venetians, as payment
a.
3.
4.
5.
The city was held by the Christian king of Hungary
Pope will excommunicate the crusaders for their actions
Crusaders will continue to the Holy Land; on the way the
attack Constantinople
Disorganization and a lack of strong leadership made the
Fourth Crusade a failure
ii. There were five more crusades that followed
after the Fourth, none were successful
iii. By 1291, Muslims had driven the Christians
out of the Holy Land
4. Effects of the Crusades
a. Economic Changes
i. The Crusaders enhanced existing trade
ii. Increase in trade added to the changing European
economy of the Middle Ages
b. Political Changes
i. Kings will take control of unoccupied land
ii. Will give kings more power
c. Social Changes
i. Brought knowledge of Muslim culture to Europe
ii. Christians who participated in crusades came to
respect other cultures; those who did not became
more intolerant
iii. Many Europeans began to view all nonChristians as enemies
Kingdom of Heaven
Art and Culture of the Middle
Ages
1. Visual Arts
a. Gothic architecture
i.
Greatest examples of religious feelings were
found in churches
ii. Built in the Gothic style
1.
Churches were taller and brighter than earlier
churches
iii. Advances in engineering
1. Flying Buttress
a. Most important advance
b. New type of support
c. Supported church was from outside
i.
ii.
Allowed for higher ceilings
Will give church a more airy feeling
d. Allowed for larger windows
i.
ii.
Churches hire artists to create stain glass windows
Showed scenes from the Bible or depicted lives of the saints
iv. Churches were
decorated inside and out
1. Exterior
a.
b.
Had statues of saints,
kings and figures of the
old testament
Gargoyles
i.
Craved in the likeness
of hideous beasts and
served as water spouts
to drain water from
the roof
2. Interiors
a. Number of decorative elements
i.
ii.
Murals were used to depict religious scenes
Candleholders, crosses and statues were decorated
with gold and precious stones
b. Illumination
i.
Process of decorating
manuscripts with
pictures and designs
1.
One common technique
was to decorate the first
letter on the page
c. Tapestry
i. Large woven hangings
ii. Hung in castles to prevent drafts
iii. Showed scenes of daily life or fantastic creatures
like dragons or unicorns
2. Literature
a. Religious Texts
i.
ii.
Create all sorts of works,
from sermons about how
people should live to
interpretations of
passages from the Bible
Hildegard of Bingen
1.
2.
3.
A nun and medieval poet
Wrote dozens of poems
and music to accompany
them
Wrote in Latin
b. Epics and Romances
i.
Long poems that tell stories of heroes and
villains
ii. Works differ in their subject matter
iii. Often performed by wandering singers called
troubadours
iv. These poems were written in the vernacular
(common language)
c. Major Works
i.
Geoffrey Chaucer
1.
He wrote the
Canterbury Tales
a.
b.
c.
Characters come
from a wide rage of
social backgrounds
His descriptions help
historians know what
life was like for
people during the
middle ages
Wrote in English and
help spread the
language in England
ii. Dante Alighieri
1. He wrote The Devine
Comedy
a.
b.
c.
d.
Book is composed of
three parts: Inferno,
Purgatory, and Paradise
Tells the story of the
magical trip he made
through the afterlife
The poet Virgil acts as
his guide for part of the
trip
His writing led to the
increase of Italian
3. Thinking and Learning
a. Alchemy
i. People began to conduct experiments
ii. Practiced an early form of chemistry called
alchemy
iii. Gained practical experience in chemical reactions
b. Universities
i.
Helped increase the flow of Greek learning into
Europe
ii. Liberal arts
1.
Study of Latin grammar, rhetoric, logic, geometry,
arithmetic, astronomy and music
iii. Also taught theology, medicine and law
c. Thomas Aquinas
i.
Taught at the University
of Paris
ii. Argued that both reason
and faith were necessary
for understanding truth
iii. His approach was called
Scholasticism
1.
Tried to show that
Christian teachings were
also knowable and
provable through the use
of logic
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/buildin
g-gothic-cathedrals.html
Trade and Towns
1. Growth of Towns
a. Italian Trade Cities
i.
First of medieval Europeans to build a thriving trade
economy
ii. Venice was the most important of the early trade
cities
1.
2.
3.
Protected by powerful warships
Traded with both the Byzantine empire and Muslim lands
Goods were very expensive and very profitable
iii. Italians will control almost all trade in southern
Europe
b. Hanseatic League
i.
A group of northern German cities that worked
together to promote and protect trade
ii. Controlled most of the trade between Europe,
Russia and the Baltic region
c. Trade Fairs and Markets
i.
Trade fairs
1.
2.
3.
4.
Place where buyers and sellers would meet
Held in towns and drew in large crowds
Merchants offered a great variety of goods: fabrics,
spices, trained animals…etc.
Held once a year at a specific location
ii. For everyday needs people went to local markets
d. Money and Credit
i.
Cities will begin minting their own coins
1.
2.
Will be used as payment
Also used to pay taxes to the lord
ii. Some would allow customers to buy goods on
credit
1.
2.
The promise of later payment
Customers would sign a document stating when and
how payment was made
iii. Money and credit would lead to the creation
of Europe’s first banks
1. People could deposit money for safe keeping or
request loans
2. Most money lenders were Jewish
a. Religious laws prevented Christians from charging
interest on loans
2. Growth of Towns and Cities
a. New Technologies
i.
Heavy plow
1.
Increased the amount of
crops people could
grow on their land
ii. Watermill and windmill
1. These were used to
grind wheat into flour
iii. Improvements meant that fewer people were
needed to work on farms
iv. More people will move to the cities and try to
build a life for themselves
b. Free towns
i.
Most medieval towns were run by local lords
would charge taxes and fees that they wished
ii. Merchants appealed to kings for special charters
for new towns
1.
2.
Allowed merchants to run towns anyway they wanted
Paid taxes to the king in exchange
c. Guilds
i.
Developed out of the craftspeople need to
organize themselves
ii. Created trade organizations called guilds
1.
2.
3.
All members of a guild had the same occupation
One of the primary functions was to restrict
competition
Members would set standards and prices for their
products
iii. Guilds also trained
children in their craft
1. Apprentice
a.
b.
c.
A child learning a craft
Spent several years
working with a master
craftsperson, learning
the basic skills of the
craft
Most also lived in their
master’s house
2. Journeyman
1. After learning the basic
skills an apprentice
would become a
journeyman
2. Some would travel
from workshop to
workshop learning
from different masters
3. Very difficult to
become masters due to
some guilds restrictions
iv. Most guilds were only for men but some
accepted female members.
Challenges of the Late Middle
Ages
1. Religious Crisis
a. Hersey
i.
Beliefs opposing the official teachings of the
Church
1.
Many were de-emphasizing the role of the clergy and
the sacraments
ii. The Church tried several methods to stamp this
out
1. Inquisitions
a.
b.
Primary method
Legal procedures supervised by special judges who tried
heretics
2. Christian education
a.
b.
New religious orders were formed to spread Christian
teaching
Members were called friars
i.
ii.
3. War
Took vows of poverty and obedience
Lived among the people
b. Papacy Dispute
i.
ii.
1309, the pope was
forced to leave Rome
and he went to
Avignon, France
Pope Gregory XI
1.
2.
After70 years of the
papacy being in France,
he moved it back to
Rome
He will die a year later
iii. Two men will claim papal power
1. One was in Rome and the other was in Avignon
iv. Conflict lasted 40 years
2. Wars and Conflict
a. Hundred Years’ War
i.
Cause
1.
2.
The king of France will die without an heir in 1328
Two men will claim the right to rule
a.
b.
3.
4.
His nephew King Edward III of England
The dead king’s regent
The French selected the regent and crowned him King
Philip VI of France
This decision sparks the war
Edward III of England
Philip VI of France
ii. The War
1. Edward and the English army were winning
battle after battle due to superior weapon
technology….like the longbow and cannon
2. 1429- The war changed
a. Joan of Arc
i.
Claimed that the saints
had told her to lead the
French into battle
ii. Will defeat the English
at the battle of Orleans
iii. Will be captured, tried
and executed by the
English
iii. The End
1. War ends in 1453
2. King Charles II of
France will help drive
the English out
b. The War of the Roses
i.
Causes
1.
Two families in England will fight for the throne
a.
b.
The Lancasters- emblem was the red rose
The Yorks- emblem was the white rose
Lancaster’s Emblem
York’s Emblem
ii. The War
1. Edward IV will take the throne in 1461, he is a
York
2. His brother will become king after his death, he
will be Richard III
3. Richard will be killed while trying to prevent a
rebellion
Edward IV
Richard III
4. Henry VII
a. From the Tudor family
in England
b. Related to both families
i.
ii.
Married to Edward IV’s
daughter
Related to the
Lancasters by blood
c. His rise ended the war
3. The Black Death
a. Origins
i. Started in the East in 1346
ii. Carried by rats that had fleas, that came over on
the boats from the east
iii. By 1351, almost all of Europe was touched by
the Black Death
b. Course of the Disease
i. Disease was almost always fatal
ii. Symptoms
1.
2.
3.
4.
Large dark splotches on the skin
High fever
Vomiting
Severe headaches
iii. Historians estimate that 25 million Europeans or
1/3 of Europe’s total population died during the
Black Death
c. Effects
i.
Most believed that God was punishing them for
their sins
ii. Some blamed the Jews and anti-Semitic feeling
increased in Europe
iii. The manorial system ended