Unit 3 Biology
Types of Pathogens
Guiding Questions
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What are the two broad categories of pathogens?
What are cellular pathogens also known as?
What are some examples of cellular pathogens?
What are non-cellular pathogens also known as?
What are some examples of non-cellular pathogens?
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What are bacteria?
What is the cellular arrangement of bacteria?
How do bacteria reproduce, and how quickly does this occur?
What are some examples of diseases caused by bacteria?
10. How are bacteria classified?
11. What is a round-shaped bacterium called?
12. What is a rod-shaped bacterium called?
13. What is a spiral-shaped bacterium called?
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What is a flagellum and what is it used for?
What do we call bacteria without a flagellum?
What is a capsule?
What is meant by the term “virulence”?
What is a spore?
Why is the structure of the cell wall important?
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What colour do gram-positive bacteria stain?
What is the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria composed of?
What sorts of drugs are gram-positive bacteria susceptible to?
What colour do gram-negative bacteria stain?
What is the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria composed of?
What sorts of drugs are gram-negative bacteria susceptible to?
Why is the gram stain of particular importance?
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What are the gas requirements of aerobes?
What are the gas requirements of anaerobes?
What is meant by the term “facultative anaerobe”?
What is meant by the term “obligate anaerobe”?
What do photosynthetic bacteria use as their energy source?
What do chemosynthetic bacteria use as their energy source?
33. What are some examples of bacterial disease caused by cocci?
34. What are some examples of bacterial disease caused by bacilli?
35. What are some examples of bacterial disease caused by spirochetes?
36. What are protozoa?
37. How do protozoa reproduce?
38. What are the three classes of protozoa?
39. What protozoan diseases are caused by flagellates?
40. What protozoan disease is caused by sporozoans?
41. What protozoan disease is caused by sarcodinians (amoebas)?
42. Where does the adult stage of malaria occur?
43. What is this host referred to?
44. What do Plasmodium larvae multiply?
45. What happens when Plasmodium larvae enter red blood cells?
46. What is the role of the Anopheles mosquito in malaria?
47. What are oomycetes?
48. What sorts of diseases do oomycetes cause?
49. How does Phytophthora infect plants?
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What are fungi?
What are fungi important pathogens of?
What types of fungi are pathogenic for human beings?
What is the difference between moulds and yeasts?
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What are some examples of fungal diseases?
Why is Aspergillus a concern with regards to nuts and grain foods?
What products of fungi have become important tools in medicine?
What are worms or helminthes?
How are they specialised for a parasitic way of life?
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What are the two groups of helminthes?
What are platyhelminthes?
What sorts of diseases are caused by platyhelminths?
What is an intermediate host?
What is a primary host?
Describe what makes tapeworms a highly specialized form of flatworm.
65. Outline the tapeworm life cycle.
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What are nematodes?
What is the body structure of a nematode?
What is the size range of nematodes?
What diseases of humans are caused by nematodes?
What part of plants do nematodes generally attack?
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What are arthropods?
What is the general role of arthropods in infectious diseases?
What types of arthropods are parasitic for humans?
What do parasitic insects cause on plant leaves?
What causes tick fever?
76. Describe the life cycle of the cattle tick.
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What are viruses?
What sort of structure do viruses have?
Why are viruses obligate intracellular parasites?
How would you describe the interaction between a virus and its host cell?
How are new virus particles produced?
What are the two mechanisms by which viruses can exit a host cell?
83. What happens when a bacteriophage infects a bacterium?
84. What are the general steps in the reproduction of a virus that infects humans?
85. What are the steps in HIV infection?
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What are the two main groups of animal viruses?
Give examples of human diseases caused by DNA viruses.
Give examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses.
What are the three main groups of viral diseases in plants?
90. What are viroids?
91. How do viroids compare to viruses in terms of size and structure?
92. What types of diseases have viroids been associated with?
93. What are prions?
94. How are prions replicated?
95. How do prions cause the holes we observe in infected brains?
96. How can humans be infected with prions?
97. Is there treatment for prion disease?
98. What are some examples of diseases caused by prions?