THE CIRCULATORY AND BLOOD STUDY GUIDE
6. The walls of the Heart are made up of Three Layers of Tissue. The outer and inner
layers are ____endothelial___ tissue. The middle layer is ___muscular___ tissue called
____myocardium________.
7. The Heart can be thought of as __double _ _pump___ sitting side by side.
8. Our Heart has ______4_______ chambers:
A. The upper chambers are the __left__ and __right___ _atria_____.
B. The lower chambers are the ___left__ and _right___ __ventricle____.
9. The Right side of the heart pumps from the _heart_____ into the _lungs____.
10. Oxygen poor blood is called __deoxygenated___________.
11. The Left side of the Heart pumps ________oxygen___ Rich Blood from the
___heart__ to the rest of the ____body__________ except the __lungs________.
14. Dividing the Right and Left sides is a common wall called the ___septum__. The
__septum___ prevents the mixing of Oxygen-poor and Oxygen-rich Blood.
THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART (FROM BODY TO LUNGS,
DEOXGENTATED BLOOD)
1. Oxygen-Poor Blood from the body enters the Right side of the Heart through TWO
large blood vessels called ____superior/ inferior vena cava_.
2. The _superior______ Vena Cava brings Blood from the UPPER PART OF THE
BODY TO THE HEART.
3. The ____inferior__________ Vena Cava brings Blood from the LOWER PART OF
THE BODY TO HE HEART.
4. Both VENA CAVA EMPTY INTO THE _____right___ ___atrium______. When the
Heart Relaxes (Between Beats), pressure in the circulatory system causes the Atrium to
fill with blood.
5. When the Heart CONTRACTS, Blood is squeezed from the RIGHT
_____atrium______INTO THE RIGHT __ventricle___________ through flaps of tissue
called the ____tricuspid_______ _____valve_________ that prevents blood from
flowing back into the Right Atrium called a_heart murmur (backflow through valves).
6. THE GENERAL PURPOSE OF ALL VALVES IN THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
IS TO PREVENT THE __backflow________ OF BLOOD. They also ensure that
BLOOD FLOWS IN ONLY _____one________ DIRECTION.
7. THE SPECIFIC PURPOSE OF THE TRICUSPID VALVE IS TO PREVENT
____backflow____ OF BLOOD FROM THE RIGHT _______ventricle______TO THE
RIGHT ___atrium____ WHEN THE RIGHT VENTRICLE CONTRACTS.
8. When the Heart CONTRACTS a second time, Blood in the RIGHT VENTRICLE IS
SENT THROUGH THE ___pulmonary___ __semilunar valve________ INTO THE
_______pulmonary trunk_____. These are the Only Arteries to carry
____deoxygenated__ Blood. At the base of the Pulmonary Arteries is another valve that
prevents blood from traveling back into the Right Ventricle.
LEFT SIDE
1. Oxygen-Rich Blood leaves the Lungs and Returns to the Heart by way of Blood
Vessels called the __pulmonary______ __veins_____. These are the only Veins to carry
____oxygenated___ Blood.
2. Returning Blood enters the LEFT ATRUIM, IT PASSES THROUGH THE
______mitral__ __valve___BICUSPID) INTO THE LEFT VENTRICLE.
3. FROM THE LEFT VENTRICAL, BLOOD IS PUMPED INTO THE
___aortic_________ ARTERY THAT CARRIES IT TO EVERY PART OF THE
BODY.
THE HEARTBEAT (CARDIAC CYCLE)
1. ____systole______ is the term for CONTRACTION.
2. The term for RELAXATION is _______diastole______.
3. If any of the Valves do not close properly, an extra sound called a __murmur___ may
be heard.
4. This Wave begins in a Small Bundle of Cells embedded in the RIGHT ATRUIM
CALLED THE ___SA Node_____________. The SA is the Natural
___pasemaker_____ of the Heart. It initiates each Heartbeat and sets the PACE for the
HEART RATE.
5. The Heart initiates its own Stimulation from the _____SA____ Node, and Does NOT
require Stimulation from the Nervous System.
6. The Autonomic Nervous system does influence Heart Rate. The Sympathetic Nervous
System _____increases______ HEART RATE and the Parasympathetic Nervous System
__decreases_____ IT.
7. For most of us, at REST our HeartBeats __70__ beats per minute. During Exercise
that can increase to as many as 200 beats per minute.
BLOOD VESSELS (ARTERIES, VEINS AND CAPILLARIES)
1. After the Blood leaves the Heart, it is pumped through a network of Blood Vessels to
different parts of the body.
2. The Blood Vessels that form this network and are part of the CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM ARE THE ___arteries_______, ___veins__________, AND
____capilarries________.
3. With the exception of Capillaries and tiny Veins, Blood Vessels have WALLS made of
THREE LAYERS OF TISSUE:
A. THE INNER LAYER IS ___endothelial_____ TISSUE.
B. THE MIDDLE LAYER IS __smooth____MUSCLE TISSUE.
C. THE OUTER LAYER IS ___connective______ TISSUE.
ATERIES AND ARTERIOLES (SMALL ARTERIES)
1. Arteries carry blood from the _____heart____________ TO
_______lungs______________ AND THE REST OF THE BODY.
2. The Walls of Arteries are generally _____more elastic__________ than those of Veins.
3. EXCEPT FOR THE _pulmonary___ ARTERIES, ALL ARTERIES CARRY
__oxygen__________-RICH BLOOD.
4. The Artery that carries Oxygen-Rich Blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE to all parts
of the body is the __aorta________________.
5. THE AORTA WITH A DIAMETER OF 2.5 cm, IS THE _____largest_____
ARTERY IN THE BODY.
6. THE SMALLEST ARTERIES ARE CALLED_____arterioles__________.
CAPILLARIES
1. ARTERIOLES BRANCH INTO NETWORKS OF VERY SMALL BLOOD
VESSELES CALLED ______capillaries_________.
2. IT IS IN THE THIN-WALLED (ONE-CELL IN THICKNESS) THAT THE REAL
WORK OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IS DONE.
3. The Walls of the Capillaries consist of only one layer of cells, making it easy for
Oxygen and Nutrients to __diffuse____ FROM THE BLOOD INTO THE TISSUE.
VEINS
1. THE FLOW OF BLOOD MOVES FROM CAPILLARIES INTO
__venuoles___________.
2. Veins form a system that _recieves_____ Blood from every part of the Body and
CARRIES it Back to the __heart______________.
3. The smallest Veins are called ____venuoles__________________.
4. LIKE ARTERIES, VEINS ARE LINED WITH ______smooth____ MUSCLE. Vein
walls are thinner and less elastic than Arteries. Veins though are
_____thin__________________ and are able to stretch out readily.
5. This flexibility reduces the Resistance the flow of blood encounters on its way back to
the Heart.
6. Large Veins contain Valves that maintain the one direction flow of Blood. This is
important where Blood must flow against the Force of Gravity.
7. The flow of Blood in Veins is help by Contractions of _______skeletal_______
Muscles, especially those in the legs and arms. When muscles contract they squeeze
against Veins and help force Blood Toward the Heart.
PATHWAYS OF CIRCULATION
1. Blood moves through the body in a continuous pathway, of which there are TWO
MAJOR PARTS; THE _____pulmonary______ AND _________systemic_____
CIRCULATION.
2. THE ___Pulmonary___________ CIRCULATION CARRIES BLOOD BETWEEN
THE ___heart_______________ AND THE _____lungs_____. THIS CIRCULATION
BEGINS AT THE RIGHT _____atrium_________________ AND ENDS AT THE
LEFT ____atrium______________.
4. _________Systemic____ ___circulation________ STARTS AT THE LEFT
__________atrium__________ AND ENDS AT THE RIGHT ___atirum_______,
CARRIES BLOOD TO THE REST OF THE BODY.
BLOOD PRESSURE
1. Blood moves through our Circulation System because it is under
_____pressure_____________.
2. This Pressure is caused by the ___contracting___________ of the Heart and by
Muscles that surround Blood Vessels.
3. A MEASURE OF FORCE THAT BLOOD EXERTS AGAIST A VESSEL WALL IS
CALLED ___blood________PRESSURE.
4. Blood Pressure is maintained by TWO WAYS:
A.____cardiac output____________________________________________
B. ____resistance_________________________________________
RED BLOOD CELLS (RBC) ERTHROCYTES
1. RBC are the most ___numerous__________ of the Blood Cells. One microliter of
blood contains approx. 5 million RBCs.
2. RBC are ____biconcave________, or shaped so that they are narrower in the center
than along the edges.
3. RBC are produced from cells in the Bone Marrow, they are gradually filled with
_____hemoglobin____________ which forces out the nucleus and other organelles.
4. Mature RBC do not have a Nucleus.
5. __hemoglobin_______is the iron-containing protein that gives RBC the ability to carry
Oxygen. Hemoglobin gives the RBC their color.
6. RBC stay in circulation for about 120 days before they are destroyed by special WBC
in the liver and spleen. RDC in your body are dying and being replace at a rate of about
2 million per second.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBC) LEUKOCYTES
1. Outnumbered by RBC almost 500 to 1.
2. WBC are produced in the ___bone______Marrow, are larger than RBC, almost
Colorless, and do not contain Hemoglobin.
3. WBC have a Nucleus and can live for many months or years.
4. THE MAIN FUNCTION OF WBC IS TO _____protect from infection _____.
5. WBC can destroy bacteria and foreign cells by Phagocytosis (engulfed and digested),
some produce special proteins called ____antibodies___________, and some release
special chemicals that help the body fight off disease and resist infection.
6. Doctors are able to detect the presence of _______infection____ by counting the
number of WBC in the blood.
DIRECTIONS: Answer the questions below as completely and as thoroughly as
possible. Answer the question in essay form (not outline form), using complete sentences.
You may use diagrams to supplement your answers, but a diagram alone without
appropriate discussion is inadequate. See me if you need Help, Have Problems or
Questions or To Check Your Answers. ALL answers should be in your notebook.
1. State the main functions of the circulatory system.
2. Name the three major parts of the circulatory system.
3. Describe the difference between pulmonary circulation and the systemic ciculation.
4. Describe the main parts of the heart.
5. Describe how the two sides of the heart differ in terms of the kind of blood they
receive and pump, INCLUDE: Where does the blood come from? How does it enter the
heart? How does it exit the heart? Where does it go to?
6. Explain the difference between diastole and systole.
7. How is heart contraction rate controlled?
8. What are the components of Blood, and the function of each component?
9. Compare ateries, veins, and capillaries. In your answer, discuss the types of tissue in
them, function, and type of blood generally carried.
11. What are the Three Functions of Blood?
13. Identify the structure that controls the heartbeat, and describe the process by which it
regulates the heartbeat.