Notes – The Muscular System
Muscle Diagrams – know your major anterior & posterior muscles
Major Muscle Groups - Memorize the location of the muscles using the diagrams you were
provided - (these are the muscles on your worksheet)
1. Hamstrings: ___________________________________________________________
2. Quadriceps: ___________________________________________________________
3. Location of IM injections
a. deltoid muscle
b. gluteus medius – superior lateral quadrant used in order to avoid damaging underlying
_________________________
c. vastus lateralis
d. vastus lateralis and rectus femoris are used for __________________ injections due to
poor development of gluteal muscles and deltoid muscles
Naming – page 181 (focus on prefixes, suffixes, and root words to help you)
1. Give body examples for each of the following naming criteria: use text along with ppt
a. Location: named for the bone/body region with which they are associated
b. Shape
c. Relative size
i. Maximus
ii. Minimus
iii. Longus
iv. Brevis
d. direction of fibers
i. rectus
ii. oblique
a. number of origins - bi, tri, quad
b. location of origin & insertion – location of attachment sites
c. action: flexor, adductor, etc.
Skeletal muscle
Gross anatomy of a skeletal muscle: Know your diagram!
1. A muscle is an organ containing muscle fibers, CT, BV, nerve fibers
2. CT wrappings
a. ________________________ – covers entire skeletal muscle - deep fascia - dense
fibrous CT
b. ________________________ — collagen surrounding fascicle (bundle of muscle
fibers)
c. ________________________ - reticular tissue surrounding single muscle fiber
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d. TWO important functions of the connective tissue wrappings
1. ___________________ & __________________ each cell and the whole muscle
2. provide exit and entry points for ________________&__________________
3. Nerve & blood supply
a. each muscle fiber has a _________________________
b. each muscle is served by ______ artery and _______________________veins
c. IMPORTANT: skeletal muscle is dependent on its:
1. Nerve supply because it cannot _____________ without nerve stimulation
2. Blood supply because it uses tremendous amounts of ________________
which requires delivery of oxygen & glucose and it gives off lots of
______________________ that must be removed
4. TWO main types of attachments: There are several sites of muscle
attachment:______________________________________________________
a. direct – muscle is fused directly to ___________________________________
b. indirect – connective sheaths of muscle beyond muscle as a ___________________
or __________________
c.___________________________ is most common because of _______________
and _________________________________.
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5. fascicle arrangement
a. parallel (fusiform)- best for fast and large movements
 range of motion - Longer muscle fibers along muscle axis = greater range
of motion - Parallel fascicle arrangement gives greatest ___________
b. convergent – movement of l_________________areas
c. unipennate - see bipennate info
d. bipennate - shorten very little but very powerful so best for _______________ Power: depends on # of Muscle fibers- Greater # = greater power
e. circular – open and close
Letters on
diagrams
matched to
info
above!
END OF QUIZ #1 MATERIAL
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Overview of Muscle TIssue
A. Nearly ___________ of body mass
B. Transforms chemical energy (ATP) into mechanical energy(motion)
C. myo-, mys- (muscle) and sarco- (flesh) all refer to muscle
D. Contraction of muscles is due to the movement of microfilaments – actin & myosin that
slide & overlap each other
E. Functional Characteristics of Muscle Tissue
1. ________________________________ – ability to receive and respond to stimuli
2. ________________________________ – ability to shorten forcibly
3. ________________________________ – ability to be stretched or extended
4. ________________________________ – ability to resume resting length (recoil)
Basic Functions of Muscles
A. Movement
1. responsible for all locomotion & manipulation: internal & external
2. Examples of motion in each tissue type: (Review your slides and main features!)
a. skeletal: _________________________________
b. cardiac: _________________________________
c. smooth: __________________________________
B. Posture maintenance
1. IMPORTANCE: keeps organs etc in position to function correctly
2. CORE training, exercises to strengthen, free weights vs. machine
C. Heat generation
1. by-product of muscle metabolism and contractile activity (Skeletal muscle is ~40% of body
mass)
2. _____% of energy used escapes as heat to maintain temp. homeostasis while the other
______% is used for cellular activities
3. example: shivering
DI.
Stabilize joints – muscle _____________ & ____________ extremely important
The 5 Golden Rules of Skeletal Muscle Activity
A. All muscles cross at least ______ joint
B. The bulk of the muscle typically lies ______________________ to the joint crossed
C. Muscles are attached to at least two points
a. __________________ – attachment to the immovable or less movable bone
b. __________________ – attachment to the movable bone
D. Muscles can only __________, they never _________
E. During contraction, the muscle __________________ moves toward the __________
Muscle Interactions
A. Prime Mover/Agonist
B. Antagonist
C. Synergist
D. Fixator
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Lever Action (tie in to Physics – aka Biomechanics)
A. Muscles exert force by use of lever action. Bones act as levers for muscles to pull on.
Each type of lever has advantages and disadvantages in either the _____________
required to move the body part or the ______________ that the body part can be
moved or the _____________of the motion.
B. Differences in the positioning of the fulcrum. load, and effort modify muscle activity with
respect to:
i. speed of contraction
ii. direction of motion
iii. range of motion (ROM)
iv. Strength - weight that can be lifted
C. Terms to Understand
i. Fulcrum – fixed point - __________________
ii. Effort – applied force – provided by ___________________________
iii. Load – ______________________ – bone, overlying tissues, & other objects you
are trying to move
As an athlete or trainer: Understanding lever action, angles and
position, and muscle fiber direction is extremely important:
 To maximize the effectiveness of your work outs (work
smarter, not harder)
 To prevent injury
VI.
Types of Levers
a. First class lever
i. Fulcrum is in the middle - between load and effort
ii. The main advantage is the _____________________________________ of
the force – force exerted is equal to force lifted
iii. Example: Extension of head
b. Second class lever
i. Load is in the middle - between effort and fulcrum
ii. _____________ common in the body
iii. The main advantage is __________________________ of force (strength) –
force exerted is less than force lifted
iv. Levers of strength BUT Range of motion is sacrificed
v. Example: Standing on your toes (contraction of calf muscle) lifts your whole
body but only a small distance
c. Third class lever
i. Effort is in the middle - between load and fulcrum
ii. ______________common in the body
iii. The main advantage is _________________
iv. Strength is sacrificed and speed is gained
v. Example: Flexing at elbow using bicep muscle
END OF QUIZ #2 MATERIAL
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Muscle Disorders
a. _________________________________ – a twisting of the neck which causes rotation
and tilting of the head to one side – caused by injury to one of the
____________________________________muscles
b. _________________________________ – Strain or stretching of ________________
muscles (magnus, longus, brevis)
c. __________________________________ – paralysis of anterior muscles in lower leg –
caused by injury to the ________________________ nerve
d. __________________________________ – inflammation of the
______________________ muscle group of the lower leg (& the periosteum they pull
on)– caused by trauma or strain – usually felt on the ____________ &/or ____________
borders of the tibia
e. __________________________________ – trauma induced tearing of muscles
followed by bleeding into the tissues (NOT just a cramp)
f. __________________________________ – permanent displacement of the great toe –
caused by wearing pointy toed shoes
g. _________________________________________ Muscular Dystrophy – pg 194
i. Genetic – affects primarily males – X linked trait
ii. _______________________ protein not produced correctly – leads to muscle
fiber degeneration & _______________________
iii. Progresses from extremities upward
iv. Generally do not live beyond young adulthood
h. Myasthenia Gravis
i. Probably ___________________________
ii. Shortage of neurotransmitter ______________________ in muscle
iii. Muscles not stimulated properly & grow progressively weaker
iv. Death occurs when ____________________muscles fail to function
Muscle Man Diagrams Study Sheet – Place the numbers on the diagram next to the correct muscle –
Anterior & Posterior muscles are all in this same list.
A (2) means they show up on both diagrams.
_____A.
_____B.
_____C.
_____D.
_____E.
_____F.
_____G.
_____H.
_____I.
_____J.
_____K.
_____L.
_____M.
_____N.
_____O.
Adductors (2)
Biceps brachii
Biceps femoris
Deltoid (2)
External oblique (2)
Fibularis longus
Frontalis
Gastrocnemius
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gracilis
Latissimus dorsi
Masseter
Orbicularis oculi
Orbicularis oris
_____P.
_____Q.
_____R.
_____S.
_____T.
_____U.
_____V.
_____W.
_____X.
_____Y.
_____Z.
_____AA.
_____BB.
_____CC.
_____DD.
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Pectoralis major
Rectus abdominus
Rectus femoris
Sartorius
Semitendinosus
Soleus
Sternocleidomastoid
Temporalis
Tibialis anterior
Transverses abdominus
Trapezius
Triceps brachii
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Zygomaticus
Synovial joint movements – also on chart in your notes
Angular - increase/decrease angle
A.
Flexion and Extension
D.
B.
Plantar flexion and Dorsiflexion
E.
C.
Hyperextension
Rotation – rotation around a long axis (twisting motion)
A.
Medial and Lateral
Arms only
A. Supination and Pronation
Feet Only
A. Inversion and Eversion
Others
A. Protraction and Retraction
B. Elevation and Depression
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Abduction and Adduction
Circumduction
Joint Motions: Notice specifics on next page also
You need to be able to recognize a picture, diagram, or written description of the following motions.
Some motions are specific to a certain body part (such as dorsiflexion & plantar flexion are only in the
feet). Other motions can be done with several body parts (such as abduction and adduction of arms,
legs, fingers, toes).
Motion
Give a brief description of each motion:
Flexion
Extension
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Hyperextension
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
Supination
Pronation
Inversion
Eversion
Protraction
Retraction
Elevation
Depression
Medial rotation
Lateral rotation
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Misc. Muscle Information
Muscle Fiber Types
1. ________________, ______________________ and ____________________ of
muscle contraction are affected by several factors. A main factor is fiber type:
a. Types of muscle fibers are ______________________ determined. Muscles are a
mixture of fibers but different muscles will have different ratios of the types.
b. Differences in muscle fiber types among athletes vs. non-athletes have not been studied
much due to the need to take muscle ______________ which can damage the muscle.
2. Fiber Types: See Chart
a. Fast twitch fatigable muscle (White meat)
b. Slow twitch fatigue resistant (Dark meat)
i. Discuss why chicken/turkey breast meat is white meat while dove/duck breast
meat is dark meat.
Developmental aspects
1. Progresses from _____________________ & from ________________________
a. Due to the way that neural pathways are developed in your brain. See examples
2. Men vs. women
a. Women’s skeletal muscles make up _____% of body weight while Men’s is ____%
b. Muscle strength per unit mass is _____________
c. Men typically have greater muscle mass due to _____________________ effects
Building Muscle Mass
In order to work a muscle effectively & to minimize risk of injury, there are factors that must be
considered. Number of reps and amount of weight depends on purpose of exercise (building vs.
toning).
1. Type of joint involved in motions
2. Direction of muscle fibers (contained in fascicle)
3. Anatomy of the muscle
4. Angles of body parts
Muscle Fatigue & Oxygen Debt
I. 3 main factors affect your respiration type:
a. ______________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________
II. Aerobic respiration
a. Is the most __________________ type of respiration – producing the most ATP per
glucose molecule
i. Glucose + oxygen produce 36-38 _________ + carbon dioxide + water
b. It is slower and requires ___________________ delivery of oxygen & nutrients to
the muscle
c. Duration of energy produced can be hours
i. This type of energy production is used for activities that require
______________________ rather than power
1. Jogging, marathon running, walking, etc
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III.
Anaerobic respiration
a. Circulatory and respiratory system cannot _____________oxygen as fast as
muscles are using it up.
b. leads to ____________ buildup - when oxygen is again available – lactic acid is
converted to pyruvic acid and oxidized
c. For muscle to be restored to resting state:
1. Oxygen stores must be replenished
2. Lactic acid converted to _____________ acid
3. __________________ stores replaced
4. ATP & creatine phosphate reserves replenished
5. Liver must reconvert the pyruvic acid produced to glucose or glycogen
6. ALL of these processes require _______
d. Oxygen debt is the ________________ amount of oxygen that must be taken into
the body to provide for these restorative processes
1. Difference between amount of oxygen needed for totally aerobic
respiration during muscle activity AND the amount that is actually used.
e. All ____________________ sources of ATP used during muscle activity
contribute to this debt
f. Repaid by rapid, deep breathing (__________________________ - triggered
by change in pH from lactic acid) after exertion is ended
g. Breathing pure oxygen does not help recovery time – oxygen has to have time to get
to the muscles that require it. There are limitations due to your
______________________ and __________________________ systems.
h. Athlete: ______% greater rate and efficiency of oxygen use than normal person
i. Marathon runner: ______% greater
1. Working your muscles, heart, lungs, etc out on a regular basis increases
your efficiency
2. Things like smoking, poor nutrition, too much sugar, etc. decreases your
efficiency
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