The Papacy after Paul III
Task
Sort the evidence given on the next few papges into your own copies of the tables
listed below. Then complete the essay for prep.
Table 1
Pope
Julius III
1550-55
Paul IV
(Caraffa)
1555-59
Pius IV
1559-65
Pius V
1566-72
Gregory XIII
1572-85
Sixtus V
1585-90
Clement VIII
1592-1605
Paul V
1605-21
His successes
His failures
Table 2
Evidence that the Papacy had changed
Evidence that the Papacy hadn't changed
Table 3
Theme
Rome
Relations with
other states
Personal morality
Discipline
Doctrine
Education
Evidence
Essay: 'The Papacy after Paul III was much changed from that before it.' How far do
you agree with this statement?
Evidence
MacCulloch describes the
accession of Julius III in
1550 at the expense of
Cardinal Pole as an event
when, "the last chance
passed away for a
Reformation such as
Erasmus had sought."
Cardinal Caraffa was
elected Pope Paul IV in
1555 aged 79 in a surprise
decision. He knew that his
time was short so worked
hard to put into effect the
rigorous agenda he had
long desired.
Dickens argues that, "Pius
[IV] made his brief
pontificate one of the most
important in the history of
the Holy See."
MacCulloch describes
Paul IV as a "veteran
opponent of religious
compromise."
Under Paul IV, the Roman
Inquisition issued the first
Roman Index of forbidden
books. It included all the
works of Erasmus, the
works of 61 named
printers and all translations
of the Bible into
vernaculars.
Pius IV instituted the
'Profession of Faith' which
had to be sworn by anyone
holding an ecclesiastical
office.
Julius III reluctantly
summoned the bishops
back to Trent in 1551.
MacCulloch: "Overall, it is
no exaggeration to see
Pope Paul [IV's] behaviour
as a lunatic and disastrous
extension of his lifelong
preoccupations."
Paul IV tried to expel
Spaniards from Italy and
regarded Philip II, a
devout Catholic, as among
the Church's chief
enemies. A Franco-Papal
alliance lead to war against
Spain in 1557, resulting in
the Hapsburgs gaining
more power in Italy.
Following the Tridentine
decree, Sixtus V made a
highly personal attempt at
an authentic edition of the
Vulgate, and in 1590 set
forth his results as official
and unalterable (though
3,000 changes were late
made by Clement VIII).
On Paul IV's death the
Roman populace sacked
the buildings of the
Inquisition and burnt its
records.
Pius IV reversed many of
Paul IV's worst measures.
Gregory III re-endowed all
the Jesuit colleges in Rome
and founded over 20 Jesuit
establishments elsewhere,
attaching to many of them
pontifical seminaries
which supplemented the
slow and piecemeal efforts
of the German and
Austrian bishops to reeducate their clergy.
Pius IV was in his sixties
when he became pope in
1559 and had three
children from earlier
indiscretions.
Paul IV hated the Jesuits,
and after Loyola's death in
1566 he forced them to
surrender much of there
freedom. He tried to make
them into a more
traditional order.
Pius IV summoned the
Council of Trent back to in
Jan. 1562 for its third and
final period, and added his
confirmation to the final
decrees in Jan. 1564. In
August he appointed a
group of cardinals to
ensure the implementation
of the decrees.
In 1587 Sixtus V extended
a system started by Pius IV
and Pius V whereby
committees of cardinals
had been appointed to
supervise particular areas,
setting up 15 'ministries' of
the Vatican which are
known as Congregations,
each headed by a group of
cardinals.
Julius III is described by
Dickens as, "a nepotist and
a lover of age," who
lacked any passionate
concern for reform.
Gregory XIII took at close
interest in Central Europe
and supported the Jesuits
there. In 1573 he founded
the German College in
Rome and instituted a
German Congregation of
cardinals to help.
Pius V visited the poor and
sick and reportedly kissed
the foot of a beggar with
warts.
Julius III felt that he had
worked hard to become
Pope and therefore retired
to his villa for a life of
luxurious ease.
Gregory XIII committed
himself to putting into
practice the
recommendations of Trent.
In 1570 Pius V issued the
Bull Regnans in Excelsis
against Elizabeth I,
deposing her and calling
on her subjects to defy her.
Clement VIII helped end
the French Wars of
Religion by re-converting
Henry IV to Catholicism.
Paul IV hated Jews, and
confined the Jewish
communities of the Papal
States to ghettos.
Pius V persecuted sorcery,
while homosexual
practices were punishable
by burning.
Dickens argues that, under
Sixtus V, "the CounterReformation Papacy
attained the height of its
influence and prestige."
Pius IV appointed many
fine cardinals (eg
Borromeo) and developed
Rome.
Paul IV saw both Pole and
Morone, two leading
Spitiruali, as no better than
Lutheran heretics. He tried
to call Pole to Rome to
face heresy charges, but
Mary I resisted him.
Sixtus V's Congregation of
the Index and
Congregation of the
Council played key roles
during his pontificate,
making the papacy more
efficient.
Gregory XIII had an
illegitimate son of an
unmarried woman.
Pius V enforced the
Tridentine Decrees,
reformed the Cistercians
and supported missions.
Pius IV founded the
pontifical printing office,
in order to produce books
in all languages.
Pius IV gratified the pleas
of his relatives and
elevated his nephew,
Charles Borromeo, to the
cardinalate aged 22.
In 1586 Sixtus V fixed the
number of cardinals at 70,
and laid down precise
qualifications for the office
(though these were ignored
for some time).
In Rome, Paul IV ruled
with an iron hand, waging
a war against criminals and
courtesans, rounding up
the multitude of wandering
monks, sending 200 either
to prisons or the galleys.
Gregory XIII designated a In 1598 Clement VIII
committee of cardinals to
issued a revised edition of
complete the Index and
the Vulgate, as well as
another to find and abolish editions of the Breviary
ecclesiastical abuses.
and Missal.
Moule likes castles. Chatts Pius V abolished annates,
is Cornish. Mr Hawkins
indulgence preaching and
doesn't have a TV. Miss
other fiscal devices which
Brayley is Welsh. And this had sullied the reputation
was an empty box.
of the Curia.
Pius IV relaxed the rigor
Dickens argues that the
of the Roman Inquisition
post-Trent papacy's
and Index and released
confident and authoritarian
many senior clergy from
spirit was, "incarnated by
gaol.
the grim St. Pius V."
Gregory XII established
In 1569 Pius V issued a
nunciatures (embassies) at Bull which, for the first
Vienna and Cologne to
time, gave an official
keep in touch with German description for the rosary.
rulers.
In 1574 Gregory XIII gave Clement VIII was pious,
permission for the
saying confession every
Capuchins to expand
night.
outside of Italy.
Julius III granted Cardinal
Pole his legateship for
England.
Paul IV lived an austere
life, though he did indulge
his relatives.
Paul IV reminded the
bishops of their duties,
forbade dispensations
allowing under-age
bishops and began to deal
with simony and
corruption in the Curia.
Paul V's first public act
was to send home all the
cardinals sojourning at
Rome.
Pius V enforced clerical
residence and monastic
discipline, measures felt
across Italy, the
Netherlands and Portugal.
Sixtus V oversaw the
rebuilding of the dome of
St.Peter's. His works in
Rome saw its resurgence
as a living and Christian
city.
Gregory XIII reformed the
city of Rome.
In 1602 Clement VIII
created a Congregation of
Beatification, which began
discussion of possible
candidates for sainthood
including Neri, Loyola and
Borrome.
During Paul IV's
pontificate the Inquisition
became the main agent of
policy in the Vatican, and
sponsored a wave of
arrests and interrogations.
On becoming Pope in
1559, Pius V gave strong
support to the Inquisition
and stamped out
Protestantism in almost all
its Italian centres.
Pius V halved the expenses
of his court, reducing its
membership from 1000
people to 500.
In Rome, Sixtus V,
"crowded a lifetime into
five short years."
(Dickens)
Gregory XIII spent vast
sums on the education of
poor (ie, not rich)
candidates to the
priesthood.
Paul V's papacy saw the
Julius III entered into a
cardinals dominate.
league with Charles V
Though many abuses had
against Parma and France,
been stopped, there were
but later made peace with
still plenty of opportunities his enemies and suspended
to benefit from Church
the Council of Trent.
wealth.
Paul V rewarded his
Randell: "Sixtus V was the
family by giving them
last of the great reforming
positions, with a distant
Popes. The practices that
cousin becoming
had scandalised so much
archbishop of Siena. He
of Christendom at the start
also elevated Philip III of
of the century had been
Spain's ten-year-old son to abolished, and reasonably
the cardinalate.
fair and efficient
government had been
instituted. In the process
the Papacy had ceased to
be a major international
force."
Clement VIII founded
Sixtus V built the Lateran
colleges in Rome,
Palace and the Vatican
including one for training
Library.
missionaries for Scotland.
Sixtus V worked to
Gregory XIII encouraged
advance the Catholic cause the Jesuits to travel to
in Poland.
Protestant countries.
On his accession, Clement
VIII visited every church,
educational and charitable
institution in Rome,
eliminating abuses and
enforcing discipline.
Sixtus V purchased springs
of fresh water outside of
Rome and introduced the
Aqua Felice through seven
miles of aqueduct and
tunnel, bringing fresh
water into the city.
In February 1600 Clement
VIII had Giordano Bruno who denied that Christ was
God, among other things burnt at the stake in Rome.
Pius V oversaw reforms to
the Breviary and Missal.
During Paul V's pontificate
a large number of new
institutions for education
and charity were founded.
As Cardinal del Monte,
Julius III had presided over
Trent's first period.
Sixtus V created a master
plan for Rome, connecting
the seven great churches
by a pattern of roads,
leading to a building boom
which transformed the
city.
In 1596 Clement VIII
issued a definitive Roman
Index, known as the
Clementine Index.
Pius V's famous
'Constitution' forbade the
alienation of church
property.
Paul IV commissioned fig
leaves for Michelangelo's
forty-year old frescos in
the Sistine Chapel.
Gregory XIII approved the
Oratorians (1574), the
Barnabites (1579) and the
Discalced Carmelites
(1580). He also reformed
the calendar, hence our
Gregorian Calendar.
Paul V put the finishing
touches to St.Peter's,
enriched the Vatican
library and restored the
Aqua Traiana aqueduct.
Under Clement VIII, the
1600 Jubilee saw three
million pilgrims visit
Rome.
In 1605 Paul V established
the Bank of the Holy
Spirit, which provided
capital for churches and
hospitals built in Rome.