Algiers, K
BIOLV01 Study Guide Summer 2010
Biology Study Guide
For Final
(50% accumulative)
Chapter 1 Introduction to Life on Earth
 Definitions: Biology adaptation living fossils extinct species biodiversity
 Discovery vs. hypothesis based science; qualitative vs quantitative data
 Scientific method (steps, difference between the steps)
 Fig 1-1 (definitions)
 Theory vs hypothesis
 Theory of Evolution
 DNA and mutations and their role on evolution
 Three domains of life
 Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
 How to write a scientific name correctly
Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Life
 Definitions: atom, element, compound, molecule, isotopes, free radical,
antioxidants
 Subatomic particles (electrons neutrons protons)
o which is in the nucleus?
o # of electrons for each energy level
o which is + - neutral
 atomic # vs. atomic weight
 How to read the atomic # and mass on periodic table
 ionic covalent hydrogen bonds
 polarity (covalent bonds only)
 Properties of water (and examples)
 Solution solvent solute surface tension buffer pH acidic basic
hydrophobic hydrophilic
Chapter 3 Biological Molecules
 Define: organic inorganic monomer polymer
 dehydration synthesis vs. hydrolysis
 carbohydrates (1C:2H:1O)
o monosaccharide (glucose fructose galactose)
o disaccharides (glucose + glucose = maltose; glucose + fructose =
sucrose; glucose + galactose = lactose)
o polysaccharides (examples: starch chitin cellulose glycogen)
o OH is polar = carbs are hydrophilic
 lipids:
o oils fats waxes; oil is unsaturated; fats are saturated. Why? Fats and
oils have 3 fatty acid chains and glycerol
o phospholipid structure: 2 fatty acid chains 1 glycerol 1 phosphate
group. Hydrophilic/hydrophobic
o Steroid structures = 4 rings of carbon fused together
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BIOLV01 Study Guide Summer 2010
proteins:
o subunits are amino acids: 20 diff types
o One amino acid structure (chemical make up)
o Peptide bond
o Protein vs. polypeptide vs. peptide
o 4 levels of structure
o Enzymes are proteins
nucleic acid
o Structure: 5C sugar attached to N containing base & phosphate grp
o DNA vs. RNA (know structures & differences
o ATP NADH NADPH FADH2 are nucleic acids
Review your worksheet on ‘organic molecules’
Chapter 4 The Cell
 Cell theory
 Light microscope, Electron microscope (SEM and TEM)
 Common features of cells (small in size plasma membrane cytoplasm
Cytosol DNA obtain energy/nutrients from environment)
 Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes differences?
 Fig of prokaryotic cell eukaryotic animal cell eukaryotic plant cell in book.
Be able to label parts (see pg 60, 61, 76)
 Know functions of: cell membrane cell wall chloroplast cytoplasm DNA
endoplasmic reticulum (ER; rough and smooth) Golgi complex lysosomes
mitochondria Nucleus ribosomes vacuole vesicles. (Review your
worksheet)
 What is the path a molecule travels through the cell as it is synthesized?
(see fig on pg 71)
 Table 4-1 pg 62 is a good review table
 Know your worksheet on ‘the cell’
 Watch the Bioflix on “The Animal Cell” and “The Plant Cell”
Chapter 5 Cell Membrane
 Plasma membrane’s 3 functions; which part of the membrane does which?
 fluid mosaic model
 phospholipids-which side is hydrophilic? hydrophobic? How do they arrange
in a bilayer? What determines how fluid?
 Hemotoxin - phospholipase
 Cholesterol’s functions in the plasma membrane
 Glycoproteins-what are they?
 5 groups of proteins:
o receptor, recognition, enzymatic, transport (channel & carrier),
attachment
 diffusion vs osmosis
 passive diffusion
o simple diffusion
o facilitated diffusion
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BIOLV01 Study Guide Summer 2010
o osmosis (hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic) pg 90 Fig 5-10
active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis
water always goes from hypotonic to hypertonic
what type of transport is energy required for?
What is the diffusion of water called?
endocytosis & exocytosis (define; do they require energy?)
Water balance and vacuoles
Table 5-1 pg 86
Summing Up Diffusion (pg 86)
Chapter 6 Energy Flow
 kinetic vs. potential energy (give examples of each)
 2 laws of thermodynamics (quantity and quality of energy)
 Define: entropy, chemical reaction, metabolic pathway, metabolism
 reactant vs. product
 exergonic vs. endergonic reactions
 what’s ATP? ADP?
 Coupled reaction
 NADH, FADH2 function as ‘electron carriers’
 Define: enzymes catalyst active site coenzyme
Chapter 7 Photosynthesis
 Definition: photosynthesis, Autotrophs
 Which came first: photosynthesis or cellular respiration? Explain
 General formula for photosynthesis (Endergonic or Exergonic?)
 leaf adaptations for photosynthesis
o capturing light, preventing water loss, gas exchange
 Stomata (singular stoma), guard cells, xylem, phloem
 chloroplast and its parts (pg 119): outer membrane, inner membrane,
thylakoid, granum, stroma
o Where in the chloroplast does the light/dark reaction take place?
 Photons, Pigments (chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids)
 light reaction (thylakoid)
o Sunlight & Water go in
o ATP, NADPH, and ½ O2 comes out
o 2 photosystems containing pigments
o 2 electron transport chains that carry electrons
o Water splits and O2 is released
 dark reaction (stroma)
o NAPDH, ATP, CO2, and H2O go in
o Glucose comes out (synthesized)
 Fig that summarizes photosynthesis on pg 127 is good
 Role of NADPH and ATP in photosynthesis (where do they come from?
Where do they go?)
 Watch the Bioflix on Photosynthesis
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Algiers, K
BIOLV01 Study Guide Summer 2010
Chapter 8 Cellular Respiration
 General formula for cellular respiration (Endergonic or Exergonic?)
 Where does each reaction take place? (see your worksheet)
o Glycolysis
o Formation of acetyl CoA
o Krebs cycle
o Electron transport chain
o Fermentation
 Glycolysis splits sugar to make ATP & NADH
 Pyruvate from Glycolysis either enter the mitochondria (cellular respiration)
or stays in cytosol (one of the two types of fermentation)
 Fermentation: Alcohol vs. lactic acid (know the difference)
 Why would a cell do fermentation instead of cellular respiration?
 Aerobic vs anaerobic
 Parts of mitochondria : outer, inner membrane, matrix, intermembrane
compartment, cristae
 Role of NADH FADH2 and ATP in cellular respiration
 Oxygen we breathe in goes into what reaction?
 CO2 we breathe out comes from what two reactions?
 Comparing photosynthesis and cellular respiration:
o Where is glucose used or broken down (reactant)?
o Where is glucose made (product)?
o Where is CO2 used (reactant)?
o Where is CO2 made (product)?
o Where is O2 used (reactant)?
o Where is O2 made (product)?
 Watch the Bioflix on Cellular Respiration
Chapter 9 DNA (Part I)
 Griffith’s Experiment: bacterial transformation
 What is DNA? Nucleic acid subunits (nucleotides)
 DNA vs. Genes vs. Chromosomes
 Thymine, cytosine, adenine, guanine
 Chargaff’s Rule
 Wilkins and Franklin: X-ray diffraction
 Structure of chromosomes
o double helix
o complementary bases held w/ H- bonds
o sugar and bases held with covalent bonds
o 5’ to 3’
 Purines vs. pyrimidines
 Watson and Crick
 DNA replication
o Strands unwind (DNA helicase)
o Free bases are placed in front of templates (DNA polymerase
o Pieces are tied together (DNA ligase)
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BIOLV01 Study Guide Summer 2010
Types of mutations: nucleotide substitution, insertion, deletion, inversion,
translocation
Chapter 10 DNA (Part II)
 Genes have info to make proteins; enzymes are proteins
 DNA  mRNA  Protein
o Where in the cell does each take place?
o Which is referring to transcription? Translation?
 Fig on pg 170 is a great review
 What is transcription? What is translation? Where in the cell does each take
place?
 3 differences between DNA & RNA: sugar, T vs. U, double vs. single strand
 3 types of RNA and functions: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
 If I give you a DNA strand and the genetic code, be able to make proteins
 Transcription- RNA polymerase does everything
 Translation- Need mRNA, rRNA (the enzyme), tRNA (with an amino acid on
each) to make proteins
 What is a codon? What molecule is this found on?
 How many types of nucleotides exist in DNA? In RNA? Name them.
 What is an anticodon? What molecule is this found on?
 What does it mean by ‘transcription is selective’?
 What is a Barr body? Think Calico cats
 Watch the Bioflix on Protein Synthesis
Chapter 11 Cell Reproduction
 Define: Cell cycle, binary fission, mitosis, meiosis, gamete
 Cells divide for: growth, development, asexual reproduction, gamete
formation
 homologous chromosomes vs. sister chromatids
 How many chromosomes do humans cells have? How many pairs?
 How many homologous pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
 define: chromosome, chromotin, centromere
 parts of the cell cycle
o G1 G2 S M
o Which parts make up interphase?
 mitosis: IPMAT (interphase is not part of division)
o sister chromatids separate
o start diploid (2n), end diploid (2n)
o all eukaryotic cells except for cells which make gametes
 meiosis: two sets of division M1, M2
o MI: homologous chromosomes separate
o MII: chromatids separate
o How many cells form? Are they diploid or haploid? n or 2n?
o Cross-overs, independent assortment, formation of tetrads
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Algiers, K
BIOLV01 Study Guide Summer 2010
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Why does the gamete cell have to become haploid for the offspring to be
diploid? pre-requisite to sexual reproduction
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A fertilized egg is called a zygote
o Is a zygote diploid or haploid?
o Will a zygote go through mitosis? Meiosis?
3 sources of genetic variability
What is a cancerous cell?
Questions at the end of outline
Watch Bioflix on Mitosis, Meiosis
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Chapter 12 Patterns of Inheritance
 Who was Mendel? Who was Morgan?
 Define: gene, locus, allele, character, phenotype, genotype, homozygous,
heterozygous, gamete, dominant, recessive
 Be able to make a punnett square using monohybrid, dihybrid, and sex-linked
traits.
 Law of segregation; law of independent assortment
 Types of genetics problems you should be able to do
o Simple dominance
o Monohybrid Cross
o Dihybrid Cross
o Linked genes
o Incomplete dominance
o Multiple alleles
o Co-dominance
o Polygenetic inheritance
o Pleiotropy
o Sex-linked
 Know the alleles for blood type, how to do a problem using blood types
 Know how to get ‘gametes’ for your punnett square
 Can a genetic disorder be dominant? Give an example
 Non-disjunction (XXY, XYY, XO, XXX, Trisomy 21)
 Review you genetics packet and questions at the end of chapter 12
Chapter 26 Population Growth & Regulation
 Define: ecology, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
 Biotic vs. abiotic
 What three factors contribute to change in population size?
o Birth, death, migration
o What is a stable population?
 Biotic potential vs. environmental resistance
 Be able to identify or define the following growth curves
o J-curve (exponential growth)
o boom and bust cycle
o s-curve
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BIOLV01 Study Guide Summer 2010
Carrying capacity
interspecific vs. intraspecific competition
How do predators play a role in population size?
Dispersal patterns: Clumped, uniform, random
Human population curve
o What type is it?
o Why? (due to decrease in some environmental resistance)
Developing vs. developed countries & their contributions to population size
Have we reached the earth’s carrying capacity?
Chapter 27 Community Interaction
 Define: diversity, species richness, relative abundance, Coevolution, niche
 What is resource partitioning?
 Symbiosis: Mutualism, parasitism/predator, commensalisms, competition
 Types of predator/prey adaptation
o cryptic coloration, warning coloration, mimicry (and startle
coloration), chemical warfare
 Keystone species
 Exotic species
o How do they affect the ecosystem?
o Why do some exotic species take over a community?
o Cane Toad Exotic to Australia
Chapter 28 How does the ecosystem work?
 Define: Autotrophs, heterotrophs, producers, primary and secondary
consumers, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detrivores & decomposers
 trophic pyramid
o energy transfer is only 10% Why?
o Be able to tell me what trophic level an organism on a food chain is
 Food chain vs. food web
 Nutrition Cycles
o carbon cycle, water cycle
 acid rain: what natural element’s cycle is over used? (S, N)
 global warming
o greenhouse gasses
o name some things that emit greenhouse gasses
o evidence: warmer temperatures, melting of ice, extreme weathers,
ocean water expanding, sea level rising, growing season increasing,
wildlife is effected
 ozone layer
o what is the ozone layer? What’s the problem with it?
 Main causes of biodiversity crisis
o Habitat destruction, Introduced species, overexploitation
 What can we do to help? Why should we care?
 What is Biophilia ?
This is 50% of the final.
The other 50% is the
7 new material
that we will cover until the end of the semester.