FOOD SUPPLY BALANCE SHEET
‫מאזן אספקת המזון‬
2005
INTRODUCTION
1.
GENERAL
The food supply balance sheet is a consolidated record of the various types of food available
to the public in the surveyed year. The balance sheet organizes the various food products
according to their sources, and according to the calculations of their nutritional value:
calories, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins, by average per capita per day for the average
population of the country.
The food balance sheet refers to the quantity of products offered in shops and markets,
rather than to the amount that the public actually buys or consumes.
The food balance sheet does not include: food supplements, i.e., vitamins and minerals
added to food or marketed separately; and imported high-calorie drinks, e.g., high-calorie
drinks for athletes.
The food supply balance sheet provides information to policy-makers regarding the amount
of own production of food in Israel, and the extent of Israel’s dependence on imports of food
commodities. It also provides information that is used to make policies in the following areas:
subsidies for the basic food products; the rate of customs duty levied on imports; import
quotas set by the Ministry of Agriculture; and the addition of vitamins and minerals to basic
food products.
The balance sheet is prepared in the format set by the FAO (Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations), with certain adjustments to the conditions in Israel.
2.
MAIN FINDINGS
PART A. MAIN SOURCES OF CALORIES, PROTEIN AND FAT SUPPLY – 2005
The food supply balance sheet shows that the caloric value of food available to the average
population of Israel amounted to 3,609 kilocalories per capita per day in 2005, compared with
3,695 kilocalories per capita per day in 2004.
TABLE A.- FOOD SUPPLY BALANCE SHEET – MAIN SOURCES, 2005
Per capita per year
Commodity
Bread and cereals
Potatoes and starches
Sugar, sweets, and honey
Pulses, oilseeds, and nuts
Vegetables (including sugarmelons)
Fruit (including citrus fruits)
Thereof: Citrus fruits
Imported alcoholic beverages
Stimulants (coffee, tea and cocoa beans)
Oils and fats
Meat (boneless)
Fish (boneless)
Eggs
Milk
Mineral water
-V-
Unit
Kg
“
“
“
“
“
“
(liters)
Kg
“
“
“
(single)
(liters)
(liters)
Amount
128
48
21
18
260
158
62
6
4
29
66
6
241
185
82
FOOD SUPPLY BALANCE SHEET
2005
‫מאזן אספקת המזון‬
TABLE B.- SUPPLY OF CALORIES BY FOOD GROUP, 2005
Total calories per capita per day
(kilocalories)
Percentages – total
Cereals and cereal products
Oils and fats
Vegetables, fruit and potatoes
Meat
Milk and dairy products
Sugar, sweets, and honey
Pulses, oilseeds, and nuts
Fish and eggs
Beverages and stimulants
3,609
100
33
20
14
10
9
6
6
1
1
TABLE C.- SUPPLY OF PROTEINS BY SOURCE AND BY FOOD GROUP, 2005
Total protein per capita per day (gram)
Percentages – total
From live sources
Thereof: Meat
Milk and dairy products
Fish
Eggs
From vegetable sources
Thereof: Cereals and cereal products
112
100
49
29
14
3
3
51
33
TABLE D.- SUPPLY OF FAT, BY SOURCE AND BY FOOD GROUP, 2005
Total fat per capita per day (gram)
Percentages – total
From vegetable sources
Thereof: vegetable oils
From live sources
Thereof: Meat
Milk and dairy products
- VI -
150
100
70
53
30
17
11
‫מאזן אספקת המזון‬
2005
FOOD SUPPLY BALANCE SHEET
NUTRITIONAL SUPPLY VALUES PER CAPITA PER DAY, COMPARED WITH THE RECOMMENDED
DIETARY ALLOWANCE, 2005
The recommended level of consumption (Recommended Dietary Allowances – RDA) is set
by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Washington D.C., US.
The RDA was established at a level which provides the nutritional consumption of most of
the adult population (97%-98%), excluding population groups with special needs, such as:
infants, pregnant or breast-feeding women, and adults over age 70.
TABLE E.- ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS, MINERALS AND VITAMINS PER CAPITA PER DAY,
COMPARED WITH THE RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE, 2005
Essential Nutrients
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Fats
Unit
Supply per capita
per day
Gram
“
“
112
490
150
50
130
Not set yet
Recommended
Dietary Allowance
(RDA)
per Capita per Day
Minerals
Calcium
Iron
Milligram
“
904(1)
27
1,200
11
Vitamins
Vitamin A
Vitamin B1
Vitamin B2
Vitamin B3
Vitamin C
(IU)
Milligram
“
“
“
7,105
2.1
1.7
34.4
197
2,667
1.2
1.2
15.0
82.5
(1) Not including calcium supplements in milk and dairy products, due to lack of data.
IMPORT DEPENDENCY RATIO (IDR)
The Import Dependency Ratio (IDR) provides information on the extent to which Israel is
dependent on import of foods.
The IDR is calculated according to the international definition of the FAO (Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). It does not include change in stocks,
because the origin of the stocks (imported or own-produced) is not known, and because it is
assumed that the origin of the stocks did not change substantially over the surveyed years.
Imports
IDR = ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
*100
(Production + Imports) - Exports
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‫מאזן אספקת המזון‬
2005
FOOD SUPPLY BALANCE SHEET
DIAGRAM A.- IMPORT DEPENDENCY RATIO OF ISRAEL BY MAIN PRODUCTS
2005
Poultry and Turkey
0.0
Milk and Dairy Products
Vegetables, fruits and potatoes
Oils and Fats
Pulses, oilseeds and nuts
Beef
Fish
Sugar, sweets and Honey
Bread and Cereals
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Percentages
97.1% of the available Bread and Cereals supply in Israel is dependent on imports, i.e.,
Israel’s own-produced Cereals cover only 2.9% of the supply.
Israel’s Import Dependency Ratio on Sugar, Sweets, and Honey as well on Fish, Beef, and
Pulses, Oilseeds and Nuts is also high.
One-third of the supply of oil and fats, vegetables, fruit, and potatoes is imported.
In contrast, 100% of Israel’s supply of Poultry and Turkey, and 86.5% of the supply of Milk
and Dairy products is own-produced.
TABLE F.- IMPORT DEPENDENCY RATIO OF SELECTED COUNTRIES BY MAIN PRODUCT,
2003
Percentages
Cereals and Cereal
products
Israel
Lebanon
Egypt
Spain
Greece
USA
97.5
90.4
45.6
34.7
32.8
2.3
Vegetables
and fruits
27.6
19.5
0.6
22.4
8.5
25.6
Meat (1) and
Fish
17.9
32.8
23.9
36.6
64.2
12.8
Milk and Dairy
products
9.2
57.2
5.8
32.9
45.3
6.1
(1) Meat: incl. Beef, mutton and goat, pork, poultry, turkey, and innards.
The Import Dependency Ratio for different countries varies among different food groups.
97.5% of the supply of Cereals and Cereal products in Israel was imported, compared with
only 2.3% of the supply of those products in the US.
Regarding Vegetables and Fruits, Israel’s IDR is close to that of the US.
Regarding Meat and Fish, Spain’s IDR is double of that of Israel and triple that of the US.
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‫מאזן אספקת המזון‬
2005
FOOD SUPPLY BALANCE SHEET
PART B. MAIN SOURCES OF CALORIES, PROTEIN AND FAT SUPPLY, 1950-2005
The composition of the food supply has undergone a number of changes over the years.
The time series on food sources present the history of agriculture and nutrition in Israel, the
changes in local food consumption habits, and the changes in patterns of import and export
of food commodities.
SUPPLY OF CALORIES
DIAGRAM B.- SUPPLY OF CALORIES – MAIN SOURCES
1950-2005
Percentages
60
50
Cereals and
cereal products
40
Oils and fats
30
Meat
20
Eggs
10
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2005
The most significant changes in the supply of calories were a consistent decline in the
relative share of the total calories supplied by cereals and their products – from
approximately half of the total calories in 1950, to one-third of the total calories in 2005; a rise
in the relative share of oils and fats from 13% in 1950 to 20% in 2005. Between 1950 and
1980, the amount of calories supplied from meat rose significantly (from 4% to 10%). Since
then, for the past 25 years, the relative share of meat has remained relatively stable (about
10%).
Supply of Calories – International Comparison
The per-capita per-day supply of calories in Israel is close to the supply of calories of
Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and higher than the supply of calories
in neighbouring countries (Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan).
TABLE G.- SUPPLY OF CALORIES – INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS, 2003
Supply of calories (Kcal. per capita per day)
USA
France
Netherlands
Germany
Israel
United Kingdom
Spain
Egypt
Lebanon
Syria
Jordan
3,754
3,623
3,495
3,484
3,469
3,450
3,421
3,356
3,164
3,057
2,680
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‫מאזן אספקת המזון‬
2005
FOOD SUPPLY BALANCE SHEET
SUPPLY OF PROTEINS
DIAGRAM C.- SUPPLY OF PROTEINS – MAIN SOURCES
1950-2005
60
Percentages
50
40
From live
sources
30
Cereals and
cereal products
20
10
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2005
The data of the protein supply throughout the years points to a rise in the relative share of
proteins derived from live sources from 38% in 1950, to 49% in 2005. The relative share of
proteins provided by cereals and cereal products dropped from 49% in 1950 to 33% in 2005.
DIAGRAM D.- SUPPLY OF
PROTEINS FROM LIVE SOURCES
PER CAPITA PER DAY
Milk
1950
and
Fish
dairy
23.1%
products
DIAGRAM E.- SUPPLY OF
PROTEINS FROM LIVE SOURCES
PER CAPITA PER DAY
Milk
2005
and
dairy
Fish
products
6.1%
28.6%
41.0%
Eggs
6.1%
Eggs
Meat
15.4%
20.5%
Meat
59.2%
Over the years, there has been a change in the relative share of proteins from live sources:
the relative share deriving from meat tripled, the relative share deriving from Milk and Dairy
products, eggs and fish fell significantly.
-X-
‫מאזן אספקת המזון‬
2005
FOOD SUPPLY BALANCE SHEET
SUPPLY OF FAT
DIAGRAM F.- SUPPLY OF FAT – MAIN SOURCES
1950-2005
100
90
80
Percentages
70
From live
sources
60
50
From vegetable
sources
40
30
20
10
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2005
The relative share of the supply of fat deriving from live and vegetable sources has remained
stable: 30% and 70%, respectively. 70% of the supply of fat from vegetable sources derived
from vegetable fat.
DIAGRAM H.- SUPPLY OF FAT
FROM LIVE SOURCES PER
CAPITA PER DAY
Milk
2005
and
dairy
Fish
products
DIAGRAM G.- SUPPLY OF FAT
FROM LIVE SOURCES PER
CAPITA PER DAY
Milk
1950
and
dairy
Fish
products
13.8%
0.9%
38.9%
Eggs
Eggs
18.4%
36.4%
6.7%
Meat
Meat
56.7%
28.9%
In 2005, the relative share of meat in the supply of fat derived from live sources was double
the share in 1950. By contrast, the relative share of fat derived from eggs was one-third the
share in 1950. In 1960, fish were already an insignificant source of fat (about 2%).
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FOOD SUPPLY BALANCE SHEET
2005
‫מאזן אספקת המזון‬
3. Methods
A. Data on food were collected according to: quantities of local production, changes in stock,
exports, imports, animal feed, seeds, industrial uses and depreciation. The quantities are
usually received in tons per year.
B. Calculation of the various quantities of commodities per capita per day.
AS = (Im + P) – (CS + Ex)
FN = AS – (IU + Fd + Sd + W)
SC = (FN / AP)
DSC = (SC / 365)
P
–
Production
Im –
Imports
Ex –
Exports
CS –
Change in stock
AS –
Available supply
IU
–
Industrial uses
W
–
Waste
Fd –
Animal feed
Sd –
Seeds
FN –
Food
AP –
Average population estimate
SC –
Supply per capita
DSC
–
Daily supply per capita
C. Calculation of the energy and nutritional value of the products.
The calculation is carried out using coefficients adjusted for Israeli food products. The
coefficients are based on Ministry of Health tables, and were updated in 2001.
4. Sources and Limitations of the Data
SOURCES OF THE DATA
Data on local production are based on data relating to quantities of agricultural production
(received from production boards, large distributors, data from the Ministry of Agriculture, the
Ministry of Industry and Trade; and food industries).
Data on import and export of commodities are received from customs records, production
boards, and large distributors.
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2005
FOOD SUPPLY BALANCE SHEET
‫מאזן אספקת המזון‬
Data on the transfer of agricultural commodities between Israel and the Palestinian Authority
are received from the Unit for Inspection of Movements of Vegetable and Animal Products at
the Ministry of Agriculture.
LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA
The reliability of data appearing in the customs records on quantities of imported or exported
commodities is low.
Customs is calculated as a percentage of the value of the goods, and not by the quantity of
the goods. Hence, the customs authorities do not keep a precise list of the quantity of goods,
nor are the measurement units used in the customs records precise. To overcome this
problem, the customs data are cross-referenced with data from other sources such as the
Ministry of Agriculture.
Data received from the inspection unit of the Ministry of Agriculture regarding quantities of
agricultural production transferred between Israel and the Palestinian Authority, do not reflect
the total actual transfers, because part of the product passes through points that are not
inspected. To overcome the problem, those data are cross-referenced with data from the
Agricultural Coordinator of the Civil Administration in the Judea, Samaria and the Gaza
Areas.
5. Definitions and Explanations
Food Commodity: The food commodities presented below are generally “primary”
commodities, which are used as a basis for calculating nutritional values, including the
values for derivatives of those commodities. For example, the item “wheat” also includes
wheat used for the production of bread, biscuits, noodles, etc.
Each food item is converted with the aid of coefficients, and assigned to its main, primary
commodity. For example, imported cookies appear under “wheat”, fruit juices appear under
“fruits”, and canned fruit and vegetables are included in “fresh fruit and vegetables”.
Maize: appears in the balance sheet under seeds, and in other series under cobs. By
multiplying by a coefficient of 0.41, the corncobs are converted into corn seeds (excluding
the part that is inedible).
Pulses: includes beans, chickpeas, lentils, horse beans, peas and soya beans.
From live sources: includes meat, eggs, fish, milk and dairy products and butter.
Beverages: added to the balance sheet in 2001. This item includes imported and locally
produced mineral water as well as wine, and imported beer and alcoholic beverages. It does
not include locally produced wine and beer, because those items appear under other
categories: locally produced wine is included under “grapes”, and locally produced beer is
included under “barley”.
Stimulants: added to the 2001 balance sheet, and it includes coffee, tea and cocoa beans.
Meat: beef, mutton and goat, and pork appear in the balance sheet without bones or inedible
organs (carcass weight). Their inedible organs appear under “innards”.
Poultry and Turkey appear in the balance sheet without bones and with innards.
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FOOD SUPPLY BALANCE SHEET
2005
‫מאזן אספקת המזון‬
Each animal has a multiplication factor received from the veterinary services and the Ministry
of Agriculture’s professional training instructors, in order to convert the live weight into
carcass weight.
Fish: fresh and frozen fish – includes locally produced and imported fish. Frozen fillets,
herring, and other kinds of fish include only imports.
Milk: appears in the balance sheet in kilograms (1 liter milk x 1.032 = 1 kilogram of milk).
Powdered milk: includes imports only. Locally produced powdered milk appears under the
primary commodity “milk”.
Eggs: appear in the balance sheet in kilograms (one egg weighs an average of 56 grams).
Local Production: Local agricultural production in the surveyed year.
For some fruits, production data are used from the agricultural year rather than the calendar
year, e.g., for citrus fruit 2005 refers to crops from the 2004/05 agricultural year.
Change in Stock: Changes in the stocks of commodities (end-of-year stock less beginningof-year stock) from local production and imports.
Exports: Exports abroad and to the Palestinian Authority.
Imports: Imports from abroad and from the Palestinian Authority.
Available Supply: Includes local production with the addition of imports from abroad and
from the Palestinian Authority, and deducting exports.
Animal Feed: Some of the commodities intended for animal feed. For example, a large
share of the wheat crop is intended for feeding animals – 713,800 tons a year in 2005 (45%
of the available supply).
Seeds: Part of the production is intended for sowing. For example: 20 tons of beans and 20
tons of lentils a year are set aside for sowing.
Industrial Uses include:
1. The share of the commodities intended for industry other than the food industry, e.g., the
cosmetics industry.
2. The share of commodities that are processed and appear elsewhere in the Food Balance
Sheet. For example, some sugar constitutes a raw material for the sweets industry and
therefore appears under “sweets”.
Waste: Quantities of waste are estimated according to coefficients of perishable goods (such
as fruit and vegetables), and according to the precise quantities of products that were ruined
or destroyed.
Food: Calculated as follows:
Food = Available supply – (Feed + Seeds + Industrial uses + Waste).
Population Estimate for Calculating per Capita Values:
The values are calculated as the average per capita per day, and are based on estimates of
the average population in the surveyed year.
The estimated population was 6,930,128 for 2005 (see the Statistical Abstract of Israel, No.
57, 2006, Table 2.1), and the estimate for 2004 was 6,809,000 persons.
- XIV -
FOOD SUPPLY BALANCE SHEET
2005
‫מאזן אספקת המזון‬
Calories: The energy value of food, measured in kilocalories.
One kilocalorie (Kcal.) is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one
kilogram of water by one degree, at one degree of atmospheric pressure.
Essential Nutrients:
Protein: Supplies building blocks to body cells that grow and renew themselves. Protein
constitutes one of the basic elements of tissues in animals and vegetables; in addition to
being a source of energy.
There are two sources of protein: from live sources (meat, fish, milk and dairy products,
eggs) and from vegetable sources.
Fat: Serves as a source of energy for the body. There are two sources: live sources (mainly
meat) and vegetable sources - vegetable fats (margarine).
Minerals:
Calcium: A mineral found mainly in bones and teeth. Its main source is milk and dairy
products.
Iron: A mineral necessary for production of red blood corpuscles and for transferring oxygen
through the bloodstream. A lack of iron causes anemia.
The main source of iron is cereals and cereal products.
Vitamins:
Organic materials necessary in small quantities for proper body function.
A lack of vitamins causes serious disruptions in body function.
Vitamin A: Essential for healthy eye function, cell creation, and for growth.
Vitamin A is mainly found in foods from live sources: in meat, liver, and egg yolks. It is also
found in carotene, which is found in carrots and other vegetables. Vitamin A appears in IU
(International Units) in the tables.
Vitamin B1 (Thiamin): Essential for healthy nerve function in the body.
Thiamin is mainly found in the outer layer of whole-wheat kernels, pasta, bread, brown rice,
potatoes, beans, liver, peas, and eggs.
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): Essential for healthy eye function and transferring hydrogen
throughout the body, for metabolizing proteins and carbohydrates, and for turning
carbohydrates and amino acids into fats.
It is mainly found in meat and dairy products.
Vitamin B3 (Niacin): Essential for body activities, in releasing energy from carbohydrates.
Niacin is found mainly in cereals and meat.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid): Essential for the formation of supportive tissues in the body:
cartilage, bone and teeth. Also participates in creating red blood corpuscles and absorbing
iron in the intestines. This vitamin is destroyed by heat.
Vitamin C is mainly found in citrus fruits, strawberries, melons, tomatoes and potatoes.
- XV -