中国海洋大学本科实践性（实验、实习）课程教学大纲
课程编号:
课程名称：植物生物学实验
英文名称：Experiments of Plant Biology
教材：Laboratory Topics in Botany(Sixth Edition)
课程总学时：36
总学分：1
周学时：2
学期安排：教学年度第一学期
实验、实习场所（校内、野外、海上等）： 实验课在校内基础生物实验教学中
心植物学实验室进行；实习场所为崂山景区和中山公园等旅游景点。
课程教学目的与要求（200 字左右）：
本实验课程是配合 Peter Raven 的原版教材 Biology of Plants, 借鉴 Ray F.
Evert 编写的实验教材 Labortary Topics in Botany，对原来的实验内容进行了
调整。
植物生物学实验是研究植物生命活动中形态结构、生理功能、系统进化以
及植物与环境相互关系的一门综合性实验科学，是我校生物科学、生物技术和
生态等专业学生必修的主干课程。
通过实验，要求学生系统地掌握植物细胞显微结构和亚显微结构；掌握植
物细胞和组织的类型和特点；掌握植物营养器官和生殖器官的形态和结构；掌
握植物各大类群的主要特征、生活史和分类方法；掌握显微镜的结构和使用方
法、系统地掌握植物学研究的方法，为后续课程的学习奠定基础。
考试形式：平时成绩（实验报告）占 50%， 期末考试占 50%
实验内容
序
号
1
实验内容
Topic 1. The Microscope
Topic 2. Introduction to
the Eukaryotic Cell
教学目标及要求
1. Familiarize the parts of compound
microscope;
2. Learn how to use the light microscope
properly;
3. Study how to make wet mount.
4. Familiarize the structure of eukaryotic
学
时
3
cell by viewing the wet mount of onion
bulb outer epidermis;
5. Learn how to draw a biological diagram.
Assignment: Draw a diagram of cell
structure of Onion (Allium cepa) bulb
epidermis, and lable every part of the cell.
2
Topic 3.Mitosis and
Cytokinesis
1. Utilize root tips for the study of mitosis
and cytokinesis with the light microscope. Electron micrographs of dividing
plant cells are provided for comparison of
the appearance of these events at lightand electron-microscope levels.
2. Examine a prepared slide of Onion
(Allium cepa) root tips in longitudinal
section to familiarize the characteristics
of chromosomes at successive stages in
mitosis and cytokinesis.
3. Squashes of root tips:Another view of the
chromosomes and mitotic figures in the
root tip can be obtained from squashes of
entire root tips that have been stained
with iron alum and acetocarmine.
Assignments: Examine the successive
stages in mitosis and cytokinesis in the
onion (Allium cepa) root tip, choose three
fields and summarize your results into a
table.
3
备
注
3
Topic 4 Cells and
Tissues of the Plant
Body
1. In this topics, students will be
introduced to the tissues and cell types
of the plant, primarily through the use of
stem material to understand the
characteristics of different types of cells
and tissues, and their location and
distribution.
2. Examine a prepared slide of alfalfa
(Medicago) or another stem cross
section and find the tissue systems and
tissues, then
identify the epidermis, cortex, primary
vascular bundles, pith, and pith rays
3. Examine slides of transverse section and
longitudinal section of squash
(Cucurbita maxima) stem to obverse the
distribution of vascular bundles.
4. Examine a slide of petiole from rhubarb
(Rheum rhabarbarum) to pay attention
to the structure of collenchyma cells.
5. Examine a prepared slide of persimmon
(Diospyros) endosperm to view
plasmodesmata in the thick primary
wall..
6. Examine a wet mount of potato
(Solanum tuberosum) tuber to view
starch grains in amyloplasts.
Assignments: 1)Draw a diagram of part of
the parenchyma tissue and collenchyma
tissue in transverse section of squash
(Cucurbita maxima) stem. 2)Draw a
diagram of transverse section of a vascular
bundle of a squash (Cucurbita maxima)
stem.
3
4
Topic 5 The Root
1. Examine the demonstration material of
taproot and fibrous root systems.
2. Cross characteristics of root tips.
3. Obtain a prepared slide containing
longitudinal sections of wheat
(Triticum), onion(Allium), or other root
tips, identify the apical meristem, the
protoderm, the ground meristem, the
procambium, and the rootcap.
4. Examine the prepared slides of
transverse section and longitudinal
section of root tip of broad bean(Vicia
faba) and buttercup(Ranunculus) to
understand the characteristics of the
structure of herbaceous eudicotyledon.
5. Examine the prepared slides of
transverse section and longitudinal
section of root tip of maize (Zea sp.) and
Iris sp. to understand the characteristics
of the structure of monocotyledonous
root.
6. Examine a prepared slide containing
transverse section of roots of Tilia sp.
and Ficus sp. to understand the
characteristics of the structure of woody
roots.
Assignments: 1) Draw a diagram of
transverse section of broad bean root;
2)Draw a diagram of part of transverse
section of root structure of Ficus olastica
3
5
Topic 6 Primary
structure of the stem
Topic 7. Woody stem
1.This topic designed to acquaint you with
the shoot tip and the primary structure of the
stem. While examining the stem, attempt to
relate its structure to its principal functions.
2.Examine prepared slides containing
transverse sections of alfalfa (Medicago)
and sunflower (Helianthus), both alfalfa and
sunflower are excellent examples of
herbaceous eudicotyledons.
3.Examine the prepared slide of transverse
section of the buttercup (Ranunculus) stem,
which shows the primary vascular tissues
exist as a cylinder of discrete strands, and
closed vascular bundles.
4. Examine a prepared slides containing
transverse and longitudinal sections of a
maize(Zea mays) stem, which is an example
of a stem in which the vascular bundles
appear scattered throughout the ground
tissue in transverse section.
5. Topic 7 is designed to acquaint you with
the external features of woody stems and
with the effect of secondary growth on the
primary structure of the stem..
6. Examined a prepared slide containing
transverse section of basswood (Tilia sp) to
view the structure of stem in a woody
angiosperm after three year growth.
Assignment: 1. Draw diagram of a mature
vascular bundle of a transverse section of a
maize (Zea may) stem. 2. Draw a diagram
of transverse section of a portion of a three
year old basswood.
3
6
Topic 8 The Leaf
The emphasis of this topic is the
morphology and anatomy of several
different types of leaves.
1. External morphology of leaves.
2. Histology of the leave
1) Examine a prepared slide containing
a transverse section of a Syringa
(lilac) or Euonymus japonica to
learn the characteristics of
Mesomorphic leaf.
2) Examine a prepared slide containing
a transverse section of a Nerium
(oleander) leaf to learn the
characteristics of Xeromorphic leaf.
3) Examine a prepared slide containing
transverse sections of the Nymphaea
(water lily) leaf to learn
characteristics of hydromorphic
leaf.
4) Examine the maize (Zea mays) or
other grass leaf cross sections and
note the distribution of vascular
bundles, or veins, and lack of a
clear differentiation of the
mesophyll into spongy and palisade
parenchyma.
5) Examine a prepared slide of pine
(Pinus) leaf cross sections to learn
the characteristics of needlelike
leaves of conifers.
Assignments: Draw a diagram of transverse
section of Euonymus japonica through
midmain, and a diagram of a mature
vascular bundle of a transverse section of a
Maize (Zea mays) ,and compare their
characteristics.
3
7
Topic 9 algae
Familiarize the main characteristics of
Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta and
Rhodophyta and some representative plant.
1. Cyanobacteria
1)Anabeana sp. 2)Synechocystis sp. 3)
Nostoc sp. 4) Nostoc flagelliforme 5)
Oscillatoria sp. 6)
Brachytrichia quoyi.
2 Chlorophyta
1) Chlamydomonas sp. 2)Dunaliella
salina 3)Platymonas sp. 4) Scenedesmus
sp. 5) Ulva sp. 6) Codium sp. 7)
Spirogyra sp.
3 Phaeophyta
1) Ectocarpus sp. 2) Laminaria japonica
3) Undaria pinnatifida 4) Sargassum sp.
4.Rhodophyta
1) prepared slide of carposporangium of
Porphyra sp. 2) prepared slide of
Porphyra sp.
Assignment: 1. Draw a diagram of cross
section of blade of Laminaria japonica
sporophyte to lable unilocular sporangium,
epidermis, cortex and medulla 2) Draw a
diagram of gametophyte of Laminaria
japonica to show the structure of
gametophyte.
3
8
Topic 10 Fungi
Familiarize the main characteristics of
Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota,
and their representatives.
1 Phylum Zygomycota
Rhizopus stolonifer
2.Phylum Ascomycota
1) Saccharomyces cerevisiae;
2)Penicillium sp. 3)Aspergillus sp. 4)
Cordyceps sinensis.
3.Phylum Basidiomycota
1)Agaricus sp. 2) Auricularia auribula
2) Tremella fuciformis 4)Hericium
erinaceus
5) Ganoderma lucidium
Assignments: 1) Draw a diagram of
Rhizopus stolonifer to show sporangium,
sporangiophore, stolon and rhizoids.
2)Draw a diagram of cross section of
Agaricus sp. to show basidium,
basidiospores, sterigma, gill, hymennium
and trama.
3
9
Topic 11 Lichen
Topic 12 Broyphytes
Familiarize the morphological
characteristics of Lichen and their inner
structure. Familiarize the characteristics of
Broyphytes.
1. Lichens
1) Graphis
2) Umbilicaria esculenta
3) Usnea
2. Bryophytes
1) Examine the prepared slide of
Funaria hygrometrica male and
female gametophytes.
2) Examine the prepared slide of
longitudinal section of Funaria
hygrometrica through an
archegonial head showing
archegonia surrounded by sterile
structures (paraphyses)
3) Examine the prepared slide of
longitudinal section of Funaria
hygrometrica through an antheridial
head showing antheridia surrounded
by sterile structures (paraphyses).
4) Protonema
5) Examine the slide of the capsule
(sporangium) of Funaria
hygrometrica to observe calyptra,
seta, operculum, urn, apophysis and
peristome.
Assignment: 1) Draw a diagram of
longitudinal section of Funaria
hygrometrica through an archegonial head
showing archegonia surrounded by sterile
structures (paraphyses) 2) Draw a diagram
of longitudinal section of Funaria
hygrometrica through an antheridial head
showing antheridia surrounded by sterile
structures (paraphyses).
3
10
Topic 13 Seedless
vascular plants
The present topic will be devoted to the fern
allies. The ferns and fern allies have
essentially similar life cycles, in which the
sporophytic phase is dominant over the
gametophytic phase. The ferns differ from
their allies in that they have relatively large,
complex leaves (megaphylls), compared
with the much smaller leaves (microphylls)
of their allies.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Lycopodium obscurum
Equisetum
Adiantan capiuarisveneris
Pteridium aquilinum
1) Examine a wet mount of Adiantan
capiuarisveneris and Pteridium
aquilinum to observe the structure
of a sorus
2) Examine a slide of mature
gametophyte (prothallus) to observe
the structure of archegonia and
antheridia.
Assignments: Draw a diagram of
longitudinal section through an archegonial
head showing archegonia surrounded by
sterile structure (paraphyses) and a diagram
of longitudinal section through antheridial
head showing antheridia surrounded by
sterial structure (paraphyses).
3
11
Topic14 Seed plant: The
Gymonsperms
In this topic we shall examine the
gymnosperms, a series of evolutionary lines
of seed-bearing plants.
1. Examine a cluster of microsporangiate
strobili, and note their position and
arrangement on the stem.
2. Examine a prepared slide containing
longitudinal sections of mature male
cones. Find a pollen grain. At the time
the pollen grain are shed, they consist of
four cells: two prothallial cells, a
generative cell, and a tube cell.
3. Examine a mature ovulate cone, or
megasporangiate strobilus. Note the
helical arrangement of the scales
(ovuliferous scales) along the cone axis.
4. Study prepared slides containing
longitudinal sections of young ovulate
cones, remember that the scales are
helically arranged along the axis of the
cone.
5. Examine the ovules about 15 months
after pollination.
6. Examine a prepared slide showing
archegonia, after 15 months, the ovules
contain a female
gametophyte(megagametophyte).
Assignments: 1. Draw a diagram of
longitudinal view of a microsporangiate
strobilus (pollen-producing cone) showing
microsporophylls and microsporangia
containing mature pollen grains. 2. Draw a
diagram of longitudinal view of portion of a
young ovulate cone.
3
12
Topic 15 Seed plants:
The angiosperms
Topic 16 Fruits
In terms of evolutionary history of
angiosperms, they are a group of seed plants
with special characteristics: flowers, fruits,
and distinctive life-cycle features that differ
from those of all other plants. This topic is
designed to acquaint you with the
reproductive structures and life history of
this enormously diverse group of plants.
1. Flower
1) Chaenomeles lagenaria
perfect, regular, epigynous
flower—actinomorphic, or radially
symmetrical. Axile placentation.
2) Robinia pseudoacacia
Papilionaceous flower—Zygomorphic
or bilaterally symmetrical flower.
Diadelphous stamen—one stamen
filament is separate from the fused
nine.
3) Examine a prepared slide of
transverse section of Lily (Lilium
sp.) anther to observe the structure
of pollen sacs.
4) Examine a prepared slide of
transverse section of Lily (Lilum
sp.) ovary, in which you will find
three carpels, locules and axile
placentation to which the ovules
attached.
5) At the demonstration microscope,
examine a mature embryo sac
(mature female gametophyte),
which is an eignt-nucleate,
seven-celled structure.
2. Fruits
In this topic you will study the development
of several fruits and be introduced to fruit
classification.
1) legume or pod (Robinia
pseudoacacia)
2) follicle (Illicium verum)
3) capsule (Hibiscus syriacus)
3
Transverse section of Lily (Lilium sp.)
ovary to show three carpels, locules and
axile placentation to which the ovules
attached. 3) Summarize the classification of
fruits.
学习参考书（编者，出版社，出版时间及版次）
1． Laboratory Topics in Botany, Ray F. Evert and Susan E. Eichhorn, W. H.
2．
3．
Freeman and Company, Sixth Edition, 1999
植物学实验指导，叶创兴、冯虎元，清华大学出版社，第一版，2006
植物生物学实验， 沈显生等，中国科学技术大学出版社，第一版，2003
编写工作小结（课程各教学环节的变化情况、创新点）：
本课程在国内高校的植物学教学中首次引入原版教材和与其相匹配的植物
学实验原版教材进行双语教学，使实验内容更具有系统性和实践性，为缩小我
国植物学教学和研究与国外发达国家的差距，培养出国际化的生命科学人才具
有积极的意义。
课程负责人：宫相忠
2006 年 7 月