Human Development Psychology 504 Fall 2013 Texas A & M University Killeen Joyce Bateman Jones Ed.D. SLP Syllabus Instructor: Dr. Bateman Jones Office: Building 104, Central Texas College Phone: 254-526-1540, Secretary: Ms. Harriet Ott Phone: (254) 526-1540 Email: Through Blackboard email or joyce.bateman-jones@ctcd.edu Office Hours: This is an online, but not a self-paced class. Lesson and testing windows are established to give the online student flexibility, however. Each Lesson (group of chapters) and the related assignments must be completed within the lesson and testing windows. Course Overview: Psychology 504 is a lifespan survey of the development of human beings from conception to death. Topics included will be research and theory into physical, cognitive, social, and personality development in each of the different age gourps: prenatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Course Objectives Students will be able to: 1. Describe the major theoretical approaches used by professionals to classify and understand human development. 2. Apply theoretical constructs to commonly encountered problems in development. 3. Describe different theoretical approaches to the same developmental problem. 4. Distinguish between normal individual variations and developmental problems. Organizing Themes in Development Lesson One 1. Discussion Chapter Board One 2. Project 3. Test Extra credit available Heredity, environment, and the Beginnings of Human Life Lesson Two Chapters Two, Three, Four, & Five 1. Discussion Board 2. Project 3. Test Extra credit available Lesson Three Chapters Six, Seven, & Eight 1. Discussion Board 2. Project 3. Test Extra Credit Available Neural and Cognitive Development in the Early Years Testing Window and Assignment Window September 5 – September 18 Testing and Assignment Window September 19 – October 9 Emotional Development in the Early Years The Emerging Self and Socialization in the Early Years Realms of Cognition in Middle Childhood Self and Moral Development: Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence Testing and Assignment Window October 10 – October 30 Gender and Peer Relationships: Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence Physical, Cognitive, and Identity Development in Adolescence Lesson Four Chapters Nine & Ten 1. Discussion Board 2. Project 3. Test Extra Credit Available Testing Window October 31 November 13 Lesson Five Chapters Eleven, Twelve, Thirteen, & Fourteen 1.Discussion Board 2. Project – Case Study due 3. Test Extra Credit Available Testing and Assignment Window November 14 – December 4 Chapters One through Fifteen Comprehensive Final Exam window No Extra Credit Available Testing Window December 5 – December 16 The Social World of Adolescence Physical and Cognitive Development in Young Adulthood Socioemotional and Vocational Development in Young Adulthood Middle Adulthood: Cognitive, Personality, and Social Development Gains and Losses in Late Adulthood Drop Policy If you discover that you need to drop this class, you must go to the Records Office and ask for the necessary paperwork. Professors cannot drop students; this is always the responsibility of the student. The record’s office will give a deadline for which the form must be returned, completely signed. Once you return the signed form to the records office and wait 24 hours, you must go into Duck Trax and confirm that you are no longer enrolled. If you are still enrolled, FOLLOW-UP with the records office immediately. You are to attend class until the procedure is complete to avoid penalty for absence. Should you miss the deadline or fail to follow the procedure, you will receive an F in the course. Academic Honesty (Tarleton State University Catalog, p. 37) Texas A&M University Central Texas expects all students to maintain high standards of personal and scholarly conduct. Students guilty of academic dishonesty are subject to disciplinary action. Academic dishonesty includes, but is not limited to, cheating on an examination or other academic work, plagiarism, collusion, and the abuse of resource materials. The faculty member is responsible for initiating action for each case of academic dishonesty. Disability Services If you have or believe you have a disability, you may wish to self-identify. You can do so by providing documentation to the Director of Student Affairs listed below: Mr. Brandon Griggs Director of Student Affairs Texas A & M University – Central Texas 1901 S. Clear Creek Road – Room 114 Killeen, Texas 76549 (254) 519-5748 bgriggs@tarleton.edu Library Services The study of Human Development draws from a strong theoretical and research base. This course includes peer reviewed outside reading which are available through the library system. Librarians will work with students in the development of critical reasoning, ethical use of information, and the appropriate use of secondary research techniques including: exploring information resources such as library collections and services, identifying sources such as subject databases and scholarly journals, executing effective search strategies, retrieving, recording, and citing relevant results correctly, and interpreting search results and deciding whether to expand the search. Library Resources are outlined and access through the web page: http://www.tarleton.edu/centraltexas/departments/library/ . Required Text Broderick, P.C. & Blewitt, P. (2010). The life span: human development for helping professional (3nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. (ISBN: 13: 978-0-13-7152476). Online Class Schedule This is not a self-paced class. Lesson and testing windows are established to give the online student flexibility, however. Each Lesson (group of chapters) and the related assignments must be completed within the lesson and testing windows. Lesson One September 5 - 18 (Two weeks) Chapter One Organizing Themes in Development Lesson Two September 19 – October 9 (Two weeks) Chapters Two, Three, Four and Five Heredity, Environment, and the Beginnings of Human Life Neural and Cognitive Development in the Early Years Emotional Development in the Early years The Emerging Self and Socialization in the Early Years Lesson Three October 10 – October 30 (Three weeks) Chapters Six, Seven, and Eight Realms of Cognition in Middle Childhood Self and Moral Development: Middle childhood Through Early Adolescence Gender and Peer Relationships: Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence Lesson Four October 31 – November 13 (Three weeks) Chapters Nine and Ten Physical, Cognitive, and Identity Development in Adolescence The Social World of Adolescence Lesson Five November 14 – December 4 (Three weeks) Testing Window available December 5 – December 12 (One week) Chapters Eleven, Twelve, Thirteen, and Fourteen Physical and Cognitive Development in Young Adulthood Social and vocational Development in Young Adulthood Middle Adulthood: Cognitive, Personality, and Social development Living Well: Stress, Coping, and Life Satisfaction in Adulthood Gains and Losses in Late Adulthood Final Exam Testing Window December 5- December 16 (Overlapping window with Lesson Five) Human Development Psychology 504 Texas A & M University Killeen Grading Rubric Final grade in Human Development is based on a 100 point scale which includes 25 points for each of the following: class participation, lesson tests, lesson projects, and comprehensive final examination. Extra credit is also available. Class Participation (25 points) Class Participation points (5 points for each lesson) may be achieved through the Blackboard Discussion Board, the Second Life Classroom, or a combination of the Discussion Board and Second Life. Discussion Board (5 points per lesson) 5 Points 4 Points 3 Points Entries relate Entries relate Entries relate to question, to question, to question, add new adds new provide information information examples of based on based on application. peer reviewed experience research. and research 2 Points Entries relates to question, provide comparison, definition. 0 Points No entry, entry does not relate to question. Second Life Participation may be used to enhance or in place of written Discussion Board entries. Discussion Question will be discussed in a real time classroom setting through SL. Classroom hours are provided in the syllabus. Scoring is identical to written rubric for Discussion Board. How to obtain Participation points A student may achieve a score of four or less on the written Discussion Board and complete the additional points by participating in the Second Life Discussion. A student may choose to submit only written discussions and obtain the total of five points or limit class participation to Second Life discussions for the five points. Total 25 points Lesson Tests (25 points) Lesson One Chapter One Lesson Two Chapters Two, Three, Four, and Five Lesson Three Chapters Six, Seven and Eight Lesson Four Chapters Nine and Ten Lesson Five Chapters Eleven, Twelve, Thirteen, Fourteen, and Fifteen Timed Test on Blackboard 5 points Timed Test on Blackboard 5 points Timed Test on Blackboard 5 points Timed Test on Blackboard 5 points Time Test on Blackboard 5 points Total 25 points Lesson Projects (25 points) Lesson One Lesson Two Lesson Three Lesson Four Lesson Five 5 points 5 points 5 points 5 points 5 points Total 25 points Final Exam (25 points) Comprehensive Exam Chapters One through Fifteen Timed on Blackboard Total 25 points Extra Credit (10 points) Lesson One Lesson Two Lesson Three Lesson Four Lesson Five Total 10 points 2 points 2 points 2 points 2 points 2 points 25 points Lesson One Chapter One Lesson One Objectives Chapter One Organizing Themes in Development Erikson Freud Vygotsky The successful student will be able to: discuss the relationship between science and practice. provide a comparison of theories representing human change as discontinuous and continuous. describe the basic components of the development theories of Freud Erikson Piaget Locke Watson Bandura Siegler Bronfenbrenner Baltes define and compare the terms nature and nurture as they relate to human development. discuss the application of critical periods to developmental theory. apply universality and specificity to developmental progressions. compare concepts of qualitative and quantitative change. Lesson One Class Participation (5 points) Discussion Board Using links and postings view the following videos, read the professional research, and post insightful comments on the Blackboard Discussion Board. Postings on the Discussion Board are not text messages, but part of a profession discussion. Reflect and critically evaluate your readings and the videos. Respond to the thoughts of your classmates. View the following videos: Piaget http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lEam9lpa6TQ&feature=related Erikson http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vapEpQmz86o&feature=related Vygotsky, Erikson, Bandura http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=634376752589779456&ei=Iw1GS8Sf O9ak-AbWueiyDw&q=%22frances+davidson%22# If you have difficulty with the links google the author’s name utube Davidson. Read the following article. It is available through the online library system. Co-constructing the Personal Space-Time Totality: Listening to the Dialogue of Vygotsky, Lewin, Bronfenbrenner, and Stern. Authors: Wong, Wan-chi Source: Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour; Dec2001, Vol. 31 Issue 4, p365, 18p ISSN: 0021-8308 Accession Number: 6472740 Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection Lesson One Project (5 points) Review the theories presented in Chapter One. Consider the strengths and weaknesses of each point of view. Use the outside readings and video to enhance your consideration of the theories. Write a response to Journal Questions #1 and #2, page 32 in your textbook. Your discussion should be a minimum of two pages in length. Email your responses to Dr. Jones through Blackboard email. Lesson One Test (5 points) Prepare for the Lesson Test by reading Chapter One and the assigned professional readings. View the videos through the links. Use the publisher website, www.myeducationlab.com, to practice the concepts. The chapter objectives provide an outline of the most important concepts in the chapter. Review each of these areas. Lesson One Test is located under Tests on Blackboard and can be accessed only during the testing window. It is a timed and single entry test. You will be allowed two hours to complete the test. Once you have entered the test you must complete the test. If you attempt to enter, exit, and re-enter Blackboard will automatically delete your responses and freeze the test. You may use your text book and notes, but be cautious, you will not have sufficient time to look up each answer and provide a thoughtful response. Be well prepared before entering the test. Lesson Two Chapters Two, Three, Four and Five Objectives Chapter Two Heredity, Environment, and the Beginnings of Human Life The successful student will be able to: describe the process of genetic inheritance. list and provide distinguishing characteristics of genetic disorders. define and describe the basic tenants of molecular genetics. provide original examples of passive effects, evocative gene influences, and niche picking. cite results of current research in epigenesist. describe the affects of prenatal teratogens and the principles which determine the extent of difficulty. define allostatic stress and discuss its affect on prenatal development. Chapter Three Neural and Cognitive Development in the Early Years The successful student will be able to: describe the steps of prenatal neural development. locate, list, and give the function of the major structures of the brain. identify the functions of the neurotransmitters in the synaptic gap. compare and contrast prenatal and postnatal brain development. demonstrate awareness of major motor, visual and auditory milestones during the first five years of development. critically evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development as it applies to infancy and early childhood. list and give developmental order of the components of infant memory. discuss infant awareness of self intentions and awareness of the intentions of others. relate the preoperational and sensorimotor stages of cognitive development to a preschooler’s concept of conservation and egocentrism. define phonology, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics. relate the zone of proximal develop and scaffolding to teaching practices. Chapter Four Emotional Development in the Early Years The successful student will be able to: discuss the basic theories of emotional development. describe interaction between caregiver and infant emotional development. evaluate current theory and research relating the role of the limbic system in emotional development. define and discuss attachment theory and research. relate types of infant temperament to interactions with the caregiver. list and describe attachment risks. Chapter Five The Emerging Self and Socialization in the Early Years The successful student will be able to: define the theoretical “I” and “me.” list the stages and describe the development of self –awareness. support the significance of emotional regulation. provide definitions and examples of the different parenting styles. discuss the interaction between parenting style and child temperament. Lesson Two Class Participation (5 points) Discussion Board Using links and postings view the following videos, read the professional research, and post insightful comments on the Blackboard Discussion Board. Postings on the Discussion Board are not text messages, but part of a profession discussion. Reflect and critically evaluate your readings and the videos. Respond to the thoughts of your classmates. View the following video and read the article cited below. Consider the relationship between learning (physical, cognitive, and social-emotional) based on the work of mirror neurons. Also examine one of the most easily recognizable examples of neural commitment. Discuss and give examples and applications of these concepts for infancy, early childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3204/01.html. Mirror Neurons, Embodied Simulation, and the Neural Basis of Social Identification. Authors: Gallese, Vittorio Source: Psychoanalytic Dialogues; 2009, Vol. 19 Issue 5, p519-536, 18p Document Type: Article The learning of a native language reflects many of the unique properties of the human brain. Consider the research of Dr. Patricia Kuhl in this area. http://ilabs.washington.edu/kuhl/research.html#Native Click on Neural Commitment Theory. Lesson Two Project (5 points) Read the Case Study on pages 174 and 175. Respond to questions 1,2, and 3 under Discussion Questions on page 175. The publisher website sources may be helpful as you work through these questions. Email your discussion ( at least two pages) to Dr. Jones using Blackboard email. Lesson Two Test (5 points) Prepare for the Lesson Test by reading Chapters Two, Three, Four and Five and the assigned professional readings. View the videos through the links. Use the publisher website, www.myeducationlab.com, to practice the concepts. The chapter objectives outline the most important concepts in the chapter. Review each of these areas. Lesson Two Test is located under Tests on Blackboard and can be accessed during the testing window. It is a timed and single entry test. You will be allowed two hours to complete the test. Once you have entered the test you must complete the test. If you attempt to enter, exit, and re-enter Blackboard will automatically delete your responses and freeze the test. You may use your text book and notes, but be cautious, you will not have sufficient time to look up each answer and provide a thoughtful response. Be well prepared before entering the test. Lesson Three Chapters Six, Seven, and Eight Lesson Three Objectives Chapter Six Realms of Cognition in Middle Childhood The successful student will be able to: describe Piaget’s theory or cognitive development as it relates to middle childhood development. relate the term domain specific to the evaluation of total cognitive processes. define and relate the parts of the information processing system. Indicate the significance of memory, attention, and problem solving in middle childhood. list and define the skills which contribute to cognitive development. compare and contrast academic and social cognition. discuss the significance of perspective taking in social relationships. list and describe Selman’s stages of friendship development. Chapters Seven Self and Moral Development: Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence The successful student will be able to: Define self-concept and give examples of influences on the development of self-concept. Compare and contrast moral development as viewed through the theories of Freud, Piaget, and Kohlberg. define altruism, empathy, prosocial behavior, and hedonism and describe environments and influences which encourage their development. discuss the role of personality and temperament in the development of prosocial behavior. List and discuss the components which tend to increase the development of antisocial behavior. Chapter Eight Gender and Peer Relationships: Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence The successful student will be able to: discuss the role of social processes, cognition, and biology in the development of gender identity. describe behavioral, personality, and preference characteristics based on sex differences. compare cognitive, schema, social learning, peer interaction, multidimensional, and psychoanalytic theories of sex differences. define terms and procedures through social interactions can be observed and described. Include sociometry, social preference, social impact, popular, rejected, neglected, and average. describe the role of cliques and groups in social development. Lesson Three Class Participation (5 points) Discussion Board Using links read the professional research and post insightful comments on the Blackboard Discussion Board. Postings on the Discussion Board are not text messages, but part of a profession discussion. Reflect and critically evaluate your readings and the videos. Respond to the thoughts of your classmates. The Lesson Three Discussion focuses on the role of modern technology, television and the computer screen, on the developing child. http://www.whitedot.org/issue/iss_story.asp?slug=ADHD%20Toddlers There Is No Meaningful Relationship Between Television Exposure and Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.Detail Only Available By: Stevens, Tara; Mulsow, Miriam. Pediatrics, Mar2006, Vol. 117 Issue 3, p665672, 8p, 1 Diagram; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-0863; (AN 20067475) Negative Psychological Effects of Watching the News in the Television: Relaxation or Another Intervention May Be Needed to Buffer Them!Full Text Available By: Szabo, Attila; Hopkinson, Katey L.. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, Jun2007, Vol. 14 Issue 2, p57-62, 6p, 3 Charts, 4 Graphs; DOI: 10.1080/10705500701331170; (AN 26989631) Go to http://www.johnson.cornell.edu/faculty/profiles/waldman/autpaper.html. Download the paper from the Cornell University site concerning Autism and television watching. Read the research and place your comments on the Discussion Board. Read the following article concerning inclusion of students with disabilities in the regular classroom. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages. http://www.education-world.com/a_curr/curr034.shtml Lesson Three Project (5 points) Lesson Three Class Project requires you to compile two real life observations using many of the terms presented in chapters one through eight. Select two children you do not know and to whom you are not related. One must be two to five years of age. The second must be in middle childhood, six through ten years of age. Give each subject a code name such as “Little Red Shirt” or “Muscles” to protect their identity. Using the following Observation Sheet provide an example for each of the terms listed. Be good to yourself. Select a verbal active subject in an environment which allows you to get close for a sufficient amount of time to fill in each term. Your grade on the project will be based on the presence of an objective, behavioral example for each of the terms listed. N/A or skipping a term will result in point deduction with the exception of abstraction. Do not expect to be able to observe true abstraction in early or middle childhood. We do, however, observe the rudiments of the process in “make believe” play and problem solving. Lesson Three Test (5 points) Prepare for the Lesson Three Test by reading Chapters Six, Seven, and Eight and the assigned professional readings. Use the publisher website, www.myeducationlab.com, to practice the concepts. Use the Objective Behavioral Observation Project to review the specific terms listed. The chapter objectives outline the most important concepts in the chapter. Review each of these areas. Lesson Three Test is located under Tests on Blackboard and can be accessed during the testing window. It is a timed and single entry test. You will be allowed two hours to complete the test. Once you have entered the test you must complete the test. If you attempt to enter, exit, and re-enter Blackboard will automatically delete your responses and freeze the test. You may use your text book and notes, but be cautious, you will not have sufficient time to look up each answer and provide a thoughtful response. Be well prepared before entering the test. Lesson Five Chapters Nine and Ten Objectives Chapter Nine Physical, Cognitive, and Identity Development in Adolescence The successful student will be able to: list and describe the physical changes which announce physical progression into adolescence. know the advantages and disadvantages of early maturation for males and females. discuss the theories of sexual orientation. describe the development of formal reasoning and hypothetical deductive thought process. relate formal reasoning to the development of idealism. define metacognition, imaginary audience, personal fable, and invincibility fable. describe the components of identity status and the affect of the environment on the development of identity. Chapter Ten The Social World of Adolescence The successful student will be able to: discuss adolescent movement from imitation and identification with family to other role models including peer members of the clique and crowd. compare and contrast parenting styles as they relate to adolescent development. describe the school which enhances adolescent academic orientation and motivation. explain the significance of determining the trajectories of risky behavior and social deviance. discuss the relationships among cognitive development, neuro-biological change, and risk taking. report the current state of community support for age appropriate activities for adolescence. Lesson Four Class Participation Discussion Board Using links and postings view the following videos, read the professional research, and post insightful comments on the Blackboard Discussion Board. Postings on the Discussion Board are not text messages, but part of a profession discussion. Reflect and critically evaluate your readings and the videos. Respond to the thoughts of your classmates. There are several sections to this video. Watch the entire presentation. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/thin/program.html Lesson Four Project Based on the case study pages 351 – 352 respond to questions 1 through 4 on page 352. Lesson Five Test Prepare for the Lesson Test by reading Chapters Nine and Ten and the assigned professional readings. View the videos through the links. Use the publisher website, www.myeducationlab.com, to practice the concepts. The chapter objectives provide an outline of the most important concepts in the chapter. Review each of these areas. Lesson Five Test is located under Tests on Blackboard and can be accessed only during the testing window. It is a timed and single entry test. You will be allowed two hours to complete the test. Once you have entered the test you must complete the test. If you attempt to enter, exit, and re-enter Blackboard will automatically delete your responses and freeze the test. You may use your text book and notes, but be cautious, you will not have sufficient time to look up each answer and provide a thoughtful response. Be well prepared before entering the test. Lesson Six Chapters Eleven, Twelve, Thirteen, Fourteen, and Fifteen Objectives Chapter Eleven Physical and Cognitive Development in Young Adulthood The successful student will be able to: describe the influence of environment and culture on the development of adulthood. define emerging adulthood. discuss the occurrence of peak potential. define post formal thought. describe the cognitive changes which occur with the movement from adolescence to early adulthood. compare and contrast Perry’s and Kitchener’s models of cognitive and moral development in early adulthood. Chapter Twelve Socioemotional and Vocational Development in Young Adulthood The successful student will be able to: relate child and adult attachment theory. list and define the categories of adult attachment. discuss the role of attachment in adult peer and romantic relationships. describe the application of Holland’s Theory of Personality to adult career satisfaction. apply Super’s developmental categories to adult career development. define the “forgotten half.” discuss the importance of industry and mastery in young adult development. Chapter Thirteen Middle Adulthood: cognitive, Personality, and Social Development \ The successful student will be able to: describe the physical and cognitive changes which occur in middle adulthood. compare and contrast the theories of Erikson, Vaillant, Loevinger, and Gould. give examples of normative, history-graded and nonnormative changes. list and describe “Family Life Cycle Stages.” discuss Sternberg’s kinds of love. describe the successful marital relationship. list and define the ways in which marriages fail. relate generativity to child rearing, work, and community involvement. Chapter Fourteen Living Well: Stress, Coping, and Life Satisfaction in Adulthood. The successful student will be able to: List the components of well being and describe their contributions. Define diatheses and discuss the points of stress in middle adulthood. Discuss the relationship among health, coping, and stress management. List and describe the psychological resilience factors. Give examples of negative and positive affectivity. Chapter Fifteen Gains and Losses in Late Adulthood The successful student will be able to: Describe the most common physical declines experienced in late adulthood. Discuss dementia and define the related terms: terminal drop, cerebrovasculr accidents, multi-infarct, Alzheimer’s disease, plaques. Give examples of age stereotyping. Discuss the components of successful aging and the changing in socioemotional experience in late adulthood. Define wisdom as it relates to late adult development. List and give examples of the stages of Elizabeth Kubler-Ross’ stages of dying. Provide a view of “good death.” Discuss grief work and importance of meaning. Lesson Five Class Participation (5 points) Discussion Board Using links and postings view the following videos, read the professional research, and post insightful comments on the Blackboard Discussion Board. Postings on the Discussion Board are not text messages, but part of a profession discussion. Reflect and critically evaluate your readings and the videos. Respond to the thoughts of your classmates. Watch the PBS video, The Forgetting. This is a lengthy presentation, but it provides insights into the struggles of the family as Alzheimer’s Disease changes their loved one and the work or research in attacking the cause of the disease. http://www.pbs.org/theforgetting/watch/index.html Lesson Five Project (5 points) Case Study Due Date December 1 Select an adult subject who is not related to you and you do not know well. The subject may be in young, middle, or late adulthood. Write a case study including elements of physical, cognitive, and social emotional development addressed in your text book. For example, if the individual is in early adulthood, 20-40 years of age, you would ask questions and make observations concerning peak physical performance, sensory acuity, sensory motor abilities, weight, height, proportions, and general health. In the area of cognitive you would want to include education, technical skills, memory, language (reading, writing, speaking ability), vocabulary, problem solving, and abstraction. In the area of social-emotional development you should address peer relationships, romantic relationship, attachment, temperament, career development, resiliency, and personality. Although this is a narrative, the subject’s story, refer to your earlier objective behavioral observations to review objective writing style. Maintain your object stance while developing a picture of the subject. Write the case study in narrative form using headings as they relate to the pertinent information. Heading Examples: Name: (Code name to protect privacy) Site: (business, park, school, home) Examiner: Your name Date of birth: Age: Reason for Interview: Background Information: Physical Cognitive Social – Emotional Summary and Conclusions (This section provides a brief overview of salient features, rather like an abstract on a research project. You may then, for the first time, offer your thoughts concerning the subject. Remember, these are conclusions based on the objective information in the above narrative. Refer to these examples. Use a professional style of writing. Avoid contractions, abbreviations, and personal pronouns (I, me, my).