Skeleton
1. What are the functions of the skeletal system?
2. Define these structures of a long bone.
a. Epiphysis
b. Articular cartilage
c. Diaphysis
d. Medullary cavity
e. Endosteum
f.
Epiphyseal plate
g. Periosteum
3. Compare spongy and compact bone.
4. What are trabeculae?
5. Define these microscopic parts of compact bone.
a. Osteons
b. Osteonic canals
c. Lamellae
d. Lacunae
e. Canaliculi
6. What is Ossification?
7. Define osteoblast and osteocytes.
8. Compare the two types of bone formation
9. Intramembranous ossification
10. Endochondral ossification
11. What are osteoclasts?
12. What is the function of the epiphyseal plate?
13. What is an articulation?
14. Compare these types of joints:
a. Synarthrosis
b. Amphiarthrosis
c.
Diarthrosis
15. What is a diarthrosis known as?
16. Define these components of a synovial joint.
a. Ligaments
b. Synovial cavity
c. Articular Capsule
d. Synovial Fluid
e. Menisci
f.
Bursae
g. Tendons sheaths
17. Describe these synovial joints:
a. Gliding Joints
b. Condyloid Joints
c. Hinge Joints
d. Saddle Joints
e. Pivot Joints
f.
Ball-and-Socket Joints
18. Describe these movements at freely movable joints:
a. Flexion
b. Extension
c. Lateral flexion
d. Hyperextension
e. Abduction
f.
Adduction
g. Circumduction
h. Rotation
i.
Dorsiflexion
j.
Plantar Flexion
k. Inversion
l.
Eversion
m. Pronation
n. Supination
o. Depression
p. Elevation
q. Protraction
r.
Retraction
s. Orthopedics
19. Describe these type of fractures:
a. Complete
b. Incomplete
c. Compound
d. Simple
e. Comminuted
f.
Green stick
g. Bone Disorders
20. Describe these disorders of the skeletal system:
a. Osteoporosis
b. Rickets
c. Arthritis
d. Rheumatoid arthritis
e. Osteoarthritis
f.
Bursitis
g. Dislocation
h. Herniated disk
i.
j.
Kyphosis
Lordosis
k. Scoliosis
l.
Sprain
Muscles
1. Define the these components of skeletal muscle:
a. Muscle fibers
b. Fascicles
c. Tendons
d. Aponeuroses
2. Describe and name the functions of these components of skeletal muscle fibers:
a. Sarcolemma
b. Sarcoplasm
c. Myofibrils
i. Actin
ii. Myosin
d. Sarcomeres
e. Sacroplasmic reticulum
f.
Transverse (T) tubule .
3. What is a motor neuron?
4. What are motor units?
5. What is a neuromuscular junction?
6. What is acetylcholine?
7. Describe the mechanism of contraction.
8. What is the main source of energy for contraction?
9. What is creatine phosphate?
10. Compare these two phases of cellular respiration:
a. Anaerobic phase
b. Aerobic phase
11. What is lactic acid? How is it removed?
12. What is oxygen debt?
13. What is Fatigue?
14. How do muscles produce heat?
15. Compare these types of skeletal muscle fibers.
a. Slow oxidative fibers (Type I)
b. Fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers (Type IIA)
c. Fast glycolytic fibers (Type IIB)
16. What is the all-or-none response?
17. What is recruitment?
18. What is muscle tone?
19. Compare atrophy and hypertrophy.
20. Compare origin and insertion?
21. Compare isotonic and isometric contractions.
22. Define agonist and antagonist.
23. Describe these muscle disorders:
a. Cramps
b. Strains
c. Spasms