INTRO TO KINGDOM ANIMALIA (METAZOA)
All are Multicellular/Specialized cells
All are Eukaryotic Heterotrophs
NO Cell wall or Chloroplasts
Dominant diploid (2n) organism ; only haploid as gametes
Store glucose as GLYCOGEN
Most MOBILE at some point in life cycle;
LARVA (free living sexually immature form) may be only time in some
DEVELOPMENT
ZYGOTE undergoes CLEAVAGE (MITOSIS) to make BLASTULA (hollow ball of cells)
GASTRULATION:
1) Cells in blastula move inward over lip of BLASTOPORE
Form digestive system (tube within a tube)
2) Germ layers form
Some animals only TWO GERM layers form (DIPLOBLASTIC)
EX: Sponges and cnidarians
Most animals -THREE GERM layers form (TRIPLOBLASTIC)
GERM LAYERS
ENDODERM-forms lining of digestive tract, digestive (LIVER, PANCREAS) & respiratory organs (LUNGS)
MESODERM- forms muscle, skeletal, circulatory, excretory, reproductive systems
ECTODERM- forms outer covering ( epidermis) , brain, central nervous system
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT (TRIPLOBLASTIC)
WHEN DO CELLS DECIDE?
PROTOSTOMES
DEUTEROSTOMES
Blastopore becomes MOUTH
Blastopore becomes ANUS
DETERMINATE cleavage
(Decide early)
INDETERMINATE cleavage
(decide later)
SPIRAL cleavage
(cells twist)
RADIAL cleavage
(cells stack up)
MOST INVERTEBRATES,
EXCEPT ECHINODERMS
VERTEBRATES
AND ECHINODERMS
DETERMINATECells decide EARLY what they will become
Removing a cell or splitting ball of cells produces embryo with missing parts
INDETERMINATE-cells decide LATER what they will become
Removing a cell or splitting ball of cells still produces whole organism
Allows production of TWINS
TRIPLOBLASTIC RULE (DIPLOBLASTIC animals are NEITHER Protostomes or Deuterostomes)
INVERTEBRATES = PROTOSTOMES;
VERTEBRATES = DEUTEROSTOMES
Exception to rule: ECHINODERMS are ONLY INVERTEBRATE DEUTEROSTOMES
BODY CAVITY (COELOM)
Animals grouped by development pattern
TYPES OF COELOMS in TRIPLOBLASTIC ANIMALS
Fluid filled space = COELOM
Separates digestive tube from body wall
Allows organs to move independently
Space/cushion for organs
ACOELOM
No space
<2 opening
digestive
system
FLATWORMS
Fluid in coelom space can:
be HYDROSTATIC skeleton
circulate nutrients/oxygen
TYPES OF SYMMETRY
PSEUDOCOELOM
Coelom
mesoderm only
on body wall not
around gut
ROUND WORMS
EUCOELOM
Coelom
Mesoderm lines
body cavity on
both sides
SEGMENTED
WORMS
and everything else!
CEPHALIZATION-concentration of “brain”
and sensory organs at anterior end
Accompanies bilateral symmetry
Results in efficient response to stimuli
Sense organs encounter environment 1st
ASYMMETRYno symmetry
Ex; Porifera
( sponge)
RADIAL – radiates
from center
Ex: cnidarians
Adult echinoderms
BILATERAL – divides
into right and left
Most animals
Gives body direction
Allows for direction of movement
NITROGEN WASTE
Produced by body cells from metabolism of PROTEINS & NUCLEIC ACIDS
Removed by EXCRETORY SYSTEM
AMMONIA-Most TOXIC; requires most water to dilute
Excreted by aquatic organisms directly into water via gills or other organs
UREA- Less toxic than ammonia; requires less water to dilute
excreted by amphibians, sharks, some bony fish, mammals (humans)
URIC ACID- LEAST TOXIC; requires least amount of water to dilute
excreted by birds, insects, reptiles to CONSERVE WATER
EXAMPLES OF EXCRETORY ORGANS: kidneys, nephridia, flame cells, Green glands, Malpighian tubules
EXAMPLES OF RESPIRATORY ORGANS: skin, gills, trachea & spiracles, book lungs, lungs
INVERTEBRATE/VERTEBRATE BODY PLAN IS REVERSED
SKELETAL SYSTEM
ENDOSKELETON-bones inside
EXOSKELETONprotective outer covering
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
ASEXUAL-one parent provides DNA
SEXUAL-combines DNA from 2 parents
EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION-
TYPES OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
NO OPENINGS-absorb through skin
Ex: tapeworm
ONE OPENING = GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY
Ex: Planaria and Cnidarians
TWO OPENINGS- most efficient
Allows specialization (different parts do different jobs)
Most animals have this kind
EX: human
sperm + egg join outside mother’s body
INTERNAL FERTILIZATIONsperm + egg join inside mother’s body
INVERTEBRATES- no backbone
Includes: Porifera, cnidarians, worms, mollusks,
DIRECT DEVELOPMENT-
echinoderms, arthropods
juvenile is small version of adult
INDIRECT DEVELOPMENT
VERTEBRATES-spinal cord surrounded by
metamorphosis of larva to adult form
bone/cartilage (vertebrae)
Includes: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
METABOLISM
ECTOTHERMIC = “cold blooded”
body temperature is dependent on environment
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
OPEN- Blood NOT enclosed in vessels
ENDOTHERMIC- “warm blooded”
uses metabolic heat to maintain body temp
Ex: Most invertebrates
except segmented worms; cephalopods
CLOSED- Blood is enclosed in vessels
Ex: vertebrates
AMNIOTIC EGG
important development that allowed land animals
to reproduce without returning to water
KINGDOM: ANIMALIA
Broken into 9 Phylum
PHYLUM: PORIFERA (SPONGES)
Most primitive animal
Cells are independent
Sessile (non-moving)
ASYMMETRY
Move water in through small holes (OSTIA) out through big hole (OSCULUM)
No True Body Cavity or Digestive System
HERMAPHRODITES-make both eggs and sperm, Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
EVOLUTIONARY DEAD END- no know descendants alive today
PHYLUM: CNIDARIA (CNIDARIANS) (EX: jellyfish, hydra, coral, anemones)
DIPLOBLASTIC (two germ layers)
RADIAL SYMMETRY
TWO FORMS
POLYP (sessile) and MEDUSA (free swimming)
ONE OPENING GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY
Stinging cells = NEMATOCYSTS
Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
ALL WORMS:
TRIPLOBLASTIC (three germ layers)
INVERTEBRATE PROTOSTOMES
have BILATERAL SYMMETRY (BILATERIA)
Breathe THROUGH SKIN
PHYLUM: PLATYHELMINTHES (FLAT)
PHYLUM: NEMATODA (ROUND)
ACOELOM: No Body Cavity
PSEUDOCOELOM: False Body Cavity
< 2 opening digestive system
2 opening digestive
GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY (Planaria)
system
OR NO openings (tapeworm)
OPEN Circulation
OPEN circulation
Free living = important
EX: Planaria,
decomposers
flukes, tapeworms
Many are parasites
some parasitic:
EX: pinworms, hookworms,
dog heartworm, Ascaris,
Schistosomiasis
Trichinella (trichinosis)
(blood fluke)
Asexual and Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
PHYLUM: ANNELIDA (SEGMENTED)
EUCOELOM (coelomate): True Body Cavity
2 opening digestive system
SEGMENTATION
CLOSED circulation
Most HERMAPHRODITES: both male and
female reproductive organs
Sexual reproduction
EX: earthworms, leeches
PHYLUM: MOLLUSCA
COELOMATE = true coelom/eucoelom
2 opening digestive system
OPEN circulation except CEPHALOPODS
“SOFT BODIES”
BIVALVES: 2 shells
GASTROPODS: 1 shell
CEPHALOPODS: no shell
Many have shells secreted by MANTLE
clams, oysters
snails, slugs
octopus, squid
* Some think mollusks are related to
annelids because many marine mollusks and annelids have ciliated TROCHOPHORE larva; but mollusks NOT SEGMENTED
Sexual reproduction
PHYLUM: ECHINODERMATA (Ex: starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars)
SPINY SKIN
All MARINE (live in salt water)
LARVA-BILATERAL SYMMETRY; ADULTS-RADIAL
ENDOSKELETON
INVERTEBRATE DEUTEROSTOMES
WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM with TUBE FEET
Sexual Reproduction with gametes and can regenerate parts asexually
PHYLUM: ARTHROPODA (JOINTED LEGS)
Largest, most successful animal phylum
COELOMATE true coelom/eucoelom
INVERTEBRATE PROTOSTOMES
SEGMENTATION
JOINTED APPENDAGES
EXOSKELETON made of CHITIN
OPEN circulatory system
Sexual reproduction
Many undergo METAMORPHOSIS: animal
physically develops after birth.
INSECTS
6 legs
HEAD, THORAX, ABDOMEN
Excrete URIC ACID with MALPIGHIAN TUBULES
TRACHEA & SPIRACLES-respiratory
Ex: Grasshopper, bee, ant
ARACHNIDS
8 legs
CEPHALOTHORAX, ABDOMEN
Excrete URIC ACID with MALPIGHIAN TUBULES
BOOK LUNGS-respiratory
Ex: Spiders, ticks, scorpions
CRUSTACEANS
10 legs
CEPHALOTHORAX, ABDOMEN
GILLS-respiratory
GREEN GLANDS - excretory
Ex; crayfish , lobster, crab
PHYLUM: CHORDATA
SUBPHYLUM:VERTEBRATA: Vertebrates
ALL COELOMATE DEUTEROSTOMES
CLASS: AGNATHA jawless fish, oldest known
vertebrates
Ex; hagfish and lampreys
Some are parasitic and scavengers
Round mouth with no jaw
ECTOTHERMIC = “cold blooded”
FISH
2 chamber heart
CLASS: CHONDRICHTHYES-ENDOSKELETON of cartilage Ex: sharks, rays, skates
EXTERNAL Fertilization and Development
Internal fertilization but both Internal and External Development
CLASS: OSTEICHTHYES-ENDOSKELETON of bone Ex: perch, bass, eel
Usually External fertilization and usually External development
- Most RAY FINNED-have spines in fins
- LOBE-FINNED-have tiny arm/leg bones in fins;
Evidence suggests extinct LOBE-FINNED fish are ancestors of amphibians and other vertebrates (TIK-TAALIK)
2 chamber heart/1 loop circulatory system
GILLS
scales/fins
swim
bladder
or lungs Ex; frog, toad, salamander
CLASS:
AMPHIBIAN
ECTOTHERMIC
“cold blooded”
“Double life” == aquatic
larva morphs to terrestrial adult
Thin, moist skin
3 chamber heart
2 loop circulation
ECTOTHERMIC
EXTERNAL Fertilization and Development
Lay eggs without
CLASS: REPTILIA Ex: snake, lizard. Tortoise,
crocodile
Thick, scaly skin
ECTOTHERMIC
Most 3 chamber heart/2 loop circulatory system
Excrete URIC ACID
INTERNAL FERTILIZATION
EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT
PHYLUM: CHORDATA continued
SUBPHYLUM:VERTEBRATA: Vertebrates
ALL COELOMATE DEUTEROSTOMES
CLASS: AVES (BIRDS)
Wings/feathers
CLASS: MAMMALIA
ENDOTHERMIC = “warm blooded”
ENDOTHERMIC – “warm blooded”
Fur or hair
MAMMARY GLANDS make milk for young
4 chamber heart/2 loop circulatory system
Lungs for respiration
Excrete UREA
Most are VIVIPAROUS-have live births
MONOTREMES
INTERNAL Fertilization
Lay amniotic eggs
Ex: platypus,
Most INTERNAL Development
echidna
MARSUPIAL
Placenta for short time
Incubate in pouch
except for a few
Ex: kangaroo,
koala,opossum
4 chamber heart/2 loop circulatory system
Hollow, light weight bones
Air sacs attached to lungs for efficient gas exchange
Excrete URIC ACID
INTERNAL Fertilization
Lay AMNIOTIC
EGGS – external development
PLACENTAL
(EUTHERIA)
True placenta nourishes
embryo inside mother
Ex: humans, dog, elephant