RESEARCH I
(English for Science and Technology and Basic Statistics)
Course Description
Research 1 equips First Year students of science and technology-oriented high schools
with research skills that will enable them to prepare research reports, investigatory projects, and
a research proposal utilizing information obtained from library and on-line resources.
As their first formal instruction in research, this course aims, on the one hand, to develop
basic statistics skills needed in research, e.g. problem identification, knowledge of the types and
uses of data, data collection, and analysis. It likewise develops scientific and technical writing
skills required in writing and documenting research proposals and investigatory projects, among
others.
As such, in this course, Basic Statistics is taken together with scientific technical writing.
While Basic Statistics enables the students to gather, analyze, and organize data, Technical
Writing provides the basic concepts and skills in presenting information in descriptive and textual
form.
The former underscores substance while the latter makes the learners aware of the
underlying structure of scientific discourse and the way in which sentences are combined to
communicate meaning.
The course outputs include a research proposal and research reports.
Course Objectives:
After undergoing the activities in Research I, the learner should be able to:
1. Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of variables, sampling techniques, data
collection, and the organization and presentation of data
2. Demonstrate skills in interpreting statistical results correctly
3. Demonstrate the ability to apply concepts in statistics to the project undertaken
4. Develop the ability to design a research proposal e.g., select and limit a research
topic,
take
notes,
prepare
proposals/investigatory projects
an
outline,
write
and
document
research
5. Demonstrate the ability to write EST or scientific and technical papers such as
research proposals, scientific articles, and investigatory projects
6. Demonstrate oral skills in proposal defense
Program Goals:
(English for Science and Technology)
1. Exhibit the ability to make sense of EST text types
2. Determine the objectives of scientific discourse
3. Demonstrate the ability to choose the appropriate rhetorical mode, macrodiscourse
pattern and non-linear visual aids for conveying scientific and technical information
4. Demonstrate the ability to choose the appropriate rhetorical technique and signals
suited to the different EST text types
5. Demonstrate the ability to choose the appropriate macrodiscourse pattern suited to
the overall objective of the EST text
6. Demonstrate the ability to write scientific and technical papers
(Basic Statistics)
7. Gain an overview of what statistics is all about
8. State the importance and uses of the different variables
9. Gain necessary mathematical tools needed for statistical computation
10. Be able to generate a good sample from a given population
11. Demonstrate the ability to generate reliable data from a given sample
12. Select the best form to be used in preparing and presenting collected data
13. State the significance of the Measure of Central Tendency and know which measure
to best use given a particular situation
14. Use MS EXCEL in presentation and analysis
15. Characterize the variation with a given set of data
16. Demonstrate the ability to use, identify and understand measures of non central
tendency
17. Finalize the research proposal began in first semester
18. Demonstrate ability to compute the probability of an event
RESEARCH I
(English for Science and Technology and Basic Statistics)
Content Outline
First Quarter:
1. Research
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
Purpose
Process (with emphasis on problem identification)
Areas covered
2. Objectives of scientific discourse
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
Scientific texts
Detailing experiments
Making recommendations
Presenting new hypothesis
Presenting other types of EST information
3. Types of paragraphs
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
4.
Physical vs conceptual
Explicit vs implicit
Deductive, inductive, hybrid
Library and on-line research
4.1. Types of entries:
4.1.1.
4.1.2
5.
Bibliography
 books
 periodicals
 unpublished
 materials retrieved from the Internet
Footnoting
 explanatory
 source
 internal
Summarizing Abstract Writing
5.1.
5.2.
Descriptive abstract
Information abstract
5.3.
Combination of descriptive and informational
6. Note-taking
6.1.
Types of notes
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5
direct quotes
summary/précis
outline
critical
cross-references
7.
Output 1: Annotated Bibliography
8.
The working outline
8.1.1 thesis statement
8.1.2 kinds of outline
8.1.3 format of outlines
9.
Output 2: Outline of the Research Proposal
10. Macro discourse patterns of scientific discourse
10.1 Writing general-to-specific texts
10.2 Problem-Situation (P-Sn)
10.3 Topic-Restriction-Illustration (TRI)
11. Specific rhetorical function 1 “Definition
11.1 Types of sentence definitions
11.1.1 formal
11.1.2 semi-formal
11.1.3 non-formal
11.1.4 special types
11.2 Types of expanded definitions
11.2.1 extended
11.2.2 contrastive
11.2.3 comparative
12 Specific rhetorical functions 2 “Description”
12.1 Types of Description
12.1.1 physical
12.1.2 function
12.1.3 process
13. Rhetorical techniques needed in descriptions
13.1 Natural order
13.1.1 time
13.1.2 space
13.1.3 causality and result
14. Specific rhetorical function 3 “Classification”
14.1 Types
14.1.1 complete
14.1.2 partial
14.1.3 implicit
15. Rhetorical techniques needed in classification
15.1 Logical patterns
15.1.1 order of importance
15.1.2 exemplification
15.1.3 illustration
16. Specific rhetorical function 4 “instructions”
16.1 Types
16.1.1 direct (commands)
16.1.2 indirect (passives, modals)
16.2 Instructional information
16.2.1 cautions
16.2.2. warnings
16.2.3 specifying statements
16.2.4 theory (why)
17. Specific rhetorical function 5 “Visual-verbal relationship”
17.1 Write-ups of visuals
17.1.1 flow charts (linear, branching, cyclical)
17.1.2
17.1.3
17.1.4
17.1.5
tree diagrams
grids
graphs (line, bar, pie)
other concept maps
18. Rhetorical techniques that may be used to indicate visual and verbal
Relationships
18.1 Logical patters
18.1.1
18.1.2
18.1.3
18.1.4
18.1.5
comparison and contrast
analogy
identifying a general topic
limiting and defining the topic
stating the topic as a question or hypothesis
Second Quarter
19. Overview of the research proposal
19.1 Sections and parts of a research proposal
19.2 General functions of the sections
19.2.1
19.2.2
19.2.3
19.2.4
stating the purpose
reporting related studies
presenting information on papers apparatus to be used
presenting information on proposed experimental procedures
20. Introduction to research proposals
20.1 Models of introduction to scientific papers
20.1.1 Create a Research Space (CARS) model
20.1.2 Problem-Solution (PSn)
Discoursal features of the different sections of the introduction
21. Review of related studies
21.1 Reporting past studies and comparing them with the present study
21.2 Weak and strong author orientation
22. Framework of the study
22.1
22.2
Theoretical framework
Conceptual framework
23. Output: First two Sections of the proposal
23.1 Presentation and critiquing of initial draft of the introduction and review of
related literature
24. Research designs
24.1 Quantitative
24.1.1
24.1.2
24.1.3
24.1.4
24.1.5
Survey
Experimental
Qualitative
Anthropological
Case studies
25. Methodology
24.2
24.3
24.4
24.5
Subjects
Sampling
Instruments
Treatment of data
26. Sample research instruments
26.1
Data gathering: checklist, questionnaire, etc.
27. Third section of the proposal
27.1 Presentation and critiquing of initial draft of methodology
28. Revised Tentative Proposal (first 2 sections)
28.1Oral defense
Basic Statistics
Third Quarter
1.
Introduction to Statistics
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
2.
Variables and Data
2.1.
2.2.
3.
Summation of a constant
Summation of a Sum
Summation of a variable and a constant
Sum of the squares of variables
Square of the sum of variables
Sum of a product
Sum of the product, of a constant and a variable
Samples and Population
4.1.
4.2.
5.
Definitions
Classifications
Summation Notation
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.
4.
Definitions
Types
Uses
Application
Definition
Sampling Techniques
4.2.1 Simple Random
4.2.2 Stratified
4.2.3 Systematic
4.2.4 Other Methods
4.2.5 Sample Size
Collection of Data
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
Interview
Questionnaire
Observation
Experiment
6.
Organization and Presentation of Data
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
6.5.
6.6.
6.7
6.8
7.
Measures of Central Tendency
7.1.
7.2.
8.
Quantile
Decile
Percentile
Measures of Vanability
10.1
10.2
10.3
11.
Use of MS EXCEL in Statistics
Measures of Relative Position
9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
10.
Ungrouped data
Grouped data
Computer application
8.1.
9.
Arrays
Frequency Distribution
Frequency Distribution Table
Cumulative Frequency Distribution
Relative Frequency Distribution
Graphs
o Line Graph
o Bar Graph
o Pictograph
o Pie Chart
Ogive
Histogram
Range
Mean Deviation
Variance and Standard Deviation
Probability
11.1
Concepts and Definitions
11.1.1 Random Experiment
11.1.2 Sample space
11.1.3 Sample outcome
11.1.4 Events
11.2
Operations of Events
11.2.1 Union
11.2.2 Intersection
11.2.3 Complementation
11.2.4 Mutually exclusive events
11.3
Probability of an event
(finile Sample space only)
11.4 Properties of Probability
12.
Report Writing
13.
Presentation of Proposal
LEARNING COMPETENCIES FOR RESEARCH 1
(English for Science & Technology)
After going through the activities, in the Research 1 course, the learner shall have
developed the following competencies:
1.
2.
Demonstrate the ability to differentiate among various forms of EST discourse
(scientific and technical writing)
1.1.
Identify EST texts, i.e. English texts that present facts, hypotheses, and other
instances of scientific and technical information
1.2.
Contrast the text structure of different scientific texts e.g. research proposals,
scientific articles, reports, abstracts, etc.
Show the ability to determine the objectives of scientific texts
2.1.
3.
Exhibit the ability to identify EST rhetorical functions of discourse
3.1.
4.
Determine the overall objective of a scientific text: detailing an experiment,
making a recommendation, presenting new hypothesis or theory, and
presenting other types of EST information.
Identity and explain EST, rhetorical modes of functions of discourse,
description, definition, classification, instructions, and visual-verbal
relationships
Show awareness of the different rhetorical modes and micro-discourse signals to
establish logical sequences and clause relations
5.
4.1.
Distinguish the various techniques employed in EST paragraph
development, time order, space order, order of importance, cause and result
comparison and contrast, analogy, exemplification and illustration
4.2.
Identify and use markers/transition signals suited to the rhetorical patters in
EST discourse: e.g., first, second, thus, hence, in contrast, as figure 1 shows,
etc.
4.3.
Plan and write original EST paragraphs using the technique and signals
suited to various EST text types
Demonstrate the ability to differentiate among the macro-discourse patterns of EST
discourse
5.1.
6.
5.2.
Identify the full form and variants of the macro-discourse patterns of EST
discourse
5.1.1. Problem-Solution (PSn)
Situation  Problem 
Attempted solution 
Result Evaluation
5.1.2. Topic-Restriction-Illustration (TRI)
Describe the combination of the two macro discourse patterns
5.3.
Use the macro-discourse pattern suited to the overall objective of the text
5.4.
Use the general-to-specific discourse pattern in texts
Demonstrate competence in writing a research proposal
6.1.
Gather materials to use in a research proposal
6.1.1. Select an under-researched topic
6.1.1.1. Identify the general
6.1.1.2 Limit and define the topic
6.1.1.3 State the topic as a question
6.1.2.
Prepare a working bibliography
6.1.2.1 Consult general and specialized indexes,
bibliographies, and the card catalog
6.1.2.2 Prepare bibliography cards according to a standard
Format
6.1.3
Gather information for inclusion in scientific papers
6.1.3.1 Distinguish between primary and secondary sources
6.1.3.2 Evaluate the qualifications of authors or sources of
information
6.1.4. Take down notes: direct quotation, summary or précis, outline, and
critical
6.1.4.1. Follow the conventions and standard format of note taking
6.1.5
Prepare a working outline
6.1.5.1. Write the thesis statement or controlling idea of the
research paper
6.1.5.2.Outline the paper
6.1.6.
Write a research proposal
6.1.6.1.
Write the introduction following the ProblemSolution (PSn) and Create a Research Space model
(CARS)
6.1.6.1.1. Enumerate the questions that the proposal
research seeks to answer
6.1.6.1.2. Write the review of related studies
6.1.6.2.1. Indicate the theories underlying
one’s proposal
6.1.6.2.2. Describe the conceptual
framework of the proposal research
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
(Basic Statistics)
1.
Manifest ability to show appreciation in the use of statistics in research and in
everyday life.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
1.7.
1.8.
2.
Trace the history of statistics
Explain the definition of statistics
Identify the uses of statistics
Explain the difference between a statistic and a parameter
Differentiate between categorical and quantitative data
Recognize application where statistics may be used
Identify a study problem
State questions or hypothesis of the study
Demonstrate knowledge and understanding variables in Statistics
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Differentiate a variable from a set of data
Classify the different types of variables
Differentiate types of variables through examples
Identity independent and dependent variables
Enumerate the variables in the study identified
3.
Demonstrate skills in computation involving summation notation
3.1
3.2
3.3
4.
Demonstrate understanding of sampling procedures and techniques
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
5.
Interpret the meaning of common statistical summations
Compute the summation of given variable
Apply the properties of summation
Explain the idea of a sample being a representative of the population
Define, describe and give the importance of sampling technique
Enumerate kinds of sampling techniques
Differentiate random sampling from systematic sampling
Discuss the different kinds of random sampling
Analyze the situation where random sampling and other sampling technique
is applicable
Perform exercises involving sampling techniques
Apply the sampling techniques learned in the identified study
Manifest ability to apply the different methods of collecting data and its necessary
instruments.
5.1 Discuss the importance of collecting data
5.2 Describe the different kinds of data
5.3 Discuss the different methods of collecting data
5.3.1 Interview
5.3.2 Questionnaire
5.3.3 Observation
5.3.4 Experiments
5.4 Describe the differentiate types of questions
5.5 Develop a simple research instrument for the study
6.
Demonstrate skills in organizing and presenting collected data in table and
graphical form.
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Recognize the importance of organizing data
Organize data in a frequency distribution table
Construct a frequency distribution table applying appropriate steps
Transform frequency distribution table into graph
6.4.1 Histogram
6.4.2 Ogive
6.4.3 Frequency Polygon
6.5
6.6
6.7
Identify which graph is best to use for a given set of data
Analyze the frequency distribution table and of the graph
Make conclusions on the basis of the analysis of frequency distribution table
or the graph
6.8
7.
Manifest ability to compute and interpret the three measures of central tendency
in both grouped and ungrouped data
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
8.
Use MS EXCEL in arranging/organizing data
Use MS EXCEL in compulation of centralities
Graph the data using MS EXCEL
Manifest ability to compute and interpret the three measures of variability.
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
10.
Differentiate the three measure of central tendency: mean,
median, mode
Compute the mean, median and mode of ungrouped and grouped data
Compare the mean, median and mode of ungrouped and grouped data
Determine which measure is most appropriate to use for the study
Interpret the mean, median and mode of grouped and ungrouped data
Demonstrate skill in computer knowledge as a tool for previously knowledge as a
tool for previously learned data organization and computing techniques.
8.1
8.2
8.3
9.
Construct a crossbreak table of the data in the study
Differentiate the three measures of variability, rage, mean deviation and
standard deviation
Calculate the range, mean deviation and standard deviation of a frequency
distribution of data
Show examples where different measures of variability is observe
Recognize the significance of range, mean deviation and standard
Interpret the range, mean deviation and standard deviation of ungrouped data
Explain how any particular score in a in a normal distribution can be
interpreted in standard deviation units
Explain how to interpret a normal distribution
Construct and interpret a scatterplot
Manifest ability to use quartiles and percentiles in interpreting data
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
11.
Illustrate quartiles and percentiles
Compute for quartiles and ungrouped and grouped data
Interpret the computed values of quartiles
Locate the percentile points
Compute the percentile rank of a score in a distribution
Apply knowledge of quartiles and percentiles to problem situation
Explain a five-number summary
Demonstrate skill in using the computer as a tool for computing Measures of
variability and Relative Position of data
11.1
Use MS EXCEL proficiently in working with problems involving
measures of relative position and measures of variability
Use statistical package software in analyzing and interpreting data
11.2
12. Manifest ability to apply all the previously learned concepts in producing a miniresearch project
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
13.
State the problem of the study
Select variables and collect data
Summarize the results for each variable
Construct a table
Interpret a given table interpret
Describe the relationship between variables
Write a report
12.7.1 State the purpose of the project
12.7.2 Define the population
12.7.3 State how sample was selected
12.7.4 Show the raw data
12.7.5 Construct the frequency distribution of the data
12.7.6 Draw or construct the graph
12.7.7 Analyze the results
12.7.8 Make conclusion and recommendation
Demonstrate ability to compute the probability of an event using the properties
of probability and operations of events.
13.1. Explain the concepts related to probability
13.1.1 Random experiment
13.1.2 Sample space and sample outcomes
13.1.3 Events
13.2 Perform operations on events, union, intersection, and complementation
13.3 Define mutually exclusive events
13.4 Compute the probability of an event for finite sample spaces
13.5 Apply the properties of probability
PREPARED BY:
(Sgd.) RAMIL T. BATALLER
Writer
SIGNED BY:
(Sgd.)DR. EVANGELINE P. BAUTISTA
Consultant