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Chapter 34: Vertebrates
Intro- vertebrates
34.1 Chordates have a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
 Intro- Phylum Chordata, chordates, urochordates, cephalocordates
 Derived Characters of Chordates- notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord;
pharyngeal slits (clefts); post-anal tail
 Tunicates- subphylum Urochordata
 Lancelets- subphylum cephalochordata
Concept Check- 1,2
34.2 Craniates are chordates that have a head
 Intro- craniates
 Derived Characters of Craniates- neural crest
 Hagfishes- class Myxini, hagfishes
Concept Check- 1,2
34.3 Vertebrates are craniates that have a backbone
 Lampreys- lampreys, class Cephalaspidomorphi
 Origins of Bone and Teeth- mineralization
Concept Check- 1,2
34.4 Gnathostomes are vertebrates that have jaws
 Intro- Gnathostomes
 Chondrichthyans (Sharks, Rays, and their Relatives)- class Chondrichtyes,
cartilaginous skelton
 Ray-Finned Fishes and Lobe-Fins- class Osteicthyes, bony (ossified)
endoskeleton, fishes, swim bladder, operculum
Concept Check- 1,2
34.5 Tetrapods are gnathostomes that have limbs and feet
 Intro- tetrapods
 Amphibians- class Amphibia, moist skin, gas exchange, metamorphosis,
aquatic larva, terrestrial adult
Concept Check- 2
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34.6 Amniotes are tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg
 Intro- amniotes
 Derived Characters of Amniotes- amniotic egg, extraembryonic
membranes
 Reptiles- class Reptilia, keratin-containing scales; shelled, amniotic eggs;
ectothermic; endothermic; tuatara, lizards, snakes; crocodilians,
pterosaurs, dinosaurs
 Birds- shelled amniotic eggs; keratin-containing scales; light, hollow
bones, Archaeopteryx, endotherms, feathers, four-chambered heart, high
rate of metabolism
Concept Check- 1,2
34.7 Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk
 Intro- class Mammalia, mammary glands, hair, endothermic, larger
brains, teeth
 Monotremes- egg-laying mammals
 Marsupials- marsupium
 Eutherians (Placental Mammals)- uterus, placenta,
 Primates- order Primates, hands and feet that grasp, large brains, short
jaws, forward-looking eyes, well-developed parental care, complex social
behavior, flat nails, fully opposable thumb
 Living Primates- Lemurs, lorises, pottos; Tarsiers; Anthropoids
Concept Check- 1,2
34.8 Humans are bipedal hominoids with a large brain
 Derived Characters of Humans- upright posture, bipedal locomotion,
larger brains, language capabilities, symbolic thought, manufacture and
use of complex tools, shortened jaw
Concept Check- 1,2
Testing Your Knowledge 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10