PGS: 943 – 948
I. Hormone – chemical produced in one part of the body and travels to another part of the body
A. Target tissue – where the hormone travels to( has the special proteins receptors “hands” )
II. Three parts to the hormonal system of communication
A. Exocrine – substance is put into a duct or tube to travel
B. Endocrine – substance is put into the blood to travel
C. Neurosecretory – neurons that can also release hormones (Pituitary gland, hypothalamus)
III. Local Hormones – travel in small areas (localized)
A. Growth Factors – hormones that cause cell replication (growing, repair)
B. Nitric Oxide (NO) – If from neuron – acts as neurotransmitter to inhibit
- If from WBC – Kills cell or pathogen
- If from endothelium of blood vessel – causes surrounding smooth muscle to dilate (relax)
C. Prostaglandins – Helps with inflammatory response and muscle contraction (Made from fatty acids)
D. Cytokines – relay messages between WBC’s about pathogens
IV. Hormone reception
A. Ligand(hormone) attaching to the membrane receptor proteins causes a signal-transduction pathway to begin
1. If the pathway ends in the cytoplasm – turned on/off an enzyme
2. If the pathway ends in the nucleus – turned on/off transcription
B. Steroid hormones go through the phospholipid bilayer portion of the membrane and do not need
secondary messengers
V. Hormonal control
A. Negative feedback loops – stop a process already occurring and get it going in the opposite direction
B. Positive feedback loops – enhances a process already occurring
PGS: 948 – 961
I. Tropic hormones – hormones that affect other endocrine glands causing the release of another hormone
II. Hypothalamus gland (master control gland)
A. Controls the majority of the homeostasitc mechanisms
B. Uses releasing hormones or inhibiting hormones (affects the pituitary gland – second in command)
III. Pituitary Gland
A. Right Hand Man of Hypothalamus Hormones
B. Affected by Hypothalamus Hormones
1. Releasing—Start
2. Inhibiting—Stop
C. Two Parts
1. Anterior (Adenohypothesis)
a. Arises from Roof of Mouth
2. Posterior (Neurohypothesis)
b. Arises from the Brain
D. Posterior Hormones
1. Oxytocin
a. Muscle Contradiction in Uterus & Breast
1) Birthing & Milking
2. ADH
a. Acts on Distal Tubule (No Urination)
E. Anterior Hormones
1. Tropic Hormones
a. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
1) Stimulates Thyroid to Release T3 or T4
a) T3 (Triidothyronine)
b) T4 (Thyroxine)
2) Controls Metabolism Rates
3) Needs Iodine to Make
4) Hyper, Hypo, and Goiter
5) Stimulate Calcitonin Release
a) Lowers Ca+
b. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
1) Controls Adrenal Cortex of Adrenal Gland
c. Follicle Stimulating Hormones (FSH)
1) Causes Maturation of an Egg in a Follicle
d. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
1) Causes Ovulation of Egg
e. Growth Hormone (GH)
1) Stimulates Cells to Grow (Muscles)
2) Stimulates Insulin Growth Factors (IGF)
a) To Make Bones and Cartilage Grow
3) Gigantism—Overproduction
4) Pituitary Dwarfism—Underproduction
Gonadotropins
a) Shots of GH Correct
5) Sports Ethics
f. Prolactin (PRL)
1) Mammary Gland Growth
g. Melanocyte—Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
1) Tanning Response
h. Endorphins
1) Inhibit Pain
2) Heroin & Morphine
IV. Pineal Gland (Brain)
A. Secretes Melatonin (Sleep Hormone)
1. Made from AA Tryptophan
B. Affects the SCN (Suprachiasmatic Nuclei)
V. Parathyroid Gland
A. Embedded in Thyroid Gland
B. Releases Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
1. Raises Ca+ Levels Using Osteoclasts
2. Opposite of Calcitonin
C. Charlie Horse (Muscle Contraction Spasms)
1. No Ca+ Because of Bones
D. Activates Vitamin D
1. Ca+ Absorption by Intestines
VI. Pancreas
A. Endocrine and Exocrine Glands
B. Islets of Langerhans
1. Alpha Cells—Glucagon
a. Raise Blood Glucose Levels
b. 90 ml/100ml
2. Beta Cells—Insulin
a. Lowers Blood Glucose Levels
C. Diabetes Mellitus “Sweet Urine”
1. Two Types
a. Type I (Insulin Dependent)
1) Autoimmune Disease
2) A.K.A. Juvenile Diabetes
3) Shots
b. Type II (Non-Insulin Dependent)
1) Reduced Responsiveness to Insulin
a) Carb Junkie & Overweight
b) Most Common
c) Mange Diet
VII. Adrenal Medulla & Adrenal Cortex
A. Party Hat on Kidney
B. Medulla (Inner)
1. Epinephrine (Adrenaline) (Speeds Up)
2. Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) (Slows Down)
Catecholamines
--Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Control (Neurocontrol)
C. Cortex (Outer)
1. Endocrine “Hormone Control” (ACTH)
2. Secretes Corticosteroids
a. Glucocorticoids
1) Making Glucose from Proteins
b. Mineralocorticoids
1) Aldosterone
c. Androgens
1) Male Hormones
2)” Mustache” in older women
VIII. Gonads (Testes/Ovaries)
A. Three Kinds of Hormones
1. All three in Males & Females
a) Amounts Different
2. Androgens (Testosterone)
a) Secondary Male Sex Characteristics
3. Estrogens (Estradiol)
a) Secondary Female Sec Characteristics
4. Progestins (Progesterone)
a) Pregnancy
B. GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone)
1. Hypothalamus