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Sex differences in aggression 21 Appendix A Questionnaire Studies Used in the First Series of Meta-analyses, Showing Sample Sizes, Mean Ages, Effect Sizes (g), for Overall, Physical, Verbal, and Indirect Aggression, and Anger, and Sample Characteristics. __________________________________________________________________________________________ Study Sample Mean gggggSamplea size (M/F) age overall physical verbal anger indirect __________________________________________________________________________________________ Hurlock (1927): 1 110/109 13.5 .25 .02 1/1/3/1/3/4/2/1 Hurlock (1927): 2 101/103 13.5 .27 -.01 1/1/3/1/3/4/2/1 Buss & Durkee (1957) 85/74 20* .33 .75 .30 -.33 1/1/4/4/5/2/1/1 Buss (1961): 1 73/104 20* .51 .97 .56 -.09 2/1/4/4/5/2/1/1 Buss (1961): 2 70/58 20* .66 .84 .83 -.24 2/1/4/4/5/2/1/1 Buss (1961): 3 53/114 .09 .36 .22 -.15 2/1/9/9/5/2/1/1 Buss (1961): 4 49/77 .24 .72 .31 0 2/1/9/9/5/2/1/1 Buss (1961): 5 52/73 .21 .55 .28 .13 2/1/9/9/5/2/1/1 Buss (1961): 6 50/85 20* .76 .50 -.19 2/1/4/4/5/2/1/1 Sarason (1961) 80/68 20* .33 .93 .70 .22 1/1/4/4/5/2/1/1 Sears (1961) 261/264 12 .77 1/1/2/1/7/2/1/1 Wyer, Weatherley & 45/48 20* .47 .09 1/1/4/4/7/3/1/1 Terrell (1965) R.N. Walker (1967) 199/207 10.5 .62 1/1/1/1/5//2/1/1 Leifer & Roberts 39/39 13 .25 2/1/2/1/9/7/2/1 (1972): 1 Leifer & Roberts 17/25 13 .17 2/1/3/1/9/7/2/1 (1972): 2 Collins (1973) 129/88 11 .27 1/1/1/1/9/8/1/1 Edmunds (1977) 62/57 20* .58 -.16 -.46 1/2/4/4/5/3/1/1 Huesmann et al. 211/215 19 .85b 1/1/4/5/7/6/1/1 (1978): 1 .33 1/1/4/5/6/3/1/1 Huesmann et al. 147/136 15 -.71 1/1/3/2/6/3/1/1 (1978): 2 Deluty (1979) 62/61 9 1.16 1/1/1/1/9/2/1/1 Edmunds & Kendrick 108/111 29 .37 2/2/5/5/5/2/1/1 (1980) Prasad (1980) 25/25 22 .56 .66 .89 1/4/4/4/5/2/3/2 Doyle & Biaggio 37/53 20* 1.07 .53 .15 1/1/4/4/4/3/2/1 (1981) .54 1.14b .34b .09 1/1/4/4/5/3/2/1 Russell (1981) 101/119 20* .45 .17 1/3/4/4/3/3/1/1 .52 .92b .39b .13 1/3/4/4/5/3/1/1 Sadowski & Wenzel 61/96 20* .11 1/1/4/4/5/2/1/1 (1982) Deluty (1983) 110/121 10 .44 1/1/1/1/9/8/1/1 b Cairns & Cairns (1984) 81/93 10 .11 1/1/1/1/8/2/1/2 (same sample a year .10 later) Sex differences in aggression 22 Sample Mean gggggSamplea size age overall physical verbal anger indirect (M/F) _______________________________________________________________________________________ Krawiec (1984) 40/40 20* .21 .22 3/1/4/4/8/8/1/1 Tardiff (1984) 307/477 .15 1/1/9/9/3/4/1/1 420/399 .15b 1/1/9/9/3/4/1/1 Deluty (1985) 89/99 9 .86 1/1/1/1/9/2/1/1 Forsstrom-Cohen & 24/20i 20* -.57 1/1/4/4/5/2/3/1 Rosenbaum (1985): 1 Forsstrom-Cohen & 18/25j 20* .21 1/1/4/4/5/2/3/1 Rosenbaum (1985): 2 Forsstrom-Cohen & 44/33k 20* .77 1/1/4/4/5/2/3/1 Rosenbaum (1985): 3 Schill, Ramanaiah, & 88/88 19 .87 1/1/4/4/5/2/1/1 O'Laughlin (1985) Bland & Orn (1986) 488/711 35 .62 1/3/9/5/3/4/1/1 Ekblad & Olweus 155/135 10 .88 1/10/1/1/2/1/1/1 (1986) Reinsch & Sanders 89/105 19 .65 -.05 1/1/4/4/9/2/2/2 (1986): 1 Reinsch & Sanders 89/103 19 .81 .06 1/1/4/4/9/2/2/2 (1986): 2 Reinsch & Sanders 90/81 19 1.06 -.12 1/1/4/4/9/2/2/2 (1986): 3 Siegel (1986) 74/124 20* .28 1/1/4/4/4/3/2/1 Tachibana & 243/279 17 .23 1/7/3/1/7/8/3/1 Hasegawa (1986) Kazdin, Rodgers, 195/60 10 .42 .25 1/1/1/9/5/8/1/1 Colbus, & Siegel (1987) McCann, Woolfolk, 96/110 19 .47 .04 -.24 1/1/4/4/5/2/2/2 Lehrer, & Schwarcz (1987) Russell, Vokey, & 196/217 20* .53b 4/3/4/4/5/2/1/1 Getkate (1987): 1 Russell et al. (1987): 2 217-8/ 20* .62 .27 4/3/4/4/3/2/1/1 289-91 Schill, Thomsen, & 69/57 19 -.15 1/1/4/4/5/2/1/1 Wang (1987) -.23 1/1/4/4/4/2/1/1 Spielberger (1988): 1a 381/558 24 -.023 5/1/5/5/4/2/11/ Spielberger (1988): 1b 924/308 35 -.19 5/1/6/5/4/2/1/1 Spielberger (1988): 1c 1342/208 50 .043 5/1/7/5/4/2/1/1 Spielberger (1988): 2 1377/1385 20* -.05 5/1/4/4/4/2/1/1 Spielberger (1988): 3 1264/1205 15 .04 5/1/3/5/4/2/1/1 Spielberger (1988): 4 505/404 -.03 5/1/9/12/4/2/1/1 Study Sex differences in aggression 23 Sample Mean gggggSamplea size (M/F) age overall physical verbal anger indirect ____________________________________________________________________________________ _____ Spielberger (1988): 5 563/175 .28 5/1/9/6/4/2/1/2 Spielberger (1988): 6 1461/398 .27 5/1/9/8/4/2/1/2 Cairns et al. (1989) w 104/116 10.2 .04 -.005 1/1/1/1/3/2/1/1 11.2 .16 -.06 1/1/2/1/3/2/1/1 12.2 .21 -.22 1/1/2/1/3/2/1/1 13.2 .15 -.05 1/1/2/1/3/2/1/1 14.2 .20 -.02 1/1/3/1/3/2/1/1 15.2 .11 -.11 1/1/3/1/3/2/1/1 13.2 -.92 1/1/2/1/8/5/1/1 Greenglass & Julkunen 88/175 20 -.13 1/3/4/4/4/3/2/2 (1989) Tucker (1989) l 40/37 11 .87 1.11 .46 3/1/1/1/5/3/2/1 Ujjwala Rani & 25/25 25 .15 .54 .48 -.42 1/4/5/5/5/2/3/2 Ramavani (1989): 1 Ujjwala Rani & 25/25 45 -.26 .40 .27 -.13 1/4/7/5/5/2/3/2 Ramavani (1989): 2 Unverzagt & Schill 71/60 20* -.09o 1/1/4/4/4/2/1/1 (1989) -.23o B.J. Wood (1989) 47/51 18.5 .47 3/1/4/4/5/2/2/1 l Gergen (1990) 75/75 19 .94 1/1/4/4/2/4/2/1 Schill, Ramanaiah, & 102/101 20* .86 .73 1/1/4/4/4/2/1/1 Conn (1990) .79 1/1/4/4/6/2/1/1 Stets (1990) 1461/1909 42 .22 .35 1/1/7/5/3/2/2/1 Gladue (1991a) 517/443 20 .80 .68 1/1/4/4/1/2/1/2 Gladue (1991b) 155/150 20.5 1.01 .93 1/1/4/4/1/2/1/1 Kirschner (1991) 211/312 20 .04 3/1/4/4/5/2/1/2 .19p 3/1/4/4/4/2/1/2 p -.08 3/1/4/4/4/2/1/2 -.18p 3/1/4/4/4/2/1/2 Muller (1991) 69/107 35 .07 1/8/9/5/4/2/1/2 Sallinen-Kuparinen, 88/144 23 .16 1/5/5/4/7/2/3/1 Thompson, & Klopf (1991): 1 Sallinen-Kuparinen et 86/59 20 .55 1/1/4/4/7/2/3/1 al. (1991): 2 Scherwitz, Perkins, 389/381 21 .44 1/1/4/5/6/2/1/1 Chesney, & Hughes (1991): 1 Scherwitz et al. (1991): 223/364 21 .17 1/1/4/5/6/2/1/1 2 Scherwitz et al. (1991): 259/319 27.5 .31 1/1/5/5/6/2/1/1 3 Study Sex differences in aggression 24 Sample Mean gggggSamplea size (M/F) age overall physical verbal anger indirect ____________________________________________________________________________________ _____ Scherwitz et al. (1991): 280/409 27.5 .29 1/1/5/5/6/2/1/1 4 Scherwitz et al. (1991): 158/174 21 .51 1/1/4/5/6/2/1/1 5 Scherwitz et al. (1991): 276/308 21 .23 1/1/4/5/6/2/1/1 6 Scherwitz et al. (1991): 162/177 27.5 .40 1/1/5/5/6/2/1/1 7 Scherwitz et al. (1991): 570/645 27.5 .22 1/1/5/5/6/2/1/1 8 Buss & Perry (1992) 612/641 19 .89 .44 .05 1/1/4/4/1/2/1/1 f l M.B. Harris (1992) 187/229 19 .75 1/1/4/4/2/4/2/2 Huesmann, Guerra, 148/127 9 0 2/1/1/1/2/8/1/2 Zelli, & Miller (1992) Blackford (1993) 23/27 8.9 .20 .02 3/3/1/1/9/2/2/1 Boulton (1993): 1 24/26 8 .64 1/2/1/1/3/5/1/1 Boulton (1993): 2 44/16 11 .99 1/2/2/1/3/5/1/1 Collier (1993) 92/132 10 .64 3/1/1/1/7/1/1/2 Kopper (1993) 222/407 19 .66 .29 -.25 1/1/4/4/5/2/2/2 .59 1/1/4/4/2/2/2/2 r Bjorkqvist et al. (1994) 162/176 35 -.28 1/5/5/13/2/7/1/ 2 r .21 Cotton et al. (1994) 222/214 12.5 .15 1/1/2/1/7/2/2/1 .45 1/1/2/1/3/4/2/1 Durant, Pendergrast, & 99/126 14.5 .43 1/1/3/1/3/4/1/1 Cadenhead (1994) Finkelstein, von Eye, & 43/63 10 .82 .55 1/2/1/1/2/2/1/1 Preece (1994)m 29/48 12 .94 b .27 b 1/2/2/1/2/2/1/1 30/40 14 .35 -.04 1/2/3/1/2/2/1/1 Hausman, Spivak, & 203/201 16 .27 1/1/3/5/3/4/2/1 Prothrow-Stith (1994) Hines & Fry (1994) 35/59 20* .34 .40 -.16 1/20/4/4/2/4/2/ 1 Jakubaschk, Wurmle, 25/18 37 .03 1/1/6/10/5/2/3/ & Genner (1994) 1 North, E.M. Smith, & 600/300 33 .57 1/1/6/7/1/2/4/2 Spitznagel (1994) Osterman et al. (1994) 204/200 8 .34 .11 0 1/22/1/1/2/7/2/ 1 Archer, Kilpatrick & 160/160 21 .65qb .35qb -.13 1/2/4/4/1/1/1/1 Bramwell (1995) .54q .41q 1/2/4/4/1/1/1/1 Study Sex differences in aggression 25 Sample Mean gggggSamplea size (M/F) age overall physical verbal anger indirect ____________________________________________________________________________________ _____ Baumgartner (1995) 70/66 16 .74 .43 .56 1/12/3/1/2/3/3/1 c Bushman (1995) : 1 210/210 20* 1.07 1/1/4/4/1/2/1/1 Bushman (1995)c: 2 80/80 20* .90 1/1/4/4/5/2/1/1 c Bushman (1995) : 3 330/408 20* 1.10 1/1/4/4/1/2/1/1 Eckhardt, Kassinove, 60/60 19 .22 1/17/4/4/4/3/1/1 Tsytsarev, & Sukhodolsky (1995) Gladue & Bailey 82/68 27 .31 .11 1/1/5/5/1/1/1/1 (1995) Hoglund & Nicholas 107/101 20 .61 1/1/4/4/5/2/2/1 (1995) .01 1/1/4/4/4/2/2/1 Knight, Ross, Collins, 492/518 -.17 1/18/9/5/4/2/1/1 & Parmenter (1995) Langhinrichsen337/137 18 .20g 1/1/4/3/3/4/2/1 Rohling & Neidig (1995) .41hb .38e Muller, Rau, Brody, 53/33 31 -.38 1/8/6/5/4/2/3/1 Elbert, & Heinle (1995) Stanford, Greve, & 59/155 25 .75 .13 -.28 1/1/5/4/5/2/1/1 Dickens (1995) Yamauchi & Li (1995): 116/157 20* .30 1/7/4/4/7/2/3/1 1 Yamauchi & Li (1995): 226/137 20* .16 1/10/4/4/7/2/3/1 2 Bartz, Blume, & Rose 159/350 20* .04 1/1/4/4/4/2/1/1 (1996) Clay, Hagglund, 84/84 11 .18 1/1/2/12/4/2/1/2 Kashani, & Frank (1996) Dykeman, Daehlin, 129/151 13.5 .65 1/1/3/1/2/6/2/1 Doyle, & Flamer (1996) Felsten (1996) 65/105 25 .41 1/1/5/4/5/2/1/1 L.R. Green, Richardson 52/96 21 .46 .06 1/1/4/4/2/2/2/1 & Lago (1996) M.B. Harris (1996)d 97/247 28 1.08 1/1/5/4/1/2/2/2 (same sample) 97/254 .73 (same sample) 96/252 .04 J.A. Harris, Rushton, 155/151 22 .74 .24 -.03 1/3/4/4/1/2/2/2 Hampson, & Jackson (1996) Study Sex differences in aggression 26 Sample Mean gggggSamplea size (M/F) age overall physical verbal anger indirect ____________________________________________________________________________________ _____ M.B. Harris & Knight60/46 35 1.38 .04 .11 1/1/6/4/1/2/2/2 Bohnhoff (1996): 1 M.B. Harris & Knight57/18 35 .95 .13 .23 1/1/6/8/1/2/2/2 Bohnhoff (1996): 2 Kopper & Epperson 260/445 19.5 .87 1/1/4/4/5/6/2/2 (1996) Meesters, Muris, 244/518 21.5 .73 .28 1/6/4/4/1/2/3/1 Bosma, Schouten, & Beuving (1996) Williams, Boyd, 124/76 30 .43 .05 .07 1/1/6/6/1/2/2/1 Cascardi, & Poythress (1996) Archer & Haigh 100/100 25 .43 .15 -.31 1/2/5/4/1/2/1/1 (1997a)u Archer & Haigh 62/47 29 .10 .03 -.34 1/2/5/6/1/9/1/2 (1997b)u Archer et al. (1997) 41/65 20* .86 .71 .31 1/2/4/4/1/3/1/2 .54 .53s 1/2/4/4/2/3/1/2 s -.25 Berenbaum & Resnick 18/13 20 .76 1/1/4/11/6/1/2/ (1997): 1 1 Berenbaum & Resnick 11/5 19 .10 1/1/4/11/6/1/2/ (1997): 2 1 Bernstein & Gesn 113/208 20* .85 .24 .02 1/1/4/4/1/2/2/1 (1997) Buntaine & 287/270 9.5 .27 -.07 1/1/1/1/9/2/2/2 Costenbader (1997) Campbell et al. (1997) 55/40 20* .10 .08t 1/2/4/4/2/6/2/2 -.54t S. Feshbach, Feshbach, 32/35 9 .18 2/1/1/1/5/3/1/2 & Jaffe (1997): 1 S. Feshbach et al. 80/80 11 .07 2/1/1/1/5/3/1/2 (1997): 2 St. George & Thomas 258/258 13 .22 1/1/3/1/3/4/2/1 (1997) Grufman & Berg-Kelly 1111/1445 16 .75 1/13/3/1/3/4/3/ (1997) 1 Malik, Sorenson, & 281/426 16 .25 1/1/3/1/7/8/2/1 Aneshensel (1997) Pastorelli, Barbaranelli, 452/363 12 .68 1/14/2/1/7/2/2/ Cermak, Rozsa, & 1 Caprara (1997): 1 Pastorelli et al. (1997): 148/133 13 .37 1/15/3/1/7/2/2/ 2 1 Study Sex differences in aggression 27 Sample Mean gggggSamplea size (M/F) age overall physical verbal anger indirect ___________________________________________________________________________________ ______ Pastorelli et al. (1997): 125/92 13 .56 1/16/3/1/7/2/2/ 3 1 Tardiff, Marzuk, Leon, 354/409 42 -.03 1/1/9/9/8/4/1/1 Portera, & Weiner. (1997) Bishop & Quah (1998): 68/101 22 0.00 -.68 1/19/4/5/5/3/1/ 1 1 Bishop & Quah (1998): 171/427 22 -.28 1/19/4/5/4/3/1/ 2 1 Cashdan (1998): 1 28/70 22 .59 1/2/4/4/8/1/2,2 Cashdan (1998): 2 119/111 24.5 .52 .05 1/2/4/4/8/4/2/2 Cornell & Loper (1998) 4116/4116 16 .36 1/1/3/1/3/4/1/1 Craig (1998): 1 135/124 10 .20 .06 -.09 1/3/1/1/2/2/2/1 Craig (1998): 2 119/168 12 .51 .03 -.05 1/3/2/1/2/2/2/1 b Furlow, Gangestad, & 90/139 20* .47 1/1/4/4/3/2/1/1 Armijo-Prewitt (1998) .62 1/1/4/4/3/4/1/1 Kingery et al. 394/394 13 .14 1/1/3/1/3/4/1/1 v (1998):1 Kingery et al. 405/405 14 .08 1/1/3/1/3/4/1/1 v (1998):2 Kingery et al. 370/370 15 .10 1/1/3/1/3/4/1/1 v (1998):3 Kingery et al. 365/365 16 .04 1/1/3/1/3/4/1/1 v (1998):4 Kingery et al. 332/332 17 .05 1/1/3/1/3/4/1/1 (1998):5v Kingery et al. 274/274 18 .09 1/1/4/1/3/4/1/1 (1998):6v Malek, Chang, & Davis 231/257 13.5 .49 1/1/3/1/3/4/1/1 (1998) Peters (1998) 39/45 14 -.12 3/1/3/9/4/1/2/1 Tashman, Weist, 73/81 15 -.09 1/1/3/1/3/2/2/1 Nabors, & Shafer (1998) Baron, Neuman & 250/202 .21 1/1/9/5/2/3/1/1 Geddes (1999) Bosworth, Espelage & 258/300 12 .36 1/1/2/1/2/2/1/1 Simon (1999) Brener et al. (1999): 1n 6136/6136 16.5 .32 1/1/3/1/3/4/2/1 n Brener et al. (1999): 2 8148/8148 16.5 .40 1/1/3/1/3/4/2/1 Brener et al. (1999): 3n 5452/5452 16.5 .32 1/1/3/1/3/4/2/1 n Brener et al. (1999): 4 8131/8131 16.5 .42 1/1/3/1/3/4/2/1 Study Sex differences in aggression 28 Ssample Mean gggggSamplea size (M/F) age overall physical verbal anger indirect ____________________________________________________________________________________ _____ Buchanan (1999) 37/67 20* .65 .45 -.21 1/2/4/4/1/1/1/1 Carlo et al. (1999) 43/46 16 .62 1/1/3/1/7/2/2/2 Felsten & Hill (1999) 14/19 24 1.27 -.24 .22 1/1/4/4/1/2/1/1 b Musazadeh (1999): 1 110/113 20 .64 .24 3/9/4/4/2/2/2/1 109/113 .26 3/9/4/4/1/2/2/1 b Musazadeh (1999): 2 120/217 15 .19 -.09 3/9/3/1/2/2/2/1 114/215 -.002 3/9/3/1/1/2/2/1 b Musazadeh (1999): 3 49/111 20 .43 .07 3/23/4/4/2/2/2/1 52/113 -.41 3/23/4/4/1/2/2/1 b Musazadeh (1999): 4 172/148 15 .14 .06 3/23/3/1/2/2/2/1 173/148 .02 3/23/3/1/1/2/2/1 Richardson & L.R. 56/57 20* .61 -.02 1/1/4/4/2/2/2/2 l Green (1999) Slobodskaya (1999) 102/152 15 .025 1/17/3/1/7/2/2/1 P. Smith (1999) 61/45 10.9 .65 3/1/1/1/3/2/2/1 Solis (1999) 65/80 14.2 .28 3/1/3/1/2/3/2/1 Delveaux & Daniels 138/135 10 .59 .21 1/3/1/1/9/2/3/1 (2000) Gofin, Palti, & Mandel 591/591 15 1.16 1/21/3/1/3/4/2/1 (2000) Hilton et al. (2000) 226/230 16.8 1.03 .68 1/3/3/1/3/4/2/1/ 1 Ireland (2000):1 210/196 32.5 -.09 .10 .07 3/2/6/6/10/4/2/1 Ireland (2000):2 285/217 32.7 -.12 -.08 .09 3/2/6/6/10/4/2/1 Meijer, Sinnema, 55/52 10 .55 1/6/1/12/7/2/2/1 Bijstra, Mellenbergh, & Wolters (2000): 1 Meijer et al. (2000): 2 693/702 8 .56 1/6/1/1/7/2/2/1 Singer & Flannery 1723/1750 10.5 .21 1/1/1/1/3/4/1/1 (2000): 1 Singer & Flannery 1143/1102 11.3 .26 1/1/2/1/3/4/1/1 (2000): 2 Singer & Flannery 1784/1939 16 .17 1/1/3/1/3/4/1/1 (2000): 3 S. Walker et al. (2000) 30/73 75 .47 -.08 1/1/8/5/2/3/2/1 Boulton, Karellou, 126/125 8.5 .38 .33 .39 4/11/1/1/3/4/1/1 Lanitis, Manoussou, & Lemoni (2001): 1 Boulton et al. (2001): 2 219/194 10.5 .46 .42 .30 4/11/2/1/3/4/1/1 Milovchevich, 151/202 40 .27 1/24/6/5/4/2/1/2 Howells, Drew, & Day (2001) Ramirez, Andreu, & 100/100 20.5 .44 .19 -.18 1/7/4/4/1/2/1/2 Fujihara (2001): 1y Study Sex differences in aggression 29 Sample Mean gggggSamplea size (M/F) age overall physical verbal anger indirect ____________________________________________________________________________________ _____ Ramirez et al. (2001): 64/136 19 1.11 .56 -.15 1/9/4/4/1/2/1/2 y 2 Sharpe & Desai (2001) 155/79 19.8 .38 .033 -.23 1/1/4/4/1/2/3/1 Thanzami (2003): 1 100/100 16 .31 .03 .06 4/4/3/1/1/2/2/2 Thanzami (2003): 2 100/100 26 .50 -.05 .20 4/4/5/5/1/2/2/2 Broidy et al. (2003): 1 1000/1000 13 .58 4/3/3/1/2/2/2/1 Broidy et al. (2003): 2 635/630 18 .18 4/18/4/5/2/2/2/1 Broidy et al. (2003): 3 539/498 18 .38 4/18/4/5/2/2/2/1 Broidy et al. (2003): 4 212/196x 13 .29 4/1/3/1/2/2/2/1 u Archer (2004) 82/83 25.7 .67 .12 -.27 4/2/5/4/1/1/1/1 ____________________________________________________________________________________ Study a Sample characteristics: Variable 1: source of data (1 = journal article; 2 = book or book chapter; 3 = dissertation; 4 = other unpublished source); 5 = Questionnaire manual); Variable 2: country (1 = US; 2 = UK; 3 = Canada; 4 = India; 5 = Finland; 6 = The Netherlands; 7 = Japan; 8 = Germany; 9 = Spain; 10 = China; 11 = Greece; 12 = Slovenia; 13 = Sweden; 14 = Italy; 15 = Hungary; 16 = the Czech Republic; 17 = Russia; 18 = New Zealand; 19 = Singapore; 20 = Argentina; 21 = Israel; 22 = Combined sample from the US, Finland and Poland; 23 = Iran; 24 = Australia); Variable 3: the approximate age group or mean age in years (1 = wholly or mainly elementary school age [e.g., 6-11 or 5-13]; 2 = mainly mid-childhood/pre-adolescent ages [e.g., 11-13]; 3 = mainly adolescent ages [e.g., 13-15,17,18,19 or 11-15 or 11-19]; 4 = college ages [18-24]; 5 = young adults extending to mid to late twenties [e.g., 19-29]; 6 = 30-40; 7 = 41-55; 8 = over 70; 9 = not specified or different ages); Variable 4: the sample (1 = school; 2 = adolescent delinquents; 3 = young people on a Job Corps Program; 4 = college students; 5 = community sample; 6 = prisoners; 7 = homeless; 8 = from military base; 9 = psychiatric patients; 10 = Old Order Amish communities; 11 = relatives of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia; 12 = medical/surgical patients; 13 = university employees); Variable 5: the questionnaire (1 = Aggression Questionnaire [Buss & Perry, 1992] or similar scale, such as the Aggression Inventory [Gladue, 1991], or items derived from this combined with another scale such as Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory [Buss & Durkee, 1957]; 2 = Behaviorally-based scales, such as those based on the Conflict Tactics Scale [Straus, 1979], including the Richardson Conflict Response Questionnaire [L.R. Green et al., 1996]), the Interpersonal Behavior Scale [Mauger, Adkinson, Zoss, Firestone, & Hook, 1980], a measure of workplace aggression [Baron et al, 1999], the 10-item Physical Aggression scale of Huesmann et al. [1992], the Work Harassment Scale of Bjorkqvist et al. [1994], the SRAB, Self-Reported Aggressive Behaviour scale [Campbell et al., 1997] or modified version of this, and the Olweus Multifaceted Aggression Inventory [OMAI: Olweus, Mattsson, Schalling & Low, 1980]; 3 = single-item measures of verbal or physical aggression or fights; 4 = Measures from anger scales such as the Physical and Verbal aggression subscales of the Anger Self Report Scale [Zelin, Adler, & Meyerson, 1972] or the Aggression scale of Muller Anger Coping Questionnaire [Muller, 1993] or the Multidimensional Anger Inventory [Siegel, 1986] anger arousal subscale, or the Spielberger Trait Anger Scale [Spielberger, Jacobs, Russell, & Crane, 1983 or Spielberger, 1988] or the Anger Questionnaire [Muller, 1991], factor 1, or the Subjective Anger Scale [Knight et al., 1995], or Differential Emotions Scale IV [Izard et al., 1974, cited in Clay et al., 1996] anger subscale; 5 = Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory [Buss & Durkee, 1957], for overall aggression acting-out, or overt, or aggressiveness factor, or expressive Sex differences in aggression 30 hostility, or total, for verbal and physical assault or verbal or indirect subscales, or composites of BDHI with other scales such as the Interpersonal Behavior Scale [Mauger et al., 1980], or revisions of it for children [e.g., Bendig, 1962; Kazdin et al., 1987]; 6 = Scales derived from personality inventories such as the Multidimensional Personality questionnaire [Tellegen, 1982] or the MMPI; 7 = Other questionnaire measures, such as the Saarbruken Aggression Scale, SAS [Kornadt, 1982], translated from German to Japanese, the Verbal aggressiveness scale of Infante & Wigley [1986], the Matson Evaluation of the Social Skills of Youngsters Scale [Matson, Rotatori, & Hesel, 1983], translated into Dutch; 8 = Interview or diary methods; 9 = Measures based on responses to hypothetical provocations, such as the Leifer-Roberts Response to Provocation Hierarchy or modifications of this [Leifer & Roberts, 1972; Reinisch, 1981], and the Children’s Action Tendency Scale [Deluty, 1979]); 10 = Direct and Indirect Prisoner Behaviour checklist, DIPC, designed to measure bullying behaviour without using this term (the physical scale extends beyond physical aggression to property damage; Variable 6: statistic used to calculate the g value (1 = g or d value presented in paper; 2 = means and standard deviations; 3 = t value; 4 = frequencies or proportions; 5 = 2; 6 = point-biserial correlation; 7 = one-way F value; 8 = approximate g from p values or p values and means; 9 = age-adjusted values, from F values after age was entered as a covariant); Variable 7: sex of first author (1 = male; 2 = female; 3 = not known); Variable 8: whether the title contained the terms “sex” or”gender” or “boys and girls” or “men and women” (1 = it did not; 2 = it did). b Indicates the values used in the meta-analysis. c Measures for Studies 1 and 2 were not in the published paper; they were calculated from the means and standard deviations supplied by the author. d These data were obtained from the author. They are slightly different from the values given on p. 857 of the published paper. e Physical aggression towards child strangers (although the age of "child" is not provided). f The mean frequency of eight specific acts of physical aggression since the respondent was 12 years of age. It is based on aggressors' reports; the mean d value for victims' reports being .63. g Physical aggression towards friends. h Physical aggression towards adult strangers. i This sample involved participants who had viewed parental violence (which led to much higher values among women). j This sample involved participants who had viewed non-violent parental discord. k This sample involved participants who witnesses little parental discord. l These studies provided figures for same-sex and opposite-sex opponents. The values for same-sex opponents are presented here, since the pattern for opposite-sex opponents is very different and more in line with the pattern found for partner physical aggression (Archer, 2000a,b) m This study was a longitudinal one taking measures at three times. The measure of verbal aggression specified aggression towards adults and the measure of physical aggression specified aggression toward peers. The middle value was used in the meta-analysis. n Data from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (YRBS) 1991, 1993, 1995, and 1997 (US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention): the question analyzed involved being in a physical fight. Lowry, Powell, Kann, Collins, & Kolbe (1998) presented similar data from the 1993 survey, but with a smaller sample size. Hill (1997) and Kingery et al. (1998) presented figures for 1993, 1995 and 1997, for the related question involving being in a physical fight at school. This produced similar effect sizes for years 1993 and 1995 (Hill, 1997), and values of d = .44, .24, .30 and -.004, for grades 15, 16, 17 and 18 analyzed separately, for 1997 (Kingery et al., 1998). o The first value was derived from the Novaco Anger Scale (Novaco, 1975) and the second from the Spielberger Trait Anger Scale (Spielberger et al, 1983 or Spielberger, 1988). The mean of the two values was used for the meta-analysis. Sex differences in aggression 31 p The first value was derived from the Anger Self Report Scale [Zelin et al., 1972], the second from the Spielberger Trait Anger Scale [Spielberger et al, 1983, Spielberger, 1988] and the third from the Novaco Anger Scale [Novaco, 1975]. The mean of the three values was used for the meta-analysis. q The first value was derived from the Aggression Questionnaire [Buss & Perry, 1992] and the second from the Aggression Inventory [Gladue, 1991a]. r The first figure is for “social manipulation” and the second is for “rational-appearing aggression”. The mean of the two figures was used for the meta analysis. s The first figure is for Factor 2 items, and the second figure is for Factor 3 items, which showed no apparent conceptual distinction from Factor 2. The mean of the two figures was used for the metaanalysis. t The first figure is for “instrumental” aggression, and the second one is for “expressive” aggression. The mean of the two figures was used for the meta-analysis. u The values in these three studies are controlled for the unequal ages of the male and female samples. For Archer and Haigh (1997a, 1997b) values were recalculated and are therefore different from those in the published sources, which were not controlled for age. For Archer and Haigh (1997a), values were calculated separately for two age groups from means and standard deviations (23 and below and over 24) and these values pooled. For Archer and Haigh (1997b), values calculated from the one-way F vales after age had been entered as a covariate. For Archer (in press) age-adjusted effect sizes are presented in the table. v The National Crime Victimization Survey School Crime Supplement, NCVS/SCS (US Department of Justice, 1998). w A longitudinal study, beginning at age 10.2 yr with five follow-up measures a year apart. All six values are shown in this table, but only the first age was used in the meta-analysis. x Sample sizes were taken from Pettit, Laird, Dodge, Bates, & Criss (2001). y In this paper, the sex differences are presented for the two nationalities combined. Data shown in the table was obtained from the first author (Ramirez, personal communication), and was originally presented as a conference paper (Andreu, Fujihara, & Ramirez, 1998). ____________________________________________________________________________________ Sex differences in aggression 32 Appendix B Observational Studies of Children, Used in the Second Series of Meta-analyses, Showing Sample Sizes, Mean Ages, Effect Sizes (g) for Overall, Physical, Verbal, and Indirect Aggression, and Sample Characteristics. Study Sample Mean g g g g Sample size (M/F) age overall physical verbal indirect characteristics ____________________________________________________________________________________ ___ Muste & Sharpe (1947) 12/14 4 .54 1/2/7/1/8/2/1 Sears, Whiting, Nowlis, 21/19 4.5 .27 1/2/1/1/5/1/1 & Sears (1953) McCandless, Bilous, & 28/32 4.5 .40 1/4/1/1/2/1/1 c Bennett (1961) Sears, Rau, & Alpert 21/19 4 .90 1.27 1.05 2/2/1/1/5/1/1 (1965) Feshbach (1969) 44/40 6 -.52b 1/2/9/2/2/2/2 Pedersen & Bell (1970) 30/25 2.5 .54 1/2/1/1/4/1/2 Baumrind (1971) 125/113 5.4 .56d 1/2/1/1/5/2/1 ce McGrew (1972) 21/9 4 1.29 .53 2/1/1/1/2/1/1 (same sample) .91 2/1/1/1/7/1/1 Blurton Jones & 10/11 4.5 .90 2/1/1/1/6/1/2 Konner (1973): 1 Blurton Jones & 10/13 4.5 .86 2/3/5/1/6/1/2 Konner (1973): 2 McGuire (1973) 70/62 4 .59 1/2/1/1/5/1/1 Hartup (1974) 56/46 5.5 .52 1/2/1/1/7/1/1 P.K. Smith (1974) 24/24 3.3 .40 2/1/1/1/8/1/1 f Jacklin & Maccoby 12/12 2.8 .19 1/2/7/1/5/2/2 (1978) Harden & Jacobs 8/8 5 1.53 1/2/1/1/5/1/1 (1978) Barrett (1979) 39/40 6.5 1.22 .83 1/2/2/2/5/1/2 g g (.90 ) (.38 ) Seegmiller (1980) 245/224 4 .50 1/2/1/1/10/2/2/ 1 Hargett (1981) 17/17 3.5 .71 3/2/1/1/9/2/1 Morey (1981) 22/36 4 1.05 1.40 .06 3/2/8/1/4/2/2 Granda (1982) 21/17 4.5 .19 .26 -.38 3/2/1/1/5/2/1 Moore & Mukai (1983): 37/23 7.5 .09 .26 .09 1/2/8/3/5/1/2 1h Moore & Mukai (1983): 65/41 8 -.03 .32 -.22 1/2/8/3/5/1/2 2h Moore & Mukai (1983): 35/22 8.1 -.03 .40 .16 1/2/8/3/5/1/2 3h Gunnar, Senior, & 10/10f 2.0 1.10 1/2/7/1/4/1/1 Hartup (1984) Attili & Boggi (1985) 6/6 4.7 1.37 2/8/1/1/7/2/2 Sex differences in aggression 33 Study Sample Mean g g g g Sample size (M/F) age overall physical verbal indirect characteristics _________________________________________________________________________________ Fagot & Hagan (1985): 6/6 1.8 .86 .28 1/2/1/1/5/2/2 1 Fagot & Hagan (1985): 10/10 2.3 .38 .15 1/2/1/1/5/2/2 2 Fagot & Hagan (1985): 8/8 2.8 .41 .31 1/2/1/1/5/2/2 3 Fagot et al. (1985) 12/14 1.1 .14 1/2/1/1/5/2/2 (same sample 10 13/16 2.0 .21 1/2/1/1/5/2/2 months later) P.K. Smith & Lewis 16/10 4.3 .16 1/1/1/1/8/1/1 (1985) Archer et al. (1988): 1 12/12 6 -.13 -.71 1/1/4/2/3/1/2 Archer et al. (1988): 2 12/12 7 .76 -.31 1/1/4/2/3/1/2 Archer et al. (1988): 3 12/12 8 .25 -.73 1/1/4/2/3/1/2 Archer et al. (1988): 4 12/12 9 -1.03 -.86 1/1/4/2/3/1/2 Archer et al. (1988): 5 12/12 10 1.37 -.49 1/1/4/2/3/1/2 Archer et al. (1988): 6 12/12 11 .96 -.85 1/1/4/5/3/1/2 McCabe & Lipscomb 21/11 4.6 .37 -.05 1/2/1/2/5/2/2 (1988): 1 McCabe & Lipscomb 32/32k 10 -.52m 1/2/4/2/10/2/2 (1988): 2 McCabe & Lipscomb 8/8k 7 .75 1/2/4/2/5/2/2 (1988): 2a McCabe & Lipscomb 8/8k 8.8 -.33 1/2/4/2/5/2/2 (1988): 2b McCabe & Lipscomb 8/8k 11.2 1.29 1/2/4/5/5/2/2 (1988): 2c McCabe & Lipscomb 8/8k 13.2 .56 1/2/4/5/5/2/2 (1988): 2d Cummings, Iannotti, & 22/21 2/5n .26 1/2/6/1/5/1/1 Zahn-Waxler (1989) Koyama & P.K. Smith 12/8 4.4 .13 .61 1/1/1/1/5/2/1 (1991) Boulton (1993): 1i 22/21 8 .26 1/1/3/2/5/1/1 Boulton (1993): 2i 25/18 11 .12 1/1/3/2/5/1/1 Serbin, Marchessault, 30/30 10 1.05 2/5/3/2/4/2/2 Mcaffer, Peters, & Schwartzman (1993) Shaw, Keenan & 55/38 1.5 .49o 1/2/8/4/5/1/1 Vondra (1994) (same sample) 54/40 2.0 .39o Farver (1996) 32/32 4 .91 1/2/1/1/5/2/1 McNeilly-Choque, 109/87 5 .41 -1.11 1/2/3/1/5/2/1 Hart, Robinson, Nelson, & Olsen (1996) Sex differences in aggression 34 _________________________________________________________________________________ Study Sample Mean g g g g Sample size (M/F) age overall physical verbal indirect characteristics _________________________________________________________________________________ Gunnarson (1997) 32/26 3.8 .56 .77 .31 3/2/1/1/5/1/1 Martin (1998) 39/39 5.3 .39 .53 3/5/8/1/4/2/2 Rubin, Hastings, Chen, 2.1 .42 1/2/6/1/5/1/1 50/50 Stewart & McNichol (1998) Tapper & Boulton 9 .49 .33 -.43l 4/1/3/2/5/2/1 35/38 l (1998) -.23 Arnold, Homrok, Ortiz, 48/38 4.8 .61 1/2/1/1/9/1/1 & Stowe (1999) Butovskaya & 13/12 6.5 2.02 .32 1/6/3/2/5/2/1 Kozintsev (1999) Cooperman (1999) 24/27j 4.5 .56 .20 3/2/8/1/5/2/1 Gifford-Smith (1999): 1 8.4 .23 .55 3/2/2/2/5/2/2 16/16 Gifford-Smith (1999): 2 11.0 .58 .54 3/2/2/4/5/2/2 16/16 Arsenio, Cooperman & 24/27j 4.5 .55 1/2/8/1/5/1/1 Lover (2000) Hay, Castle & Davies 33/33 2 .64 1/1/8/1/1/2/1 (2000) Munroe, Hulefeld, 24/24 6 .80 1/12/5/2/5/1/1 Rodgers, Tomeo, & Yamazaki (2000): 1p Munroe et al. (2000): 24/24 6 .62 1/9/5/2/5/1/1 2p Munroe et al. (2000): 24/24 6 .42 1/10/5/2/5/1/1 3p Munroe et al. (2000): 24/24 6 .35 1/11/5/2/5/1/1 4p 28/20 4.8 .49 1/7/1/1/3/1/2 Sanchez-Martin, et al. (2000) Butovskaya (2001) 11/9 6.5 2.06 1.29 2/13/3/2/5/2/1 Note. Sample characteristics: Variable 1: source of data (1 = journal article; 2 = book or book chapter; 3 = dissertation; 4 = other unpublished source); Variable 2: country or ethnic group (1 = UK; 2 = US; 3 = !Kung hunter-gatherers; 4 = a mix of Hawaiian children of Caucasian and Oriental origin; 5 = Canada; 6 = Russia; 7 = Spain; 8 = Italy; 9 = Kenya; 10 = Samoa; 11 = Belize; 12 = Nepal; 13 = Kalmyk Republic); Variable 3: the situation (1 = nursery school or playgroup or day care center; 2 = summer camp; 3 = playground or free play; 4 = classroom; 5 = village; 6 = child interacting with a friend in the presence of mother; 7 = two child structured play session; 8 = home setting, or experimental situation; 9 = reactions of newcomers to established dyads); Variable 4: age in years (1 = pre-school ages [1.5-6 yr]; 2 = elementary school ages [6-11 yr]; 3 = pre-school, elementary and early secondary school ages [2-13 yr]; 4 = elementary and early secondary school ages [7-13 yr]; 5 = secondary school ages [e.g., 11-14]; Variable 5: the statistic used to calculate the g values (1 = frequencies or proportions; 2 = 2; 3 = d values in published paper; 4 = t value; 5 = Sex differences in aggression 35 means and standard deviations; 6 = minimum value, calculated from the report that the differences were significant [i.e. p = .05]. It is not clear whether this value was derived from 2 values or the Mann-Whitney U test; 7 = p value; 8 = the data for individual children presented by the authors in the published papers; 9 = one-way F value; 10 = approximate d value from factorial F value, i.e. an overestimate since other factor or factors should have been added to the error term); Variable 6: sex of the first author (1 = male; 2 = female; 3 = not known); Variable 7: whether the title contained the terms “sex” or”gender” or “boys and girls” or “men and women” (1 = it did not; 2 = it did). b The measures were of ostracism and rejection. c In the studies by McCandless et al. (1961), and McGrew (1972) it is not clear whether the 2 were carried out appropriately (i.e. whether they violated the assumption of independence). d The measure was hostile-friendly. e Note that the sample size for this study is not 10 as shown in Table 1 of Maccoby and Jacklin (1980). For physical aggression, the top figure is for pushing, and the lower figure (used in the metaanalysis) is for hitting movement. For verbal aggression, the measure is for negative expletive. f Values for these studies were taken from those supplied for male and for female dyads, since no individual values were presented. g The figures in brackets (used in the meta-analysis) are corrected for the numbers of social initiations by boys and girls. h The top two samples were children referred to clinics for aggressive behavior. i Values for this study were calculated from the rates of fighting per hour supplied by the author. j These are likely to be the same sample, but are listed separately since the dissertation provided separate measures for physical and verbal aggression. k The measure was obtained from an analysis of recorded verbal protocols for indirect aggression (referred to as “nonconfrontatory verbal aggression”). l The upper figure is for indirect verbal aggression and the lower figure is for indirect relational aggression. The mean of the two values was used for the meta-analysis. m The first entry (indirect aggression) is for four age groups combined (since only this value was available) and the next four (verbal aggression) are for the separate ages. n This was a longitudinal study beginning at 2 yr and following up at 5 yr. The data were for both years combined, from the means on p. 894, and the pooled standard deviations for both sexes at 2 and 5 yr from Table 10. o The mean of the two values were used in the meta-analysis. p Means and standard deviations for the frequency of aggression per child were obtained from the first author. Sex differences in aggression 36 Appendix C Studies Involving Peer Reports, Used in the Third Series of Meta-analyses, Showing Sample Sizes, Mean Ages, Effect Sizes (g) for Overall, Physical, Verbal, and Indirect Aggression, and Sample Characteristics. Study Sample Mean g g g g Sample size (M/F) age overall physical verbal indirect characteristics ____________________________________________________________________________________ ___ Toigo, Walder, Eron & 266/266 9 .07 1/4/2/4/4/1/1 Lefkowitz (1962) Semler, Eron, 292/275 9 .70 1/4/2/6/2/2//1 Meyerson, & Williams (1967) Semler & Eron (1967) 469/394 9 .53 1/4/2/6/2/2/1 a Huesmann et al. (1978) 211/215 9 .41 1/4/2/4/3/1/1 (same sample 10 years 19 .74 1/4/5/4/3/1/1 later) Brodzinsky, Messer, & 58/69 11 .72 1/4/3/6/4/1/2 Tew (1979) Deluty (1983) 110/121 10 .44 1/4/2/1/6/1/1 Cairns & Cairns (1984) 81/93 10 -.11b 1/4/2/7/2/1/2 b (same sample 1 yr later) 11 .15 1/4/3/7/2/1/2 Felson & Liska (1984) 209/207 13 .82 1/4/3/5/3/1/2 Huesmann, Lagerspetz, 374/384 9 .36 1/4/2/4/4/1/1 & Eron (1984): 1 Huesmann et al. (1984): 105/115 10 .40 1/1/2/4/4/1/1 2 Lagerspetz et al. (1988) 78/89 11.5 1.14 -.79 1/1/3/1/5/2/2 e Lancelotta & Vaughn 47/51 11 .73 .42 1/4/3/7/6/1/1 (1989) Degnan (1990): 1 130/151 11 .83 .88 .47 .36 3/4/3/9/5/2/1 Degnan (1990): 2 77/73 11 .99 1.37 .61 .23 3/4/3/9/5/2/1 Degnan (1990): 3 47/47 11 .63 .26 .32 .43 3/4/3/9/5/2/1 McIntosh (1991) 147/163 8 .58 .91 3/4/2/1/2/2/1 c Huesmann et al. (1992) 148/127 9 .36 2/4/2/4/6/1/2 Bjorkqvist, Lagerspetz, 40/45 8 1.00 -.36 1/1/2/2/5/1/2 & Kaukiainen (1992): 1 Bjorkqvist, Lagerspetz, 64/63 15 1.65 .23 -.67 1/1/4/2/5/1/2 & Kaukiainen (1992a): 2 Collier (1993) 92/132 10.5 .59 3/4/2/4/3/1/2 Hudley (1993) 479/420 11.5 .60 .71 1/4/3/8/2/2/1 Sex differences in aggression 37 Study Sample Mean g g g g Sample size (M/F) age overall physical verbal indirect charcteristics _________________________________________________________________________________ ____ Bjorkqvist, Osterman, 1069/1025 11 1.09 .60 -.22 4/2/3/2/4/1/2 & Lagerspetz (1994)/ Osterman et al. (1997) Boulton & P.K. Smith 57/74 9 .91 1/6/2/5/9/1/1 (1994) Dodge, Pettit, & Bates 248/228 6.5 .66 1/4/2/4/2/1/1 (1994): 1 Dodge et al. (1994): 2 52/49 6.5 .58 1/4/2/4/2/1/1 Osterman et al. (1994) 204/200 8 .74 .44 -.05 1/3/2/2/4/2/1 Crick & Grotpeter 256/235 10.5 .75 -.26 1/4/2/4/2/2/2 (1995) Guerra, Huesmann, 313/326 7 .36d 1/4/2/4/2/2/1 Tolan, van Acker, & Eron (1995)/Eron, Guerra, & Huesmann (1997): 1 Guerra et al. 303/316 9 .69d 1/4/2/4/2/2/1 (1995)/Eron et al. (1997): 2 Guerra et al. 332/345 11 .59d 1/4/3/4/2/2/1 (1995)/Eron et al. (1997): 3 Verlaan (1995) 201/205 11 .78 .54 .04 3/8/3/2/2/2/2 McNeilly-Choque et al. 134/107 5 .68 .00 1/4/1/4/2/2/1 (1996) Owens (1996): 1 55/53 8 1.06 .44 .08 1/5/2/3/2/1/2 Owens (1996): 2 59/52 12 1.91 1.07 -.16 1/5/3/3/2/1/2 Owens (1996): 3 58/46 15 1.37 .12 -.59 1/5/4/3/2/1/2 Owens (1996): 4 48/51 17 1.67 .81 -.96 1/5/4/3/2/1/2 Crick (1997) 578/588 10.5 .78 -.15 1/4/2/4/2/2/2 Crick, Casas, & Mosher 34/31 5 .40 .25 1/4/1/4/1/2/1 (1997) Khatri (1997) 160/69 10 .38 3/9/2/4/1/2/1 Lemerise (1997) 458/482 8 .78 1/4/2/5/2/2/1 Rys (1997): 1 27/14 10.5 .72 -.10 3/4/2/4/2/2/2 Rys (1997): 2 33/45 10.5 .84 -.15 3/4/2/4/2/2/2 Rys & Bear (1997): 1 61/70 8 .65 .07 1/4/2/4/2/2/2 Rys & Bear (1997): 2 71/64 11 .65 -.13 1/4/3/4/2/2/2 Tomada & Schneider 167/147 9 .97 .27 1/7/2/4/2/2/2 (1997) Henington, Hughes, 461/443 8.5 .85 .27 1/4/2/4/2/2/2 Cavell, & Thompson (1998) Sex differences in aggression 38 Study Sample Mean g g g g Sample size (M/F) age overall physical verbal indirect characteristics _________________________________________________________________________________ ____ Hess & Atkins (1998) 239/231 10 .21 1/4/2/5/4/2/1 Pakaslahti & 407/430 14 .52 .31 -.10 1/1/4/4/2/2/1 Keltikangas-Jarvinen (1998) Phillipsen, Deptula, & 308/357 10.5 .13 .00 1/4/2/4/2/1/1 Cohen (1999) Arsenio, Cooperman, & 24/27 4.5 .96 1/4/1/5/2/1/1 Lover (2000) Salmivalli, Kaukiainen 89/120 15.5 .97 .56 -.87 1/1/4/2/8/2/2 & Lagerspetz (2000) Sebanc (2000) 52/46 3.9 .52 3/4/1/4/5/2/1 __________________________________________________________________________________ _____ Note. Sample characteristics: Variable 1 = source of data (1 = journal article; 2 = book or book chapter; 3 = dissertation; 4 = other unpublished source); Variable 2 = country (1 = Finland; 2 = a combined sample from Finland, Italy, Israel and Poland; 3 = a combined sample from Finland, US, and Poland; 4 = US; 5 = Australia; 6 = UK; 7 = Italy; 8 = Canada 9 = India); Variable 3 = age group in years (1 = pre-school age (under 6 years); 2 = elementary school age [6-11]; 3 = mainly preadolescent ages [e.g., 11-13]; 4 = mainly adolescent ages [e.g., 13-15, 17-18]; 5 = young adults [1824]); Variable 4:method of measurement (1 = children asked to rate what each other child in the class did when he or she became angry, or if someone was bothering them, either in terms of the frequency of specific items or a choice from aggressive and non-aggressive alternatives; 2 = children asked to rate what each other child in the class did when he or she became angry or had problems, in terms of the frequency of specific items, developed by Bjorkqvist, Lagerspetz, & Kaukiainen, 1992; 3 = children asked to rate boys in general and girls in general, in terms of the frequency with which they employed items of direct aggression; 4 = peer nomination along items involving aggression; 5 = peer nominations for who fights the most or who starts fights; 6 = respondents asked to rate peers along scales describing types of aggression; 7 = Nomination of children with whom they had conflicts; 8 = Nomination of three children who best fit aggressive categories including “starts a fight”; 9 = Peer Evaluation Inventory of Pekarik, Prinz, Liebert, Weintraub, & Neale (1976); 10 = Asked what each other child in the class did); Variable 5 = statistic used to calculate the g value (1 = frequency or proportions; 2 = means and standard deviations; 3 = point-biserial correlation; 4 = one-way F value; 5 = the means and standard deviations in the histograms [approximate values]; 6 = p values; 7 = authors’ d value; 8 = t values; 9 = F values from 2 x 2 ANOVA, i.e. an overestimate since the other factor should have been included in the error term); Variable 6: Sex of first author (1 = male; 2 = female; 3 = not known); Variable 7: whether the title contained the terms “sex” or “gender” or “boys and girls” or “men and women” (1 = it did not; 2 = it did). a Value used in the meta-analysis. b The same sample a year later. The means of the two values were used in the meta-analysis. c No precise value was given and so the g value is half way between p = .01 and p = .001. Sex differences in aggression 39 d Calculated from the means for the three ages in the histograms in Figure 1 of Eron et al 1997), and the overall standard deviation stated in Guerra et al. (1995): the sample sizes for the three ages were calculated from information in Guerra et al. e The mean of the g values for provoked and unprovoked physical aggression. Sex differences in aggression 40 Appendix D Studies Involving Teacher Reports, Used in the Fourth Series of Meta-analyses, Showing Sample Sizes, Mean Ages, Effect Sizes (g) for Overall, Physical, Verbal, and Indirect Aggression, and Sample Characteristics. sample Mean gf g gf g Sample size (M/F) age overall physical verbal indirect charcteristics ____________________________________________________________________________________ _ Hattwick (1937) 283/296 3.3 .23 1/4/1/5/3/2/2 Sears et al. (1953) 21/19 4.5 -.19 1/4/1/3/2/1/1 110/130 10.5 .27 1/4/2/1/5/1/1 R.N. Walker (1967): 1 R.N. Walker (1967): 2 115/104 11.5 .28 1/4/2/1/5/1/1 Ankeney & Goodman 25/30 3.9 .68 1/4/1/3/6/2/1 (1976). Levine (1977): 1 233/195 9.2 .58 1/6/2/3/2/3/2 Levine (1977): 2 213/219 8.4 .44 1/6/2/3/2/3/2 a Cairns & Cairns (1984) 81/93 10 .26 1/4/2/4/2/1/2 11 .61a 1/4/2/4/2/1/2 a a Cairns et al.(1989) 104/116 10.2 .14 .11 1/4/2/5/2/1/1 11.2 .42a .18a 1/4/2/5/2/1/1 a a 12.2 .24 .07 1/4/3/5/2/1/1 13.2 .05a .09a 1/4/35/2/1/1 a a 14.2 .16 .12 1/4/3/5/2/1/1 15.2 -.02a -.03a 1/4/3/5/2/1/1 Mize & Cox (1990) 16/16 4.7 .70 1/4/1/3/2/1/1 Renken (1990) 106/85 7 .58 3/4/2/2/3/1/1 Slotkin (1991): 1 264/187 11.8 .54 3/4/2/3/6/1/1 e e Slotkin (1991): 2 123/88 11.8 .43 3/4/3/3/6/1/1 Huesmann et al. (1992) 148/127 9 .48 2/4/2/3/5/1/2 Adessky (1993) 55/56 5.6 .45 3/3/2/3/2/2/1 Blackford (1993) 23/27 8.9 .40 3/3/2/2/2/2/1 Honig & Park (1993) 53/52 4.4 1.02 1/4/1/3/2/2/2 Hudley (1993) 479/420 11.3 .29 .42 .27 1/4/2/3/2/2/1 f Dumas, Nesse, Prinz, & 233/245 7 .06 1/4/2/2/1/2/1 Blechman (1996) McNeilly-Choque et al. 134/107 5 .49 -.24 1/4/1/3/2/2/1 (1996) Crick et al. (1997) 34/31 5 .83 -.74 1/4/1/6/2/2/2 Rys & Bear (1997): 1 61/70 9 .56 -.19 1/4/2/6/2/2/2 Rys & Bear (1997): 2 71/64 12 .45 -.20 1/4/3/6/2/2/2 Tomada & Schneider 167/147 9 .13 .15 1/7/2/7/2/2/2 (1997) Hart, Nelson, Robinson, 101/106 5.1 .08 .09 1/1/1/3/2/1/1 Olsen, & McNeillyChoque (1998) Hess & Atkins (1998) 239/231 10 .32 1/4/2/8/4/2/1 Study Sex differences in aggression 41 Study sample size (M/F) gf g gf overall physical verbal g indirect sample charcteristics mean age _________________________________________________________________________________ ____ Hudson (1998) 465/424 5 .61 .68 3/8/2/3/2/2/1 Shields & Cicchetti 146/82 8.7 .58 1/4/2/2/2/2/1 (1998) Tout (1998) 71/58 4.3 .20 3/4/1/3/2/2/1 Cooperman (1999)g 24/27 4.4 .79 3/4/1/3/2/2/1 Deater-Deckard & 69/67 10 .64 1/4/2/2/2/3/1 Plomin (1999): 1 Deater-Deckard & 70/57 10 .35 1/4/2/2/2/3/1 Plomin (1999): 2 Dunbar (1999) 630/629 8.5 .17 3/4/2/3/6/2/2 g Arsenio et al. (2000) 24/27 4.5 .79 1/4/1/3/2/1/1 Kokko & Pulkkinen 196/173 8 .64 1/2/2/3/1/1/1 (2000) Sebanc (2000) 52/46 3.9 .70 -.16 3/4/1/3/2/2/1 Money (2001) 123/91 10.5 .46 .25 -.39 3/4/2/7/1/2/1 b Broidy et al. (2003): 1 1000/1000 6 .55b 4/3/2/3/2/2/1 7 .54 4/3/2/3/2/2/1 8 .53b 4/3/2/3/2/2/1 b 9 .68 4/3/2/3/2/2/1 10 .58 4/3/2/3/2/2/1 b 11 .58 4/3/2/3/2/2/1 b 12 .59 4/3/2/3/2/2/1 b Broidy et al. (2003): 2 635/630 7 .40b 4/5/2/3/2/2/1 b 8 .43 4/5/2/3/2/2/1 9 .38b 4/5/2/3/2/2/1 b 10 .42 4/5/2/3/2/2/1 11 .42b 4/5/2/3/2/2/1 b 12 .31 4/5/2/3/2/2/1 13 .39b 4/5/3/3/2/2/1 b Broidy et al. (2003): 3 496/458d b 7 .18 4/5/2/3/2/2/1 496/459d 9 .35b 4/5/2/3/2/2/1 d b 481/444 11 .30 4/5/2/3/2/2/1 442/408d 13 .34b 4/5/3/3/2/2/1 b Broidy et al. (2003): 4 302/278c b 6 .26 4/4/2/3/2/2/1 c b 286/264 7 .25 4/4/2/3/2/2/1 281/260c 8 .14b 4/4/2/3/2/2/1 c b 266/246 9 .32 4/4/2/3/2/2/1 259/239c 10 .36b 4/4/2/3/2/2/1 c b 233/215 11 .38 4/4/2/3/2/2/1 210/193c 12 .12b 4/4/2/3/2/2/1 Sex differences in aggression 42 Note. Sample characteristics: Variable 1:source of data (1 = journal article; 2 = book or book chapter; 3 = dissertation; 4 = other unpublished source); Variable 2: country (1 = Russia; 2 = Finland; 3 = Canada; 4 = US; 5 = New Zealand; 6 = UK; 7 = Italy; 8 = China); Variable 3: = age group in years (1 = preschool age (under 6); 2 = elementary school age [6-12]; 3 = mainly adolescent ages [e.g., 12-15]); Variable 4: method of measurement (1 ratings along pairs of adjectives indicating acts of aggression; 2 = teacher report form of Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL: Edelbrock & Achenbach, 1991]; 3 = ratings along items indicating aggression; 4 = ratings from the Interpersonal Competence Test [ICT]; 5 = single-item rating scales; 6 = peer report forms modified for teacher ratings; 7 = teachers nominated pupils who matched items of aggression; 8 = ratings of adjectives describing temperament); Variable 5: statistic used to calculate the g value (1 = frequency or proportions; 2 = means and standard deviations or standard errors; 3 = t value; 4 = one-way F value; 5 = p value; 6 = authors’ d or r value); Variable 6: sex of first author (1 = male; 2 = female; 3 = not known); Variable 7: whether the title contained the terms “sex” or “gender” or “boys and girls” or “men and women” (1 = it did not; 2 = it did). a Longitudinal samples. For each study, the mean of the various ages was used in the meta-analysis. b A series of longitudinal studies carried out in three countries at 4 sites. The values for each age are shown. For each study, the mean of the various ages was used in the meta-analysis. c Sample sizes were taken from Pettit et al. (2001) and from values supplied by Richard Tremblay. d Sample sizes were taken from Silva (1990). e Referred to as a “clinical” sample: they had received either an educational or psychiatric referral. f Mean of two values from the same sample taken at the beginning and end of the school year. g These appear to be the same sample. Only one value was used in the meta-analysis. Sex differences in aggression 43 References (appearing only in notes to the tables) Andreu, J.M., Fujihara, T., & Ramirez, J.M. (1998, July). Cultural and sex differences in aggression: A comparison between Japanese and Spanish students. 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