9. beriZe, kobaiZe
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iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba XXXVI 2008 marine beriZe, manana kobaiZe eTnikuri Jgufis CamoKalibebis mcdeloba (vinaobis cvlis dinamika mesxTa gamuslimebis magaliTze) cnobilia, rom mesxeTidan deportirebuli mosaxleoba ar warmoadgens homogenur erTobas. es statia ZiriTadad fokusirebulia Jgufis im nawilze, romelic dGes e.w. `gardamavali identobis~ safexurze imKofeba da erTgvarad cdilobs vinaobis krizisis daZlevas. gamokvleva eKrdnoba istoriul da zepir wKaroebs, aseve deportirebulTa publikaciebsa da monaTxrobSi moZiebul cnobebs. Cven vaCvenebT ganviTarebis ZiriTad tendencias da dinamikas da miznad ar visaxavT statistikur analizs. statiaSi warmodgenilia istoria Jgufisa, romelic ramdenime saukunis manZilze mudmivad iKo sxvadasxva politikuri eqsperimentis obieqti. eTnikuri Jgufis vinaobis Secvlis (axali eTnikuri Jgufis Seqmnis) mizniT warmoebuli politikuri `cdebi~ xorcieldeboda sxvadasxva politikuri Zalis mier da sxvadasxva politikuri miznebiT. mosaxleobis am Jgufze regularulad iKenebdnen rogorc ideologiur da ekonomikur saSualebebs, aseve Zalmomreobas. es Jgufi orJer iqna gadasaxlebuli - Jer saqarTvelodan, Semdeg ki uzbekeTidan. istoria am Jgufisa, romelic xSirad moixsenieba xan `Turqi mesxebis~ da xan `mesxi Turqebis~ saxeliT, mtkivneuli problemaa ramdenime saxelmwifosaTvis: saqarTvelo, ruseTi, TurqeTi, uzbekeTi, azerbaiJani _ es aris arasruli CamonaTvali am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli saxelmwifoebisa da mxolod es siac aaSkaravebs problemis sirTules. winamdebare statiaSi Cven vexebiT am mravalplaniani problemis mxolod erT sakiTxs _ mosaxleobis Jgufis vinaobis cvlis sakiTxs. itoriuli dokumentebis, werilobiTi da zepiri wKaroebis SeJereba saSualebas iZleva, Tvali gavadevnoT oTxaswlian, uwKvet `laboratoriul samuSaos~ romelic warmatebiT mimdinareobda mudmivi politikuri kontrolis pirobebSi. eTno-socialuri `seleqciis~ es dauGalavi cdebi mimarTuli iKo dampKrobi saxelmwifoebisTvis sasurveli administraciuli garemosa da politikuri poziciebis Sesaqmnelad da Jerac grZeldeba. e. w. Turqi mesxebis xvedri cxadi magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor cdilobdnen garkveuli politikuri Zalebi erT teritoriaze TavmoKrili sxvadasxva eTnikuri warmomavlobis adamianebisagan erTi Jgufis Seqmnas da saziaro koleqtiuri cnobiere wakiTxul iqna moxsenebad baTumSi saerTaSoriso qarTvelologiur simpoziumze, 2006w. eTnikuri Jgufis CamoKalibebis mcdeloba 59 bis CamoKalibebas. Jgufis vinaobis ganmsazGvreli niSnebi erT mTlian kompleqss qmnian da am kompleqsis Semadgenel nawilebs Soris wonasworoba mniSvnelovani pirobaa Jgufis arsebobisaTvis. roca es wonasworoba irGveva, Jgufi gadainacvlebs aramKar, gardamaval mdgomareobaSi. Tu es mdgomareoba arsebobis mudmiv formad iqca JgufisaTvis an individisaTvis, aman, mosalodnelia, garkveuli krizisi gamoiwvios. aramKar, arastabilur mdgomareobaSi mKofi Jgufi mudmivad eswrafvis stabiluri mdgomareobis kvlav mopovebas. vinaobis niSanTa kompleqsis dakarguli komponentis aGdgenas. xSirad aGiniSneba, rom vinaobis SenarCuneba SesaZlebelia maSinac, roca esa Tu is niSani vinaobisa dakargulia, magaliTad, ena, saziaro teritoria, saerTo istoria da sxva. amis magaliTad sxvadasxva eTnikur Jgufs asaxeleben. es garkveulwilad marTalia, magram unda aGiniSnos, rom aseTi mdgomareoba _ vinaobis romelime komponentis nakleboba _ aris gardamavali, aramKari viTarebis niSani ara mxolod Jgufis momavali ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed am Jgufisa da TviT misi mezoblebisTvisac warmoadgens faqtobrivi arastabiluri mdgomareobis mizezs. aseTi aramKari mdgomareoba SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ganviTardes: an mosalodnelia, rom daikargos adrindeli vinaobis is bolo niSnebi, romelic Jer kidev iKo SenarCunebuli da Tanaarsebobda axali vinaobis komponentebTan erTad, sabolood SeerwKas axal vinaobas, am SemTxvevaSi ukve ikargeba xsovna (/codna) adrindeli vinaobis Sesaxeb _ Cveni azriT, vinaobis Kvelaze ZiriTadi da umTavresi niSani. an Jgufma unda aGidginos niSanTa erToblioba, mTliani sistema erovnuli vinaobisa. swrafva am niSanTa erTobliobis aGdgenisaken damaxasiaTebelia aseTi arastabilur mdgomareobaSi mKofi JgufebisaTvis. sxva sakiTxia, romeli politikuri Zalis mier iqneba Jgufis es Tviseba gamoKenebuli da ra mimarTulebiT iqneba warmarTuli es swrafva. eTnikuri Jgufis mdgomareoba damokidebulia ori saxis sruliad naTlad gamokveTil resursebze _ materialursa da sulierze. materialuri resursebi moicavs iseT elementebs, rogoricaa mosaxleoba, teritoria, ekonomika. sulier resursebSi moiazreba: ena, religia/ideologia, kultura; saziaro istoria da gadmocemebi/ `kulturuli mexsiereba~. Jgufis demografiuli situacia, gansaxlebis xasiaTi, da sakuTar da mezoblad mdebare kulturebTan damokidebuleba aris gadamwKveti faqtori, ra mimarTulebiT ganviTardeba Jgufis vinaoba. Tavis mxriv, es faqtorebi damokidebulia da gansazGvrulia politikuri da social-ekonomikuri faqtorebiT. magram damokidebulebebis Secvlis mizniT xSirad ideologiuri saSualebebic gamoiKeneba. eTnikuri cvlilebebis procesi, romelic mesxeTSi da, kerZod, samcxe-JavaxeTSi XVI-XVII saukuneebidan diwKo, mimarTuli iKo am teritoriaze mcxovrebi da Camosaxlebuli sxvadasxva Jgufis erT mTlianobad CamoKalibebisaken. ker- m. beriZe, m. kobaiZe 60 Zod, erT Jgufad unda CamoKalibebuliKvnen gamahmadianebuli qarTvelebi da am teritoriaze Camosaxlebuli sxva Jgufebi _ Turqebi da qurTebi. es iKo rTuli da xangrZlivi procesi, romelic mimdinareobda Jer TurqeTis, Semdeg ki ruseTis kontrolis qveS. am saxelmwifoebis mizani iKo aqauri mosaxleobis gamoKeneba, rogorc saSualebis, rogorc iaraGisa am strategiulad mniSvnelovani teritoriis samarTavad. es mizani, miuxedavad am qveKnebSi mimdinare Sida politikuri cvlilebebisa, ucvleli darCa sami-oTxi saukunis ganmavlobaSi. istoriul wKaroebSi Semonaxuli masala TvalnaTliv aCvenebs am teritoriaze mcxovrebi sxvadasxva erovnebis da sarwmunoebis adamianTa erT Jgufad CamoKalibebis safexurebs: 1. sarwmunoebis cvla (ekonomikuri da sxva saSualebebiT waxalisebuli); 2. sarwmunoebis cvlis Sedegad mSobliuri enis TandaTanobiTi cvla pirvelad enis gamoKenebis garkveul sferoebSi (religiuri ritualebi, ganaTleba) da maGal socialur fenebSi, Semdeg ki Kvela sferoSi (oJaxis CaTvliT) da Kvela socialur fenaSi (glexobis CaTvliT). 3. sarwmunoebisa da mSobliuri enis Secvlis gamo axleburi damokidebuleba adrindel vinaobasTan da adrindeli vinaobis bolo kvalis - gvaris Secvla. 4. sakuTari Tavis aGqma axali Jgufis wevrad da Zveli Jgufisagan gamiJvna. sarwmunoebis cvla rogorc aGvniSneT, vinaobis cvlis upirvelesi nabiJi iKo sarwmunoebis Secvla, rac imarTeboda TurqeTis mxridan ekonomikuri da sxva saSualebebis gamoKenebiT: sarwmunoebis cvlis procesi daiwKo XVI saukuneSi. mTeli ormoci weli gavida, JaKelTa saxlis pirveli warmomadgenlis gamahmadianebamde (lomsaZe 1975, 285). Semdegi 50 weli dasyirda, rom oJaxis sxva wevrebsac mieGoT muslimanuri sarwmunoeba. mesxTa gamuslimeba sakmaod neli tempiT midioda da rogorc Cans, es procesi Zalian didxans atarebda formalur xasiaTs. sarwmunoeba TandaTan Seicvala Jer didgvarovanTa fenam (`mTavarni da warCinebulni arian mahmadianni da glexni qristianeni~ (vaxuSti 1854, 171). meTvramete saukuneSi glexebic mahmadiandebian. Tumca amis miuxedavad, rogorc Cans, Jgufi (Kovel SemTxvevaSi didi nawili) Tavis vinaobas qarTul saxelmwifosTan da da qarTvelobasTan isev da isev aigivebs. amas mowmobs platon ioselianis cnoba, romlis mixedviTac 1778 w. Tavfaravanze saagarakod Casul giorgi batoniSvils xlebia JavaxeTis faSa Tavisi didebulebiT, daswrebia wirva-locvas ufliswulTan erTad. `Zveli samesxoisa qalni da kacni didisa lmobierebiTa ismendnen locvasa da vedrebas sitKvaTa maTsa enasa zeda, maTgan ar daviwKebulTa~ (lomsaZe 1975, 297). oficialurad XIX saukunis dasawKisisTvis qarTvelTa gamahmadianeba mesxeTSi TiTqos dasrulebulia (TamaraSvili 1902, 434; lomsaZe 1975. 305). mag- eTnikuri Jgufis CamoKalibebis mcdeloba 61 ram mosaxleobis nawili, rogorc Cans, mxolod nominalurad iTvleba mahmadianad. islami mosaxleobis umetesi nawilisTvis am droisTvis ekonomikuri SeGavaTebisa da politikuri imunitetis garanti iKo. gamahmadianebuli qarTvelebi Tavisi ufleba-movaleobebiTac gansxvavdebodnen qristianebisgan. swored es gaxldaT gamahmadianebis Kvelaze efeqturi meqanizmi: miwis mesakuTre aucileblad samxedro valdebuli unda KofiliKo, amasTan, mxolod muslimans hqonda ufleba, rom JarSi emsaxura, rac sabolood imas niSnavda, rom mxolod muslimans hqonda miwaze sakuTrebis ufleba. mahmadianoba rom XIX saukunis 30-iani wlebisTvis, marTalia, saKovelTao, magram Jer kidev ZaladobiT Tavsmoxveul da mxolod nominalur aGmsareblobad rCeboda mosaxleobis umetesobisTvis, iqidanac Cans, rom, rogorc ki amisi SesaZlebloba miecaT (1828 wlis andrianopolis zavis Semdeg), daiwKo mesxTa masiuri moqceva qristianobaze. ramdenadac sarwmunoeba Jgufis vinaobis ganuKofel niSnad iKo aGqmuli, gamahmadianebuli qarTvelebi Tavs qristiani qarTvelebisagan gansxvavebul Jgufad aGiqvamdnen da aseve gansxvavebul Jgufad aGiqmebodnen isini maTganac, Tumca, rogorc Cans, Jgufebs erTmaneTTan identobis sxva komponentebiT erTobis gancda am droisaTvis moSlili ar hqondaT da mahmadian qarTvelebSi kvlav Zlieri iKo swrafva erovnuli vinaobis niSanTa erTobliobis aGdgenisaken. XIX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos sabolood daukarges Tavis mahmadian nawilTan gamTlianebis SesaZlebloba _ 1840w. ruseTis mTavrobas TxovniT mimarTes samcxe-JavaxeTis didebuli gvarebis warmomadgenlebma, romlebic acxadebdnen, rom kuTxis mosaxleobasTan erTad daubrundebodnen qristianobas, Tuki mTavroba maT iseTsave pirobebs Seuqmnida, rogoric qarTvel Tavadaznaurobas hqonda. ruseTis mTavrobam, romelsac regionSi saxazino miwebis gazrda hqonda miznad, uari uTxra qarTvel didgvarovanTa STamomavlebs istoriuli samSoblos wiaGSi Tavisi wodebis Sesabamisi statusiT integraciaze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli vinaobidan saboloo ukuqcevis mizezi maSin gaxda mxolod da mxolod is, rom swavlis uCveulod moKvare mesx didebulebs waerTvaT SvilebisTvis saTanado ganaTlebis micemis SesaZlebloba _ keTilSobilTa saswavleblebSi maTi mibarebis ufleba. XIX saukunis bolomde (zogi Cveni respondenti ki aseT faqtebs 1944 wlamde, mahmadianTa deportaciamdec ki adasturebs) mahmadian mosaxleobaSi gamoiKofoda sakmaod didi procenti faruli qristianebisa, romlebic farulad iwerdnen Jvars, marxulobdnen, inaTlebodnen da sikvdilis Semdegac qristianulad imarxebodnen. 1840 wels muslimanobis gamarJvebis saboloo wlad asaxeleben TurqeTSi mcxovrebi mahmadiani qarTvelebi, romelTa monaTxrobic qarTvelTa gamuslimebis sakiTxebze XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi Cauweria zaqaria yiyinaZes (yiyinaZe 2004, 25; 37). rogorc Cans, qarTuli samGvdeloebis mecadineobas da samxreT saqarTvelos mahmadianTa aseve did ltolvas winaprebis sarwmunoebaze moqcevisaken ruseTisa da osmaleTis saxelmwifoebrivi politika erTdroulad da SeTanxmebulad gadaeGoba gzaze. m. beriZe, m. kobaiZe 62 aqac da Semdegac Cven xSirad veKrdnobiT calkeul pirTa Canawerebs an zepir mogonebebs, radgan vTvliT, rom Zalze didia zepiri istoriis, rogorc istoriuli movlenebis dokumentirebis wKaros samecniero mniSvneloba. rogorc cnobilia, individualuri (komunikaciuri) mexsiereba koleqtiuri mexsierebis ganuKofeli nawilia da es ori monacemi ganuwKveteli urTierTkavSirisa da urTierTzemoqmedebis mdgomareobaSi imKofeba. komunikaciuri mexsierebis Kvelaze mniSvnelovani momentebi bolos kulturul mexsierebaSi gadainacvleben. komunikaciuri mexsiereba mxolod ramdenime Taobis mexsierebas swvdeba da misi xangrZlivoba 80100 wels moicavs (mindaZe 2005, 24, 26... asmani 1999, 51; beriZe 2005, 38). mahmadiani mosaxleobis zepir mexsierebaSi Jer kidev XX saukunis dasawKisamde `ikiTxeba~ erTi saintereso detali: sarwmunoebis kvlav Secvlis ucnauri `molodini~. zaqaria yiyinaZis mTxrobelebi _ morwmune muslimanebi, xSirad ki sasuliero pirebic ki, Tavis monaTxrobSi adastureben, rom maT winaprebs sJerodaT kvlav qristianobaze moqcevisa. erTi ucnauri momenti ixateba maT monaTxrobSi _ ramdenime mTqmeli imeorebs, rom `is, vinc nebiT gaTaTrda, nebiT gaqristiandeba, xolo vinc ZaliT gaTaTrda _ ZaliT gaqristiandeba: `qedis xoJa axmed xalifaSvilis naambobi: zegani nebiT aris gamahmadianebuli, aq osmalebs sisxli ar dauGvriaT, amitom zegani nebiT gaqristiandebao, amis niSani Cven ukve vnaxeT _ Serif-beg ximSiaSvili, zegneli, Tavis nebiT gaqristianda~. an `xalifaSvili ambobda: me gamigia sxvebisgan, SavSeTi da imerxevic nebiT aris gamahmadianebuli da isinic Tavis nebiTve gaqristiandebian. SavSelni iseTi xalxia, rom isini Kvelaze adre gaqarTveldebiano~ (yiyinaZe 2004, 21-22). aq ar daviwKebT am paradoqsuli gamoTqmis analizs, mTavaria, rom XX saukunemdec ki azri qristianobaze kvlav moqcevis garduvalobaze eyvSeutanlad meordeba mahmadian qarTvelebSi, rogorc vTqviT, TviT musliman sasuliero pirebisganac ki. mesxTa vinaobis cvlis mTel procesSi pirveli da umTavresi safexuri gamahmadianeba iKo, magram danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas _ rom ara umkacresi kontroli TurqeTis saxelmwifo moxeleTagan da ruseTis aSkara daintereseba am procesis SeuqcevadobiT, XIX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebamde mahmadian qarTvelobaSi Jer kidev sakmaod Zlieria vinaobis swored am komponentis _ rwmenis aGdgenisaken swrafva (lomsaZe 1975, 304; Kazbegi 1876, 121; beriZe 2005, 18-21; umarov-gozaliSvili 2004, 56; froneli 1991, 63; yiyinaZe 2004.). mSobliuri ena cvlilebebi Seexo dedaenasac, vinaobis am erT-erT ZiriTad niSans. sarwmunoebis cvlilebas mohKva enobrivi cvlileba, rac pirvelad maGal wreebSi daiwKo da enis gamoKenebis garkveuli sferoebiT Semoifargleboda, Semdeg ki enis gamoKenebis Kvela sfero moicva da garda amisa, mosaxleobis Kvela fenas Seexo. XVIII s. Sua wlebisTvis `TaTruli~ aq mxolod osmalebTan saurTierTo ena Kofila: `ena aqusT qarTuli da uwKian moTaveTa TaTrulica damyir- eTnikuri Jgufis CamoKalibebis mcdeloba 63 neobisaTvis osmalTa~ (vaxuSti 1854 131). TviT warCinebulTa Sorisac enis gamoKenebis sferoebi asea aGwerili: `warCinebulni nadimTa da krebulTa Sina ubnoben aw TaTrulsa da anu urTierTas megobrobaTa Sina itKvian qarTulsave~ (vaxuSti, 1941, 12; lomsaZe 1975, 295296). enis statusiT da am enaze mosaubre mosaxleobis socialuri statusiT xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi manipulirebam Sedegi gamoiGo da bolos da bolos Turquli ena dabal fenebSic gavrcelda. XX saukunis dasawKisisTvis kuTxis istoriuli mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleoba aGar warmoadgenda eTnikuri erTobiT gamTlianebul monoliTur sazogadoebas. enobrivi situacia am droisTvis aseTi iKo: gabatonebuli ena iKo Turquli; qarTulad laparakobdnen da erTmaneTTan qarTulad saubrobdnen qristiani qarTvelebi (marTlmadidebeli da kaTolike). mahmadian qarTvelTa didma nawilma icoda qarTuli, Tumca maTi dedaena Turquli iKo. miuxedavad amisa, saxeldeba enisa, romliTac mxaris mahmadiani mosaxleoba erTmaneTTan da danarCen mosaxleobasTan urTierTobda, iKo `TaTruli~ _ rogorc maTTvis, visTvisac es ena dedaenad iqca, ise imaTTvis, visTvisac is socialuri da politikuri realobis mier `SeTavazebuli~ aucilebloba iKo qarTul-Turquli (qarTul _ `TaTruli~!) bilingvizmis pirobebSi. sagulisxmoa, rom repatriaciis Semdeg dedaenis saxeldebam mahmadian mesxTa Soris cvlileba ganicada. dGes isini gaurbian TavianTi salaparako enis `Turqulad~ an, miT umetes, `TaTrulad~ moxseniebas da es gasagebicaa _ TviTdamkvidrebis mcdelobis procesSi mKofi JgufisTvis araxelsaKrelia iseT enaze saubari, romelic mas sxva JgufTan gaagivebda rogorc Cans, es aris mcdeloba, rom erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdes erTi mxriv, Turquli ena, romelic maT sarwmunoebis gziT SeiZines da romelic maTTvis mxolod sarwmunoebrivi mikuTvnebulobis gamomxatvelia, da meore mxriv, Turquli ena, romelic eTnikuri TurqebisTvis eTnikuri vinaobisa da eTnikuri mikuTvnebulobis gamomxatvelia. am sakiTxze msJelobisas veKrdnobodiT aramiznobrivad mopovebul masalas, romelic dadasturebulia TviT repatrirebulTa publikaciebSi. mTxrobelebi sruliad sxva, KofiT sakiTxebze msJelobis dros da ara dasmuli SekiTxvebis pasuxad, sruliad bunebrivad da Zaladautaneblad asaxeleben Tavisi vinaobis niSnebs, zog SemTxvevaSi ki igrZnoba, rom mTxrobeli Segnebulad axdens Tavisi vinaobis `axali~ maxasiaTeblebis manifestacias. Cans, rom, Jgufi, romelic Turquli enis saSualebiT (rwmenasTan erTad) adre Tavis Tavs danarCeni qarTvelebisgan gamoacalkevebda, dGes ukve Turquli identobidan sakuTari Jgufis vinaobis gamomiJvnas mieltvis. swored am mizniT _ sakuTari vinaobis gamocalkevebisa da xazgasmis mizniT gaCnda saintereso terminebi `Cveni ena~, `Cveni dialeqti~. marTa qindievi, 61 wlis: `induselebi laparakobdnen sanaxevrod qarTulad, sanaxevrod Cveneburad~... `iqve gogona, daaxloebiT Cemi xnisa, eubneba dedamiss Cvens enaze~... 64 m. beriZe, m. kobaiZe fazliaT Janaeva, 56 wlis: `indusas da Kamzas mkvidrebi Kvela qarTulad laparakobda. Cven dialeqtze ufro kacebi laparakobdnen, maT ufro uwevdaT gareT siaruli da ase iswavles~ (baraTaSvili 1997, 57). igive suraTs vxedavT 1956 wels repatrirebuli qalbatonis, TbilisSi mcxovrebi nazira vaCnaZis mogonebebSi romelic rusul enaze gamoica 2004 wels TbilisSi: `Kvela sofelSi, sadac Cven vcxovrobdiT (saubaria adigenis raionis soflebze), laparakobdnen im enaze, romelzec Cven vlaparakobdiT. arasdros aravis mouxseniebia es ena Turqulad. mas ewodeboda muslimanuri. rogorc sxva xalxebSia _ roca vinmes raGacas uxsnian da is ver igebs, eubnebian: Я же тебе по русски говорю... an me Sen qarTulad geubnebi. ase ambobdnen CvenTanac: `ben sene mislimandja ainadierim~ (me Sen muslimanurad geubnebi) (vaCnaZe 2004, 129). am patara amonaridSi kargad Cans, rogor uyirs Jgufis wevrs sakuTari enis saxelwodebis dasaxeleba. is Jer ase moixseniebs mas: `ena, romelzec Cven vlaparakobdiT~ (Sdr. `Cveni ena~, `Cveni dialeqti~), Semdeg ki, raki xvdeba amis aucileblobas, cdilobs daasabuTos ararsebuli `muslimanuri enis~ arseboba. (aseTive warmatebiT SeiZleboda gvemtkicebina, rom arsebobs `qristianuli ena~ _ `me Sen qristianulad gelaparakebi~; adamianuri ena _ `adamianurad gelaparakebi~ da a. S. ) igive avtori wers, rom sofel bolaJurSi, iseve, rogorc udeSi, cxovrobdnen muslimanebi da kaTolikeebi da `aq musulmanebi Tavis enazec laparakobdnen da qarTuladac, ese igi, me minda vTqva, rom, maT ena ar daviwKebiaT. qarTvelebmac icodnen muslimanuri, axlad Semosuli ena, imitom, rom mosaxleoba urTierTobs erTmaneTTan.... iKo soflebi, sadac mxolod muslimanebi cxovrobdnen da mxolod gvarebi iKo qarTuli da araqarTuli. aseT soflebSi laparakobdnen Cvens enaze, magram calkeuli sitKvebi iKo qarTuli: tKupi qliavi, lurJa, akvani. urTierTobis sxva ena maT ar syirdebodaT, radgan Kvela laparakobda Cvens, ierlis, enaze~ (vaCnaZe 2004, 130). am monakveTSi kargad Cans, rom `Cveni ena~, `ierlis ena~ aq miTiTebulia im Jgufis enad, romelic muslimania, cxovrobs erTad, da gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan mxolod qarTuli an araqarTuli gvariT. wKvili `qarTuli-araqarTuli~ aq migvaniSnebs imaze, rom avtori gaurbis gamoTqmas `Turquli gvari~. rogorc vxedavT, Jgufi vinaobis am parametriTac (gvari) cdilobs gaemiJnos da daafiqsiros im JgufTan (TurqebTan) Tavisi araigiveoba, romelsac cvlilebis procesSi xangrZlivad iKo mikedlebuli da aseve xangrZlivi drois manZilze mieltvoda da adasturebda masTan identobas. `araqarTuli gvari~ aq iseTive zogadi terminia vinaobis aGniSvnis TvalsazrisiT, rogorc `muslimanuri ena~. sainteresoa isic, rom roca avtori ambobs, rom zogma muslimanma ar daiviwKa ena, rasakvirvelia gulisxmobs qarTuls, romelsac ver aniyebs ukve veGaranair statuss garda sakomunikaciosi. is ver ambobs rom es iKo `dedaena~, verc `Tavisi ena~, `adrindeli ena~ an sxva ram. Kvela es gadafaravda axal saidentifikacio niSnuls _ `Cveni ena~. Tumca qarTulis pirveladobas mainc xazs gausvams da qarTul-Turquli orenovnebis dasaxasiaTeblad qmnis aseT wKvils: qarTuli _ muslimanuri (`axladSemosuli ena~). eTnikuri Jgufis CamoKalibebis mcdeloba 65 unda aGiniSnos, rom `TaTrulis ~ paralelurad `mahmadianuri ena~ dasturdeba s. yiyinaZis masalaSic (yiyinaZe 2004, 36 da sxv.). aq Cans am Jgufis CamoKalibebis axali etapis erT-erTi mTavari Tavisebureba _ Jgufi sagrZnoblad aqtiurdeba, rom aGadginos vinaobis dakargul niSanTagan erT-erTi _ sakuTari ena. es ki sakmaod rTuli xdeba misTvis, radgan winaprebis enis aGdgena am statusiT mas ukve aGar SeuZlia, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom aGar axsovs es ena, xolo is ena, romelsac flobs (Turquli), mas sxva JgufTan aigivebs. ase rom `muslimanuri ena~, `Cveni ena~ an `ierlis ena~ is terminebia, romliTac Jgufi cdilobs Tavisi vinaobis darGveuli wonasworobis aGdgenas. amasTan, es terminebi TviT maTi `momxmareblisTvisac~ ki ar aris bolomde CamoKalibebuli da ualternativo. sainteresoa am mxriv imave avtoris sitKvebi: `papaCemi, Saxpander orJokiniZe mSvenieri mTxrobeli iKo. misgan SevitKveT Cveni warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. is gviambobda da Tan gvTxovda, kargad dagvemaxsovrebina da Semdeg Cveni Svilebisa da SviliSvilebisTvis gadagveca misi monaTxrobi, rom ar gawKvetiliKo TaobaTa Soris damakavSirebeli Zafi, ar gawKvetiliKo warsulTan kavSiri. misgan gavigeT, rom Cveni winaprebi iKvnen qarTveli qristianebi, rogor gavxdiT muslimanebi da rogor moxda, rom qarTvelebi viKaviT da Turqulad vlaparakobdiT~ (vaCnaZe 2004, 100). aq kargad Cans erTi mxriv is, rom avtorma mSvenivrad icis Jgufis istoria da uaxloes warsulSi am Jgufis vinaobis Kvela niSani: erovneba qarTveli, ena Turquli, religia _ muslimani. vinaobis niSnTa es erToblioba misi bavSvobis xanas miekuTvneba (dabadebulia 1926 wels). avtors, rogorc Tavisi, Jer kidev CamouKalibebeli vinaobis `Cven-Jgufis` wevrs kargad aqvs gaazrebuli am Jgufis axali strategia da Tavisive bavSvobisa da sakuTari mexsierebis (agreTve Jgufis koleqtiuri mexsierebis) sawinaaGmdegod ramdenime gverdis iqiT Tavissave wignSi aKalibebs Jgufis vinaobis sruliad sxva niSnebs: muslimanoba, Cveni ena, Cveni xalxi. Cveni statia ukve gadacemuli iKo dasabeydad, roca gamoqveKnda l. JaniaSvilis wigni `1944 wels samxreT saqarTvelodan gasaxlebulTa eTnoistoriuli problemebi~. vtori am naSromSi gvTavazobs deportirebulTa da repatriantTa Soris anketuri gamokiTxvis analizs. unda iTqvas, rom kvlevis Sedegebi faqtobrivad emTxveva im suraTs, rac iqmneba Jgufis warmomadgenlebis mier sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva saxiT TviTidentobis maxasiaTeblebis demonstrirebis an komentirebisas. anketuri monacemebiT repatriantTa umravlesoba cdilobs, mdgomareoba ise warmoadginon, TiTqos maTi saoJaxo ena qarTuli iKos, Tumca maTi pasuxebi ar asaxavs realobas da sakontrolo kiTxvis dasmis Semdeg irkveva, rom gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba oJaxSi Turqul enaze saubrobs (JaniaSvili 2006, 85). avtori miuTiTebs, rom JgufSi Cndeba survili sakuTari dedaenis (Turqulis) axleburad saxeldebisa da am mizniT SemoaqvT `axali lingvofaqtori `mesxuri ena~ (JaniaSvili 2006, 85). `mesxuri ena~ repatriantTa dedaenis saxelad dadasturebulia t. fut- 66 m. beriZe, m. kobaiZe karaZis mier Seswavlil masalaSic (futkaraZe 2005, 26). sakuTari salaparako enis Turqul enad saxeldebisagan Tavis arideba isev da isev sakuTari Turqulisagan gansxvavebuli vinaobis dadgenis survilis gamoxatulebaa. mSobliuri enis cneba xSirad eTnikuri vinaobasTan erTad ganuKrelad moiazreba. amisi TvalsaCino magaliTia walkaSi mcxovrebi Turqulenovani berZnebis mniSvnelovani nawili, romelic Tavis mSobliur enad berZnuls asaxelebda, miuxedavad imisa, rom araTu TviTon respondentebs, aramed winaparTa ramdenime Taobas ukve daviwKebuli hqonda berZnuli ena (mixailovi 1994). analogiuri viTareba aCvena Cven mier 1999 wels Tbilisis ramdenime skolaSi Catarebulma gamokiTxvam. erovnebiT somexi, berZeni, qurTi/iezidi, asirieli, ukraineli respondentebis nawili erTmaneTTan aigivebda mSobliuri enisa da Tavisi erovnebis cnebas da mSobliur enad asaxelebda Tavisi erovnebis enas maSinac, roca am enaze araTu TviTon, aramed maTi mSoblebic ver laparakobdnen. (kobaiZe 2001). ra Tqma unda, es exeba mxolod gamokiTxulTa erT nawils. statiaSi am sakiTxs kidev SevexebiT Jgufis saxeldebasTan dakavSirebiT. rogorc vxedavT, repatriantTa identobis maxasiaTebelTagan mxolod erTi parametri _ religia darCa ucvleli. rac Seexeba danarCenebs, isini ormag opoziciaSi moeqca qarTulTan da TurqulTan: qarTuli | Cveni ena | Turquli; qarTveli | Cveni xalxi | Turqi. * * * qarTvelTa gamuslimebis procesSi vinaobis niSanTagan Kvelaze adre, rogorc ukve iTqva, religiuri niSani moiSala. aman ki, rasakvirvelia, warmoSva enis problemac. XIX saukunis gamahmadianebuli qarTvelebi TiTqos bodiSoben imis gamo, rom maTi salaparako ena kvlav qarTulia. germanel mogzaurs karl koxs tao-klarJeTSi Cauweria erTi iqauri begisgan: `papaCemi qristiani iKo da qristianad gardaicvala. mamaCemi da me mahmadis naTliT gavnaTldiT, oGond ena Cveni winaprebis SegvrCa. marTalia, codva da danaSaulia giauris enaze laparaki, magram es ena TviT GmerTis mier gvaqvs boZebuli da ra vqnaTo~ (lomsaZe 1995, 82). mSobliuri enis statusis eyvqveS daKenebis momenti Jgufis vinaobis cvlis gzaze sabediswero aGmoCnda mesxeTisaTvis, sadac vinaobis niSanTa rGvevisa da cvlis kontroli, rogorc vTqviT, oTxi saukunis manZilze ar SewKvetila da saxelmwifoebriv doneze igegmeboda. TurqeTSi mcxovrebi bevri qarTveli muslimanisTvisac es procesi enis sruli daviwKebiT damTavrda, magram sakmarisi gaxda ideologiuri da politikuri zewolis odnavi Sesustebac ki, rom dawKebuliKo mSobliuri enis statusis ganmtkicebisaTvis Jgufis gaaqtiureba, rasac sxvadsaxva wKaroebic adastureben (ClaiZe 2005; S. futkaraZe; telearx `imedis~ dokumentur filmTa seria da sxv.). aq Jgufis vinaobis ganmsazGvrel niSanTa erTobliobis aGdgenisaken ltolva swored mSobliuri enis statusis gaZlierebis surviliT gamoixata. TiTqmis saukunenaxevris Semdeg mas aqeT, roca tao-klarJeli begi `Tavs imarTlebda~ imis gamo, rom GmerTs `giauris~ enaze adidebda, Seiqmna `gurJuli vaizi~ _ qarTuli locva, ro- eTnikuri Jgufis CamoKalibebis mcdeloba 67 melic qarTuli enis xotbis erT-erT umSvenieres nimuSad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. qarTuli `im duniaze~ salaparako enaa, es aris uflis Jildo da saCuqari _ naTqvamia am locvaSi, romelic SuSana futkaraZes minatbeli xoJis, niaz JaJaniZisgan Cauweria: `... icode, gurJuli rom qarTulia, qarTuli ena metad tkbilia. im dunis ena Cveneburia, GmerTo batono, Sen Segvibrale. ......................................................................................................................... .... netai Sen, rom gaq ena qarTuli, sxuaze raT geqceva Tuali da guli... ... GmerT Seexuewe, SeTxue samoTxe, GmerTo batono, Sen Segvibrale... GmerT Seexvewe lamaz qarTuliT, GmerTis emaneTi (saCuqari, avt.) tkbili gurJuliT, GmerTs esmis Cveni gulSi furCulic, GmerTo batono, Sen Segvibrale. tkbili qarTuliT, tkbili gurJuliT, GmerT exveweba sul Cveni guli. im queKnis ena, Cueni qarTuli, GmerTo batono, Sen Segvibrale. ..................................................................................... Senidam veliT Kvela kargobas, Sen xar mileTis dampurebeli, qarTuli enis dambrunebeli. (futkaraZe 1993, 271-275). vinaobis dakargul niSanTa gawonasworebis aseTi SesaZlebloba (Zveli niSnis aGdgenis da gaZlierebis xarJze) mesxeTis mahmadianma qarTvelobam vinaobis cvlis vercerT etapze ver gamoiKena. amitomGAgaCnda aq axal Jgufad CamoKalibebis procesSi sakuTari metKvelebis axali, aqamde ararsebuli terminebiT saxeldebis tendencia. sainteresoa, rom axalcixeli gurJebis damokidebulebas deda-enisadmi kritikulad afasebs TurqeTis qarTveloba: `ena ar aquan mesxebsa, deiviwKes gurJis ena. aGarc gurJi arian, aGarc Turqi. Cvena gurJis Jingani davarqviT, aba ratom deiviwKes gurJis ena~ (S. futkaraZe 1993, 76). es damokidebuleba vrceldeba Kvela qarTuli tomis warmomadgenelze, vinc qarTuli daiviwKa: `Cvena, mincxam gurJiJa ar icis, imas qarTvel kacaT ar vTliT~ (iqve, 153). Jgufis saxeli gansxvavebul Jgufad aGqma da Jgufis gamoKofa erTi mxriv, qristiani qarTvelebisagan da, meore mxriv, Camosaxlebuli mahmadianebisagan (eTnikuri Turqebi, Taraqmebi, qurTebi...), gamoixata am Jgufis saxeldebiT. 68 m. beriZe, m. kobaiZe zogJer aGiniSneba, rom ama Tu im Jgufis istorias Jgufis vinaobis gansazGvrisas gadamwKveti mniSvneloba ara aqvs, magram faqtobrivad es ase ar aris _ Jgufis warmodgena sakuTar istoriaze da warmomavlobaze mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs ama Tu im Jgufis awmKo Tu momavali xvedrisaTvis. xolo Jgufis saxeli Jgufs swored garkveul istoriasTan kavSirSi warmoaCens. cnobilia, rom Jgufis TviTdasaxeleba koleqtiuri vinaobis erT-erTi mTavari markeria. misi meSveobiT Jgufi Tavis Tavs gareSeTagan miJnavs. swored TviTdasaxelebaSi axdens Jgufi sakuTari arsis imgvar SeJamebas, TiTqos saxelSi arsebobdes misi gadarCenis garantia. `koleqtiur saxels Tilismis msgavsi mistikuri konotacia aqvs~ (smiTi 1987, 23; CxartiSvili 2005, 227). amitomac, Jgufis vinaobis cvlis mTel process gasdevs uwKveti mcdeloba TviTdasaxelebis `SerCevisa~. cnobilia, rom gamahmadianebuli qarTvelebi gansxvavdebodnen Camosaxlebuli mahmadiani tomebisagan ara marto Tavisi warmomavlobiT, aramed miwaze sakuTrebis uflebiTac. es iKo maTi istoriuli da ara Semdgom SeZenili an mopovebuli samkvidro, romelic mahmadianuri sarwmunoebis aGiarebiT SeinarCunes. es gansxvavebuli TviTaGqma gamoixata imiT, rom es Jgufi _ gamahmadianebuli qarTvelebi _ Tavis Tavs ierlis, adgilobrivs, uwodebdnen. amiT isini Tavis Tavs ganasxvavebdnen rogorc qristiani qarTvelebisagan, aseve, da upirveles Kovlisa, Camosaxlebuli mahmadianebisagan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tavdapirvelad es sitKva ekonomikuri, socialuri statusis gamomxatvelic iKo da niSnavda adgilobrivs, romelsac miwaze sakuTrebis ufleba hqonda. miwaze mkvidri uflebis mqone `ierli~ (adgilobrivi) sarwmunoebis niSnis mixedviT erTiandeboda Camosaxlebul TaraqamebTan da qurTebTan da maTTan erTad moixsenieboda gamaerTianebeli saxeliT `TaTari~. mecxramete saukunis rusul aGwerebSi sarwmunoebis aGmniSvneli sitKva `TaTari~ Canacvlebuli iqna eTnikuri Jgufis saxeliT `Turqi~ da eTnikuri warmomavlobis miuxedavad samcxe-JavaxeTSi mcxovrebi mahmadianebi aGiwernen rogorc Turqebi. amis Sesaxeb XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi gaocebas ver malavda l. zagurski: `vin misca maT es saxelwodeba (Turqi), romelic dasaxlebul punqtTa aGwerebSi ukve 30-iani wlebidan gvxvdeba, Zneli saTqmelia~. (lomsaZe 1975, 309). ruseT-TurqeTis omis dros da am omis Semdeg periodSic qristianobasa da mahmadianobas Soris arCevanis gakeTeba erTgvarad gaigivda politikuri orientaciis arCevanis gakeTebasTan. radganac saqarTvelo rogorc saxelmwifo aGar arsebobda, arCevani keTdeboda rusul da Turqul orientacias Soris da ara qarTul da Turqul orientacias Soris. aman mahmadianobis sasargeblod imoqmeda, rac isev ruseTis wisqvilze asxamda wKals, radganac mahmadianebi masobrivad gadadiodnen TurqeTSi, ruseTi ki swored Tavisufali miwebiT iKo dainteresebuli (lomsaZe 1995, 240; beriZe 2005, 22). meore msoflio omis win, roca sabyoTa politikis erT-erT amocanad iqca ucxoeTTan damakavSirebeli Kovelgvari niSnis Tu simbolos mokveTa, aGwe- eTnikuri Jgufis CamoKalibebis mcdeloba 69 rebSi sitKva Turquli Canacvlebuli iqna sitKva azerbaiJaneliT. 1939 wlis aGweris win maT winadadebas aZlevdnen qarTvelebad daweriliKvnen (beriZe 2005, 102, 111), magram radgan isini Tavs ukve Turqebad acxadebdnen, oficialur statistikaSi isini azerbaiJanelebad aGiwernen. sarwmunoebis garda, gadasaxlebis Semdeg ukve deportaciac kidev erTi xelSemwKobi faqtori gaxda am eTnikurad mravalferovani Jgufis erT mTlianobad warmosadgenad (kobaiZe 1999, 160). sxvadasxva xalxs, romelTa erT Jgufad CamoKalibeba enisa da religiis erTianobis miuxedavad aq ver moxerxda, deportaciam mianiya kidev erTi saerTo niSani _ es iKo saziaro istoriuli xvedri. amitomac aris, rom Jgufad CamoKalibebis mcdelobis procesSi misi wevrebi erTi mxriv, gaurbian istoriul yrilSi sakiTxis ganxilvas da sxvebisganac iTxoven, Tavi daanebon `istoriis qeqvas~, radgan es, maTi TqmiT, dapirispirebas aGvivebs, meore mxriv, xdeba 1944 wlis Semdeg Kvela, Tundac Zalian kerZo movlenis ganzogadeba da Jgufis saerTo istoriis epizodad misi kvalificireba. zogJer ki Taobidan Taobas gadaecema da xSirad Jgufis mTel Semdgom cxovrebaze, mis sxva JgufTan mimarTebebze, politikur orientaciasa da moqmedebis strategiaze gavlenas axdens ubralo gaugebrobaze dafuZnebuli faqti. es ar aris gasakviri _ Jgufis es mdgomareoba _ `istoriisqmnadobis~ etapi sxva (gansakuTrebiT gadamkveTi interesebis mqone) Jgufebis Kvela qmedebis mimarT zedmeti mgrZnobiarobiT gamoirCeva. moviKvanT erT, Cveni azriT, sagulisxmo magaliTs: erT-erTi gavrcelebuli da xSirad moxseniebuli epizodi mahmadian mesxTa deportirebis Semdgomi cxovrebidan iKo 1962w. maTi delegaciis stumroba maSindel patriarqTan, uwmindesTan da unetaresTan efrem meoresTan, romelmac TiTqosda ar SeiwKnara maTi Txovna samSobloSi dabrunebaSi daxmarebis Sesaxeb da Tanac ganucxada, Tqven CvenTvis ucxoni xarT da ver migiGebTo. 2005 wlis Semodgomaze saqarTvelos axlandelma patriarqma, uwmindesma da unetaresma ilia meorem miiGo mahmadian mesxTa delegacia. am Sexvedras eswreboda statiis erT-erTi avtoric (marine beriZe). romelsac SesaZlebloba mieca, kidev erTxel moesmina aGniSnuli istoria qalbaton klara baraTaSvilisgan, romlis mamac, latifSa baraTaSvili, gaxldaT 1962 wels patriarqTan Sexvedris organizatori da delegaciis xelmZGvaneli. sabednierod, qalbatonma klaram es istoria gadmosca rusul enaze da CvenTvis maSinve naTeli gaxda, am ucnauri da Seusabamo epizodis azri. qalbatoni klaras gancxadebiT patriarqs Sua aziidan Camosuli delegaciisTvis uTqvams: `Вы для нас, как отрезанный кусок хлеба, мы не можем вас принять~. cxadia, es gaxlavT perifrazi patriarqis sitKvebisa, ufro swored, is `varianti~ rogorc aGiqva misi naTqvami auditoriam. am sitKvebis Tqma qarTvel patriarqs ubralod ar SeeZlo ara mxolod imitom, rom misi wodeba da mdgomareoba gamoricxavda amas, aramed imitomac, rom aseTi gamoTqma ucxo da arabunebrivia qarTuli enisaTvis. qarTulis nebismierma mcodnem icis, rom aseTi frazeologema _ `puris moyrili nayeri~ ucxos, samudamod moSorebulis, gamoKofilis... aGsaniSnavad qarTulma ar icis. samagi- 70 m. beriZe, m. kobaiZe erod bunebrivia: `sxeulis nawili~, `sxeulis nayeri~, rac ganuSorebels, ganuKrels, samudamod SenTan dakavSirebuls, sakuTars da sakuTari sxeuliviT Zvirfass da mtkivneuls niSnavs. mesxeTSi xSirad gvxvdeba gamoTqma `puris moyrili nayeri~ ufro swored, Sedareba `rogorc gatexili (an gayrili) puri~, rac swored iseT nawilebs aGniSnavs, risi gamrTelebac, SeerTebac aGar SeiZleba. es gamoTqma gamoxatavs Seurigebel mtrobas, SeuTavsebel Tanaarsebobas da a. S. (daaxloebiT iseT mniSvnelobebs, rogorc: zeTi da wKaliviT Seurevneli da sxv.). (mesxuri dialeqti mdidari iKo Turquli frazeologizmebiT da Zveli Taobis adamianebSi Jer kidev SemorCenila qarTul-Turquli orenovnebis Zalze saintereso kvali, roca ama Tu im frTian gamoTqmas Turqulad moiSveliebs mTqmeli da Semdeg qarTulad Targmnis). rogorc vxedavT, `puris moyrili nayeri~ sruliad sapirispiro mniSvnelobis gamoTqmaa, vidre is fraza, romelic rusulad mosaubre qarTvel patriarqs SeiZleba eTqva (`Вы для нас как отрезанный кусок (часть) тела~. rogorc vxedavT, `kulturuli mexsierebis~ rGveva, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, `kulturuli amnezia~ am droisTvis ise Sors aris wasuli, rom is gamsyvalavs mexsierebis istoriul, kulturul, KofiT, lingvistur... Sreebs Jgufis gaucxoeba sawKisi istoriuli da kulturuli garemodan misi CamoSoreba kidev erTxel gamoixata am Jgufis saxeldebiTac. bolo sabyoTa aGweris dros 80iani wlebis bolos uzbekeTSi, andijanis olqSi, `agitatorebi dadiodnen saxlebSi da Kvelas afrTxilebdnen, Turqebad CaweriliKvnen~ (baraTaSvili 1997, 54). uzbekebi `kapkazs~ (kavkasiels) gviwodebdnen (baraTaSvili 1997, 58). (bolos da bolos ori sxvadasxva eTnikuri saxeli `Turqi~ da `mesxi~ dawKvilda da maT uwodes `Turqi mesxebi~. am saxeliT erTiandeba Kvela mahmadiani, vinc deportirebuli iqna samcxe-JavaxeTidan 1944 wels. am SemTxvevaSi Turqi mahmadianuri sarwmunoebis meSveobiT miGebul erovnebas gamoxatavs da mesxi _ teritorias, saidanac isini gaasaxles. dGes isini moiTxoven, rom am ori eTnikuri saxelis aralogikuri, paradoqsuli dawKvilebis _ `Turqi mesxi~ _ nacvlad, maT ewodoT mesxebi, aseT SemTxvevaSi mesxi SeiZenda sruliad axal Sinaarss, vidre mas axla aqvs da istoriuladac hqonda, rac, bunebrivia, kidev erTi axali gaugebrobis wKaro gaxdeba. sakuTari salaparako enis mesxurad moxseniebac amave tendenciis nawilia: Jgufis mier sakuTari vinaobis da enis saxeldebis Ziebis nawili. Jgufis eTnikuri vinaobis saxeli da Jgufis mSobliuri enis saxeli ki, Cveulebriv (Tumca ara KovelTvis), erTi da igivea. am Jgufis saxeldebis cvlam aseTi gza ganvlo: qarTveli (mesxi) > ierli muslimani > TaTari > Turqi > azerbaiJaneli > kapkazi > Turqi mesxi (> da kidev erTi SesaZlo cvlilebaa: mesxi, am sitKvis axali mniSvnelobiT). sxvadasxva wKaroebSi SevxvdebiT maT dasaxelebas rogorc mesxeT-Turqebi, mesxi Turqebi, mesxebi, axicka Turqebi... am CamonaTvals aklia `gurJi~ _ romelic TurqeTSi mcxovrebi Kvela qarTuli warmomavlobis Jgufis saxelia da, maT Soris, mesxebisac (axalcixelebisac). amis udao sabuTs qalbatoni nazira vaCnaZe gvawvdis. is mogviTxrobs werilze, romelic bavSvobaSi dauweria mamamiss, mamidis Txov- eTnikuri Jgufis CamoKalibebis mcdeloba 71 niT da gaugzavnia TurqeTSi, ruseT-TurqeTis omis dros iq darCenil oJaxis wevrebTan. mas Turme sicocxlis bolomde axsovda ucnauri misamarTi _ qarTvel (gurJ) mustafas, romelic cxovrobs TurqeTSi, daba CorumSi, qarTvelebis (gurJebis) ubanSi. *** rodesac Jgufis vinaoba aseTi cvalebadia da xangrZlivad imKofeba formirebis procesSi, ra Tqma unda, dainteresebuli politikuri Zalebi cdiloben, rom TavisTvis sasurveli mimarTulebiT warmarTon es ganviTareba. gasakviri ar aris, rom am Jgufis warmomadgeneli aseT SekiTxvas svams: vin varT sinamdvileSi? (baraTaSvili 1997, 4). am kiTxvaze pasuxi Jer kidev maSin yirda, roca sarwmunoebaSecvlili magram qarTulad molaparake mesxebi sakuTar miwa-wKalze cxovrobdnen da qarTul garemosTan KofiTi da naTesauri kontaqtebi Jer isev hqondaT SerCenili. aGsaniSnavia, rom araintegrirebulobis grZnoba am Jgufis damaxasiaTebel niSnad Jer kidev XIX saukuneSia aGwerili: cnobili mogzauri da mkvlevari zagurski ase axasiaTebs XIX s. 70-iani wlebis Cvens mahmadian Tanamemamules: `maT ar uKvarT kiTxvebi Tavisi warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT, miniSneba imaze, rom maTi winaprebi odesGac marTlmadideblebi iKvnen. aseT miniSnebas rom Tavi aaridon, isini xSirad, da amaSi me Tavad davrwmundi, imizezeben qarTuli enis arcodnas~ (lomsaZe 1995, 306). g. Kazbegis TqmiT es adamianebi `daGvremil-daGrublulni~ dadiodnen, aGar mGerodnen, aGar cekvavdnen (Kazbegi, gv. 33), isini mtkivneulad ganicdidnen winaparTa gzis uarKofis simZimes, gaurbodnen qristianobas da amdenad, qristianobis matarebel qarTvelebsac (lomsaZe 1975, 306). es aGwera saocari sizustiT emTxveva Tanamedrove emigrantebis aGweras evropeli mkvlevrebis mier da vinaobis (identobis) ambivalenturobiT aris axsnili (kristal-andersoni 2001, 214-227). rogorc Cans, mSobliuri garemosagan da sakuTari vinaobisagan daSorebiT gamowveuli simptomebi erTmaneTs hgavs miuxedavad imisa, fizikuri gadaadgilebiT aGmoCndeba pirovneba ucxo garemoSi Tu Tavissave samSobloSi gaucxovdeba. adrindeli vinaobis xsovnisa da axalSeZenili vinaobis erTdroulad matareblis Sinagani konfliqtis mdgomareoba sxvadasxva saxiT iCens Tavs garemoebebis mixedviT. Zveli vinaobisagan gamiJvnis survilis saboloo gamoxatva ki gvarisa da saxelis nebaKoflobiT Secvla iKo rogorc Jgufis, aseve pirovnul doneze. rogorc iTqva, vinaobis cvlis ramdenimesaukunovani periodis manZilze Jgufs ramdenJerme Seucvales saxelwodeba. am xangrZliv procesSi Jgufi mxolod XIX saukunis bolos da XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi asaxelebda mtkiced Tavis vinaobis Kvela niSans: religia _ musulmani; erovneba _ Turqi (ierli); dedaena _ Turquli. dGes Jgufi Turquli identobidan TavisdaGwevis iseTive mtkivneul procesSi 72 m. beriZe, m. kobaiZe imKofeba, rogorSic XIX saukunis II naxevridan iKo _ misTvis Zveleburad mtkivneuli da damabnevelia kiTxva `vin xar?~ da kidev ufro mZimea umisamarTod darCenili SekiTxva: `mainc vin varT sinamdvileSi?~. nazira vaCnaZe: `Cven ukve ar viciT, ra vupasuxoT, roca gvekiTxebian ra erovnebisa varT, imitom rom Cveni pasuxi ar daemTxveva pasportis Canawers, mere ki wadi da amtkice, rom aqlemi ara xar. azerbaiJanSi Cven Turqebs gveZaxdnen, albaT imitom rom Cveni ena maTgan gansxvavebulia. Sua aziaSi _ kavkasielebs _ rogorc Cans imitom, rom iq kavkasiidan CagviKvanes. ruseTSi _ Turqebs, radgan ase viKaviT daregistrirebuli gasaxlebis siebSi, saqrTveloSi _ TaTrebs. Semdeg ki saerTodac ararsebuli erovneba moigones _ `Turqi mesxebi~ da am damGiT ai, ukve samoci welia xalxi casa da miwas Soris aris gamokidebuli~ (vaCnaZe 2004, 103). am monakveTSi naTlad aris gadmocemuli am Jgufis mTeli tragedia, Tumca avtori mainc gaurbis mTavar sakiTxs: gasagebia, rom CamoTvlilTagan arcerTi termini ar gamoxatavs am Jgufis namdvil vinaobas, magram ras uwodeben isini Tavis Tavs, romelia is erTaderTi da namdvili, araSerqmeuli, araTavsmoxveuli termini, romelic Kvelaze zustad SeesatKviseba maT vinaobas? imave gverdze avtori wers: `piradad me Svidi ena vici srulKofilad, magram erovneba erTaderTi maqvs~, Tumca isev ar asaxelebs, romelia es erovneba. wignSi sxvadasxva adgilas Jgufis saxelad gvxvdeba: `Cveni xalxi~, `mesxebi~, `mesxebi saqarTvelodan~. 2005 wlis Semodgomaze saqarTvelos eklesiis patriarqTan, uwmindesTan da unetaresTan _ ilia meoresTan Sexvedraze mahmadian mesxTa warmomadgenlebi im gaumarTlebel saxelwodebaze Ciodnen (`Turqi mesxebi~), romelic maT usamarTlod `miakeres~. patriarqis pasuxi da mowodeba aseTi iKo: nu vilaparakebT imaze ras gviwodeben sxvebi. Tqven TviTon TqviT, vin xarT, daasaxeleT Tqveni vinaoba gabedulad! Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom gabeduli pasuxi kiTxvaze `vin xar?~ am Jgufis wevrebis did umravlesobas iseve uyirs, rogorc saukunenaxevris win (ix. zemoT). rogorc vxedavT, Jgufis vinaobis cvla im mimarTulebiT ganviTarda, rom dGes mKari enobrivi da eTnikuri identoba arcerT Zvel orientirTan ar vlindeba (arc qarTulTan da arc TurqulTan). gasakviri ar aris, rom uamravi arakeTilmosurne Seecados Jgufis aseTi mdgomareobiT manipulirebas. rogorc ukve iTqva, problemaSi ramdenime saxelmwifoa CarTuli. Kvela Taviseburadaa dainteresebuli deportirebulTa bedis ganviTarebiT. am problemebis mkvlevarTa damokidebulebac araerTgvarovania vinaobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. rogorc vTqviT, dGes cdiloben Kvela deportirebuli erT Jgufad warmoadginon (Cervonnaia, iunusovi da sxv. ix. JaniaSvili 2006), ai ras wers am Tvalsazrisis erT-erTi momxre avtori: `mesxeT-Turqebi Turquli erovnuli umciresobaa, daaxloebiT 400.000 adamiani, msoflioSi mcxovrebi 45 milioniani Turqi eris nawili.... magram gansxvavebuli eTnografiuli Jgufia, radgan misi kultura Kalibdeboda eTnikuri Jgufis CamoKalibebis mcdeloba 73 qarTvelebTan saukunovani mezoblobisa da urTierTobis pirobebSi`... Semdeg is ganagrZobs: `isini Tavis samSoblod Tvlian ara TurqeTs, ara saqarTvelos, aramed swored im teritorias, romelsac hqvia mesxeTi anu JavaxeTi anu axalcixeTi~. igi wers, rom Turqebi aq cxovrobdnen ukve V-VII saukuneebidan. maTi enaa Turquli, Tumca masze qarTulsac mouxdenia gavlena. Semdeg avtori aGniSnavs: `1829 wlidan 1944 wlamde arcerTi religiuri an eTnikuri konfliqti am Jgufs mezobel JgufebTan ar hqonia~ (Cervonnaia 1998). Tumca, avtorTa didi nawili aGniSnavs, rom es Jgufi ar CamoKalibebula monoliTur eTnikur erTobad. sakiTxis sxva kuTxiT warmodgena da saubari repatriaciaze ufro dainteresebuli politikuri mxareebis mier GGvivdeba (ix. tomlinsoni, peuCi), swored amitomac iwvevs eyvs repatriaciis, rogorc problemis gadayris gzis erTaderToba mkvlevarTa Soris (rei). Jgufi rom Jer kidev CamouKalibebel kulturul-ideologiur erTobas warmoadgens, amaze miuTiTebs l. JaniaSvilic da aGniSnavs, rom am Jgufis eTnikuri perspeqtivebi mTlianadaa damokidebuli uaxloes momavalze. gareSe Zalebis zemoqmedebiT sxvadasxva Jgufebis erT Jgufad gamartivebulad warmodgena am SemTxvevaSi unikaluri movlena ar aris da amisi magaliTebi sxva saxelmwifoebSic dasturdeba. raki Jgufis Tanamedrove saxe, gamoxatuli vinaobis niSanTa axali sistemiT, ar aris mKari da monoliTuri. mosalodnelia, rom Jgufis axali TviTwodeba `moirgos~ arahomogenur JgufTa simravlem (an `moargon~), rac, albaT, axal problemebs warmoqmnis da erTxel kidev gaurkveveli xniT gadadebs Jgufis vinaobis mKar maxasiaTebelTa aGdgenas da namdvili erTobiT TviTdamkvidrebas. statiaSi ar gvisaubria erTiani istoriuli warsulis (koleqtiuri kulturuli mexsierebis) rolze am Jgufis orientaciis gamorkvevis sakiTxSi. saqme is gaxlavT, rom Sori istoria mexsierebis miGmaa darCenili, radgan individualuri (komunikaciuri) mexsierebis diapazoni (80-100 weli) mas ver swvdeba, raTa gaakontrolos da marTebulad gaaaqtiuros xelovnurad damaxinJebuli da daviwKebuli koleqtiuri kulturuli mexsiereba da Jgufis vinaobis xelaxali gansazGvrisaTvis sworad gamoiKenos igi. rogorc vTqviT, axali istoriis gaxseneba (XX saukunis 20-iani wlebi) Zalze mtkivneulia maTTvis da Tvlian, rom es mxolod dapirispirebas aGvivebs. istoria am JgufisTvis iwKeba 1944 wels _ deportaciis Semdgom. ase rom, saerTo istoriis roli vinaobis gansazGvrisas dGes am Jgufs ar aaxloebs arc qarTul arc Turqul sinamdvilesTan. vfiqrobT, es tragikuli istoria Jgufis vinaobis cvlis ZaldatanebiTi mravalsaukunovani eqsperimentisa unda dasruldes istoriul erTobaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, oGond aucileblad saerTo momavalze orientaciiT. Jgufis vinaobis ganmsazGvrel sulier faqtorTa Soris aucileblad unda gamoikveTos mTavari _ Tanxmoba saerTo momavalze im erTobasTan, romelTan erTadac airCevs Jgufi Tavisi momavali cxovrebis gagrZelebas. mxolod saerTo momavalSi SeiZleba moiKaros Tavi drosa da sivrceSi umowKalod gafantulma `samSoblom~ da daSlil-danawevrebulma vinaobam (sulieri da enobrivi samSoblo TurqeTSi, mSobliuri miwa-wKali _ mesxeTSi, sakuTari bavSvoba 74 m. beriZe, m. kobaiZe Sua aziasa da azerbaiJanSi...). rac Seexeba vinaobis niSanTa aGdgenis process, rekomendaciebi am mxriv frTxili da istoriuli realobis Sesaferisi unda iKos. kargi iqneboda, sxva qarTuli warmoSobis muslimanur Jgufebze orientireba. vfiqrobT TurqeTis qarTvelobaSi vinaobis niSanTa cvla garkveuli periodis manZilze zustad emTxveoda mesxeTis qarTvelTa gamuslimebis zemoT aGweril suraTs. dGes Kvela qarTuli warmoSobis toms TurqeTSi oficialurad ewodeba `qarTuli warmoSobis Turqi~, xolo araoficialurad _ `gurJi~. erTmaneTisTvis isini `Cveneburebi~ arian, Tumca Sida kuTxuri (tomobrivi) diferenciac aisaxeba (mayaxleli, ayareli, imerxeveli, axalcixeli, SavSeli....). mahmadian mesxebs aq aqvT zustad iseTive saxeldeba, rogorc sxva qarTul tomebs. isini `axlcixeli gurJebi~ anu `axalcixeli Cveneburebi~ arian. literatura asmani 1999 _ Assman J. Das Kulturelle Gedaechtnis, Muenchen, 1999. baraTaSvili 1997 _ k. baraTaSvili, mahmadiani mesxebis qarTuli gvarebi, Tbilisi, 1997. beriZe 2005 _ m. beriZe, pirdapiri reportajebi warsulidan, Tbilisi, 2005. vaCnaZe 2004 _ Н. Вачнадзе, Книга Назиры депортированной месхетинки, Тбилиси, 2004. vaxuSti 1854 _ vaxuSti, saqarTvelos cxovreba, II, Cubinovis gamocema, С.-Петербург, 1854. vaxuSti 1941 _ vaxuSti, aGwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, Tbilisi, 1941. zumbaZe 2005 _ N. Zumbadze, Problem of Muslim Georgians http://www.policy.hu/~sumbadze/paper.html TamaraSvili 1902 _ m. TamaraSvili, istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, namdvili sabuTebis SemotaniT da ganmartebiT XIII saukundan XX saukunemde, Tbilisi, 1902. kobaiZe 1999 _ M. Kobaidze, Minority identity and identity maintenance in Georgia, in: Working Papers, vol. 47. pp. 149-168. Department of Linguistics, Lund University. kobaiZe 2001 _ M. Kobaidze, Mother tongue and language use in Armenian and Russian schools in Georgia, Working Papers 48, Lund University, Dept. of Linguistics. kristal-andersoni 2001 _ Binnie Kristal-Andersson, Understanding refugees, immigrants and their children - a psychological model, Lund, 2001. iunusovi 2000 _ А. Юнусов, Ахыскинские (месхетинские) турки: дважды депортированный народ, Баку, 2000. lomsaZe 1975 _ S. lomsaZe, samcxe-JavaxeTi, Tbilisi, 1975. lomsaZe 1995 _ S. lomsaZe, mesxebi, Tbilisi, 1995. mindaZe 2005 _ i. mindaZe, Jgufis TviTmKofadoba da kulturuli mexsierebis xatebi, Tbilisi, 2005. eTnikuri Jgufis CamoKalibebis mcdeloba 75 mixailovi 1994 _ m. mixailovi, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi berZnebis eTnikuri TviTSegnebis Taviseburebani, xelnaweri (rusul enaze), saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia, erovnul urTierTobaTa kvlevis centri, Tbilisi, 1994. pentikaineni da trieri 2004 _ Oskar Pentikainen and Tom Trier, Between integration and resettlement, The Meskhetian Turks` ECMI Working paper 21, September 2004. http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_21b.pdf peuCi 2001 _ Jean-Christophe Peuch, Georgia: Meskhetians Search For Cultural Identity http://www.rferl.org/features/2001/05/25052001130649.asp rei 2000 _ Kakoli Ray. Repatriation and De-territorialization: Meskhetian Turks’ conception of Home, Journal of Refugee Studies. 2000; 13. smiTi 1987 _ A. D. Smith. The Ethnic Origins of Nations, New York blackwell, 1987. tomlinsoni 2002 _ Kathryn Gillian Tomlinson, “Coping as Kin: Responses to Suffering amongst Displaced Meskhetian Turks in post-Soviet Krasnodar, Russian Federation`, University College London Department of Anthropology, thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2002. umarov-gozaliSvili 2004 _ Халил Умаров-Гозалишвили, Трагедия месхов. Тбилиси, 2004. futkaraZe S. 1993 _ S. futkaraZe, Cveneburebis qarTuli, baTumi, 1993. futkaraZe t. 2005 _ t. futkaraZe, mesxeTidan deportirebulTa TviTaGqma, Tbilisi, 2005. froneli 1991 _ al. froneli, didebuli mesxeTi, Tb. 1999. Kazbegi 1876 _ Г. Казбеги, Три месяца в Турецкой Грузии, Записки Закавказского Географического общества, 1876. Cervonnaia 1998 _ Svetlana Chervonnaya, The Problem of the Repatriation of the Meskhet-Turks, Appendix to the Fact-Finding Mission of the FUEN (Federal Union of European Nationalities) delegation to Georgia, November 1998 Original version by Svetlana Chervonnaya; edited by the FUEN-Sectretariat http://www.arts.uwaterloo.ca/MINELRES/min/meskh/FUEN_Meskh.html ClaiZe 2005 _ l. ClaiZe, TurqeTeli qarTvelebi, krebulSi `saqarTvelo aTaswleulTa gasaKarze~, Tbilisi, 2005. CxartiSvili 2005 _ m. CxartiSvili, qarTuli identobis mTavari markeri, krebulSi `saqarTvelo aTaswleulTa gasaKarze~, Tbilisi, 2005. yiyinaZe 2004 _ z. yiyinaZe, qarTvelTa gamuslimeba, Tbilisi, 2004. JaniaSvili 2006 _ l. JaniaSvili, 1944 wels samxreT saqarTvelodan gasaxlebulTa eTnoistoriuli problemebi, Tbilisi, 2006. 76 m. beriZe, m. kobaiZe MARINE BERIDZE, MANANA KOBAIDZE Ethnic Identity Features: Creation, Loss and Revival Dynamics (The case of Turkish Meskhetians) Summary The process of ethnic changes, that started in southern Georgia (Meskheti/ Samtskhe-Javakheti) in the 16th -17th centuries, was aimed at forming a new ethnic group out of the local population (Georgians, in particular, Meskhetians) and the immigrant population (Turks and Kurds). This was a complex and long process and was going on under the control of two powerful states: Turkey and, later, Russia. To create a new ethnic group and use it as a “tool” for mastering this strategically important territory was a policy of these states and has remained unchanged during three to four centuries. The gradual development of the features, unifying these groups, is documented in the historical sources: 1. Change of confession (encouraged by economic and other means); 2. Language shift (first within some domains and within high social classes and later in all domains and even among lower classes of the population), 3. Change of surnames (as a result of or final step of identity change), 4. New perception of own identity. Changing of the group name has reflected the group's development dynamics: Georgians who remained Christians retained their name Kartveli (Georgian in Georgian), Georgians who became Muslims in the 17-18th centuries were called Jerli (local in Turkish), and immigrated Muslims, who where ethnic Turks and Kurds, were called Tarakama. The next step was a unification of Jerli and Tarakama by the confessional feature and the naming of these two groups as Tatari (resp. Muslim). In the Russian censuses since the 19th century the unifying name of these groups, indicating confession (Tatari), has been changed with the unifying name indicating ethnicity (Turk) (regardless of the fact that ethnical composition of "Turks" was diverse). The Muslim population of this area also obtained an economic advantage. After the power change in Georgia in 1918, fear of losing the property strengthened the loyalty of this group to Turkey. In the 1920s Georgian schools were closed and Turkish schools were opened for the Georgian Muslims in Samtskhe-Javakheti. When the political climate changed, during the census before the Second World War, it was suggested that they should be registered as Georgians but this attempt failed. In the 1939 census they were called Azerbaijanis by officials and, thus, avoided the term Turk in the census. The group was deported to Central Asia in 1944. The group has retained and strengthened its unity after the deportation. Later, all Muslims deported to Central Asia from Samtskhe-Javakheti (Meskheti) irrespective of their ethnic diversity (Georgians, in particular, Meskhetians, as well as non-Georgians: Turks, Kurds) received the new shared name Turkish Meskhetians where two different names denoting the different ethnic origin are presented on the same level which is quite confusing. Nowadays people named as "Turkish Meskhetians" protest this name and eTnikuri Jgufis CamoKalibebis mcdeloba 77 demand to be called "Meskhetians" (Such a change, in turn, can cause new misunderstandings). It is noteworthy that Muslim Georgians try to avoid the term Turkish as a name of the Turkish language spoken by them and regularly call it "Our language". This seems to be a way to differentiate "our language" as a language obtained through the new confession and indicating the confessional loyalty, on the one hand, and the Turkish language that is spoken by ethnic Turks as a part of their ethnic identity and an indicator of their ethnic belonging, on the other hand. At the same time, it emphasises "our language" as a distinctive feature from the Georgian speaking Georgians. The group strives and acts for repatriation. The history of this group is an obvious case of the attempt to form one ethnic group out of different ethnic groups in the process of interaction between internal and external forces. It also confirms that the identity features function as an entire complex. Strive to reconstruct the whole complex of the features and overcome the lack of the missing feature (language, ideology, territory…) may exhibit vitality of the group. It is another matter that this strive may be employed for different goals by different political forces.
