st
Tutorial assignment 1
1.
Define Fuel and classify them?
2.
What is meant by calorific value of a fuel?
3.
Distinguish between gross and net calorific value of a fuel.
4.
How can you determine the calorific value of solid and volatile liquid fuels?
5.
What are the corrections to be made in the calorific value of a fuel determined by Bomb calorimeter?
6.
What is the Dulong Formula for calculating calorific value of a fuel?
7.
What are the characteristics of good fuel?
8.
Why should an ideal fuel have moderate ignition temperatures?
9.
Arrange wood, peat lignite, bituminous coal and anthracite in increasing order of their calorific value.
10.
Which is the highest ranking coal?
11.
What do you mean by proximate analysis of coal? Why is it so called?
12.
What is ultimate analysis of coal?
13.
What is the significance of volatile matter in coal?
14.
What all is determined in proximate analysis?
15.
What is the purpose of determining the fixed carbon in coal?
16.
How nitrogen in coal is determined?

Tutorial assignment 2
1.
What do you mean by carbonization of coal?
2.
What is the difference between caking and coking coals?
3.
All coking coal are caking coals but all caking coals are not coking coals. Explain.
4.
What type of coke is produced from high temperature carbonization and low temperature carbonization?
5.
Which type of carbonization is done to produce metallurgical coke?
6.
Which variety of coal is used in metallurgy?.
7.
What are the demerits of Beehive oven?
8.
What is regenerative principal of heat used in Otto Hoffmann’s oven?
9.
How tar is recovered from outgoing gases in Otto Hoffmann’s process?
10.
How ammonia is recovered from the outgoing gases. Why it should be removed?
11.
How H2S is removed from the outgoing gases?
12.
What are the advantages of Otto Hoffmann’s oven?
15. What is the composition range of gasoline and diesel?
16. What are the advantages of catalytic cracking over thermal cracking?
17. What is the reason for Knocking in petrol engine and in diesel engine?
17.
What is octane rating for petrol?
18.
What is cetane number?
19.
Out of aromatics and straight chain hydrocarbons which one would have antiknock characteristics?

Tutorial assignment 3
1. (a) Write briefly on metallurgical coke.
(b) What is coke? Describe the manufacture of coke by beehive-coke oven method.
2.
What is cracking? Why is cracking considered as an important process?
3.
(a) Describe the moving –bed catalytic cracking method to obtain petrol from heavy oil.
(b) Discuss the merits and demerits of gaseous fuels over liquid and solid fuels.
4. Give the name diagram and working of the apparatus used for the analysis of flue gas.
What conclusion will you be able to draw from this analysis?
5. Distinguish between the following:
(a) Proximate and ultimate analysis
(b) Coal and coke
(c) Coking coals and caking coals
(d) Octane number and cetane number
(e) Thermal and catalytic cracking
6. Liquid fuel weighing 0.98 g and containing 90% of carbon and 8% of hydrogen gave the following results in a bomb calorimeter experiment:
Amount of water taken in the calorimeter =1,450 g: water equivalent of the calorimeter = 450 g: rise in temperature of water = 1.8
0
C.
If the latent heat of steam is 587 cal/g, calculate the gross and net calorific value of the fuel.
(GCV = 3,490cal/g: NCV = 3,067 cal/g)
7. When 0.935 g of a fuel underwent complete combustion in excess of oxygen, the increase of temperature of water in a calorimeter containing1, 365 g of water was 2.40
0
C . Calculate the higher calorific value of the fuel, if the water equivalent of calorimeter, etc. is 135g.
(HCV= 3850.3 cal/g)
8.
The determination of the calorific value of a coal sample gave the following data:
Weight of coal sample
Water equivalent of calorimeter
Weight of water
Rise in temperature
Cooling correction
Fuse wire connection
:
:
:
:
:
:
0.9 g
440 g
2560 g
2.42
0
C
0.052
0
C
10.0cal

Calculate the gross calorific value and net calorific value, if the total contains 6% hydrogen and assume latent heat of steam equal to 600 cal/g
(8228, 79 04 cal/g)
Tutorial assignment 4
1.
A sample of coal was analyed as follows: 1.000g of an air –dired coal sample was weighed in a silica crucible. After heating for 1 hour at 105- 1100C, the dry coal residue weighed 0.985 g. the crucible was covered with a vented lid and then heated strongly for exactly 7 minutes at
950 +200C. The residue weighed 0.800g. The crucible was then heated strongly in air, until a constant weight was obtained. The last residue was found to weight 0.100g. Calculate the proximate analysis
(Moisture =1.5: volatile matter-18.5: ash = 10.0: and fixed C = 70.0%)
2.
0.5g of a sample of coal was used in a bomb calorimeter for the determination of calorific value. Calorific value of coal was found to be 6800 cal/g. The ash formed in the bomb calorimeter was extracted with acid and the acid extract was heated with barium nitrate solution and a precipitate of barium suphate was obtained. The precipitate was filtered, dried and weighed. The weight of precipitate was found to be 0.05 g. Calculate the percentage og sulphur in the coal sample.
(1.3734%)
3.
1.0 g of a sample of coal was used for nitrogen estimation by Kjeldahl method. The evolved ammonia was collected in 25m L (N/10) sulphuric acid. To neutralize excess acid mL of 0.1 N sodium Hydroxide was required. Determine the percentage of nitrogen in the given sample of coal.
4.
A sample of the Gondwana Coal of Jharia was analyses as follows: Exactly 2.500g was weighed into a silica crucible. After heating for 1 hour at 110 0 C, the residue weighed 2.415g.
The crucible was then covered with a vented lid and strongly heated for exactly 7 minutes at
950 + 20
0
C. The residue weighed 1.528g. The crucible was than heated without the cover, until a constant weight was obtained The last residue was found to weight 0.245 g. (i) Calculate the percentage result of the above analysis )ii) To which type of analysis does the above description belong? Why is the analysis so-named?
(Moisture = 3.4%: volatile matter = 35.48%: ash =9.80%: and fixed C = 51.32%)
5. Calculate the volume of air at STP needed for the complete combustion of 1Kg of methane .
(13.33 m3)
6. What amount of air would be required for the complete combustion of 10 Kg of fuel containing
85% ethanol and 15% methanol?
(Ans 95.6 Kg)
7. A sample of fuel oil analyses are as follow: 85%C, 6%H, 4.5%S, 2%O and2.5ash. This oil
was employed for heating I a furnace with 30% excess air calculate a) the theoretical amount
of air for complete combustion of 1 Kg of fuel and b) the actual amount of air used per Kg of
fuel.
(Ans 14.7 Kg)

8. A sample of coal was found to contain the following: C = 81% ,H = 4%, O= 2%, N=10%, the
remaining being ash. Estimate the quantity of minimum air required for complete combustion
of 1Kg of the sample find the composition of dry fuel gas by weight, if 40% excess air is
supplied.
(10.7Kg,CO
2
=19.60%, N
2
= 74.65%, O
2
= 6.29%)
Tutorial assignment 1
1.
Define catalyst and write its characteristics?
2.
Describe types of catalyst?
3.
What do you mean promoters, inhibitors and catalytic poison?
4.
Explain theories of catalytic reaction?
5.
Write the application of catalyst in industrial process?
6.
Explain Michaelis – Menten equation?
7.
Enzyme reaction has an optimum pH and temperature when their activity is maximum.
Explain.
8.
Oxidation of SO
2
to SO
3
is catalyzed by NO. Explain, giving chemical equations, the steps involved.
9.
Describe the chemical conversions promoted by the following enzymes: a) Maltase b) Invertase c) Urease
10.
Under what conditions a catalyst loses influence over a reaction?
11.
What is enzyme catalysis? Explain enzyme action by lock and key model.
12.
Explain Intermediate compound formation theory.

Tutorial assignment 2
1.
When KMnO
4
solution is added to an acidic hot solution of oxalic acid, the colour decolorizes slowly in the beginning but rapidly after some time. Explain with chemical equations.
2.
Differentiate the following: a) Homogenous and heterogeneous catalysis b) General acid catalysis and specific acid catalysis c) Adsorption theory and Intermediate compound formation theory
3.
Enzymes are highly specific in their actions. Explain.
4.
Acid hydrolysis is a reversible reaction whereas base hydrolysis is irreversible reaction.
Explain.
5.
Why a rough piece of platinum metal acts as a good catalyst in comparison to a smooth surface in the manufacture of H
2
SO
4
by contact process?
6.
Write short notes on a) Wilkinson’s catalyst , b)Auto catalyst , c)Acid –base catalytic reaction , d) Lingmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism.

Tutorial assignment 1
1.
Calculate the number of degrees of freedom in the following system: a) 2 KClO
3
(s) → 2KCl(s) + 3O
2
(g) b) An aqueous solution of sodium chloride c) A mixture of N
2
(g) , H
2
(g) and NH
3
(g)
2.
What are phase boundaries?
3.
What is ‘reduced phase rule’? Explain the terms involved in it.
4.
How many eutectic points are possible in FeCl
3
– water system?
5.
Describe the application of phase rule in the study of binary system forming compounds with congruent melting point.
6.
State with reasons the number of degrees of freedom in the system having 10gm of CaCO3 heated at 500 o c to give the equilibrium reaction:
CaCO
3
↔ CaO + CO
2
7.
Determine the number of components, phases and degrees of freedom in the following equilibria: a) N
2
O
4
(g) ↔ 2 NO
2
(g) b) NH
4
Cl (s) ↔ NH
3
(g) + HCl (g) c) H
2
O(s) ↔ H
2
O (l) d) NH
4
Cl (s) ↔ NH
3
(g) + HCl(g)
8.
Why the solid – liquid boundary line slopes down from left to right in the phase diagram of water?
9.
How is application of phase rule to Pb-Ag system used in the purification of Ag from argentiferrous lead ores?
10.
How many components and phases exist in Na
2
SO
4
– water system?

11.
Differentiate between one component and two components with suitable example.
12.
Differentiate between water system and carbon dioxide system with help of phase diagram
13.
Write applications of phase diagram.
Tutorial assignment 1
1. What are the major sources of water?
2. What type of dissolved impurities is present in water?
3. What are the specifications of water to be used in Alcoholic Distilleries and confectionaries?
4. What are the specifications of water to be used in textile industries?
5. Why is rain water a purest form of natural water?
6. What do you understand by hardness of water?
7. What is the cause of hardness of water?
8. Distinguish between temporary and permanent hardness
9. Why hardness is expressed in terms of CaCO
3
equivalents. How is it calculated?
10. Determine the CaCO
3
equiv. of 83 mg of Mg(HCO
3
)
2
(Molecular weight 146)
11. What are the units of hardness? What is the relation between these units?
12. What is the principle of hardness of water?
13. What is the structure of Eriochrome Black T?
14 Why NH
3
— NH
4
Cl buffer solution is added in determination of hardness of water by EDTA method?
15 What type of ligand is EDTA?
16 Why the complex of Ca
2+
or Mg
2+ with EDTA is more stable than the complex of Ca
2+
or Mg
2+ with EBT?
17. What is the cause of alkalinity in natural waters?
18. Why alkalinity of water cannot be due to the simultaneous presence of OH , CO
3
2and HCO
3
?

19. What type of alkalinity is present if phenolphthalein alkalinity is more than half the methyl orange alkalinity (P>1/2 M)?
Tutorial assignment 2
1.
What are the disadvantages of using hard water in boiler operations?
2.
Differentiate between scale and sludge?
3.
What are the salts responsible for the formation of scales?
4.
Why should natural water not be fed to boiler?
5.
What is conditioning or internal treatment of hard water?
6.
What is carbonate conditioning?
7.
Why phosphate conditioning is better than carbonate conditioning?
8.
Why is calgon conditioning is better than phosphate conditioning?
9.
What are the reasons of boiler corrosion?
10.
How dissolved oxygen can be removed by chemical and mechanical means?
11.
What do you mean by caustic embrittlement?
12.
How can you prevent caustic embrittlement?
13.
How caustic embrittlement is controlled by adding sodium sulphate?
14.
What is priming and foaming?
15.
How silica can be removed from water?
16.
What are the various techniques employed for treating water externally?
17.
What is the basic principle applied to remove the hardness of water by Lime Soda process?
18.
Why does Mg (HCO
3
)
2
requires double amount of lime for softening?
19.
Explain 1 equiv. of Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
requires 1 equiv. of Ca(OH)
2
for softening purposes.
20.
Why is the presence of NaAlO
2
in water is equivalent to presence of equivalent of Ca(OH)
2
.
21.Why in the general formulae for lime and soda requirement , CaCO
3 equiv of HCO
3
-
is added in lime while subtracted in soda requirement.

Tutorial assignment 3
1.
What do you mean by zeolite?
2.
Why zeolite process is sometimes referred to cation-exhange process?
3.
Discuss regeneration of zeolite?
4.
What are the disadvantages of zeolite process?
5.
What are Ion Exchange Resins?
6.
What do you mean by Cation and Anion Exchangers?
7.
How exhausted ion-exchange resins are regenerated?
8.
Compare zeolite and ion-exchange process.
9.
What are the advantages of ion-exchange process?
10.
In ion exchange process, water is usually passed through cation exchanger and then through anion exchanger and not vice versa. Explain.
11.
What are the specifications of water for drinking purposes?
12.
Why soft water cannot be used for drinking purposes?
13.
What is sedimentation and coagulation?
14.
Distinguish between primary and secondary standards of drinking water?
15.
What are the coagulants used for treating water for drinking purposes.
16.
What do you mean by the term disinfection?
17.
Why is boiled water is not 100% safe drinking purposes?
18.
Why chloramine is preferred over bleaching powder during chlorination?
19.
What is break point chlorination?
20.
What is the process of dechlorination?
21.
How water is disinfected using KMnO
4
?
22.
What do you mean by the term desalination?
23.
What are the advantages of zeolite and ion exchange process?
24.
What reverse osmosis is as applied to water purification?
25.
What is the main advantage of reverse osmosis over ion exchange process?

Tutorial assignment 4
1. What do you understand by hardness of water? What is its cause? Distinguish between temporary and permanent hardness.
2. What are the specifications of water for industrial use?
3. Give the chemical reactions involved in determination of hardness of water by EDTA titration.
4. What are the disadvantages of hard water? How is the hardness of water removed by ionexchange method?
5. How is water softened by lime-soda process ? Describe its types and suitable chemical reactions.
6. (a) What are the external and internal treatment required for prevention of scale formation in boiler.
(b) Comment on the statement that internal treatment is only a corrective or supplementary method of treatment for boiler feed water.
7. (a) Give the chemical reaction involved during
(i) softening of water by ion-exchange resins, and
(ii) regeneration of exhausted ion-exchange resins.
(b) Mention advantages and disadvantages of ion-exchange process of softening water over limesoda process.
8. (a) What are the disadvantages of using hard water in boiler operation ? Disuses any four methods of disinfection of water.
(b) Specifications of domestic and industrial water are different. Explain.
(c) Mention the requisites of water used for paper mills, textile industry and sugar industry.
9. (a) What is meant by phosphate conditioning ?
(b) What is calgon? What is its application in water treatment?
(c) What is the role of NaAlO
2
in internal treatment of boiler water?

10. What is the ideal pH range for phosphate conditioning?
11.(a) What is caustic embrittlement? What are the contributing factors for caustic embrittlement?
(b) How can the caustic embrittlement be prevented?
12.(a) What are the different factors contributing to boiler corrosion? How can the boiler corrosion be minimised?
(b) What is meant by deaeration? How can it be effected mechanically?
(c) Suggest some chemical reagents for the removal of dissolved oxygen. Which one is the best?
Why?
(d) Suggest some feasible chemical reagents for the removal of dissolved CO
2
in water.
13. (a) What is priming? How is it caused? What are its disadvantages? How can it be minimised ?
(b) What do you mean by foaming. How it can be minimised?
14. (a) What are cation and anion exchangers?
(b) What are the merits of ion exchange process over the other water softening methods?
(c) What is meant by exhaustion of cation and anion exchangers? How can they be regener ated?
15. Describe the principle and procedure involved in the zeolite process for the treatment of water.
What are the limitations, advantages and disadvantages of the process ?
16. Why is demineralization process preferred over zeolite process for softening of water for use in boilers.
17. (a) Write, in brief, how is water purified for drinking purpose by municipalities ?
(b) What is break-point chlorination? What are its advantages?
18. (a) Define the term disalination. With neat diagram, describe desalination by electrodialysis process.
(b) What do you mean by reverse osmosis? How it help in desalination of water? What are its advantages?
19. Distinguish between
(a) Temporary hardness and permanent hardness.
(b) Purification and softening of water.
(c) Boiler scales and sludges
(d) Cold lime soda process and hot lime soda process
(e) Softening and demineralization of water

20. (a) What are the requisites of drinking water?
(b) How is natural water sterlized by : (i) Chlorine, (ii) bleaching powder, (iii) chloramine, and (iv) ozone?
Tutorial assignment 5
1. (a) State two harmful effects of silica present in water? How it can be removed.
(b) What is the basis of chlorination of water explain.
2. Explain the following steps involved in purification of water (a) Sedimentation (b) Coagulation
(c) Filt;ration
3. Explain the terms : blow down operation, make up water, priming and foaming.
4. (a) Give chemical reactions involved during the softening of water by lime-soda process
(b) Why is hot lime-soda process better than the cold process? Why is sodium aluminate added in cold process? Disuss its function.
5. How is water analyzed for alkalinity. How the alkalinity due to various ions can be determined?
6. What is meant by disinfection in treating domestic water supply? What is its importance? What are the chemicals which are used as disinfectants and what are their comparative merits and demerits?
7. Describe a method for the removal of suspended impurities and micro organisms from water.
8. Describe the methods of determining total solids, alkalinity and chlorides in sample of water.
9. A water sample contains 204 mg of CaSO
4
per liter. Calculate the hardness in terms of CaCO
3 equivalents.
10. How many grams of FeSO
4
dissolved per litre gives 210.5 ppm of hardness?
11. A sample of water on analysis was found to contain the following impurities in mg/L
Impurity
Quantity
(Ca(HCO
10
3
)
2
Mg (HCO
8.5
3
)
2
CaSO
12
4
MgSO
14
4
Mol. Wt. 162 146 136 120
Calculate the temporary, permanent & total hardness of water in mg/L?
12. A sample of water is found to contain 40.5 mg/L Ca(HCO
3
)
2
46.5mg/L mg(HCO
3
)
2
27.6 mg/L
MgSO
4
32.1 mg/L CaSO
4
and 22.45 mg/L CaCl
2
Calculate the total hardness of water?

13. A sample of water on analysis has been found to contain the following in ppm
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
= 12.5; CaCl
2
= 8.2; MgSO
4
= 2.6.
Calculate the temporary and permanent hardness in degree French?
34. l00ml of water sample has a hardness equivalent to 12.5ml of 0.08N MgSO
4
.What is the hardness in ppm?
14. 0.28 g of CaCO
3 was dissolved in HCI and the solution was made to one litre with distilled water. 100 ml of the above solution required 28 ml of EDTA solution on titration. 100 ml of the hard water sample required 33 ml of the same EDTA solution on titration. After boiling
100ml of this water, cooling, filterning and then titration required 10 ml of EDTA solution.
Calculate the temporary and permanent hardness of water. (Hardness ; Total = 330, Perm. =
100, Temp. = 230ppfl)
15. A standard hard water contains 1 5g of CaCO
3
per jilter. 20 mL a this required 25mL of EDTA solution. 100 ml of sample water required 18 ml EDTA solution. The same sample after boiling required 12 mL EDTA solution. Calculate the temporary hardness of the given sample of water, in terms of ppm.
16. 50 ml of standard hard water containing I mg of pure CaCO
3
per ml consumed 20 ml of
EDTA. 50 mL of water sample consumed 25 mL of the same EDTA solution, using
Eriochrome T as indicator. Calculate the total hardness of water sample in ppm.
17. Calculate the hardness of a water sample, whose 10 mL required 20 mL EDTA. 20 mL of
CaCl
2
solution, whose strength is equivalent to 1.5 g of CaCO
3
per litre, required 30 ml of
EDTA solution.
18. 250 ml of a sample of water on EDTA titration with Erio-T as indicator consumed 13 ml of
0.022 M EDTA till end point is reached. Calculate the hardness of water (Imi of 0.01 M
EDTA= 1 mg of CaCO
3
.
19. 200 ml. of a sample of water required 20 ml. N/50 H
2
SO
4
using methyl orange as indicator but did not give any colouration with phenolphthalien. What type of alkalinity is present ? Express the same in mg/L.
20. 200 ml of a sample required 20 ml of N/50 HCl using methyl orange as indicator. Another 200 ml of the same sample required 8 ml of N!50 HCl using phenolphthalien as indicator. Express the alkalinity in terms of mg of CaCO
3
per litre.

21. A sample of water was alkaline both to phenolphthalien and methyl orange 0.50 ml of this water sample required 15 mL of N/50 H
2
SO
4
for phenolphthalien end point and another 10 mL for complete neutralisation. Calculate the type of alkalinity in ppm.
22. A water sample is alkaline to both phenolphthalien as well as methyl orange. 100 ml of water sample on titration with N/50 HCl required 4.7 ml of the acid to phenolphthalien end point.
When a few drops of methyl orange are added to the same solution and the titration further continued, the yellow colour of the solution just turned red after addition of another 10.5 ml of the acid solution. Elucidate on the type and extent of alkalinity present in the water sample.
23. 100 ml of water sample, on titration with N/50 H
2
SO
4
using phenolphthalein as indicator, gave the end point when 5 ml of acid were run down. Another lot of 100 ml of the sample also required 5 ml of the acid to obtain methyl-orange end point. What type of alkalinity is present in the sample and what is its magnitude?
24 Calculate the amount of lime and soda required to soften 25,000 litres of water having following analysis.
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
4.86 ppm; Mg(HCO
3
)
2
= 7.3 ppm; CaSO
4
= 6.8 ppm; MgCl
2
= 5.7 ppm;
MgSO
4
= 9.0 ppm; SiO
2
= 3.5 ppm; NaCl= 5.85 ppm;
25.
Calculate the amount of lime (84°/s pure) and soda (92% pure) required for treatment of
20,000 litres of water, whose analysis is as follows:
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
40.5 ppm; Mg(HCO
3
)
2
= 36.5 ppm; MgSO
4
= 30.0 ppm; CaSO
4
= 34.0 ppm;
CaCl
2
= 27.75 ppm; and NaCl = 10.00 ppm. Also calculate the temporary & permanent hardness of water sample. (L = 1.762 Kg; S = 1.728 Kg; temp. 50 ppm; p = 75 ppm)
26. Calculate the amounts of lime and soda needed for softening 100,000 litres of water containing
HCI =7.3 mg/L; Al = 34.2 mg/L; MgC1
2
9.5 mg/L : NaCI 29.25 mg/L (Al = 27, Mg = 24; Na
= 23;
H = 1; CI = 35.5; S = 32; 0 = 16.)
27. Explain with equations and calculate the- quantity of lime and soda required to soften 10,000 litres of water containing:
(i) 219 ppm of magnesium bicarbonate and 234 ppm of sodium chloride:
(ii) 36 pm of Mg and 18.3 of HCO
3
-
(iii) 1.5 ppm of the free acids, 144 ppm of sulphate ions and 71 ppm of chloride ions.

28. A water sample using FeSO as a coagulant at the rate of 278 ppm, gave following data on analysis for raw water:
Ca 2+ = 240 ppm; Mg 2+ = 96 ppm; CO
2
= 44 ppm HCO
3
= 732 ppm,
Calculate the lime and soda required to soften 250,000 litres of water. (L = 222 l S= 132. kg)
Tutorial assignment 6
1. A zeolite softner was completely exhausted and was regenerated by passing 100 litres of sodium chloride solution, containing 120 g/L of NaCl. How many litres of a sample of water of hardness 500 ppm can be softened by this softener?
2. The total hardness of 1,000 litres of water was completely removed by a zeolite softener. The zeolite softener required 30 litres of sodium chloride solution, containing 15 g/litre of NaCl for regeneration. Calculate the hardness of water.
3. 10,000 litres of hard water was softened by zeolite process. The zeolite required a total amount of8 litres of NaCl solution containing 150 g/L of NaCI for regeneration. Calculate the hardness of water.
4. A completely exhausted zeolite softener requires 120 litres of NaCl solution having 100 g/L of
NaCl. How many litres of water having hardness 500 ppm can be softened by the zeolite.
5. (a) What is the principle of EDTA titration? How can the permanent hardness of water be determined by this method?
(b) Why is NH
3
-NH
4
Cl buffer solution is added in determination of hardness of water by EDTA titration?
6. What are zeolites? How do they function in removing hardness of water? What are the limitations of this process?
7.(a) One gm of CaCO
3
was dissolved in dii HCl and solution diluted to one litre. 50 ml of this solution required 45 ml of EDTA solution, while 50 ml of sample water required 18 ml of
EDTA solution.
On the other hand 50 ml of boiled sample water when titrated against EDTA consumed 9 ml of solution. Calculate each type of hardness in ppm.
(b) Differentiate between scale and sludge.

8. (a) How will you determine the alkalinity of water sample containing hydroxide and carbonate ion.
(b) A water sample is alkaline to both phenolphthalein as well as methyl orange. 100 ml of water sample on titration with NH
4
Cl required 4.7 ml of the acid to phenolphthalein end point. When a few drops of methyl orange are added to the same solution and the titration further continued, the yellow colour of the solution just turned red after addition of another 10.5 ml of the acid solution. Elucidate on the type and extent of alkalinity present in the water sample.
9. (a) Distinguish between softening and demineralisation of water.
(b) Describe ion-exchange method of demineralisation of water.
(c) A water sample contains : Mg(HCO
3
)
2
= 7.5 mg/L; CaCl
2
= 222 mg/L; MgSO
4
= 120 mgIL;
Ca(NO
3
)
2
= 164 mg/L. Calculate the quantity of lime (74% pure) and soda (90% pure) for softening 5,000 L of water.
10. (a) What is the principle of EDTA titration? Briefly describe the estimation of hardness of water by EDTA method. What is the role of buffer in EDTA titration?
(b) A sample of water was alkaline to both phenolphthalein and methyl orange. 50 ml of this water sample required 15 mL of N/50 H
2
SO
4 for phenolphthalein end-point and an other 10 mL for complete neutralization. Calculate the type and amount of alkalinity in ppm.
11. (a) What are boiler scales? What are ill effects of scales? How can scale formation be prevented by:
(i) phosphate conditioning,
(ii) calgon conditioning?
(b) Write short notes on:
(i) Caustic embrittlement
(ii) Priming and Foaming
12. (a) Describe L-S process for water softening. Give the advantages and disadvantages of this process. (b) Why is hot L-S process better than the cold process.
(c) What are essential requirements of potable water?

Tutorial assignment 7
1. (a) Describe the principle involved in determination of hardness by EDTA method.
(b) (i) 50 mL of standard containing I mg of CaCO
3
per mL consumed 20 mL. of EDTA solution.
(ii) 50 ml of water sample consumed 25 mL of EDTA solution.
(iii) After boiling 50 ml of water sample consumed 18 mL of EDTA solution. Calculate the temporary and permanent hardness of the sample.
2. Attempt any seven of the following parts
(a) What is sterilization of water? Name three substances for sterilization of water.
(b) Why do we add buffer during titration of hard water against EDTA solution. Name acidic and basic buffers.
(c) What is reverse osmosis? What are its applications?
(d) What is Calgon conditioning? How is it better than phosphate conditioning?
(e) What are zeolites? Why is water softened by zeolite process unfit for use in boilers?
(f) What are flocculants? What happens when alum is dissolved in water?
(g) What is boiler corrosion? Why should the presence of CO
2
in boiler feed water be avoided?
(h) What is Lime and Soda? Why does magnesium bicarbonate require double amount of lime for softening of hard water?
3.(a) What are scales? What are their disadvantages?
(b) What are internal and external treatments required for prevention of scale formation in boilers?
(c) A sample of water is collected from a tank which gives the following results on analysis
CO
2
= 22 ppm, HCO
3
-
= 365 ppm, Ca
2+
= 40 ppm; Mg
2+
= 48 ppm.
Calculate the amount of lime and soda that would be required for softening the water if 139 ppm of FeSO
4
.7H
2
O is used as a coagulant.
4. What is the principle of EDTA titration? Briefly describe estimation of hardness of water by
EDTA method. Explain the role of buffer solution in EDTA titration.
5. (a) Alkalinity of water cannot be due to the simultaneous presence of OH , CO
3
2 and HCO
3
-

(b) A water sample is alkaline to both phenolphthalein and methyl orange. 100 ml of water sample on titration with N/50 HCl required 4.7 ml of acid to phenolphthalein end point. When four drops of methyl orange are added to same solution and titration further continued the yellow colour of solution .just turned red after addition of another 10,5 ml of acid solution. Describe the type and extent of alkalinity present in water sample.
6. (a) What are boiler scales?
How can scale formation be prevented by
(i) Phosphate conditioning.
(ii) Calgon conditioning.
(b) What is priming and foaming? Discuss their disadvantages.
7. (a) What is boiler corrosion? Why the presence of CO
2
in boiler feed water is disadvantageous?
How it can be removed?
(b) One gin of CaCO
3 was dissolved in dii. HCl and the solution diluted to one litre. 100 ml of this solution required 90 ml of EDTA solution, while 100 ml of the sample water required 40 ml of
EDTA. On the other hand, 100 ml of the boiled sample water when titrated against EDTA consumed 20 ml of solution. Calculate each type of hardness in ppm.
8. (a) Calculate the amount of lime and soda required for softening a million liters of hard water which analyzed as follows:
Substance Conc. in mg/l.
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
243
Mg(HCO
3
)
2
73
CaSO
4
MgCl
2
102
95
FeSO
4
. 7H
2
O 139
Purity of lime is 94% and that of soda is 86.0%.
(b) Why is Calgon conditioning better than phosphate conditioning?
(c) What happens when temporary hard water is boiled (give equations)?
9. (a) 200.0 ml of a sample required 20.0 ml of N/5O HCl using methyl orange as indicator. Another
200.0 ml of the same sample required 8.0 ml of N/5O HCl using phenolphthalein as indicator.
Express the alkalinities in terms of mg. of CaCO
3
per liter.

(b) Why is air saturated with steam passed through a bed of hot coal in the production of producer gas?
10. What are the factors that lead to caustic embritalment in boilers? How can this be prevented?
Tutorial assignment 1
1.
Define corrosion with suitable example?
2.
Write causes and effect of corrosion in our eco-system?
3.
Wire mesh corrodes faster at the joints, why?
4.
What are types of corrosion?
5.
Differentiate between wet and dry corrosion?
6.
Why corrosion is differing from erosion?
7.
Explain causes of corrosion?
8.
Write unit of corrosion.
9.
Differentiate between uniform and pitting corrosion.
10.
Write electrochemical series.
11.
Write the various factors of soil corrosion?
12.
Write short notes on a) Inhibitor, b) Galvanization, c) Tinning, d ) Electroplating.
13.
Explain sacrificial anodic protection with suitable example?
14.
Explain rusting of iron?
15.
Write the mechanism of electrochemical corrosion?
16.
What is the utilization of Pilling –Bedworth Rule?
17.
Calculate the amount of rust formation when 110 Kg of Iron have completely rusted away?
18.
Write methods of electro less plating.

19.
Which process is suitable for mild steel protection in open environment, galvanization or tinning comment with help of electrochemical series?
Tutorial assignment 2
1 .Which method is suitable for the protection of boiler from corrosion explain?
2. What do you mean by Protection or Prevention of corrosion by material selection & design?
3. Explain atmospheric corrosion.
4. What is sheradising?
5. Why amalgamated zinc reacts slowly with dilute acids?
6. Distinguish between differential aeration corrosion with differential metal corrosion.
7. An iron rod partly immersed in water undergoes corrosion near waterline. Give reasons.
8. How galvanization different from cathodic protection?
9. What happens and why? a). Iron sheets riveted with copper rivet. b). An iron pole is partly buried under earth. c). Zinc plate fixed below the ship.
10. How do you differentiate electrochemical series from galvanic series?
11. Explain the Mechanism of chemical and electrochemical corrosion.
12. Explain, how corrosion control can be brought about by the following methods a) Modifying the environment b) Cathodic protection.
13. Write short notes on : a) Tinning b) Metal cladding e) Inhibitor c) Electroplating f) Passivation. d) Elecro less plating