Inglés II - Cátedra de Inglés Técnico
Escuela Superior de Sanidad Dr. Ramón Carrillo – FBCB - UNL
ORACIONES CONDICIONALES
1º TIPO:
If + S + V. conjugado
Pres. Simple
Pres. Perf.
Can, May, Must
Pres. Simple
, S + V. conj. Pres. Perfecto
Can, May, Must
Futuro
2º TIPO:
If + S + V. conjugado
Pasado (Subjuntivo) , S + V.conjugado
(-era, -ese)
Modo Potencial
(-ía)
Pasado Perfecto
Potencial Perfecto
3º TIPO:
If + S + V. conjugado
Hubiera/ese + -ado/-ido
, S + V. conjugado
-ía+haber+-ado/-ido
EJEMPLOS
1º TIPO:
1) If any gas appears in the tube, the test is positive; if no gas appears, it is negative.
2) If a solution of sodium hydroxide is added to a solution of hydrochloric acid, the first
will react with the ClH to form sodium chloride and water.
3) Diffusion may proceed in the same manner through a permeable membrane, if such a
membrane is interposed between an aqueous solution and water.
4) If these factors have been controlled so as to keep the absorbed energy below the
threshold for thermal burning, no visible lesions will develop in the eye.
5) If the radiation dose is increased so as to inactivate viruses and enzymes, the product
may undergo changes in colour and texture
2º TIPO:
1) If the temperature were reduced, solid crystals would begin to form.
2) Gases such as N2, Ar or He are harmless in themselves to human beings, but if the air
we breathe contained those gases alone, we should die, not because of their presence,
but because of the absence of O2.
3) If not even one plaque-forming unit (PFU) of virus were found in one litre of water,
then it could be reasonably assumed that the water is safe to drink.
Inglés II - Cátedra de Inglés Técnico
Escuela Superior de Sanidad Dr. Ramón Carrillo – FBCB - UNL
4) It has become increasingly clear in recent years that environmental degradation could
result in serious and sometimes irreversible damage to life on this planet, if it were
allowed to proceed unchecked.
5) Both the concentration and duration of exposure to carbon monoxide are important.
Equilibrium is not rapidly attained, since 50% blood saturation is reached after 3 hours,
if the individual has started with low basal carboxyhaemoglobin. If he were a cigarette
smoker or if carbon monoxide from other sources helped to raise his blood COHb, he
would reach equilibrium sooner; if his blood COHb level were higher than the
equilibrium value, he would excrete CO until reaching that equilibrium value.
3º TIPO:
1) If the temperature of the solution had varied, misleading results would have been
obtained.
2) If these ions had been free of attraction, the solution would have shown a maximum
conductivity.
3) If the curves obtained either by Madsen or Chick had been entirely correct, the
possibility of determining the value of a disinfectant would have been greatly
simplified, since time, temperature and concentration values could have been
controlled.
4) If we had added HCl to a solution of carbonic acid, some of the H+ ions would have
combined with the bicarbonate ions formed by the original ionization of carbonic acid
and would have been neutralised in that way.
5) If sodium chloride had been added in place of the sodium acetate, no appreciable
effect on the equilibrium would have occurred, since neither the added sodium nor
chloride ions would change the concentrations of any of the components of the
equilibrium system. If a substance is going to displace an ionic equilibrium, it must
furnish an ion in common with one already present. The effect on such addition is
called the common ion effect. If sodium cyanide is added, the equilibrium point is
displaced to the left.

Teniendo en cuenta cómo se estructuran las oraciones condicionales de los tres
tipos vistos, una cada cláusula condicional con su parte complementaria
correspondiente:
a) If a gas made up of molecules of varying weights is allowed to diffuse through a porous
partition,
b) If the raw material had been kept constant for the whole experiment,
c) If the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air were increased,
d) If the growth requirements of the microorganism had been known,
e) If hydrogen sulphide accumulated in the soil,
Inglés II - Cátedra de Inglés Técnico
Escuela Superior de Sanidad Dr. Ramón Carrillo – FBCB - UNL
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
It would be converted immediately into the harmless elemental sulphur.
It would have been possible to develop a suitable medium.
more of it would dissolve to establish equilibrium.
the lighter molecules will diffuse faster than the heavier ones.
the results would have been much more precise.
ELIPSIS EN ORACIONES CONDICIONALES
1) The skin is not as sensitive to laser radiation as the eye, and if damaged is usually more
easily repaired.
2) In studying occupationally exposed groups, we must take into account that cardiac
patients are more liable to heart failure if required to exert considerable physical effort
in a hot environment.
3) Carbon disulphide is so excellent in this respect that if inhaled, it has a deleterious
effect on the fatty sheaths surrounding the nerves.
4) If injected subcutaneously, cadmium salts induce inflammation and coagulation
necrosis at the site of administration.
5) In exposure to the vapours of formic and acetic acid, the discomfort effect is such that
animals will escape if possible, and the irritation will be limited to the eyes and upper
respiratory tract.
OTROS SUBORDINANTES EN ORACIONES CONDICIONALES
1) About 10 years ago, different laboratories began to study whether the diurnal variation
of biological functions in man is of an autonomous nature or whether it is dependent on
cyclic information from the environment.
2) It is evident that the application of iron or manganese sulphate to the soil is quite
useless, as long as there is no true deficiency, and in most such instances this will
produce no effect at all.
3) These spore-bearing bacteria are very common in soil and air and might readily find
their way into any meat juice placed in a flask, unless the most elaborated precautions
were taken.
4) Dr. Jones has now conducted a series of experiments which show that, provided the
lead enters the plant from the soil via the roots, the hazard ought to be substantially less
than expected.
5) Unless these industries are more or less completely rebuilt on new engineering
principles, it is difficult to see how they will be able to maintain all exposures on a level
below 1.5 mg per 10 cubic meters.
6) The organisms differ in their susceptibility to disinfectants and a compound which will
destroy one will have little effect on another, even if used in the same percentage.
7) Miquel and Lattraye have shown that, even if placed in a nutritive medium, a few of
these spores do not germinate for many days and escape the 3-day steaming.
8) Whether or not progressive lead accumulation occurs in the case of industrial workers
would seem to depend upon the intensity and the constancy of the prevailing exposure.
Inglés II - Cátedra de Inglés Técnico
Escuela Superior de Sanidad Dr. Ramón Carrillo – FBCB - UNL
INVERSIONES
1) Should equilibrium be established, the concentration gradients will fall to zero.
2) Should the effluent be discharged into the public sewer, the inhibitory action of the
phenol on the sewage organisms may be sufficient to upset the operation of the sewage
works.
3) Should a vapour mixture of the two substances be partially condensed, the newly
formed liquid phase and the residual vapour will differ in composition.
1) Should we know the aminoacid sequence, then the complete chemical synthesis of the
molecule could be attempted.
2) Were the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere absent, the ultraviolet radiation of the
sun would be fatal to human life.
3) Should the molecules be sufficiently far apart (as they would be at very low pressures),
the magnitude of any interaction would be extremely slight.
1) The researcher would have found that both test and control groups showed the same
average performance on the test, had this reaction been done.
2) More significant findings might have emerged, and the knowledge could have been
applied clinically, had the survey been three times larger.
3) Had it been desired to use a method of greater precision, a new one giving a reduction
in standard deviation of 0.02 unit should have been adopted.
 Marque la opción que corresponda en las siguientes oraciones condicionales.
a) Should/Were/Had breathing not been induced by artificial respiration, the heart would
have stopped within a very few minutes.
b) Should/Had/Whether the oxygen saturation of the available hemoglobin of the
venous blood be reduced to 75% at rest, the anemic person has a remaining tension of
oxygen of 22mm.
c) Examination of employment records, should/unless/as if be available, will reveal the
extent of the labour turnover.
d) As if/Were/If air analyses employed as part of a regular program for controlling lead
exposure, they should be made either continuously or at such intervals as to reveal the
effects of changes in environmental conditions.
e) Should/Unless/Had a more specific method for the determination of ethyl alcohol has
been adopted, any of the several, although nonspecific, five methods available could
have been used.
EJERCITACIÓN
1) SPECIAL PROBLEMS: MUTAGENS; CARCINOGENS; TERATOGENS
Inglés II - Cátedra de Inglés Técnico
Escuela Superior de Sanidad Dr. Ramón Carrillo – FBCB - UNL
A mutagen acts by changing the genetic material that is transferred to daughter cells
when cell division occurs, with the result that the new cells have new heritable characters.
<the changes in the genetic material may consist in the alteration of one or a few
nucleotides, or in chromosomal alterations, resulting in an altered number of chromosomes
or an altered chromosomal structure.
If a mutagen acts on the germ cells (spermatozoa or ova) of man (or any other
sexually reproducing organisms) some of the offspring…………………..(carry) the
mutant genes in all their cells. The mutant may be so disadvantageous that death occur
before birth, and if this…………………(occur) at a very early stage of fetal growth, the
pregnancy may not even detected. If pregnancy goes to term, however, an abnormal
offspring………………….(may) be born, but the appearance of such an offspring is not
in itself evidence that a mutation has occurred, since it may also be due to teratogenesis.
This is the name given to the creation of congenital malformations resulting from
interference with normal embryonic development by an environmental agent. Such
malformations are not hereditary. In contrast, the congenital malformations resulting from
changes in the genetic material are mutations, and are hereditary.
Another type of interference with the genetic material of the cells (theoretically by a
virus or chemical), may make them capable of more rapid growth and multiplication, so
that they are formed far more rapidly that they can be removed from the blood, where they
interfere with normal functions: e.g. if the white cells were affected in this way, the
outcome ……………….(be) a leukaemia.
Similar interference with the genetic material could theoretically start up division in
cells that do not normally divide during adult life. If the products of such
division…………….(invade) normal tissues, the result would be a cancer.
In both these instances, the mutagen responsible would have manifested activity as a
carcinogen which produces heritable changes.
I-a) Complete en el texto las oraciones condicionales.
b) Señale una definición de mutación.
c) Indique las diferencias entre el proceso de teratogénesis y mutación.
d) Explique la forma en que actúa un carcinógeno.
II- Señale con una cruz donde corresponda.
MUTAGENS
Heritable changes
More rapid cell multiplication
Abnormal offspring
Environmental agents
They act by changing the
genetic material
III- Traduzca el texto
TERATOGENS
CARCINOGENS
Inglés II - Cátedra de Inglés Técnico
Escuela Superior de Sanidad Dr. Ramón Carrillo – FBCB - UNL
2) VITAMIN A
If a large group of well-nourished people is tested for their ability to see in dim light,
some will be found not to see as well as others. Since we have known for a long time that
subnormal ability to see in dim light (night blindness) may be caused by lack of vitamin A,
the experimenter might form the hypothesis that those people who did not perform as well
the test as the others were deficient in vitamin A. He might try to test his hypothesis by
giving those who performed badly doses of vitamin A for a month and then testing them
again. To his great joy he would find that the majority of them had improved and could see
better in dim light, using the same test of vision as before. He might then conclude that this
group had been suffering from unrecognised deficiency of vitamin A. He could be
completely wrong.
If the experimenter had picked for retesting his group of best performers, instead of the
worst ones, and had given them vitamin A, he would have found that on the repeated test
their performance had deteriorated; that all he observed was simply the normal day-to-day
variation in performance. To avoid this error the experimenter should have made use of
controls. This he could have done either by giving vitamin A to half of his poorly
performing group, or by giving vitamin A to half of his whole group not selected on the
basis of performance. Proper controls ought to be selected by chance and ought to be as
much like the test group as possible. Provided this had been done, he would have found that
both test group and control group showed the same average performance on the test. If, on
the other hand, the people had not all been well-nourished, and the group had had some
with vitamin A deficiency, their performance would have remained low as compared to the
average of the group receiving vitamin A. To test whether such differences are real or
simply a matter of chance variations, it is customary to apply statistical tests.
a) Marque en el texto las oraciones condicionales y clasifíquelas según el tipo.
b) Cambie la oración que se encuentra en negrita, por el tipo de inversión que
corresponde.
c) Realice un resumen del texto anterior , tomando como guía las siguientes
preguntas.




¿Cuál es la hipótesis que se plantea en este trabajo?. ¿Qué antecedentes lo conforman?
¿Qué ensayos se llevaron a cabo para probar esa hipótesis?
¿Qué resultados arrojaron?
¿Cuáles pueden ser las probables fuentes de error, y cómo podrían corregirse? En ese
caso, ¿a qué conclusiones podrían arribarse?
3) AIDS
a) Dé un vistazo a este artículo y teniendo en cuenta títulos, tipografía, fotos, etc.,
sintetice la información general que puede encontrar en el mismo.
Inglés II - Cátedra de Inglés Técnico
Escuela Superior de Sanidad Dr. Ramón Carrillo – FBCB - UNL
b) Indique a qué se refieren las siguientes palabras:
En el Texto A:
Línea 5: you
Línea 9: whom
Línea 11: that
Línea 15: they
Línea 19: its
En el Texto B:
Línea 10: which
c) En el Texto C:

Localice las siguientes palabras y proponga un posible significado, sin recurrir al
diccionario:
look for
partner
safe
physician




hotline
reliable
shared
counseled
¿Qué elementos del texto y/o su conocimiento del tema le han servido para resolver
este ejercicio?
¿Qué ejemplos de sinonimia y antonimia puede mencionar?
Responda en forma esquemática, en qué casos es aconsejable realizar un análisis
de SIDA
De acuerdo al texto, ¿es confiable dicho análisis? ¿Por qué?
d) Esquematice, de la manera que considere más conveniente, la relación entre droga
y SIDA tal como lo presenta el Texto D.
e) En el Texto E:

Encuentre la palabra o palabras que signifiquen lo mismo que:
pass
probability

Responda: ¿qué probabilidad existe de que una mujer embarazda, infectada con el
virus se lo transmita a su hijo? Incluya cifras, porcentajes, etc.
Inglés II - Cátedra de Inglés Técnico
Escuela Superior de Sanidad Dr. Ramón Carrillo – FBCB - UNL
f) En el TextoF:


Explique mediante sus propias palabras el contenido del primer párrafo
Diga si, según lo que ha entendido de este texto, el autor intenta expresar una
conclusión sobre el tema, dar una definición, intentar una explicación del
fenómeno, etc. Fundamente su respuesta.
Inglés II - Cátedra de Inglés Técnico
Escuela Superior de Sanidad Dr. Ramón Carrillo – FBCB - UNL
Inglés II - Cátedra de Inglés Técnico
Escuela Superior de Sanidad Dr. Ramón Carrillo – FBCB - UNL
Capturing Greenhouse Gases
By Howard Herzog, Baldur Ellasson and Olav Kaarstad
Sequestering carbon dioxide underground or in the deep ocean could help alleviate concerns
about climate change
The debate over climate change has shifted. Until very recently, scientists still deliberated
whether human activity was altering the global climate. Specifically, was the release of
greenhouse gases, which trap heat radiating from the earth’s surface, to blame? With scientific
evidence mounting in favor of the affirmative, the discussion is now turning to what steps society
can take to protect our climate.
One solution almost certainly will not succeed: running out of fossil fuels –namely, coal, oil
and natural gas. Morris Adelman, professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology and expert on the economics of oil and gas, has consistently made this point for 30
years. In the past century and a half, since the beginning of the industrial age, the concentration
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has risen by almost one third, from 280 to 370 parts per
million (ppm) –primarily as a result of burning fossil fuels. In the 1990s, on average, humans
discharged 1.5 ppm of carbon dioxide annually; with each passing year, the rate increased.
Even though humans release other greenhouse gases, such as methane and nitrous oxide,
experts project that carbon dioxide emissions will account for about two thirds of potential global
warming. As apprehension has grown regarding the possible hazards of a changing global
climate, environmental groups, governments and certain industries have been trying to reduce
the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, often by promoting energy efficiency and
alternative energy sources –for instance, wind or solar power.
Realistically, however, fossil fuels are cheap and plentiful and will be powering our cars,
homes and factories well into the 21st century and possibly beyond. Worries about diminishing
fuel supplies have surfaced periodically over the past 100 years, but continuing improvements in
both oil exploration and production technology should keep the fuel flowing for decades to come.
Furthermore, since the adoption of the first international treaty designed to stabilize greenhouse
gas emissions, signed at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, the global demand for fossil
fuels has actually increased. Today more than 85 percent of the world’s commercial energy
needs are supplied by fossil fuels. Although policies that promote energy efficiency and
alternative energy sources are crucial to mitigating climate change, they are only one part of the
solution.
Indeed, even if society were to cut back the use of fossil fuels today, the planet would still
most likely experience significant repercussions as a result of past emissions, The climate’s
response time is slow, and carbon dioxide remains in the atmosphere for a century or more if left
to nature’s devices. Therefore, we must have a portfolio of technology options to adequately
reduce the accelerating buildup of greenhouse gases. Significant research and development
efforts are already exploring ways to improve energy efficiency and increase the use of fuels
with no carbon content (renewable energy sources or nuclear power). But a third approach is
attracting notice as people recognize that the first two options will simply not be sufficient:
carbon sequestration, the idea of finding reservoirs where carbon dioxide can be stored rather
than allowing it to build up in the atmosphere.
Our strategy may surprise some readers. Sequestering carbon is often connected to
planting trees: trees and vegetation in general absorb carbon dioxide from the air as they grow
and hold on to that carbon for their lifetime. Scientist estimate that, all together, plants currently
retain about 600 gigatons of carbon, with another 1,600 gigatons in the soil.
Plants and soils could perhaps sequester another 100 gigatons or more of carbon, but
additional sinks will be needed to meet the challenge of escalating greenhouse emissions. So
Inglés II - Cátedra de Inglés Técnico
Escuela Superior de Sanidad Dr. Ramón Carrillo – FBCB - UNL
during the past 10 years, the three of us have explored another possibility: capturing carbon
dioxide from stationary sources –for example, a chemical factory or an electric power plant- and
injecting it into the ocean or underground. We are not alone in our efforts but are part of a
worldwide research community that includes the International Energy Agency (IEA) Greenhouse
Gas Research and Development Program, as well as government and industry programs.
A new approach in Norway
Sleipner offshore oil and natural gasfield is in the middle of the North Sea, some 240
kilometers off the coast of Norway. Workers on one of the natural gas rigs there inject 20,000
tons of carbon dioxide each week into the pores of a sandstone layer 1,000 meters below the
seabed. When the injection at Sleipner began in October 1996, it marked the first instance of
carbon dioxide being stored in a geological formation because of climate considerations.
How did this venture come about? One reservoir at Sleipner contains natural gas diluted
with 9 percent carbon dioxide –too much for it to be attractive to customers, who generally
accept no more than 2.5 percent. So, as is common practice at other natural gas fields around
the world, an on-site chemical plant extracted the excess carbon dioxide. At any other
installation, this carbon dioxide would simply be released to the atmosphere. But the owners of
the Sleipner field –Statoil (where one of us, Kaarstad, works as a researcher), Exxon, Norsk
Hydro and Elf- decided to sequester the greenhouse gas by first compressing it and then
pumping it down a well into a 200-meter-thick sandstone layer, known as the Utsira Formation,
which was originally filled with saltwater. The nearly one million tons of carbon dioxide
sequestered at Sleipner last year may not seem large, but in the small country of Norway, it
amounts to about 3 percent of local emissions to the atmosphere of this greenhouse gas.
The principal motivation for returning carbon to the ground at Sleipner was the Norwegian
offshore carbon dioxide tax, which in 1996 amounted to $50 for every ton of the gas emitted (as
of January 1, 2000, the tax was lowered to$38 per ton). The investment in the compression
equipment and carbon dioxide well totaled around $80 million. In comparison, if the carbon
dioxide had been emitted to the atmosphere, the companies would have owed about $50 million
each year between 1996 and 1999. Thus, the savings paid off the investment in only a year and
a half.
In other parts of the world, companies are planning similar projects. In the South China
Sea, the Natuna field contains natural gas with nearly 71 percent carbon dioxide. Once this field
has been developed commercially, the excess carbon dioxide will be sequestered. Other studies
are investigating the possibility of storing captured carbon dioxide underground, including within
liquefied natural gas installations at the Gorgon field on Australia’s Northwest Shelf and the
Snohvit (“Snow White”) gas field in the Barents Sea off northern Norway, as well as the oil fields
of Alaska’s North Slope.
In all the projects now under way or in development, carbon dioxide must be captured for
commercial reasons –for instance, to purify natural gas before it can be sold. The choice facing
the companies involved is therefore between releasing the greenhouse gas to the atmosphere
or storing it. They are not deciding whether to collect the carbon dioxide in the first place. We
expect that more such companies needing to reduce carbon dioxide emissions will opt for
sequestration in the future, but convincing other businesses to capture carbon dioxide emissions
from large point sources such as electric power plants is more difficult because of the costs
associated with carbon dioxide collection.