Guía de Trabajos Prácticos – Inglés II – Cátedra de Inglés Técnico
Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas – Universidad Nacional del Litoral
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UNIDAD III
ORACIONES CONDICIONALES
1º TIPO:
Presente Simple
If + S + V. Conjugado Can, May, Must
Presente Simple
, S + V. Conj. Can, May, Must
Futuro
2º TIPO:
If + S + V. Conjugado Pasado (Subjuntivo) , S + V. Conjugado Modo Potencial
(-ara, -ase; -era, -ese)
(-ía)
3º TIPO:
If + S + V. Conjugado Pasado Perfecto , S + V. Conjugado Potencial Perfecto
(subjuntivo)
(hubiera/ese + -ado/-ido)
(-ía + haber + -ado/-ido)
EJEMPLOS
 DE PRIMER TIPO
- If any gas appears in the tube, the test is positive; if no gas appears, it is negative.
- Even if the equation can be written, it cannot always be solved rigorously.
- If a solution of sodium hydroxide is added to a solution of hydrochloric acid, the first will
react with the ClH to form sodium chloride and water.
 DE SEGUNDO TIPO
-
-
If the temperature were reduced, solid crystals would begin to form.
On the other hand, if ice were not greater in volume and therefore lighter than water, an
iceberg would not appear above the surface at all and would be still more dangerous.
Gases such as N2, Ar or He are harmless in themselves to human beings, but if the air we
breathe contained those gases alone, we should die, not because of their presence, but
because of the absence of O2.
If the elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic weights, they could be
conveniently arranged in columns containing elements of similar physical and chemical
behaviour.
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Guía de Trabajos Prácticos – Inglés II – Cátedra de Inglés Técnico
Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas – Universidad Nacional del Litoral
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 DE TERCER TIPO
- If the temperature had varied, misleading results would have been obtained.
- If these ions had been free of attraction, the solution would have shown a maximum
conductivity.
- In later years, Fleming regretted that penicillin had not been patented, if it had been, he
said, “ the problem of financing my research work might have been solved”.
- If these experiments had been accurately carried out it would have meant that these
organisms could continue growing with only traces of the other inorganic salts in the
substratum.
Teniendo en cuenta la estructuración de los ejemplos anteriores para cada tipo de
oración condicional, arme las siguientes oraciones, uniendo cada cláusula condicional con
su parte complementaria correspondiente:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
If a vitamin is absent from the diet or not properly absorbed by an organism,
If a lower internal osmotic pressure does occur,
If even a single particle of the virus infected a cell,
If the growth requirements of the microorganism had been known,
If the individual’s normal antimicrobial defenses have been disturbed,
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
a normally harmless inhabitant of the body becomes invasive.
a specific deficiency disease may develop.
water leaves the cell and the volume of the cytoplasm decreases.
this might produce a very serious disease.
it would have been possible to develop a suitable medium.
ELIPSIS EN ORACIONES CONDICIONALES
1. The organisms differ in their susceptibility to desinfectants and a compound which will
destroy one will have little effect on another, even if used in the same percentage.
2. Miquel and Lattraye have shown that, even if placed in a nutritive medium, a few of
the spores do not germinate for many days and escape the 3-day steaming.
3. The skin is not as sensitive to laser radiation as the eye, and if damaged, it is usually
more easily repaired.
4. In studying occupationally exposed groups, we must take into account that cardiac
patients are more liable to heart failure if required to exert considerable physical effort
in a hot environment.
5. Carbon disulfide is so excellent in this respect that if inhaled, it has a deleterious effect
on the fatty sheaths surrounding the nerves.
6. If injected subcutaneously, cadmiun salts induce inflammation and coagulation
necrosis at the site of administration.
7. In exposure to the vapors of formic and acetic acid, the discomfort effect is such that
animals will escape if possible, and the irritation will be limited to the eyes and upper
respiratory tract.
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Guía de Trabajos Prácticos – Inglés II – Cátedra de Inglés Técnico
Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas – Universidad Nacional del Litoral
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OTROS SUBORDINANTES
1-About 10 years ago, different laboratories began to study whether the diurnal variation of
biological functions in man is of an autonomous nature or whether it is dependent on cyclic
information from the environment.
2- It is evident that the application of iron or manganese sulphate to the soil is quite useless, as
long as there is no true deficiency, and in most such instances this will produce no effect at all.
3- These spore-bearing bacteria are very common in soil and air and might readily find their
way into any meat juice placed in a flask, unless the most elaborated precautions were taken.
4- No visible lesions should develop in the eye as a result of exposure to visible light, provided
that factors such as intensity and lenght of exposure are controlled.
INVERSIONES
a- Should equilibrium be established, the concentration gradients will fall to zero.
b- Should the effluent be discharged into the public sewer, the inhibitory action of the phenol
on the sewage organisms may be sufficient to upset the operation of the sewage works.
c- Should we know the amino acid sequence, then the complete chemical synthesis of the
molecule could be attempted.
d- Were the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere absent, the ultraviolet radiation of the sun
would be fatal to human life.
e- Had one component of our diet been restricted more than another, it would have been much
more effective to rectrict our intake of fats.
f- He would have found that both test group and control group showed the same average
performance on the test, had this reaction been done.
 Marque la opción que corresponda para las siguientes cláusulas condicionales:
a) Should/were/had sterilising immunity be the way to prevent AIDS, a vaccine is going to
work.
b) Should/were/had the wanted gene been identified, we could have found the right clone of
cells.
c) Insulin regulates the storage and release of energy, but it is difficult to judge even
if/whether/unless or not all of the effects result from a single mode of action of the
hormone.
d) Vitamin E, provided that/ whether/ even if given in large excess, has no apparent obvious
adverse effects.
e) As if/ should/ if damage to the tissue has not occurred, the effects of vitamin defficiency
can be reversed.
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Guía de Trabajos Prácticos – Inglés II – Cátedra de Inglés Técnico
Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas – Universidad Nacional del Litoral
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DIFERENTES USOS DE SHOULD/WOULD
Ejemplos mezclados:
A) From analogy with other organic acids, we should expect that this acids would be fairly
strong.
B) This work could be greatly simplified and speeded by methods that would allow direct
identification from the sample.
C) If a reaction is exothermic, the application of heat would cause the equilibrium to shift in
the direction that would tend to lower the temperature.
D) He found its chemical properties so similar to those of thorium that if the two elements were
mixed he could discover no chemical process which would separate them.
E) It is not sufficient that water for drinking purposes should be cold and clear. It may be all of
these and still be as deadly dangerous as any potion of poison.
F) We might assume that a water molecule contains an equal number of hydrogen and oxygen
molecules. If this should be so the hydrogen atom would be roughly one-eighth the weight
of oxygen atom.
G) Some carbon dioxide dissolves in water of the river, lakes, and the sea, forming a solution
in which the carbon dioxide is in equilibrium with the carbon dioxide in the air. Should the
concentration of this substance in the air be increased, more of it must dissolve to establish
equilibrium.
H) Mendeleff showed courage, as well as faith in his table, in predicting not only that these
blank spaces would one day be filled but also that elements that would fill them would
possess certain definite properties.
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Guía de Trabajos Prácticos – Inglés II – Cátedra de Inglés Técnico
Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas – Universidad Nacional del Litoral
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EJERCITACIÓN
 ORACIONES CONDICIONALES
I) Coloque los verbos entre paréntesis en el tiempo y modo que corresponda.
a) If the animal (have) no tuberculosis, the injection produces no rise in temperature, but if there
are infections, the temperature (begin) to rise after a slight fall and attain a maximum about 24
hours after the injection.
b) If we (start) with a mixture of pure H2 and pure I2, the reaction would proceed in only one
direction at first, toward the formation of IH.
c) If it had been desired to discover a new method of greater precision than the old one, it
(decide) to adopt the new method, for it gave a reduction in standard deviation of 0.02.
d) If the extracted leaf protein (be, dry) , the process would be more difficult and expensive,
and valuable unsaturated fatty acids and beta-carotene would be lost.
II) Lea el texto que está a continuación y luego resuelva la siguiente ejercitación:
A) Identifique en el texto las oraciones condicionales y clasifíquelas en 1º, 2º ó 3º tipo.
B) Con información del texto, conteste las siguientes preguntas:
a) ¿Cuándo una transfusión de sangre puede conducir a la muerte de un paciente?
b) ¿Qué son los aloanticuerpos?
c) ¿Qué precauciones hay que tomar en una mujer embarazada?
d) ¿Siempre un paciente grupo A presenta compatibilidad con un dador del mismo
grupo?
C) Cuál/es de esta/s afirmación/es es/son correcta/s?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Un paciente Rh (-) tiene antígenos D.
Un paciente grupo A puede tener en el suero anticuerpos anti-A1.
Un paciente grupo B tiene en el suero anticuerpos anti-A.
Un paciente Rh (-) indica ausencia de antígenos Rh0.
Un paciente con grupo AB tiene en el suero anticuerpos anti-D.
Un paciente con anticuerpos para A y para B pertenece al grupo AB.
D) Traduzca los dos primeros párrafos.
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Guía de Trabajos Prácticos – Inglés II – Cátedra de Inglés Técnico
Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas – Universidad Nacional del Litoral
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -Table 2: The ABO and Rh Groups in Transfusion
system
ABO
ABO
ABO
ABO
recipient type
A
B
O
AB
donor red cell type
A* or O
B or O
O only
A*B, A*, B or O
Rh
Rh
positive
negative
positive or negative
negative or positive
donor plasma type
A or AB
B or AB
O, A, B or AB
AB
positive or negative
negative or positive
*Not if the patient’s serum contains anti-A (antibody to common type A red cell in subgroup A
patients. Not if the patient is a female less than 45 years old (child bearing possible), unless lifethreatening hemorraghe is present and transfusion of Rh-positive blood is lifesaving. Not if the
patient’s serum contains anti-D (antibody to positive red cells) except under unusual medical
circumstances.
As explained above, the most important
blood group systems for transfusion of red
cells are ABO and Rh. Persons who have
either of the red cell antigens (A and B),
have antibody present in their serum of the
type that will oppose an antigen of its
opposite nature: for example, group A
blood contains A antigens on red cell
surfaces and anti-B antibodies in the
surrounding serum. On the other hand, O
group individuals lack both the A and the B
antigen and thus have both anti-A and antiB in their serum. If these antibodies
combine with the appropriate antigen, the
result is hemolitic transfusion reaction, and
possibly death. Red cell transfusions must
therefore be ABO compatible. The blood
groups A and B have various subgroups
(called, for example, A1, A2, A3 and B1,
B2 and B3, respectively. The only common
subgroups that are likely to affect red cell
transfusions are the subgroups of A.
Potential donors are also tested for some
of the antigens of the Rh system, since it is
essential to know whether they are Rhpositive or Rh-negative. Rh-negative
indicates the absence of the D (Rh0)
antigen. Rh-negative persons transfused
with Rh-positive blood will make anti-D
antibodies from 50 to 75 per cent of the
times. Alloantibody (antibody made in
response to a foreign red cell antigen) is
usually not harmful but does require
subsequent transfusions to be antigennegative. Rh-positive blood should never be
given to Rh-negative females before or
during the childbearing age, unless Rhnegative blood is not available and the
transfusion is lifesaving. If such a woman
subsequently became pregnant with an Rhpositive fetus, she might form anti-Rh
antibodies, even though the pregnancy was
the first, and the child might suffer from
hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Care must be taken not to give a
transfusion unless the cells of the donor
have been tested against the recipient’s
serum. If this compatibility test indicates
the presence of antibodies in the recipient’s
serum for the antigens carried by the
donor’s cells, the blood is not suitable for
transfusion because an unfavorable reaction
might occur. The test for compatibility is
called the direct match test. It involves
testing the recipient’s serum with the
donor’s cells, suspended in saline solutiion
at 20ºC and 37ºC, in albumin at 37ºC and
by the indirect Coombs test at 37ºC. These
are adequate screening tests for most
naturally occurring and immune antibodies.
If in spite of all the compatibility tests a
reaction does occur after the transfusion is
given (the unfavorable reaction usually
manifests itself in the form of a fever) an
even more careful search must be made for
any red cell antibody that might be the
cause. A reaction after transfusion is not
necessarily due to red cell antigen-antibody
reactions. It could be caused by the
presence of antibodies to the donor’s
platelets or white cells. Transfusion
reactions are a particular hazard for persons
requiring multiple transfusions.
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Guía de Trabajos Prácticos – Inglés II – Cátedra de Inglés Técnico
Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas – Universidad Nacional del Litoral
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III) Lea atentamente el texto que se presenta a continuación:
VITAMIN A
If a large group of well-nourished people are tested for their ability to see in dim light, it will be
found that some are not able to see as well as others. As it has long been known that subnormal
ability to see in dim light (night blindness) may be caused by lack of vitamin A, the experimenter
might form the hypothesis that those people who did not performed as well the test as the others
were deficient in Vitamin A. He might try to test his hypothesis by giving those who performed
badly doses of vitamin A for a month and then testing them again. To his great joy he would find
that the majority of them had improved and could see better in dim light after being subjected to the
same test as before. He might then conclude that this group had been suffering from unrecognized
deficiency of vitamin A. He could be completely wrong.
If the experimenter had picked for retesting his group of best performers, instead of the worst ones,
and had given them vitamin A, he would probably have found that on the repeated test their
performance had deteriorated and that all he had observed was simply the normal day-to-day
variation in performance. To avoid this error, the experimenter should have made use of controls.
This he could have done either by giving vitamin A to half of his poorly performing group, or by
giving vitamin A to half of his whole group not selected on the basis of performance. Proper
controls ought to be selected by chance and ought to be as much like the test group as possible.
Provided this had been done, he would have found that both test group and control group showed
the same average performance on the test. If, on the other hand, the people had not all been wellnourished, and the group had had some with vitamin A deficiency, their performance would have
remained low as compared with the average group and would have improved as compared to the
average of the group receiving vitamin A. To test whether such differences are real or simply a
matter of chance variations, it is customary to apply statistical tests.
Consigna: Elabore un resumen del texto leído conectando apropiadamente las respuestas a las
siguientes preguntas:
-
¿Cuál es la hipótesis que se plantea en este trabajo? ¿Qué antecedentes la conforman?
¿Qué ensayos se llevaron a cabo para probar esa hipótesis?
¿Qué resultados arrojaron?
¿Cuáles pueden ser las probables fuentes de error, y cómo podrían corregirse? En ese caso, ¿a
qué conclusiones podría arribarse?
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Guía de Trabajos Prácticos – Inglés II – Cátedra de Inglés Técnico
Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas – Universidad Nacional del Litoral
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - INVERSIONES
IV) Traduzca las siguientes oraciones
1a) Should you stir sand into sugar, you will find that some grains in the resulting powder taste
sweet and dissolve in water.
b) The staphylococci are relatively resistant to adverse environmental conditions. As with all
specimens for culture, it is desirable to culture as soon after collection as possible. Should any
delay be expected, the specimen must be refrigerated.
c) If the vapor and residual liquid are separated physically from one another and the vapor
condensed, two solutions, one richer in acetic acid and the other poorer, are obtained. In this
way a certain degree of separation of the original components had been accomplished.
Conversely, should a vapor mixture of the two substances be partially condensed, the newly
formed liquid phase and the residual vapor will differ in composition.
2a) Let us imagine that a solution contains 100 ions each of sodium and chlorine in a definite
volume. Should these ions be entirely free of attraction in their solution environment, the
solution would show a certain mazimum conductivity. But if these ions attract each other and
are retarded somewhat as they migrate toward their respective electrodes, the observed
conductivity of the solution will be less than the maximum.
b) Should the protein be broken down to peptides or amino-acids, its allergenic properties
would vanish.
c) Indeed, were as much as 0.1 per cent of ingested protein absorbed unchanged, the
consequent allergic reactions would proscribe eating the same food twice.
d) Were the distance between two water molecules doubled, the attraction between them
would be only one-fourth as great; if the distance were tripled, the attraction would be only
one-ninth as great.
3a) Had it been desired to obtain the vapor composition only, the first estimate of the
temperature would for many purposes have been satisfactory.
b) A word of warning to those who say that had the results been available sooner the disease
would never have caused such an impact on population.
c) It seems equally reasonable to imagine the millions of results that would have been
obtained had the experiment been repeated millions of times under the same conditions.
d) Had we been testing the amount of catalase in heart tissue, we should have seen how much
hydrogen peroxide was consumed.
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Guía de Trabajos Prácticos – Inglés II – Cátedra de Inglés Técnico
Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas – Universidad Nacional del Litoral
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V) Traduzca el siguiente texto:
DENTAL DISEASES
It is widely believed that the two major dental diseases – periodontitis, or inflammation of the
tissues supporting the teeth, and caries, or tooth decay – are caused by the presence of
microorganisms. Should someone prove this fact accurately, we could strongly investigate how both
diseases result from disturbances in the ecology of the various organisms that make up the dental
plaque. Since plaque is present in both periodontitis and caries, it would seem that the diseases
result when something upsets the normal symbiotic relationship. The bigger this upset, the more
abnormal the symbiotic relationship and the more critical the diseases will be. Many of the
organisms in plaque metabolize oxygen but are capable of switching to anaerobic metabolisms
when oxygen is minimal. This switchover may occur when oxygen becomes deficient in stagnant
areas between the teeth, where periodontitis and caries often start.
VI) AIDS
a) Dé un vistazo al artículo sobre AIDS y teniendo en cuenta títulos, tipografía, fotos, etc.,
sintetice la información general que puede encontrar en el mismo.
b) Indique a qué se refieren las siguientes palabras:
En el texto A:
Línea 5: you
Línea 9: whom
Línea 11: that
Línea 15: they
Línea 19: its
En el texto B:
Línea 10: which
c) En el texto C:
Localice las siguientes palabras y proponga un posible significado, sin recurrir al diccionario.
 look for
hotline
 partner
reliable
 safe
shared
 physician
counseled
1) ¿Qué elementos del texto y/o su conocimiento del tema le han servido para resolver este
ejercicio?
2) ¿Qué ejemplos de sinonimia y antonimia puede mencionar?
3) Sintetice en forma esquemática en qué casos es aconsejable realizar un análisis de SIDA.
4) De acuerdo con el texto, ¿es confiable dicho análisis? ¿Por qué?
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Guía de Trabajos Prácticos – Inglés II – Cátedra de Inglés Técnico
Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas – Universidad Nacional del Litoral
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d) Grafique, de la manera que considere más conveniente, la relación entre droga y SIDA tal
como la presenta el artículo D.
e) En el texto E:
Encuentre la palabra o palabras que signifiquen lo mismo que:
 pass
 probability
- Responda: ¿qué probabilidad existe de que una mujer embarazada, infectada con el virus, se
lo transmita a su hijo? Incluya cifras, porcentajes, etc.
f) En el texto F:
1) Explique en sus palabras el contenido del primer párrafo.
2) Diga si, según lo que ha entendido de este texto, el autor intenta expresar una conclusión sobre
el tema, dar una definición, intentar una explicación del fenómeno, etc. Fundamente su
respuesta.
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Guía de Trabajos Prácticos – Inglés II – Cátedra de Inglés Técnico
Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas – Universidad Nacional del Litoral
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Guía de Trabajos Prácticos – Inglés II – Cátedra de Inglés Técnico
Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas – Universidad Nacional del Litoral
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