Vergil, Aeneid, Book 1, Latin and English
A S Klein Translation in open sections in black; my instruction translation in blue
arma, armorum n. pl. = arms, weapons
Arma is (by some) considered metonomy or one word standing
for another; here arms = bellum, war or = facta, deeds
1
vir, viri, m. = man
cano, -ere, cecini, cantus = to sing, chant
ora, orae f. = shore, seashore
Arma Virumque cano, Troiae qui primus
ab oris
Troia, Troiae f. = Troy. The home of Aeneas, a famous city
in Asia Minor also called Illium.
primus –a –um = first
I sing of arms and a man, who first from the shores
of Troy,
Italia, -ae f. = Italy; Hesperia is its poetic name
fatum, fati n. = fate, doom, destiny
profugus -a -um = driven, exiled,
2
Italiam, fato profugus, Laviniaque venit
Lavinius -a -um = Laviniun, of Lavinium, an ancient city on
the western coast of Italy near where Rome would be
founded
venio, venire, veni, ventus = to come
litus, litoris n. = shore
multum [adverbial accusative] = much
3
iacto (1) = to toss, buffet
terra, terrae = land
altus -a -um = deep, high
litora, multum ille et terris iactatus et
alto
altum, alti n. = the deep or the sea
driven by fate, came to Italy and the Lavinian shores,
he, much buffeted both on land and sea
vis, vis = force, [vis, vis, vi, vim, vi]
superi, superorum = those above, the gods
superum [syncopation] = superorum
4
vi superum, saevae memorem Iunonis ob
iram,
saevus -a -um = raging, fierce, relentless, merciless
memor, memoris = mindful, unforgetting
Iuno, Iunonis = Juno, wife of Jupiter
ob + accusative = on account of
by the force of the gods, on account of the
unforgetting anger of merciless Juno,
multa (acc. n. pl.) = many things, much
et = etiam = also, even; quoque = even
5
multa quoque et bello passus, dum
conderet urbem
patior, pati, passus sum = to endure, suffer
dum = while Dum takes the subjunctive when suspense,
anticipation or intent are involved
condo, -ere, -didi, conditus = to found, establish
urbs, urbis f. = city
having suffered many things also even in war, while
he strove to found the city
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infero, inferre = to bring (into), carry
deos here means their household gods
Latium, Latii n. = the area of central Italy around Rome
6
genus, generis n. = tribe, nation, people, race
unde = whence, from which (source)
Latinus -a -um = Latin
and carry his household gods to Latium; whence
[arose] the Latin race
inferretque deos Latio; genus unde
Latinum
Albanus -a -um = Alban, of Alba Longa in central Italy,
mother city to Rome
7
pater, patris m. = father
altus -a -um = high, deep
moenia, -ium n. pl. = walls, city, structures
and the Alban Fathers and the lofty walls of Rome.
Albanique patres atque altae moenia
Romae.
note the transferred epithet [ or Enallage; ἐναλλαγή,
meaning "interchange"]; altae modifies Romae
gramatically but moenia in sense.
8
Musa, mihi causas memora, quo numine
laeso
Musa, Musae = the Muse was the patron goddess of the
liberal arts. There were nine Muses and it was the
custom from the time of Homer on for all poets to invoke
one or all of the Muses for their inspiration.
mihī = mihi normally has two short syllables, except in
poetry where the final one can be long - the same holds
true for tibi, sibi, ubi and ibi.
memoro (1) - (re)call, recount, relate, tell
numen, numinis n. = divinity, divine power, will
laedo, -ere, laesi, laesus = strike, hurt, offend
Tell me the causes, O Muse, by which offended will
doleo, dolere = to suffer, grieve at, be angry at
quid is direct object of dolens
or being angry at what… = for what grief
9
regina, -ae = queen
quidve dolens regina deum tot volvere
casus
deum = deorum = of the gods
tot = so many
volvo, -ere, volvi, volutus = revolve, roll, undergo
casus, casus m. = chance, misfortune, fall
10
insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores
insignis, insigne = distinguished, marked, splendid
pietas, pietatis f. = loyalty, devotion, sense of duty
vir, viri, = man
tot = so many
adeo, adire = to approach, encounter
labor, laboris = labor
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11
impello, -ere, -puli, -pulsus = strike, drive, force
or for what grief did the queen of the gods force a
man distinguished in peity to undergo so many
misfortunes and to encounter so many labors.
tantus -a -um = such
caelestis, caeleste = divine, heavenly
impulerit. Tantaene animis caelestibus
irae?
irae tantae = plural for singular idea = such anger
[Is there] in heavenly minds such anger?
urbs, urbis f. = city
antiquus -a -um = ancient, old
12
Urbs antiqua fuit (Tyrii tenuere coloni)
Tyrius -a -um = Tyrian, Carthegenian
teneo, tenere, tenui, tentus = to hold (on to)
tenuere = tenuerunt (held)
13
There was an ancient city (Tyrian colonists held it),
Carthage,
contra (adv) = opposite, facing, over against + acc
Karthago, Italiam contra Tiberinaque
longe
Italiam contra = anastrophe
Tiberinus -a -um = of the Tiber, the river of Rome
longe (adv. from longus, long) = far off, distant
ostium, ostii = mouth, entrance
dives, divis = rich
ops, opis f. = help, resources, power, wealth
14
ostia, dives opum studiisque asperrima
belli;
(dives) opum (genitive of description) rich in resources
asper, aspera, asperum = harsh, rough, fierce
studium, studii = zeal, desire, pursuit
opposite Italy and Tiber's distant mouth, rich in
resources and most fierce in the pursuits of war;
Iuno, Iunonis = Juno
fero, ferre, tuli, latus = bear, carry, say, tell
15
fertur = is said
quam Iuno fertur terris magis omnibus
unam
terra, terrae = land
magis = more
terris aliis = (abl of comparison)
unam = solam
(solus a um = alone, only)
posthabeo, -ere, -ui, -itus = place after, esteem less
colo, -ere, -lui, cultus = cultivate, dwell, honor, cherish
hīc = here - remember: hĭc = this; hīc = here, in this place
illius = of Juno (lit. of her)
arma, armorum = arms, armor, equipment, tools
16
posthabita coluisse Samo; hīc illius arma,
Samo, Sami f. = an island in the Aegean, center of the
worship of Juno. The temple of Juno at Samos was one of
the most important temples to Juno in the ancient world.
This line then implies that Juno loves Carthage even more
than Samos
which Juno is said to have cherished alone more
than any lands even with Samos held less esteemed
[dear]. Here [were] her arms,
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17
hic currus fuit, hoc regnum dea gentibus
esse,
currus, currus m. = charriot
regnum, regni n. = kingdom
gens, gentis f = clan, nation, race, tribe, herd
aliquis, aliquid = somebody, something
si quā = si aliqua [via] = by some way
sino, -ere, sivi, situs = to permit, allow
iam tum = even then
18
tendo, -ere, tetendi, tentus = stretch, hasten, strive
foveo, -ere, fovi, fotus = to cherish, fondle
si quā fata sinant, iam tum tenditque
fovetque.
note that hoc refers to urbs in line 12 but its gender is
attracted to regnum; thus, hoc = this city
here was her charriot, the goddess hastened and
cherished even then that this [city] be the kingdom
to the nations, if by some way the fates should
allow.
sed enim [idiom] = but in fact
19
Progeniem sed enim Troiano a sanguine
duci
progenies, -ei f. = offspring, race
Troianus, -a -um = Trojan
sanguis, sanguinis m. = blood, race, descendent
duco, ducere, duxi, ductus = to lead, draw out
audierat = audiverat [syncopation]
olim = once, at some time, some day
Tyrius -a -um = Tyrian, Carthaginian
verto, -ere, -i, versus = to (over)turn, change
20
audierat Tyrias olim quae verteret arces;
quae verteret = relative clause of purpose
arx, arcis f. = citidel, fort, height, hill, tower
But in fact she had heard that a race was sprung
from Trojan blood which some day would overturn
Carthegianian towers;
hinc = from this place; hence, thence
latus -a -um = broad, wide
21
hinc populum late regem belloque
superbum
latē = widely, far and wide
treat regem like a participle = regentem (rego)
[that] from this place a people ruling far and wide
and proud in war
venio, venire, veni, ventus = to come, go
excidium, -ii = destruction, overthrow
excidio = dative of purpose
Libya, Libyae = Libya in North Africa
volvo, -ere, -i, volutus = to roll, undergo, decree
22
venturum excidio Libyae; sic volvere
Parcas.
Parcae, Parcarum = the Fates who were represented by
three sisters: Clotho (spinner) who spun the thread of life
for each mortal; Lachesis (measurer) who measured the
thread; and Atropos (inevitable) who cuts the thread of
human life when it has reached its alloted time.
would come to the destruction of Libya; thus [the
queen had heard that] Fates decreed.
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23
metuo, metuere = to fear
vetus, veteris = old
memor, memoris = mindful
Saturnia, -ae = Saturnia = Juno, daughter of Saturn
Id metuens veterisque memor Saturnia
belli,
Fearing this and mindful of the old war, Juno
the old war = the Trojan War
24
prima quod ad Troiam pro caris gesserat
Argis -
quod = which = refers to belli (Trojan War)
primus -a -um = first, foremost, chief
carus -a -um = dear, cherished
gero, gerrere, gessi, gestus = wage
Argi, -orum = Argos, a city in Greece, a center, like Samos,
for the cult of Juno.
which [war] she first had waged at Troy for her dear
Argos -
25
necdum etiam causae irarum saevique
dolores
necdum = nor yet, not yet
saevus -a -um = harsh, bitter, cruel, stern
dolor, doloris m. = pain, grief, sorrow, passion
for not yet had the causes of her anger and bitter
sorrows
excido, -ere = to fall, perish
animus, animi = heart, soul, mind
fallen from (perished from) her spirit;
26
exciderant animo; manet alta mente
repostum
note the [adversative] asyndeton after animo = but
maneo, -ere, mansi, mansus = to remain, stay
altus -a -um = high, deep,
mens, mentis f. = mind, feeling, intention
repono, -ere, -posui, repos(i)tum = store up
iudicium, -ii = decision, judgment
Paris, Paridis = Paris, the Trojan prince, son of Priam, who
took Helen from her husban Menelaus and thus caused
the Trojan War
27
iudicium Paridis spretaeque iniuria
formae
[But] there remained stored up deep in her mind the
Judgment of Paris
sperno, -ere, sprevi, spretus = despise, reject
inuria, -ae = wrong, insult, injustice
forma, formae = beauty, shape, form
both the insult to her rejected beauty
28
et genus invisum et rapti Ganymedis
honores:
genus, generis n. = birth, race, origin, descendent
invisus a- -um = hateful, hated, odious
rapio, rapere, rapui, raptus = to snatch up, ravish
Ganymedes, -is = son of Laomedon, king of Troy, carried
of by Jupiter's eagle and made cupbearer to the gods.
and the hated race and the honors of ravished
Ganymede:
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29
his accensa super, iactatos aequore toto
accendo, -ere, -i, -ensus = to inflame, enrage
super here is an adverb equaling insuper meaning
exceedingly and modifies the participle accensa
exceedingly enraged by these things,
iacto (1) = to toss, buffet
aequor, aequoris n. = sea, waves
30
Troas, relinquias Danaum atque immitis
Achilli,
31
arcebat longe Latio, multosque per annos
32
errabant acti fatis maria omnia circum.
Tros, Trois m. = Trojan
relinquiae -arum = the rest, remnants
Danaus -a -um = Danaan, Greek
immitis, immite = fierce, cruel
Achilles, Achillis (-i) = Achilles
arceo, arcere, arcui = keep (off/on), defend, restrain
she kept the Trojans tossed on the entire sea, the
remnants of the Greeks and cruel Achilles, far from
Latium,
annus, anni = year
erro, (1) = to wander
ago, agere, egi, actus = drive, lead, do
mare, maris n. = sea
circum + acc = around
maria maria omnia = prepositions in poetry often follow
the nouns they govern
and they wandered through many years driven by
the fates around all the seas.
33
moles, molis f. = mass, burden, difficulty
tantae molis = genitive of quality
Tantae molis erat Romanam condere
gentem.
of such great effort is was to establish the Roman
nation.
At this point the reader is tossed [in medias res] into the middle of the story of Aeneas and his story
34
Vix e conspectu Siculae telluris in altum
35
vela dabant laeti et spumas salis aere
ruebant,
vix = scarcely, feebly, with difficulty, hardly
conspectus, -us m. = sight, view
Siculus -a -um = Sicilian, of Sicily
tellus, telluris f. = earth, land, country
in altum = to the deep
velum, veli n. = cloth, canvess, sail
spuma, -ae = foam, froth, spray
sal, salis = salt, salt water; wit
aes, aeris n. = bronze
[metonymy = prow]
ruo, -ere, rui, rutus = to rush, fall, plow
cum Iuno aeternum servans sub pectore
vulnus
servo (1) = to save, keep, nurse
pectus, pectoris n. = heart, breast, soul
aeternus -a -um = unending, undying, eternal
vulnus, vulneris n. = wound
36
Scarcely out of sight of Sicily (the Sicilian Land) the
happy [Trojans] were giving their sails to the deep
and plowing the salty sea with their bronze [prows],
when Juno nursing an undying wound under her
heart
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haec [dixit] secum
(Ellipsis)
[spoke] these things with herself:
37
mene = me + ne
inceptum, -i, = beginning, undertaking, purpose
desisto, -ere, -stiti, -situs = to cease (from), desist
desistere is an infinitive of excalmation
vinco, -ere, vici, victus = to conquer
so, me, beaten, to desist from my purpose can be
rendered: Am I, beaten, to desist from my
haec secum: "Mene incepto desistere
victam
undertaking...
38
posse is also an infinitive of exclamation
Italiā = ablative of separation = from Italy
averto -ere, averti, aversus = to turn away (aside)
nec posse Italiā Teucrorum avertere
regem!
or am I not able to turn aside the king of the
Teucrians from Italy!
quippe = truly, indeed, surely, forsooth, doubtless
veto (1) = to forbid, prevent
39
Quippe vetor fatis. Pallasne exurere
classem
40
Argivum atque ipsos potuit summergere
ponto
Doubtless I am forbidden by the fates!
Pallas, -adis = Pallas Athens/Minerva
exuro, -ere, exussi, exustus = to burn (up)
classis, classis = fleet, ships; army
Argivus -a -um = Argive, Greek
ipsos [nautas] = the sailors themselves
summergo, -ere = to sink, drown
pontus, ponti = sea
(Ellipsis)
Was Athena able to burn the Argive fleet and drown
its sailors in the ocean
41
unius ob noxam et furias Aiacis Oilei?
ob + acc = on account of
noxa, noxae f. = crime, fault, guilt, harm, blame
furiae, -arum = madness, rage
+ Aiax, Aiacis = Ajax, the Greek leader who in the
plundering of Troy took Priam's daughter Cassandra by
force from the sanctury of Athena who punished him by
sinking his ship and killing him with lightning.
+ Oileus, -ei = Oileus, the Greek king king of Locris, father
of Ajax
on account of the crime of one man and the frenzy of
Ajax, son of Oileus?
42
Ipsa Iovis rapidum iaculata e nubibus
ignem
Ipsa = Athena/Minerva; as the daughter of Zeus/Jupiter
she was the only divinity who could hurl her father's
lightning bolts. [rapidum ignem Iovis]
rapidus -a -um = rapid, swift
iaculor, iaculari, iaculatus = to hurl, throw
iaculata [est] = hurled; (Ellipsis)
nubes, nubis f. = cloud, mist, fog
[Athena] herself hurled the swift fire of her Jupiter
from the clouds
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43
disiecitque rates evertitque aequora
ventis,
disicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus = to scatter, disperse
ratis, ratis f. = raft (by metonomy = ship)
everto, -ere, -verti, eversus = (over)turn, toss
ventus, -i, m. = wind, breeze
and both scattered their ships and tossed the seas
with the winds,
44
45
illum exspirantem transfixo pectore
flammas
turbine corripuit scopuloque infixit
acuto;
illum = Ajax
exspiro (1) = to breathe out, exhale
transfigo, -ere, transfixi, -fixus = to pierce, transfix
adversative asyendeton (but) comes before Illum
[but] him having breathed flames from his pierced
heart
turbo, turbinis m. = whirl(wind, pool), storm
corripio, -ere, -ui, -reptus = to snatch (up)
scopulus, -i, m = rock, cliff, crag
infingo, -ere, infixi, -xus = to fasten on, impale
acutus -a -um = shart, pointed, spiky
she caught up with a whirlwind and impaled [him]
on a sharp crag.
46
ast ego, quae divum incedo regina
Iovisque
47
et soror et coniunx, unā cum gente tot
annos
ast = at = but
di = dei = gods; deum = deorum = of the gods
quae - supply sum
incedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus = to walk (proudly), stride
regina, reginae = queen
Iupiter, Iovis = Jupiter
soror, sororis = sister
coniunx, coniugis = spouse, husband, wife
But I, who am queen of the gods and both sister and
wife of Jupiter walk proudly,
tot = so many
bellum gerere = to wage war
48
49
bella gero. Et quisquam numen Iunonis
adorat
praeterea aut supplex aris imponet
honorem?
have waged war with one nation for so many years.
quisquam, quidquam = anyone, anything
numen, numinis n. = divinity, power,
adoro(1) = to worship, adore, honor
praeterea = besides, hereafter
supplex, supplicis c. = suppliant
ara, arae = altar
(in prose, aris = in aris)
impono, -ere = to place on + dative
honor, honoris m. = honor, glory, sacrifice, grace
And does anyone adore the divinity of Juno or
hereafter, as a suppliant, lay sacrifice on her altars?
50
Talia flammato secum dea corde
volutans
talis, tale = such, of such a kind (talia = such things)
flammo (1) = to inflame, kindle
cor, cordis = heart
voluto (1) = to roll, revolve, ponder
Pondering such things with herself in her inflamed
heart, the goddess
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51
nimbus, nimbi = storm cloud, rainstorm
patria, patriae = homeland, country
locus, loci (pl. = loca, -orum) = place, region
fetus -a -um = teeming, pregnant
furens, furentis = raging, being frantic
Auster, Austri m. = South Wind, wind (in general)
nimborum in patriam, loca feta
furentibus Austris,
Aeolia, -ae = Aeolia, one of the Liparian Islands near Sicily
came to Aeolia, into the home of storm clouds, a
place teeming with frenzied winds.
52
Aeoliam venit. Hic vasto rex Aeolus antro
53
luctantes ventos tempestatesque
sonoras
54
imperio premit ac vinclis et carcere
frenat.
vastus -a -um = huge, vast, enormous
Aeolus, Aeoli, = the king of the winds
antrum, antri = cave, cavern
luctor, -ari, luctatus = to wrestle, struggle
ventus, venti m. = wind
tempestas, tempestatis f. = tempest, storm
sonorus -a -um = roaring, howling
imperium, -ii = power, imperium
premo, -ere, pressi, pressus = (re)press, control
vinculum, vinculi = chain, bond
carcer, carceris = prison, enclosure
ac = and
freno (1) = to curb, check, restrain
Illi indignantes magno cum murmere
montis
indignor, -ari, -atus = to be angry, chafe,
murmur, mumuris n. = murmur, roar, rumble
magno..murmure mongis = alliteration
55
Here in his vast cave king Aeolus controled the
struggling winds and raging storms with his power
and restrained [them both] with chains and his
prison.
circum = around, about, near + acc
claustrum, claustri = bar, barrier, bolt
fremo, -ere, fremui, -itus = to murmur, roar
56
57
circum claustra fremunt; celsa sedet
Aeolus arce
sceptra tenens mollitque animos et
temperat iras.
The winds chafing with great rumbling roar around
the barriers of the mountain;
celsus -a -um = lofty, high, towering
sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessus = to sit
arx, arcis f. = tower, citadel, fortress
secptrum, secptri = staff, scepter, power
mollio, (4) = to soothe, mollify, tame
tempero (1) = to control, calm, refrain
not illative asyndeton = while
[While] Aeolus on his high citadel sat holding his
scepter and both softening their spirits and calming
their anger.
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58
59
ni faciat, maria ac terras caelumque
profundum
ni = nisi
ni faciat = should he not do so
mare, maris n. = sea
terra, terrae f. = earth
caelum, caeli n. = sky, heaven
profundus -a -um = deep, high, vast
quippe ferant rapidi secum verrantque
per auras;
quippe = indeed, surely, forsooth
rapidus -a -um = rapid, swift, whirling, consuming
rapidi (adverbial) = swiftly
verro, -ere, veri, versus = to sweep
aura, aurae f. = air, sky, heavens
Should he not do so, they would swiftly indeed carry off
the seas, the land and the depth of heaven with them
and sweep through the heavens;
60
sed pater omnipotens speluncis abdidit
atris,
61
hoc metuens, molemque et montes
insuper altos
62
63
omnipotens, -potentis = all powerful
spelunca -ae = cave, cavern
abdo, -ere, abdidi, abditus = to put away, hide
ater, atra, atrum = (death) black, gloomy, deadly
metuo, metuere = to fear
moles, molis f. = mass, burden, structure
mons, montis m. = mountain
molemque et montes = massive mountain
insuper = above, besides
imposuit, regemque dedit qui foedere
certo
impono, -ere, imposui = to place upon, on
But the almighty father, fearing this, hid them in dark
caverns and placed on them a tall massive mountain,
foedus, foederis n. = agreement, condition, treaty
cetus -a -um = fixed, sure, certain
et premere et laxas sciret dare iussus
habenas.
premo, -ere, pressi, pressus = control
laxus -a -um = loose, free, lax
scio, scire, scivi, scitus = to know
habenae, -arum = rein
and gave them a king who, under a fixed condition,
would know - when ordered - to both pull and give the
lax reins.
ad quem = to whom or sometimes the relative can be
translated the 3rd person personal pronoun + et
64
Ad quem tum Iuno, supplex, his vocibus
usa est:
utor, uti, usus sum = to use, employ + ablative
supplex, supplicis c. a suppliant, one on bended knee
vox, vocis f. = word
And to him then Juno, as a suppliant, employed these
words.
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65
Aeole (namque tibi divum pater atque
hominum rex
66
et mulcere dedit fluctus et tollere vento),
67
gens inimica mihi Tyrrhenum navigat
aequor,
68
Ilium in Italiam portans victosque
penates:
69
incute vim ventis submersasque obrue
puppes,
70
aut age diversos et dissice corpora ponto.
71
Sunt mihi bis septem praestanti corpore
Nymphae
Aeolus, Aeoli, = the king of the winds
namque = for
pater, patris m. = father
di = the gods; divum = divorum = of the gods
homo, hominis m. = person, man, human
O Aeolus (for to you the father of the gods and the king
of men
mulceo, -ere, mulsi, mulsus = to calm, soothe
fluctus, fluctus m. = wave, tide, flood, sea
tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatus = raise
venus, venti = wind
has given to you to soothe the waves and raise [them]
with the wind),
gens, gentis f. = race, nation people
inimicus -a -um = hateful, despised
Tyrrheneus -a -um = Tyrrhenean
aequor, aequoris n. = sea, flat surface
Aequor Tyrrheneum refers to the sea bounded by the
west coast of Central Italy and the Islands of Sicily,
Sardinia and Corsica
a people hateful to me sails the Tyrrhenan sea
Ilium, Ilii n. = Ilium, Troy
porto (1) = to carry
vinco, -ere, vici, victus = to vanquish, conquer
Penates, -ium = the Roman household gods.
carrying Troy and its vanquished gods into Italy:
incutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussus = to strike
vis,
vis = force, violence; fury
submergeo, -ere = to sink
obruo, -ere, obrui, obrutus = to overwhelm, crush
puppis, puppis f. = stern of a boat; ship, vessel
strike fury into the winds; sink and crush their ships;
aut = or
diversus -a -um = scattered
disicio, -ere, disieci, disiectus = to scatter, disperse
corpus, corporis n. = body, corpse
pontus, ponti = sea
[or] drive them scattered (scatter them) and strew their
bodies over the sea.
bis = twice
mihi = dative of possession
praestans, praestantis = surpassing, excellent
Nympha, Nymphae f. = Nymph
praestanti corpore = ablative of description
There are to me twice seven Nymphs with wondrous
body
11 | P a g e
72
73
quarum quae formā pulcherrima
Dēiopēa,
quarum = earum (nympharum)
forma, formae = form, shape beauty
formā = ablative of respect
Deiopea = a nymph of most beautiful beauty
pulcher, pulcrhra, pulchrum = beautiful
which Deiopea of these nymphs is the most beautiful in
form,
conubio iungam stabili propriamque
dicabo,
connubium, -ii = marriage, wedlock
iungo, -ere, iunxi, iunctus = to join, yoke, unite
stabilis, -e = firm, lasting, stable
proprius -a -um = one's own, permanent
dico (1) = to consecrate, dedicate
I shall join you [ you] in lasting wedlock and I shall
consecrate her your lasting [spouse],
74
omnes ut tecum meritis pro talibus
annos
75
exigat et pulchrā faciat te prole
parentem.
76
Aeolus haec contra: Tuus, O regina, quid
optes
77
explorare labor; mihi iussa capessere fas
est.
78
Tu mihi quodcumque hoc regni, tu
sceptra Iovemque
ut = so that
meritum, meriti = desert, merit, service
annus, anni m. = year
pro meritis talibus = for such services
annos omnes = for all [her] years
exigo, -ere, exegi, exactus = to complete, pass
proles, prolis f. = offspring, progeny
pulchrā prole = of beautiful progeny (abl of quality)
parens, parentis c. = parent
so that for such services she may pass all her years with
you and make you a parent of fair offspring.
haec = these things, thus
contra = against; in reply
regina, reginae f. = queen
quid = what
opto (1) = to wish, desire
exploro (1) = to examine, search out; explore
iussum, iussi n. = order, command
capesso, -ere, capivi, capitus = undertake, perform
fas n. indcl. = right, divine law, duty
fas est (idiom) = it is right, it is [my] duty
Aelous answered in reply: your task, O queen, is to
examine what you desire; for me it is my duty to
undertake your commands.
quodcumque = whatever
regnum, regni n. = kingdom, domain
Tu…tu…tu = anphora
You for me what ever this [is] of a kingdom (or)
I possess this kingdom because of you
sceptrum, secptri = staff, scepter, power
12 | P a g e
79
concilias, tu das epulis accumbere divum
80
nimborumque facis tempestatumque
potentem.
81
Haec ubi dicta, cavum conversā cuspide
montem
concilio (1) = to win over, unite
you unite my scepter and Jupiter,
do, dare, dedi, datus = to give
accumbo,-ere = to lay (oneself) down, recline,
epulae, epularum = banquet, feast
di = gods; divum = divorum
you grant me to recline at the banquets of the gods
nimbus, nimbi m. = (dark) cloud, rainstorm, storm
facio, facere, feci, factus = to make, do
tempestas, tempestatis f. = storm tempest
potens, potens = powerful (subs. = power)
and make [me] the power (ruler over) of the clouds and
storms.
ubi = when
cavus -a -um = hollow, vaulted
converto, -ere, -ti, -sus = turn (around), reverse
cuspis, cuspidis f = point, spear
conversā cuspide = ablative absolute
82
impulit in latus; ac venti velut agmine
facto,
83
qua data porta ruunt et terras turbine
perflant.
84
Incubuēre mari totumque a sedibus imis
85
una Eurusque Notusque ruunt creberque
procellis
mons, montis m. = mountain
impello, -ere, -puli, -pulsus = drive, strike
latus, lateris n. = side, flank
ac = and
velut = (even) as, just as
agmen, agminis n. = army, line, troop
agmine facto (idiom) = an army in close marching order
When he spoke these words, he turning his spear struck
the hollow mountain on its side; and the winds just as an
army in close marching order,
qua = by what way, where
porta, portae = gate, opening, passage
ruo, ruere, rui, rutus = to fall, rush, sink
turbo, turbinis m. = (whirl)wind, storm
perflo (1) = to blow (over/through)
rushed forth where a passage was given and blew over
the lands in a whirlwind.
incumbo -ere, incubui, -cubitus = lie upon + dative
incubuere = incubuerunt
mare, maris n. = sea
totus -a -um = whole, entire
totum [mare] = entire sea (D.O. of ruunt)
sedes, sedis f = seat, abode, bottom, region
unā = together
Eurus, Euri = the East wind
Notus, Noti = the South Wind
ruo, -ere, rui, rutus = to rush, sink, plow, upheave
creber, crebra, -rum = frequent, crowded
procella, -ae = storm
13 | P a g e
86
Africus, et vastos volvunt ad litora
fluctus.
87
Insequitur clamorque virum stridorque
rudentum;
88
89
90
91
Africus, Africi = the Southwest Wind
litus, litoris n. = shore, shoreline
fluctus, fluctus m. = wave, cloud, billow
They fell upon the sea and from its lowest depths the East
Wind and the South Wind together and the frequent
Southwest Wind with its storms upheave the entire sea,
and roll enormous waves towards the shores.
insequor, -i, -secutus = to follow, pursue
virum = virorum = of men
stridor, stridoris m. = creaking, grating, whirring
rudens, redentis m. = rope, cable
Then follows the shouts of men and the creaking of
ropes;
eripiunt subito nubes caelumque
diemque
subito = suddenly, in a moment
nubes, nubis = cloud
caelum, caeli n. = sky
dies, diei m. = day
suddenly the clouds snatch the sky and the day
Teucrorum ex oculis; ponto nox incubat
atra;
oculus, oculi = eye
incubo, incubere = lie upon, brood over + dative
pontus, ponti m. = sea
from the eyes of the Trojans; death black night lies upon
the sea;
intonuēre poli et crebris micat ignibus
aether
intono -are -ui = to thunder, roar
polus, poli = pole, sky, heaven
creber, crebra, -rum = frequent, crowded
mico (1) = quiver, flash
ignis, ignis m. = fire, flame, light, lightning
aether, aetheris m. = upper air, sky, ether
praesentemque viris intentant omnia
mortem.
praesens, praesentis = present, instant
intento (1) = threaten, aim
mors, mortis f. = death
The heavens thundered and the sky flashed with frequent
lightning and all threatened instant death for men.
92
Extemplo Aeneae solvuntur frigore
membra:
93
ingemit et duplices tendens ad sidera
palmas
extemplo (adv)- immediately, straightaway
solvo, -ere, solvi, solutus = to relax, loosen; weaken
frigus, frigoris n. = cold, chill
membrum, membri n. = limb, member, part
Immediately Aeneas' limbs weaken with chilling cold:
ingemere = gemere = to groan
duplex, duplicis = both, double, twin
tendo, -ere = to stretch
sidus, sideris n. = star, constellation, heaven
palma, palmae = palm, hand
he groans and stretching both hands to heaven
14 | P a g e
referro, -ferre = bear back, recall, say; speak
talia = talia dicta
94
talia voce refert: O terque quaterque
beati,
95
quis ante ora patrum Troiae sub
moenibus altis
(Ellipsis)
ter = three times, thrice
quater = four times
he speaks such words with his voice: O blessed three
times and four [are you],
quis = quibus = for whom
96
os, oris n. = mouth, face, speech; eyes, faces
pater, patris = father, ancestor, sire, parent
moenia, -ium = walls, fortifications
contigit oppetere! O Danaum fortissime
gentis
contigo -ere, = to happen, befall
contigit = impersonal
oppeto, -ere = to encounter, meet (death)
for whom it happened to meet death before the eyes of
your ancestors under the lofty walls of Troy!
Render 94 to 96 thus: O blessed three and four times are
you for whom it happened before the faces of your
ancestors under the lofty walls of Troy that you met
death!
fortis, forte = brave fortissime is vocative
Tydides, -ae = Diomedes, son of Tydeus, who fought against
Aeneas in single combat before Troy and almost killed Aeneas
except his mother Venus carried him away.
O son of Tydeus, O bravest of the tribe of the Greeks!
97
Tydide! Mene Iliacis occumbere campis
mene = me + ne = me = not
mene introduces an exclamatory question without a governing
verb = could I not have fallen in death…
Iliacus -a -um = of Ilium, Trojan
occumbo -ere = to fall (in death)
occumbere and potuisse = Infinitives of Exclamation
98
non potuisse tuaque animam hanc
effundere dextra,
99
saevus ubi Aeacidae telo iacet Hector,
ubi ingens
100
Sarpedon, ubi tot Simois correpta sub
undis
effundo, -ere, -fudi, -fussus = to pour out
manu = dextra [manu]
Could I not have fallen in death on the Trojan plains and
by your right hand could I not have been able to pour out
my life.
saevus -a -um = savage, fierce, cruel
Aecaides, -ae = son of Aeacus, Achilles
telum, -I = spear, javelin
iaceo, iacere, iacui, tacitus = to lie (low, outspread)
where by the spear of Achilles savage Hector lies,
ingens, ingentis = huge, mighty
Sarpedon, -onis = Sarpedon, king of Lydia and ally of Troy
tot = so many
Simois, -entis m = Simois, a river near Troy
corripio, -ere, -ui, correptus = to snatch (up)
ubi…ubi…ubi in lines 99, 100 = anaphora
15 | P a g e
101
scuta virum galeasque et fortia corpora
volvit!
102 Talia iactanti, stridens Aquilone procella
103
104
105
106
107
vēlum adversa ferit, fluctusque ad sidera
tollit.
scutum, scuti = shield
virum = virorum (vir means hero)
galea, -ae = helmet
fortis, forte = brave
volvo, -ere = to whirl, sweep (away)
where mighty Sarpedon [lies], where River Simois
snatches up and sweeps away under its waves so many
shields, helmets and brave bodies of heroes.
talia [dicta] = such words
(Ellipsis)
iacio, iacere, ieci, iactatus = to throw, hurl
iactanti [Aeneae] talia = with Aneas hurling such words...
iactanti [Aeneae] = dative of reference
strideo, -ere, stridi = to creak, rustle, roar
Aquilio, Aquilionis m = (North] wind
procella, -ae = storm; blast, gale
vēlum, veli = sail
adversus -a -um = opposite, in front
ferio, ferire = to strike, beat
When [Aeneas] had spoken such words, a storm roaring
from the north struck opposite the sail,
fluctus, fluctus m = wave, billow
and lifted the waves to heaven.
sidus, sideris n = sky, heaven
(ad sidera = hyperbole)
Franguntur remi, tum prora avertit et
undis
frango, -ere, fregi, fractus = break, shatter
remus, remi = oar
prora, -ae = prow, bow
averto, -ere = to turn around, swing around
unda, undae = wave
dat latus, insequitur cumulo praeruptus
aquae mons.
latus, lateris n = side
The oars are shattered, then the bow swings around and
gives its side to the waves,
insequor, insequi = to follow, pursue
cumulus, cumuli = heap, mass
praeruptus -a -um = steep, towering
mons, montis m. = mountain
and in a heap follows a towering mountain of water.
Hi summo in fluctu pendent; his unda
dehiscens
terram inter fluctus aperit, furit aestus
harenis.
hi = hi viri
(hi = some....his = for others)
in summo fluctu = on the top of the wave(s)
pendo, -ere = to hang
These men hang on the top of the waves;
dehisco, -ere, dehivi = to gape, split
aperio, aperire = to open
furio, furire = to rage, seethe
aestus, aestus = surge, tide
harena -ae = sand, beach
for others the gaping waves open the land between the
waves, and the surge seethes over the sands.
16 | P a g e
Notus, Noti = South Wind, wind
abripio, -ere, -ui, -reptus = carry off, snatch away
tres abreptas [naves] = three ships carried off
Tres Notus abreptas in saxa latentia
108
torquet
109
(saxa vocant Itali mediis quae in fluctibus
aras,
110
dorsum immane mari summo), tres Eurus
ab alto
saxum, saxi = rock
lateo, -ere, lagui = to hide, lie hid, lurk
torqueo, -ere, torsi, tortus = to turn, twist, whirl
The South Wind carries off and twists three ships onto
hidden rocks
[twists three ships carried off onto…]
voco (1) = to call
Itali, -orum = Italians
fluctus, fluctus m. = wave, billow
in mediis fluctibus = in the middle of the waves
ara, arae f. = altar
(which rocks the Italians call altars in the middle of the
waves,
dorsum, dorsi = back, ridge, reef
immanis, -e = huge
mare, maris n = sea
a huge ridge on top of the sea),
tres = tres naves, line 108
111 in brevia et syrtes urget, miserabile visu,
112
inliditque vadis atque aggere cingit
harenae.
113
Unam, quae Lycios fidumque vehebat
Oronten,
Eurus, Euri = East Wind, wind
brevis -e = short, shallow [brevia = short things = shallows]
syrtis, syrtis f = sand bar, reef
urgeo, urgere, ursi = to drive, force, compel
visu = to see (supine in -u; used with adjectives)
the East Wind drives three ships from the deep onto the
shallows and sand bars, miserable to see,
inlido, -ere, inlisi, -sus = dash against (into) + dat
vadum, vadi = shallow, shoal, depth(s)
agger, aggeris m. = wall, mound, bank
cingo, -ere, cinxi, cinctus = to girdle, encircle
and both dashes [them] against the shallows and girds
[them] with a bank of sand.
unam = unam navem
Lycii, -orum = the Lycians; allies of Aeneas from the south
east coast of Asia Minor
fidus -a -um = loyal, faithful, trustworthy
veho, -ere = to carry
Orontes, -is = Orontes, a comrade of Aeneas
One ship, which carried the Lycians and faithful Orontes,
114 ipsius ante oculos ingens a vertice pontus
ipsius = ipsius Aeneae
vertex, verticis = peak, summit, whirlpool
pontus, ponti = sea, waves
a huge wave from the peak before the eyes of Aeneas
himself
17 | P a g e
115
puppis, puppis f = stern, ship
struck the stern:
excutio, -ere = to cast out, shake off
pronus -a -um = headlong, leaning forward
magister, magistri = master, pilot, helmsman
volvo, -ere, = to hurl
in puppim ferit: excutitur pronusque
magister
in caput = headlong
the helmsman leaning forward is shaken off and is hurled
headlong,
ast = at = but, moreover
volvitur in caput, ast illam ter fluctus
116
ibidem
illam = illam navem
117
ter = three times
ibidem = in the same place
torqueo, -ere = to turn, twist
rapidus -a -um = swift, whirling, comsuming
voro (1) = to swallow (up)
vertex, verticis m. = whirl; whirlpool, top summit, pinnacle
torquet agens circum et rapidus vorat
aequore vertex.
aequore = ablative of place where; in the sea
moreover, the wave three times in same place twists that
ship spinning around [agens circum] and the greedy
whirlpool devours it in the sea.
rarus -a -um = scattered
nans, nantis = swimmer
gurges, gurgitis m. = abyss, gulf, whirlpool
Scattered swimmers appear in the huge whirlpool,
118 Apparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto,
119
arma virum tabulaeque et Troia gaza per
undas.
Iam validam Ilionei navem, iam fortis
Achatae,
virum = virorum
tabula -ae = plank, board
gaza, -ae = treasure, wealth
the weapons of men and planks and Trojan treasure
among the waves.
validus -a -um = strong, stout, mighty
Ilioneus, ei = Ilioneus, a Trojan leader
the final –ei of Ilionei is long by synizesis (2 vowels become 1)
120
Iām vălĭ│d(am) Īlĭŏ│nei nā│vēm, iām │fōrtĭs
Ă│chātǣ
Achates, -ae = Achates = a loyal friend of Aeneas
Then the strong ship of Ilioneus, then [the ship] of brave
Achates,
quā = in which (ship)
et quā vectus Abas, et quā grandaevus
Aletes,
Abas, Abantis = Abas, a Trojan leader
grandaevus -a -um = aged, old
121
ēt quā/ vēc tŭs ă/bās ēt/ quā grān/daē vŭs
Ă/lētēs
122
veho, vehere, vexi, vectus = to carry, convey
vicit hiems; laxis laterum compagibus
omnes
Aletes, -ei = Aletes, a Trojan leader
and [the ship] in which Abas was carried, the[the ship] in
which old Aletes [was carried],
hiems, hiemis f = winter, winter storm, storm
vinco, vincere, vici, victus = to conquer, overwhelm
the storm overwhelmed;
laxus -a -um = loose, open, lax
latus, lateris n. = side
compages, is = joint, seam, fastening
compagibus laterum laxis = with the joints of their sides loosened
18 | P a g e
123
accipio, -ere = to take, let in
inimicus -a -um = hostile, unfriendly,
imber, imbris m. = rain, flood, water
rima, rimae = crack, fissure, seam
fatisco, -ere = to split, open, gape, crack
and with their side-joints loosened all the ships let in the
hostile flood and cracked at the seams.
accipiunt inimicum imbrem rimisque
fatiscunt.
124 Interea magno misceri murmure pontum
interea = meanwhile
misceo, -ere, -cui, mixtus = mix, confuse, stir
murmur, murmuris n = murmur, roar, rumble
magno misceri murmure = alliteration (m)
pontus, ponti = sea
emitto, -ere, -misi, -missus = to send forth
hiems, hiemis f. = winter, storm
emissamque hiemem sensit Neptunus et
125
imis
126
stagna refusa vadis; graviter commotus,
et alto
127
prospiciens summa placidum caput
extulit unda.
two indirect statements: Neptune sensed (1) that pontum
misceri, the sea was stirred; and (2) that hiemem emissam
(esse), a storm had been loosed
Meanwhile Neptune sensed that the sea was stired with
great rumbling and that a storm had been let loose
imus -a -um = inmost, lowest
stagnum, stagni = still water, depth
refundo, -ere, -fudi, -fusus = pour back, upheave
vadum, vadi = shallow, shoal, depth(s)
graviter (adv) = greatly
and that (here is a third indirect statement) the still waters
had been upheaved (stagna refusa [esse]) from their
lowest depths,
prospicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus = look out on, see
placidus -a -um = calm, quiet, peaceful
caput, capitis n. = head, face
summa unda = from highest wave = water's surface
greatly troubled, and looking out over the deep, he raised
his serene face from the water's surface.
128
disiecio, -ere, -ieci, -ectus = to scatter, disperse
totus -a -um = whole, entire, all
classis, classis f. = fleet
He sees Aeneas' fleet scattered over all the sea,
Disiectam Aeneae toto videt aequore
classem,
129 fluctibus oppressos Troas caelique ruinā;
opprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressus = to overwhelm
ruina, ruinae = downfall, ruin
the Trojans overwhelmed by the waves and by ruin from
the sky
(note hyperbole)
lateo, latere, latui = to hide, escape the notice of
latuēre = latuērunt
130 Nec latuēre doli fratrem Iunonis et irae.
dolus, doli = deceit, wiles, trick, fraud
frater, fratris = brother
ira, irae = anger
nor did the wiles and wrath of Juno escape the notice of
her brother.
19 | P a g e
Eurum ad se Zephyrumque vocat, dehinc
talia fatur:
131 Eūr(um) ād│sē Zĕphў│rūmquĕ vŏ│cāt, dehinc│
dehinc is one syllable by synizesis
for, fari, fatus sum = to say, speak, tell
He called the East Wind and the West Wind to him;
thereupon he spoke the following:
tālĭă│ fātūr:
132
133
Eurus, Euri = the East Wind, storm
Zephyrus, -i = the West Wind
dehinc (adv) = then, thereupon
tantā = by such means, (by) so much
vos = you (accusative)
genus, generis n. = birth, race, origin
fiducia, -ae = trust, confidence, reliance; pride
Has pride of your birth held you so much?
"Tantāne vos generis tenuit fiducia
vestri?
Iam caelum terramque meo sine numine,
Venti,
caelum, caeli n. = sky, heaven
numen, numinis n = divine power, divinity, will
sine meo numine = without my divine permission
ventus, venti = wind;
Venti = O Winds, (vocative)
134 miscere et tantas audetis tollere moles?
misceo, -ere, miscui, mixtus = mix, mingle
audeo, -ere, ausus sum = to dare
tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus = to raise (up) lift up
moles, molis f. = mass, burden, difficulty, heap
O winds, do you now dare without my will to mingle
heaven and earth and raise up such great difficulties?
You, whom I? This is an example of Aposisopesis where,
135
Quos ego - sed motos praestat
componere fluctus.
instead of completing the sentence, the speaker stops abruptly
and leaves the rest to the imagination of the reader.
moveo, -ere, movi, motus = to move, trouble
praesto,-are, -stiti, -stitus = to excell, be better
compono -ere, = to compose, construct, quiet, calm
But it is better to calm the troubled waves.
post (adv, not prepositon = postea) = afterwards, hereafter
136
137
Post mihi non simili poena commissa
luetis.
Maturate fugam regique haec dicite
vestro:
poena, -ae = punishment
non simili poenā = by no similar punishment [Litotes =
understatement, usually with double negative; by a
geater punishment]
commissum, -i = fault, crime
luo, luere = to attone for
Hereafter you will atone to me for your crimes with a
greater punishment.
maturo (1) = to hasten, speed, ripen
fuga, fugae = flight
rex, regis, regi, regem, rege = king [to your king]
haec = these things
dicite > dico, dicere; imperative plural
Speed your flight and say these things to your king:
20 | P a g e
illi = to him [dative, indirect object]; i.e., Aeolus
non illi imperium pelagi saevumque
138
tridentem
139
sed mihi sorte datum. Tenet ille immania
saxa,
140 vestras, Eure, domos; illa se iactet in aula
141
Aeolus et clauso ventorum carcere
regnet."
142
Sic ait, et dicto citius tumida aequora
placat
143
collectasque fugat nubes solemque
reducit.
144 Cymothoe simul et Triton adnixus acuto
imperium, -ii n. = authority, command, power
pelagus, pelagi = sea
saevus -a -um = cruel, harsh, dreaded
tridentis, -is = trident, the symbol of Neptune, god of the
sea
sors, sortis f. = lot, fate, destiny
After their father Saturn was overthrown, Jupiter,
Neptune and Pluto divided his kingdom among
themselves by lot: Jupiter, heaven; Neptune, the seas;
Pluto, the underworld]
datum [esse] indirect statement [understand dicite
again]
[say that] not to him but to me was given by lot
command of the sea and the dreaded trident.
immanis -e = huge, monstrous, enormous
saxum, saxi = rock, stone, cliff, crag
He holds the enormous rocks, your homes, O East Wind;
iacto (1) = to toss, buffet, vaunt,
aula, aulae = court, hall
regno (1) = to rule, reign
clausus -a -um = enclosed, shut up
carcer, caceris m. = prison, enclosure
let Aeolus buffet himself in those halls and rule in the
shut up prison of the winds.
dictum, dicti = word
citius = more quickly
citius dicto = more quickly by word, quicker than he had
spoken
placo (1) = to calm, quiet
tumidus -a -um = swelling, swollen
aequor, aequoris n. = sea, waves; plain
Thus he spoke, and more quickly than his word he calmed
the swollen seas
colligo, -ere, collegi, collectus = to collect, gather
fugo (1) = to put to flight, rout
nubes, nubis f. = cloud, mist, fog
sol, solis m. = sun
reduco, reducere, reduxi, reductus = to lead or bring back
and put to flight the gathered clouds and restored the
sun.
Cymothoē, -es = a sea nymph
simul = at the same time
Triton, Tritonis = Triton, a lesser sea god; the son of
Poseidon and messenger of the sea.
adnitor, adniti, adnixus = to strive, lean against
acutus -a -um = sharp, pointed, keen
21 | P a g e
145
detrudo, -ere, detrusi, detrusus = to push off, dislodge
navis, navis f. = ship
scopulus, scopuli = rock, cliff, crag
Clomothoe and Triton pushing together dislodged the
ships from the sharp rocks;
levo (1) = to lift, raise
detrudunt naves scopulo; levat ipse
tridenti
ipse = Neptune
146
147
148
tridens, tridentis = trident (symbol of Neptune)
vastus -a -um = desolate, vast, enormous
aperio, aperire, aperui, apertus = to open, disclose
syrtis, syrti f = sand bar, reef
tempero (1) to calm, control
Neptune himself raised [the rocks] with his trident and
opened the vast sand bars and tempered the sea
et vastas aperit syrtes et temperat
aequor;
rota, rotae = wheel
levis, leve = light
atque rotis summas levibus perlabitur
undas.
summas undas = on the top of the waves
perlabor, perlabi, perlapsus = to glide over
and with light wheels glided over the tops of the waves.
ac = atque
velut or veluti = as, just as
populus, populi = people, nation
coorior, coriri, coortus = to arise, rise
And just as in a great nation when often there arises
Ac veluti magno in populo cum saepe
coorta est
149 seditio saevitque animis ignobile vulgus
150
iamque faces et saxa volant, furor arma
ministrat;
151
tum, pietate gravem ac meritis si forte
virum quem
seditio, seditionis f = riot, strife
saevio, -ire, saevivi, saevitus = to rage
ignobilis -e = inglorious, common
vulgus, vulgi = crowd, throng, mob, herd
sedition and in their minds the common throng rage
iamque = and now or and then
fax, facis f. = firebrand, torch
saxum, saxi = stone, rock
volo (1) = to fly, speed
furor, furoris = fury
ministro (1) = to tend, serve, supply
and then torches and rocks fly [and] fury supplies arms;
pietas, pietatis f. = loyalty, devotion, duty
gravis, grave = heavy, weighty, venerable
meritum, meriti = desert, service, merit
si forte = if by chance
quem here is the indefinite quis = some (because of si)
152
conspexēre, silent arrectisque auribus
astant;
conspicio, -ere = to catch sight of, see
Then if by chance they catch sight of some man venerable
for piety and service,
sileo, silere, silui = to be silent, still
arrigo, arrigere, arrexi, arrectus = to raise, pick up
auris, auris f = ear
asto (1) to stand by
they are silent and stand by with attentive ears;
22 | P a g e
rego, regere = to rule, sway
dictis = with his words; abl of means
153 ille regit dictis animos et pectora mulcet:
sic cunctus pelagi cedidit fragor, aequora
154
postquam
155
pectus, pectoris n = heart
mulceo, mulcere, mulsi, mulsus = to soften, soothe, calm
He rules their spirits with his words and soothes their
hearts:
cunctus -a -um = all
fragor, fragoris m = roar
Thus did all the roar of the ocean fall,
postquam = after, after that, when
prospicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus = look out on, see
genitor, genitoris m = begetter, father, sire
after the sire looking forth upon the waters
caelum, caeli = sky, heaven
inveho, invehere, invexi, invextus = to carry on, convey
prospiciens genitor caeloque invectus
aperto
invectus = here it is middle voice
156
apertus -a -um = open, clear
and having ridden under the open sky
flecto, flectere, flexi, flectus = to bend, turn, guide
currus, -us = chariot, car
volo (1) = to fly, speed
secundus –a –um = second; following; obedient
he guides his horses and while flying he gives reins to his
obedient chariot.
flectit equos curruque volans dat lora
secundo.
defessus -a -um = weary, tired, worn
Aeneadae -arum m. = descendents (or followers) of Aeneas
157
158
159
proximus -a -um = nearest
litus, litoris n. = shore
cursus, cursus m = course, running, haste
litora quae [erat] proxima cursu = shores which [were]
nearest by speed
Defessi Aeneadae quae proxima litora
cursu
contendunt petere, et Libyae vertuntur
ad oras.
contendo, -ere, contendi, contentus = to strive, hasten
peto, petere, petivi, petitus = seek, aim, look for, attack
Libya, -ae = Libya
verto -ere = to turn (middle voice: turned themselves)
ora, orae = shore
The tired followers of Aeneas strove to seek the shores
which nearest by speed, and turned themselves towards
the shores of Libya.
Est in secussu longo locus: insula portum
secussus, secussus m = inlet, recess
in longo secussu = in a deep inlet
locus, loci = place
There in a deep inlet there was a place:
portus, portus m. = harbor, port, haven
23 | P a g e
160
efficit obiectu laterum, quibus omnis ab
alto
efficio, -ere, effici, effectus = to make
obiectus -us = projection, overhang, jutting
latus, lateris n. = side
an island makes a port by the jutting of its sides,
quibus = ablative of means = by which
omnis (every) = omnis unda (next line) = every wave
altum, -i = the deep, sea (ab alto = from the deep)
frango, -ere, fregi, fractus = to break
sinus, sinus m = fold, gulf, bay, inlet
scindo, -ere, scidi, scissus = to split, divide
reduco, -ere, reduxi, reductus = to bring or lead back
in sinus reductos = into folds led back = into the inlet's
retiring curves
by which every wave from the deep is broken and divides
itself on the retiring curves.
161
frangitur inque sinus scindit sese unda
reductos.
162
Hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique
minantur
hinc atque hinc = on this side and that
163
164
rupes, rupis f. = crag, cliff, rock
gemini, -ae, -a = twin
minor, minari, minatus = to threaten, tower
in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice
late
caelum, caeli = sky, heaven
scopulus, scopuli = rock, cliff
On this side and that vast crags and twin cliffs tower into
the sky,
vertex, verticis m = summit, top
late = widely, far and wide
aequora tuta silent; tum silvis scaena
coruscis
tutus -a -um = safe, protected, secure
sileo, silere, silui = to be silent, still
of which under the summit far and wide the secure
waters are silent;
silva, -ae = forest, woods
coruscus -a -um = wavering, flashing, shimmering
scaena -ae = background, stage
165
desuper, horrentique atrum nemus
imminet umbra;
166
Fronte sub adversa scopulis pendentibus
antrum;
desuper = from above
horrens, horrentis = trembling, shuddering, gloomy
ater, atra, atrum = black, gloomy, dark, erie
nemus, nemorus n. = grove, thicket
immineo, -ere = to hang over
umbra -ae = shade
then from above hangs a scene with shimmering woods,
and a dark grove with its gloomy shade;
frons, frontis f. = front, face, brow (here = cliff)
adversus -a -um = opposite, facing
scopulus, scopuli m. = rock, cliff
pendeo -ere = to hang
antrum, antri = cave
Under the cliff opposite with hanging rocks [there is] a
cave;
24 | P a g e
167
intus aquae dulces vivoque sedilia saxo,
168
Nympharum domus. Hīc fessas non
vincula naves
169
ulla tenent, unco non alligat ancora
morsu.
170
Huc septem Aeneas collectis navibus
omni
intus (adverb) = within
dulcis, dulce = sweet, dear, clear, fresh
vivus -a -um = living, alive, natural
sedile, sedilis n. = seat, bench
saxum, saxi = rock
vivo saxo = ablative of description
inside [was] fresh water and seats of living stone,
the home of the Nymphs.
Hīc = here
fessus -a -um = tired, weary
fessas naves = personification and transferred epithet;
the Trojans are tired, not the ships
vinculum, vinculi = chain
non vincula…ulla = not any chains = no chains
uncus -a -um = curved, bent, hooked
alligo (1) = to tie, bind, hold to
ancora, -ae = anchor
morsus, morsus m. = bite, bit
Here no chains restrain weary ships, no anchors bind
[them] with their curved bite.
Huc = here
colligo, -ere, collegi, collectus = to gather, collect,
septem navibus collectis = with seven ships collected (A.A.)
ex omni numero – from all the number = from the entire number
171
subeo, subire = to go under, enter
tellus, telluris n. = land, earth
amor amoris m. = love
Here with seven ships collected from his entire number,
Aeneas entered, and with great love for (dry) land
ex numero subit, ac magno telluris
amore
egredior, egredi, egressus sum = go out, disembark
opto (1) = to long for, wish
egressi optatā potiuntur Troes harenā
potior, potiri, potitus sum = to gain, take possession of + abl
172
ēgrēs│si ōpta│tā pŏti│ūntūr │Trōĕs hă│rēnā
173
et sale tabentes artus in litore ponunt.
174
Ac primum silici scintillam excudit
Achates
harena, -ae = sand
the Trojans disembarked and took possession of the
longed for sand
sal, salis m = salt, brine
tabeo, tabere = to drip, soak, melt, waste
artus, artus m. = limb, joint
litus, litoris n. = shore
pono, ponere, posui, positus = to put, place
ponunt = middle voice
and placed their limbs dripping with salty brine on the
shore.
Ac primum = and first
silex, silicis m. = flint
silici = ablative of means
scintilla, -ae = spark
excudo, -ere, excusi, excussus = to strike (out)
Achates, -ae = a faithful friend of Aeneas
At first Achates strikes a spark with flint
25 | P a g e
175
suscepitque ignem foliis atque arida
circum
176
nutrimenta dedit rapuitque in fomite
flammam.
suscipio, -ere, suscepi, susceptus = to catch up, revive
ignis, ignis = fire
folium, folii n. = leaf
arridus -a -um = dry
circum = around
nutrimentum, -I = food, fuel, nourishment
do, dare, dedi, datus = to give
rapio, rapere, rapui, raptus = to snatch (up); whirl, fan
fomes, fomitis m. = tinder, fuel, shaving
rapuit in fomite flammam means "fanned flame in the
tinder"
and revived the fire with leaves and gave dry fuel around
and fanned flame in the tinder.
Ceres, Cereris f = Ceres, the goddess of grain
177
178
179
by metonymy Cerem = grain
unda, undae = wave
corrumpo, -ere, corrupi, corruptus = to spoil, ruin
Cerealis -e = of Ceres
arma Cerealia = the utensils of Ceres or grinding tools
Tum Cererem corruptam undis
Cerealiaque arma
expedio, -ire, expedivi, expeditus = to bring out, prepare
fessus -a -um = weary
fessi rerum = weary of things = tired of their troubles
Then, tired of their misfortunes, they brought out the
grain ruined by the waves and the tools of Ceres,
frux, frugis f. = fruit, grain
recipio, -ere, recepi, receptus = to catch, receive, recover
expediunt fessi rerum, frugesque
receptas
torreo, -ere, torrui, tostus = to parch, roast, toast
frango, frangere, fregi, fractus = to break, pound
saxum, saxi = rock, stone
et torrere parant flammis et frangere
saxo.
frangere saxo = to pound with a stone = to make corn meal
180
Aeneas scopulum interea conscendit, et
omnem
181
prospectum late pelago petit, Anthea si
quem
and they prepared to roast their recovered grain with
flames and make corn meal.
Interea = meanwhile
scopulum, scopuli = crag, cliff, peak
conscendo, -ere, -scendi, consensus = to climb, mount
Meanwhile Aeneas climbed a peak,
omnis, omne = all, every
prospectus, -us m = view
omnem prospectem = every view = a wide view
late = widely, far and wide
pelagus, pelagi m = sea, flood, waves
pelago (ablative of place 'over which') = over the sea
peto, petere, petivi, petitus = seek, attack, aim, scan
and sought a wide view far and wide over the sea,
Antheus, ei (acc. = Anthea) = Antheus, a friend of Aeneas
Anthea, si quem...videat = if any Antheus (acc)
(remember the si, nisi, num, ne + quis, quid rule)
render = if he might see anything of Antheus
26 | P a g e
182
iacto (1) = to toss, buffett
ventus, venti = wind, breeze, blast, air
video, videre, vidi, visus = to see
Phrygius -a -um = Phrygian
biremis, -is = bireme, galley
If he might see anything of Antheus tossed by the winds
and his Phrygian galleys
iactatum vento videat Phrygiasque
biremes
Capys, Capyos (acc = Capyn) = Capys, a comrade of Aeneas
183
184
Navem in conspectu nullam, tres litore
cervos
185
prospicit errantes; hos tota armenta
sequuntur
186
187
188
celsus -a -um = high, loftly, towering
puppis, puppis f. = stern, ship, vessel
arma, armorum = arms, equipment, tools
Caicus, Caici = a comrade of Aeneas.
or Capys or the arms of Caicus on his towering ship.
aut Capyn aut celsis in puppibus arma
Caici.
navis, navis f. = ship
conspectus, -us m = sight, view
some translate in conspectu = in range of his eyes
adversative asyndeton between nullam and tres
litus, litoris n. = shore
cervus, cervi m. = stag, deer
prospicio, -ere = to see, catch sight of
erro, errare (1) = to wander
totus -a -um = all, every, whole, full
armentum, armenti = herd, drove
sequor, sequi, secutus sum = to follow
He saw no ship in sight [but] saw three deer wandering
on the shore; whole herds follow these
a tergo et longum per valles pascitur
agmen.
tergum, tergi n. = back, hide, rear
a tergo = from the back = from behind
vallis, vallis f. = valley
per vallis – poetic plural suggest two slopes of the valley
pascor, pasci, pastus sum = feed, graze
agmen, agmenis n. = army, line, column, troop
from behind and a long line grazed along the valley.
Constitit hīc arcumque manu celeresque
sagittas
consisto, -ere, constiti, constitus = to stop, settle
arcus, arcus m. = bow
manus, manus f. = hand, band, troop
celer, celeris, celere = swift, fast
saggita, -ae f. = arrow
corripuit fidus quae tela gerebat
Achates,
corripio, -ere, corripui, correptus = to snatch (up)
fidus -a -um = faithful
telum, teli = weapon, dart, wound, blow
gero, gerere, gessi, gessus = to bear, wear, carry
Here he halted and with his hand he snatched his bow
and swift arrows which weapons faithful Achates was
bearing,
27 | P a g e
189
ductoresque ipsos primum capita alta
ferentes
190
cornibus arboreis sternit, tum vulgus et
omnem
191
miscet agens telis nemora inter frondea
turbam;
192
nec prius absistit quam septem ingentia
victor
193
corpora fundat humi et numerum cum
navibus aequet;
194
hinc portum petit et socios partitur in
omnes.
195
Vina bonus quae deinde cadis onerarat
Acestes
196
litore Trinacrio dederatque abeuntibus
heros
ductor, ductoris m. = leader
altus -a -um = high
fero, ferre, tuli, latus = to carry
cornu, cornus n. = horn
arboreus -a -um = branching, tree-like
sterno, -ere, stravi, stratus = to lay low, spread, strew
First he laid low the leaders themselves as they bear their
heads high with branching horns,
vulgus, vulgi m. = crowd, mass, throng,
misceo, -ere, miscui, mixtus = mix, mingle; confuse
ago, agrere, egi, actus = to drive, lead, do
nemus, nemoris n. = (sacred) grove, forest
frondeus -a -um = leafy
turba, turbae = crowd, throng, herd
and then he confused all the throng driving the herd with
darts among the leafy groves;
nec prius…quam = not before (tmesis)
absisto, absistere, abstiti = to stop, cease
ingens, ingentis = large, huge
victor, victoris m. = victor
corpus, corporis n. = body
fundo, -ere = pour out; bring down
humus, humi = ground, earth
humi is locative case = on or to the earth
aequo (1) = to make equal
Not before he stopped did the victor bring down seven
huge bodies to the earth and made equal the number
with his ships.
hinc = thence
partior, partiri, partitus sum = to distribute, divide
in + acc = into = in the midst of; among
socius, socii m. = ally, comrade, follower
Thence he sought the harbor and divided [the deer]
among all his comrades.
vinum, vini = wine
cadus, cadi m. = jar, urn
onero (1) = to load, burden
onerarat = oneraverat (syncopation)
Acestes, -ae = was the son of Crimisus, a Sicilian river god
and the Trojan maiden Segesta. He ruled in Sicily near
Drepanum, helped Priam in the Trojan War and welcomed
Aeneas warmly helping him to bury his father Anchises.
Triancrius -a -um = Trinacrian, Sicilian
heros, herois m. = hero, mighty warrior
abeo, abire, abii = to go away
abeuntibus (dative plural) = to them going away
Next he divided (see next line) the wine which good
Acestes had loaded in jars on the Sicilian shore and - like a
hero - had given to them going away.
28 | P a g e
197
198
"O socii (neque enim ignari sumus ante
malorum),
199
O passi graviora, dabit deus his quoque
finem.
200
Vos et Scyllaeam rabiem penitusque
sonantes
201
maereo, -ere = to mourn, grieve for
pectus, pectoris n. = breast, heart, soul
mulceo, -cere, mulsi, mulsus = to soothe, calm, soften
and he softened their grieving hearts with these words:
dividit, et dictis maerentia pectora
mulcet:
ignarus -a -um = ignorant
ante = is here an adverb = previously
O comrades, [we who are no strangers to evil] for neither
are we ignorant previously of evils,
patior, pati, passus = to suffer, endure
passi is vocative plural = O you having suffered…
gravis, grave = heavy, grevious (gravior, -ius = heavier)
his = dative, indirect object
finis, finis m. = end, limit,
O you having suffered more grevious things, to these also
will god give an end.
Sycllaeus -a -um = of Scylla; Scylla was a sea monster with
six necks with grisly heads, each of which contained three
rows of sharp teeth. Her body consisted of twelve
tentacle-like legs and a cat's tail and with four to six dogheads ringing her waist. Her lair has been associated with
the Strait of Messina.
rabies, rabie f. = rage, fury, madness
penitus (adv) = within, deepl(ly), wholly
sono (1) = to roar, resound, sound
accedo, -ere, acessi, accessus = to approach, go to
accestis = acces(sis)tis [uncertain syncopation]
scopulus, scopuli m. = rock, cliff, crag
You have approached the rage of Scylla and her deep
sounding cliffs,
Cyclopius -a -um = Cyclopean (of the Cyclopes)
saxum, saxi = rock
accestis scopulos, vos et Cyclopia saxa
202
experti: revocate animos maestrumque
timorem
203
mittite; forsan et haec olim meminisse
iuvabit.
experior, experiri, expertus sum = to try, experience
and you have experienced the rocks of the Cyclopes:
revoco (1) to recall, restore
animus, animi = spirit, soul (in pl = courage)
maestus -a -um = sad, mournful, gloomy
timor, timoris m. = fear, dread, anxiety
mitto, mittere, misi, missus = to send, send away
recall your courage and send away you gloomy fear;
forsan = forsitan (adv) = perhaps, perchance, possibly
et = etiam
olim = once, at some time
memini, meminisse = to remember, recall
iuvo (1) = to help, please
perhaps at some time it will please [you] to remember
these things.
other editors suggest the 1st person:
perhaps at some time we shall be glad to remember even
these things.
29 | P a g e
204
205
206
207
208
209
Per varios casus, per tot discrimina
rerum
varius -a -um = various, different
casus, casus m. = falling; happening, crisis
tot = so many
discrimen, discriminis n. = crisis, danger
per tot discrimina rerum = "through so many dangers of
things" can be rendered "through so many perilous
hazards"
tendimus in Latium, sedes ubi fata
quietas
tendo, -ere, tetendi, tentus = to stretch, hasten, strive
Through various crises, through so many perilous
hazzards we strive toward Latium,
sedes, sedis m. = seat; abode, habitation; bottom, tomb
ubi = where
fatum, fati n. = fate, destiny; gloom, doom; oracle
quietus -a -um = calm, quiet, peaceful
ostendunt; illic fas regna resurgere
Troiae.
ostendo, -ere, ostendi, ostensus = to show, promise
where the fates promise peaceful abodes;
illic = there, in that place
fas = right, divine will (understand an est) = it is right
resurgo –ere = rise again, rise [from the dead]
regnum, regni n. = kingdom
in that place it is the divine will to resurrect the kingdom
of Troy.
Durate, et vosmet rebus servate
secundis."
duro (1) = to harden, endure
vosmet is an emphatic form of vos
secundus -a -um = following, second, prosperous
res secundae = prosperous things = prosperity
servo (1) = to preserve, keep
Hold strong and preserve yourselves for prosperity.
Talia voce refert curisque ingentibus
aeger
talis, tale = such, of such a sort, the following
vox, vocis f. = voice
refero, referre = to bear back, restore, recall, say
cura, curae f. care, anxiety, grief
ingens, ingentis = large, great, huge
aeger, aegra, aegrum = sick, weary
spem vultu simulat, premit altum corde
dolorem.
spes, spei f. = hope
vultus, vultus m. = countenance, face
simulo (1) = imitate, pretend, feign
He spoke such things with his voice and sick with
enormous cares he feigned hope on his face,
between simulat and permit = adversative asyndeton
premo, -ere, pressi, pressus = press; repress, control
altus -a -um = high, deep
cor, cordis n. = heart, spirit, feelings
dolor, doloris m. = pain, grief, anguish, suffering
deep in his heart he repressed his anguish.
30 | P a g e
They make ready the game, and the future feast:
they flay the hides from the ribs and lay the flesh bare:
some cut it in pieces, quivering, and fix it on spits,
others place cauldrons on the beach, and feed them with flames.
Then they revive their strength with food, stretched on the grass,
and fill themselves with rich venison and old wine.
When hunger is quenched by the feast, and the remnants cleared,
deep in conversation, they discuss their missing friends,
and, between hope and fear, question whether they live,
or whether they’ve suffered death and no longer hear their name.
Aeneas, the virtuous, above all mourns the lot of fierce Orontes,
then that of Amycus, together with Lycus’s cruel fate,
and those of brave Gyus, and brave Cloanthus.
Lines 223-256 – Venus intercedes with Jupiter
Now, all was complete, when Jupiter, from the heights of the air,
looked down on the sea with its flying sails, and the broad lands,
and the coasts, and the people far and wide, and paused,
at the summit of heaven, and fixed his eyes on the Libyan kingdom.
And as he weighed such cares as he had in his heart, Venus spoke
to him, sadder still, her bright eyes brimming with tears:
‘Oh you who rule things human, and divine, with eternal law,
and who terrify them all with your lightning-bolt,
what can my Aeneas have done to you that’s so serious,
what have the Trojans done, who’ve suffered so much destruction,
to whom the whole world’s closed, because of the Italian lands?
Surely you promised that at some point, as the years rolled by,
the Romans would rise from them, leaders would rise,
restored from Teucer’s blood, who would hold power
over the sea, and all the lands. Father, what thought has changed
your mind? It consoled me for the fall of Troy, and its sad ruin,
weighing one destiny, indeed, against opposing destinies:
now the same misfortune follows these men driven on by such
disasters. Great king, what end to their efforts will you give?
Antenor could escape through the thick of the Greek army,
and safely enter the Illyrian gulfs, and deep into the realms
of the Liburnians, and pass the founts of Timavus,
from which the river bursts, with a huge mountainous roar,
through nine mouths, and buries the fields under its noisy flood.
Here, nonetheless, he sited the city of Padua, and homes
for Teucrians, and gave the people a name, and hung up
the arms of Troy: now he’s calmly settled, in tranquil peace.
But we, your race, to whom you permit the heights of heaven,
lose our ships (shameful!), betrayed, because of one person’s anger,
and kept far away from the shores of Italy.
Is this the prize for virtue? Is this how you restore our rule?
The father of men and gods, smiled at her with that look
with which he clears the sky of storms,
kissed his daughter’s lips, and then said this:
31 | P a g e
Lines 257-296 – Jupiter’s Prophecy
Don’t be afraid, Cytherea, your child’s fate remains unaltered:
You’ll see the city of Lavinium, and the walls I promised,
and you’ll raise great-hearted Aeneas high, to the starry sky:
No thought has changed my mind. This son of yours
(since this trouble gnaws at my heart, I’ll speak,
and unroll the secret scroll of destiny)
will wage a mighty war in Italy, destroy proud peoples,
and establish laws, and city walls, for his warriors,
until a third summer sees his reign in Latium, and
three winter camps pass since the Rutulians were beaten.
But the boy Ascanius, surnamed Iulus now (He was Ilus
while the Ilian kingdom was a reality) will imperially
complete thirty great circles of the turning months,
and transfer his throne from its site at Lavinium,
and mighty in power, will build the walls of Alba Longa.
Here kings of Hector’s race will reign now
for three hundred years complete, until a royal priestess,
Ilia, heavy with child, shall bear Mars twins.
Then Romulus will further the race, proud in his nurse
the she-wolf’s tawny pelt, and found the walls of Mars,
and call the people Romans, from his own name.
I’ve fixed no limits or duration to their possessions:
I’ve given them empire without end. Why, harsh Juno
who now torments land, and sea and sky with fear,
will respond to better judgement, and favour the Romans,
masters of the world, and people of the toga, with me.
So it is decreed. A time will come, as the years glide by,
when the Trojan house of Assaracus will force Phthia
into slavery, and be lords of beaten Argos.
From this glorious source a Trojan Caesar will be born,
who will bound the empire with Ocean, his fame with the stars,
Augustus, a Julius, his name descended from the great Iulus.
You, no longer anxious, will receive him one day in heaven,
burdened with Eastern spoils: he’ll be called to in prayer.
Then with wars abandoned, the harsh ages will grow mild:
White haired Trust, and Vesta, Quirinus with his brother Remus
will make the laws: the gates of War, grim with iron,
and narrowed by bars, will be closed: inside impious Rage will roar
frighteningly from blood-stained mouth, seated on savage weapons,
hands tied behind his back, with a hundred knots of bronze.’
Lines 297-371 – Venus speaks to Aeneas
Saying this, he sends Mercury, Maia’s son, down from heaven,
so that the country and strongholds of this new Carthage
would open to the Trojans, as guests, and Dido, unaware of fate,
would not keep them from her territory. He flies through the air
32 | P a g e
with a beating of mighty wings and quickly lands on Libyan shore.
And soon does as commanded, and the Phoenicians set aside
their savage instincts, by the god’s will: the queen above all
adopts calm feelings, and kind thoughts, towards the Trojans.
But Aeneas, the virtuous, turning things over all night,
decides, as soon as kindly dawn appears, to go out
and explore the place, to find what shores he has reached,
on the wind, who owns them (since he sees desert)
man or beast, and bring back the details to his friends.
He conceals the boats in over-hanging woods
under an arching cliff, enclosed by trees
and leafy shadows: accompanied only by Achetes,
he goes, swinging two broad-bladed spears in his hand.
His mother met him herself, among the trees, with the face
and appearance of a virgin, and a virgin’s weapons,
a Spartan girl, or such as Harpalyce of Thrace,
who wearies horses, and outdoes winged Hebrus in flight.
For she’d slung her bow from her shoulders, at the ready,
like a huntress, and loosed her hair for the wind to scatter,
her knees bare, and her flowing tunic gathered up in a knot.
And she cried first: Hello, you young men, tell me,
if you’ve seen my sister wandering here by any chance,
wearing a quiver, and the hide of a dappled lynx,
or shouting, hot on the track of a slavering boar?
So Venus: and so Venus’s son began in answer:
I’ve not seen or heard any of your sisters, O Virgin –
or how should I name you? Since your looks are not mortal
and your voice is more than human: oh, a goddess for certain!
Or Phoebus’s sister? Or one of the race of Nymphs?
Be kind, whoever you may be, and lighten our labour,
and tell us only what sky we’re under, and what shores
we’ve landed on: we’re adrift here, driven by wind and vast seas,
knowing nothing of the people or the country:
many a sacrifice to you will fall at the altars, under our hand.’
Then Venus said: I don’t think myself worthy of such honours:
it’s the custom of Tyrian girls to carry a quiver,
and lace our calves high up, over red hunting boots.
You see the kingdom of Carthage, Tyrians, Agenor’s city:
but bordered by Libyans, a people formidable in war.
Dido rules this empire, having set out from Tyre,
fleeing her brother. It’s a long tale of wrong, with many
windings: but I’ll trace the main chapters of the story.
Sychaeus was her husband, wealthiest, in land, of Phoenicians
and loved with a great love by the wretched girl,
whose father gave her as a virgin to him, and wed them
with great solemnity. But her brother Pygmalion, savage
in wickedness beyond all others, held the kingdom of Tyre.
Madness came between them. The king, blinded by greed for gold,
killed the unwary Sychaeus, secretly, with a knife, impiously,
33 | P a g e
in front of the altars, indifferent to his sister’s affections.
He concealed his actions for a while, deceived the lovesick girl,
with empty hopes, and many evil pretences.
But the ghost of her unburied husband came to her in dream:
lifting his pale head in a strange manner, he laid bare the cruelty
at the altars, and his heart pierced by the knife,
and unveiled all the secret wickedness of that house.
Then he urged her to leave quickly and abandon her country,
and, to help her journey, revealed an ancient treasure
under the earth, an unknown weight of gold and silver.
Shaken by all this, Dido prepared her flight and her friends.
Those who had fierce hatred of the tyrant or bitter fear,
gathered together: they seized some ships that by chance
were ready, and loaded the gold: greedy Pygmalion’s riches
are carried overseas: a woman leads the enterprise.
They came to this place, and bought land, where you now see
the vast walls, and resurgent stronghold, of new Carthage,
as much as they could enclose with the strips of hide
from a single bull, and from that they called it Byrsa.
But who then are you? What shores do you come from?
What course do you take? He sighed as she questioned him,
and drawing the words from deep in his heart he replied:
Lines 372-417 – Venus directs her son to Dido’s palace
O goddess, if I were to start my tale at the very beginning,
and you had time to hear the story of our misfortunes,
Vesper would have shut day away in the closed heavens.
A storm drove us at whim to Libya’s shores,
sailing the many seas from ancient Troy,
if by chance the name of Troy has come to your hearing.
I am that Aeneas, the virtuous, who carries my household gods
in my ship with me, having snatched them from the enemy,
my name is known beyond the sky.
I seek my country Italy, and a people born of Jupiter on high.
I embarked on the Phrygian sea with twenty ships,
following my given fate, my mother, a goddess, showing the way:
barely seven are left, wrenched from the wind and waves.
I myself wander, destitute and unknown, in the Libyan desert,
driven from Europe and Asia. Venus did not wait
for further complaint but broke in on his lament like this:
Whoever you are I don’t think you draw the breath of life
while hated by the gods, you who’ve reached a city of Tyre.
Only go on from here, and take yourself to the queen’s threshold,
since I bring you news that your friends are restored,
and your ships recalled, driven to safety by the shifting winds,
unless my parents taught me false prophecies, in vain.
See, those twelve swans in exultant line, that an eagle,
Jupiter’s bird, swooping from the heavens,
was troubling in the clear sky: now, in a long file, they seem
34 | P a g e
to have settled, or be gazing down now at those who already have.
As, returning, their wings beat in play, and they circle the zenith
in a crowd, and give their cry, so your ships and your people
are in harbour, or near its entrance under full sail.
Only go on, turn your steps where the path takes you.’
She spoke, and turning away she reflected the light
from her rose-tinted neck, and breathed a divine perfume
from her ambrosial hair: her robes trailed down to her feet,
and, in her step, showed her a true goddess. He recognised
his mother, and as she vanished followed her with his voice:
You too are cruel, why do you taunt your son with false
phantoms? Why am I not allowed to join hand
with hand, and speak and hear true words?’
So he accuses her, and turns his steps towards the city.
But Venus veiled them with a dark mist as they walked,
and, as a goddess, spread a thick covering of cloud around them,
so that no one could see them, or touch them,
or cause them delay, or ask them where they were going.
She herself soars high in the air, to Paphos, and returns to her home
with delight, where her temple and its hundred altars
steam with Sabean incense, fragrant with fresh garlands.
Lines 418-463 – The Temple of Juno
Looking down from the high hill, Aeneas and Achates see the newly-founded Carthage and its
bustling activity. In many ways these lines are a description of Rome in Vergil’s time.
corripio, -ere, -ui, correptus = to snatch (up), hasten on
corripuēre = corripuērunt
418
Corripuēre viam interea, quā semita
monstrat.
419
Iamque ascendebant collem, qui
urbi
420
imminet adversasque aspectat
desuper arces.
via, viae f. = road, way
interea = meanwhile, meantime
quā = by which way, where
semita, -ae f. = path
monstro (1) = to show, point out
Meanwhile they seized upon the road where the
path showed [the way].
iamque = and now (in past time = and then)
ascscendo -ere = to climb
collis, collis m. = hill
plurimus -a -um = very high, highest
plurimus, render = imposing in size
urbs, urbis f. = city
immineo, -ere, = to hang over, menace (+dative)
adversus -a -um = opposite, facing
aspecto (1) = to look at, see, face
desuper (adverb) = from above
arx, arcis f. = tower, citadel
And then they climbed the hill which - imposing in
size - hung over the city and from above looked
upon the opposing citadels.
35 | P a g e
421
Miratur molem Aeneas, magalia
quondam,
miror, mirari, miratus = to marvel (at), admire
moles, molis f. = mass, burden, size; structure
magalia, magalium n.pl. = huts, hovels
quondam (adverb) = once, formerly
Aeneas marveled at the size, formerly huts,
porta, portae f. = gate
strepitus, strepitus m. = noise, clatter, uproar; bustle
422
miratur portas strepitumque et
strata viarum.
stratum, strati n. = pavement; bed
He marveled at the gates and the bustle and the
pavement of the roads.
miratur...miratur = anaphora or repitition of words at
the beginning of successive clauses.
insto, instare, institi = to urge on, press on (+ dative)
423
Instant ardentes Tyrii: pars ducere
muros
424
molirique arcem et manibus
subvolvere saxa,
425
pars optare locum tecto et
concludere sulco;
426
iura magistratusque legunt
sanctumque senatum.
427
Hīc portus alii effodiunt; hīc alta
theatris
ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsus = to burn, be eager
Tyrius -a -um = Tyrian, Carthaginian
pars, partis f. = part, portion, share
duco, -ere, duxi, ductus = to lead; build
murus, muri m. = wall
molior, moliri, molitus = to work, effect, make
subvolvo, -ere = to roll up
saxum, saxi n. = stone, rock, cliff
Eagely the Tyrians pressed on, some to build the
walls and fortify the citadel and roll stones with
their hands,
pars…pars = some…others
opto (1) = wish, hope for; choose, desire
locus, loci m. = place, site
tectum, tecti n. = roof; house; palace
tecto = a dative of purpose
concludo, -ere, conclusi = to enclose
sulcus, sulci m. = furrow, trench, ditch
others to choose a site for the palace and enclose
[it] with ditches;
ius, iuris n. = law
magistratus, magistratus m. = magistrate, official
lego, legere, legi, lectus = to read, pick out choose
sanctus -a -um = holy, sacred, revered
Laws and magistrates they chose and a revered
senate.
Hīc = here
portus, portus m. = port, harbor
Carthage had two harbors, both artificial
alii = others
effodio, -ere, effodi, -fossus = to dig out, excavate
Here others dug out harbors;
altus -a -um = high, deep
theatrum. theatri n. = theater
36 | P a g e
428
fundamenta locant alii,
immanesque columnas
429
rupibus excidunt, scaenis decora
alta futuris.
430
Qualis apes aestate nova per florea
rura
431
432
433
434
exercet sub sole labor, cum gentis
adultos
fundamentum, fundamenti n. = foundation
loco (1) = to place, locate, establish
Here others located deep foudations for theaters;
immanis, immane = huge, monstrous, enormous
columna, columnae f. = column, pillar
rupes, rupis f. = rock, crag, cliff
excido, excidere, excisi = to cut out; destroy
scaena, scaenae f. = stage, background
decus, decoris n. = ornament, beauty, dignity
and cut out huge columns from the rocks, the
lofty ornaments for future stages.
qualis -e = such as; of what sort, as
apis, apis f. = bee
aestas, aestatis f. = summer
novus -a -um = new, fresh
aestate nova = in the early summer
floreus -a -um = flowery
rus, ruris n. = country, countryside, field, district
exerceo, -ere, exercui, = to be busy, train
sol, solis m. = sun
sub sole, bees do not fly during rainy weather.
Just as their labor keeps the bees busy in the early
summer through the flowery countryside under
the sun,
gens, gentis f. = race, clan, nation, herd; swarm
adultus -a -um = adult, grown
educunt fetūs, aut cum liquentia
mella
educo, -ere = to lead forth
fetus, fetūs m. = offspring, brood, swarm
when they lead forth the grown offspring of their
race,
liquens, liquentis = liquid, flowing
mel, mellis n. = honey
stipant et dulci distendunt nectare
cellas,
stipo (1) = to stuff, crowd, stow
dulcis, dulce = sweet
distendo, -ere = to distend, stretch
nectar, nectaris n. = nectar
cella, cellae f. = storeroom, cell
or when they stow the flowing honey and stretch
their store rooms with sweet nectar,
aut onera accipiunt venientum, aut
agmine facto
onus, oneris n. = burden
accipio, -ere, accepi, acceptus = to receive
venientes, venientum = those coming [back with
nectar to be made honey]
agmen, agminis n. = army, line, troop, course
agmine facto = abl. abs. = w/ a column having
been made
37 | P a g e
435
ignavum fucos pecus a praesepibus
arcent;
436
fervet opus redolentque thymo
fraglantia mella.
437
"O fortunati, quorum iam moenia
surgunt!"
ignavus -a -um = lazy, idle
fucus, fuci n. = drone
pecus, pecoris n. = flock, herd, swarm
praesepe, praesepis n. = stall, hive
arceo, arcere, arcui = to keep off, defend
or receive the burdens of those coming [back], or
with their column having been made they keep
away the drones, the lazy flock from from the
hives;
ferveo, -ere, fervi = to glow, boil
opus, operis n. = work, deed, toil
redoleo, -ere, redolui = to be fragrant, smell (of)
thymum, thymi n. = thyme
fraglans, fraglantis = fragrant, sweet-smelling
their work glows and the sweet-smelling honey is
fragrant with thyme.
O fortunati = O fortunate ones, O happy are ye,
moenia, -ium n.pl. = walls, city walls
quorum moenia = whose walls
surgo, -ere, surrexi, surrectus = to raise, (a)rise, surge
O fortunate ones, whose walls now rise!
438
Aeneas ait et fastigia suspicit urbis.
Infert se saeptus nebulā (mirabile
439
dictu)
440
per medios, miscetque viris neque
cernitur ulli.
fastigium, -ii n. = summit, top, height
suspicio, -ere = to look up (at)
urbs, urbis f. = city
Aeneas spoke, and looked up at the heights of the
city.
inferro, -ferre = to bear (se inferre = to go)
saepio, -ire, saepsi, saeptus = to hedge in, enclose
nebula, nebulae f. = cloud, mist, fog
mirabile dictu = wondeful to say (supine in -u)
per medios [viros or Tyrios] = through their midst
misceo, -ere, miscui, mixtus = to mix, mingle
vir, viris m. = man
cerno, -ere, crevi, cretus = discern, perceive, see
He went enclosed by a mist - wonderful to relate through their midst and mixed with the men and
was seen by no one.
There was a grove in the centre of the city, delightful
with shade, where the wave and storm-tossed Phoenicians
first uncovered the head of a fierce horse, that regal Juno
showed them: so the race would be noted in war,
and rich in substance throughout the ages.
Here Sidonian Dido was establishing a great templeto Juno, rich with gifts and divine presence,
38 | P a g e
with bronze entrances rising from stairways, and beams
jointed with bronze, and hinges creaking on bronze doors.
Here in the grove something new appeared that calmed his fears
for the first time, here for the first time Aeneas dared to hope
for safety, and to put greater trust in his afflicted fortunes.
While, waiting for the queen, in the vast temple, he looks
at each thing: while he marvels at the city’s wealth,
the skill of their artistry, and the products of their labours,
he sees the battles at Troy in their correct order,
the War, known through its fame to the whole world,
the sons of Atreus, of Priam, and Achilles angered with both.
He halted, and said, with tears: What place is there,
Achates, what region of earth not full of our hardships?
See, Priam! Here too virtue has its rewards, here too
there are tears for events, and mortal things touch the heart.
Lose your fears: this fame will bring you benefit.’
Lines 464-493, The Frieze
So he speaks, and feeds his spirit with the insubstantial frieze,
sighing often, and his face wet with the streaming tears.
For he saw how, here, the Greeks fled, as they fought round Troy,
chased by the Trojan youth, and, there, the Trojans fled,
with plumed Achilles pressing them close in his chariot.
Not far away, through his tears, he recognises Rhesus’s
white-canvassed tents, that blood-stained Diomede, Tydeus’s son,
laid waste with great slaughter, betrayed in their first sleep,
diverting the fiery horses to his camp, before they could eat
Trojan fodder, or drink from the river Xanthus.
Elsewhere Troilus, his weapons discarded in flight,
unhappy boy, unequally matched in his battle with Achilles,
is dragged by his horses, clinging face-up to the empty chariot,
still clutching the reins: his neck and hair trailing
on the ground, and his spear reversed furrowing the dust.
Meanwhile the Trojan women with loose hair, walked
to unjust Pallas’s temple carrying the sacred robe,
mourning humbly, and beating their breasts with their hands.
The goddess was turned away, her eyes fixed on the ground.
Three times had Achilles dragged Hector round the walls of Troy,
and now was selling the lifeless corpse for gold.
Then Aeneas truly heaves a deep sigh, from the depths of his heart,
as he views the spoils, the chariot, the very body of his friend,
and Priam stretching out his unwarlike hands .
He recognised himself as well, fighting the Greek princes,
and the Ethiopian ranks and black Memnon’s armour.
Raging Penthesilea leads the file of Amazons,
with crescent shields, and shines out among her thousands,
her golden girdle fastened beneath her exposed breasts,
a virgin warrior daring to fight with men.
39 | P a g e
Lines 494-585, Dido arrives; Ilioneus asks her help
494
Haec dum Dardanio Aeneae miranda
videntur,
495
dum stupet obtutuque haeret defixus in
uno,
496
regina ad templum, formā pulcherrima
Dido,
497
incessit magnā iuvenum stipante
catervā.
498
Qualis in Eurotae ripis aut per iuga
Cynthi
499
exercet Diana choros, quam mille
secutae
500
hinc atque hinc glomerantur Oreades;
illa pharetram
haec = these things
Dardanius –a –um = Dardan, Dardanian; Trojan
mirandus -a -um = marvellous, wonderful
video, videri, visus sum = to be seen, appear
While these wonderful things apprered to Dardanian
Aeneas,
dum…dum = Anaphora
stupeo, stupere, stupui, = to stand agape, be dazed
obtutus, obtutus m. = gaze, view
haereo, -ere, haesi, haesus = hang, cling to + dative
defigo, -ere, fingi, fixus = to fix, to fasten
while he stood astounded and clung fixed on one view,
regina, -ae = queen
templum, templi = temple
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum = beautiful
forma, formae f. = shape, beauty
incedo, -ere, incessi, incessus = to come in
iuvenis, iuvenis f. = youth
stipo (1) = to stuff, crowd, throng
caterva, catervae f. = band, troop, crowd
magna caterva…stipante = ablative ablsolute
Dido, the queen most beautiful in beauty, came into the
temple with a great throng of youth crowding around.
qualis, quale = such as, even as, as
Eurotas, Eurotae m. = river in Sparta, center of the worship
of Diana
ripa, ripae f. = bank, shore
iugum, iugi n. = yoke, (mountain) ridge
Cynthus, Cynthi m = mountain in Delos, and the birthplace
of Apollo and Diana
Even as on the banks of the Eurotas or through ridges of
Mount Cynthus
exerceo, -ere, exercui, = to be busy, train
Diana, Dianae f. = goddess of the hunt and of mountains twin to the god Apollo
chorus, chori m. = chorus, dance, band
Diana trains her chorus,
sequor, sequi, secutus sum = to follow
hinc atque hinc = on this side and that
glomero, glomerare = to gather, roll together
Oreas, Oreadis f. = Oread, a mountain nymph
Diana whom a thousand Oreads follow and gather on this
side and that;
phraetra, phraetrae f. = quiver
40 | P a g e
501
502
fert umero gradiensque deas
supereminet omnes
fero, ferre, tuli, latus = to bear, carry, bring
umerus, umeri m. = shoulder
gradior, gradi, gressus = step, go, proceed
superemineo, -ere = to tower above
she carried her quiver on her shoulder and proceeding
towered above all the goddesses
(Latonae tacitum pertemptant gaudia
pectus):
Latona, Latonae f. = mother of Apollo and Diana
tacitus - a-um = silent, speechless, still
pertempto, (1) = to try, master, possess
gaudium, gaudii n. = joy
pectus, pectoris n. = breast, heart
(joy possessed the silent heart of Latona)
talis, tale = such, of such a kind
talis…talem = as such…as such
503
504
505
506
talis erat Dido, talem se laeta ferebat
laetus - a-um = happy, joyful
fero, ferre, tuli, latus = to bear, bring, carrry
as such she was Dido, as such she gladly bore herself
per medios instans operi regnisque
futuris.
per medios [viros or Tyrios] = through the midst
insto, instare, institi = to press on, urge + dative
opus, operis n. = work
regnum, regni n. = kingdom
through the middle [of them] urging on the work of her
future kingdom.
Tum foribus divae, media testudine
templi,
foris, foris f. = door, gate, entrance
diva, divae f. = goddess
testudo, testudinis f. = tortise, vault, dome
Then at the gates [of the temple] of the goddess, in the
middle of the vault of the temple,
saepta armis solioque alte subnixa
resedit.
saepio, saepire, saepsi, saeptus = to hedge in, to enclose
arma, armorum n.pl. = arms
solium, solii n. = throne, seat
alte (from altus -a -um) = on high, loftily
subnexus -a -um = resting on + ablative
resido, residere, residi = to sit down
enclosed with arms and resting on high on her throne she
sat down.
ius, iuris n. = law, justice, right; enactment
[iura are laws that are the right of citizenship]
507
Iura dabat legesque viris, operumque
laborem
do, dare, dedi, datus = to give
lex, legis f. = law, regulation, decree
[leges are written laws enacted by a government]
She was giving laws and regulations to her people;
opus, operis n. = work,
labor, laboris m. = work, toil, labor; task
41 | P a g e
508
partibus aequabat iustis aut sorte
trahebat:
pars, partis f. = part, division
aequo (1) = to equalize, to divide,
iustus -a -um = just, fair, right
sors, sortis f. = lot, fate, destiny
traho, trahere, traxi, tractus = to drag, draw
and was dividing [tasks] by fair divisions or was drawing
[them] by lot:
509
cum subito Aeneas concursu accedere
magno
cum subito = when suddenly
concursus, consursus m = throng, crowd
accedo, accedere, accessi, accessus = to approach
510
Anthea Sergestumque videt fortemque
Cloanthum
Antheus, Anthei (acc, Anthea) = a Trojan leader
Sergestus, Sergesti m. = a Trojan leader
videt takes an idirect statement
fortis, forte = brave
Cloanthus, Cloanthi m. = a Trojan leader
511
Teucrorumque alios, ater quos aequore
turbo
512
dispulerat penitusque alias avexerat
oras.
513
Obstipuit simul ipse, simul percussus
Achates
514
515
alius -a -um = other
when suddenly Aeneas sees that Antheus and Sergestus
and the brave Cloanthus and other Teucrians are coming
with a great crowd,
ater, atra, atrum = black, dark
aequor, aequoris n. = sea
turbo, turbinis m. = whirlpool, storm
dispello, -ere, dispuli, dispulsus = to drive apart, disperse
penitus = deep, deep within, deeply, wholly; far
aveho, avehere, avexi, avectus = to bear or carry away
ora, orae f. = shore, seashore
whom the black whirlwind had driven apart on the sea and
had borne away far to other shores.
obstipesco, -ere, obstipui = to stand agape, be astonished
simul…simul = at the same time…at the same time = both…and
percutio, -ere, percussim percussus = to strike, astound
percussus + est
Achates, -is = traveling companion of Aeneas
laetitiāque metuque; avidi coniungere
dextras
laetitia, laetitiae f. = joy, gladness, delight
metus, metus m. = fear, dread, anxiety
[Aeneas] himself at the same time Achates was struck
with joy and fear;
avidus -a -um = eager, greedy
coniungo -ere, coniunxi, coniunctus = to join (together)
dexter, dextra, dextrum = right (hand)
ardebant, sed res animos incognita
turbat.
ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus = to burn; desire
incognitus -a -um = unknown, strange
animus, animi m. = spirit, soul, heart, mind
turbo (1) = confuse, disturb, perplex
eagerly they desired to join their right hands, but a strange
thing perplexed their minds.
42 | P a g e
516
Dissimulant et nube cava speculantur
amicti
517
quae fortuna viris, classem quo litore
linquant,
518
quid veniant; cunctis nam lecti navibus
ibant
519
520
521
522
dissimulant [animos] = they feigned their spirits
nubes, nubis f. = cloud, mist, fog
cavus -a -um = hollow
speculor, -ari, speculatus = to spy out, watch
amicio, amicire, -ui, amictus = to enfold, wrap
They hid [their feelings] and wraped in a hollow mist they
watched
quae [sit] fortuna = what fortune is (indirect question)
classis, classis f. = fleet
litus, litoris n. = shore
linquo, linquere, liqui = to leave behind, abandon
what fortune might be for their men, on what beach they
might have their fleet,
quid = cur
cuncti, cunctae, cuncta = all
lego, legere, legi, lectus = read, pick out, choose
lecti = chosen men
why they were coming; for chosen men were coming from
the rest of the ships
orantes veniam et templum clamore
petebant.
oro (1) = to pray (for), entreat, beseech, beg
venia, veniae f. = pardon, favor, grace
clamor, clamoris m = shouting, clamor
peto, petere, petivi, petitus = to seek
beseeching pardon and seeking the temple with shouting.
Postquam introgressi et coram data
copia fandi,
postquam (conj) = after, when
introgredior, -gredi = to enter
coram (prep + abl) = in the presence of, before the eyes of
coram (understand reginā) = in the presence of the queen
do, dare, dedi, datus = to give [data + est]
copia, -ae = abundance, supply, (means of) opportunity
for, fari, fatus = to say, speak, tell
fandi = is a gerund [fandi, fando, fandum, fando]
When they had entered and opportunity of speaking was
given in the sight of the queen,
maximus Ilioneus placido sic pectore
coepit:
maximus -a -um = greatest (here = oldest)
placidus -a -um = calm, placid
Ilioneus = a Trojan leader
pectus, pectoris n. = breast, heart, feeling, manner
coepi, coepisse, coeptus sum = to begin
Ilioneus the oldest began thus with a calm manner:
'O Regina, novam cui condere Iuppiter
urbem
regina, -ae = queen
novus -a -um = new, fresh
condo, -ere, -didi, --ditus = put together, found, establish
Iuppiter, Iovis = Juppiter
urbs, urbis f. = city
43 | P a g e
523
524
525
iustitiāque dedit gentis frenare
superbas,
iustitia -ae = justice, equity, right, righteousness
gens, gentis f = tribe, nation
freno, -are = to bridle, curb
superbus -a -um = proud
O Queen, to whom Jupiter has given to found a new city
and with your justice to curb proud [barbaric] tribes,
Troes te miseri, ventis maria omnia
vecti,
Tros, trois = a Trojan
miser, misera, miserum = sad, unlucky, wretched
ventus - venti = wind
mare, maris n. = sea
veho, -ere, vexi, vectus = to bear, carry, convey
vecti which is passive takes acc. maria firguratively or in
imitation of the Greek Accusative of Route Towards
oramus, prohibe infandos a navibus
ignis,
oro (1) = to pray (for), entreat, beseech, beg
prohibeo, -ere, -hibui, -hibitus = hold back, avert, restrain
infandus -a -um = unspeakable, unutterable, grevious, awful
navis, navis f. = ship
ignis, ignis m. = fire
We wretched Trojans, driven by the winds over all the
seas, beg you, hold back the awful fires from our ships,
526
parce pio generi, et propius res aspice
nostras.
527
Non nos aut ferro Libycos populare
Penatis
parco, -ere, peperci = spare, show mercy to +dat
pius -a -um = duty-doing, virtuous, ditiful, loyal
genus, generis n. = race
proprius -a -um = properly, own, lasting,
proprius aspice = look properly = look kindly/ carefully
res, rei f. = matter, event, condition, fate, mishap, lot
spare this virtuous race and look kindly upon our fate.
nos = we
ferrum, ferri = iron, sword
Libycus a um = Libyan
populo (1) = lay waste to, devastate
Penates, Penatium m = Penates but by metonymy = house
rapio, rapere, rapui = to seize, carry off
raptas…vertere = to seize and carry off having seized, carry off
528
venimus, aut raptas ad litora vertere
praedas;
529
non ea vis animo, nec tanta superbia
victis.
litus, litoris n = shore
verto, -ere = turn, drive off; carry off
praeda –ae = loot, booty
We have not come either to lay waste to Libyan homes by
the sword or to seize and carry off loot to the shore;
vis, vis f = force, power
tantus a um = such, so great
superbia –ae = pride
vinco, -ere, vici, victus – to conquer
victis = in those having been conquered
this force [is] not in our mind, nor [is] such pride in the
conquered.
44 | P a g e
530
Est locus, (Hesperiam Grai cognomine
dicunt),
531
terra antiqua, potens armis atque ubere
glaebae;
532
Oenotri coluere viri; nunc fama minores
533
Italiam dixisse ducis de nomine gentem.
534
Hic cursus fuit:
535
cum subito adsurgens fluctu nimbosus
Orion
536
in vada caeca tulit, penitusque
procacibus austris
537
perque undas, superante salo, perque
invia saxa
538
dispulit; huc pauci vestris adnavimus
oris.
539
Quod genus hoc hominum? Quaeve
hunc tam barbara morem
Hesperia, -ae = Hesperia = the land of evening = the West –
since Italy lay far to the west, it was called Hesperia
Grāī, -orum = the Greeks
cognomen, -inis = an added name [family] name; title
There is a place, (Hesperia by name say the Greeks),
antiquus a um = ancient
uber, uberis = rich, wealthy, fertile
glaeba, -ae = clump of earth; soil, clod
an ancient land, strong in arms and fertile in soil
Oenotrius a um = Oenotrian; by metonymy = Italians
colo, colere, colui = cultivate, till; dwell in, inhabit
There the Oenotrian people dwelt;
fama –ae = fame; rumor, report – understand est with it
minor, minus = lesser; younger; newer
Italiam…gentem = the Italian land (gentem = terram]
dux = Italus: was a legendary king of the Oenotrians who were
some of the earliest inhabitants of Italy
Now [there is] a report [that] a newer [people] have
named it the Italian land after the name of its leader.
Hic = here, to this place
cursus, cursus m = a running; course, journey
to this place was our course:
adsurgo, -ere = to rise up, to rise
nimbosus –a –um = stormy, rainy
Orion, Orionis m. = Orion, a hunter famous in Greek myth;
a constellation characterized by stars forming Orion’s Belt;
when Orion rose or set, it was a portent of a storm
when suddenly stormy Orion rising with the tide
vadum, vadi = a shallows, shoal, ford
caecus –a –um = blind; hidden
carried [us] onto hidden shoals,
penitus (adv) = deep within, deeply, far,
procax, procacis = bold, wanton, shameless
auster, austri m. = the south wind, the stormy wind
invius a um = pathless, impassable, inaccessible
salum, sali n. = the sea, the open sea (metonymy = wave)
supero (1) = to overcome
(superante salo = abl. abs)
saxum, saxi n. = rock
dispello, -ere, puli = to displace, drive
adno, -are, -navi = to swim to, float to; reach +dative
os, oris n. = shore, coast
and with the wanton south wind, drove us far through the
waves and (overcome by the waves) among impassable
rocks; hither we few have reached your shores
genus, generis n. = race
what race of men [is] this?
quaeve = or what [land]
tam = so
barbarus a um = barbarous, barbaric
mos, moris m. = habit custom
45 | P a g e
540
541
permitto –ere = allow, permit
patria, -ae = fatherland, country; land, nation
Or what land so barbaric permits this custom?
hospitium, hospitii n. = hospitality
prohibeo –ere = to keep; hold back, restrain, prohibit
harena, -ae = sand,
we are held back from the hospility of the sand.
cieo, ciere = to stir up
veto (1) = forbid, prohibit; prevent
permittit patria? Hospitio prohibemur
harenae;
bella cient, primāque vetant consistere
terrā.
prima…terra, first land = dry land
bēllă cĭ│ēnt prī│āquĕ vĕ│tānt cōn│sīstĕrĕ│tērrā
542
Si genus humanum et mortalia temnitis
arma,
543
at sperate deos memores fandi atque
nefandi.
(prose = in prima terra)
consisto –ere = to set foot on; halt, stop, rest
they stir up war, and prevent [us] from setting foot (lit. to
set foot) on dry land.
genus, -eris n. = race
mortalis, -e = mortal
temno –ere = to think lightly of; scorn, despise, mock
If you despise the human race and mortal arms,
at = but, yet; at leats; still
spero (1) = to trust (sperate = imperative pl)
memor, memoris = mindful + genitive
for, fari, fatus sum = speak, say
fut act participle fandus = what may be spoken = right
so fandi = of being right and nefandi = of being wrong
still trust that the gods [are] mindful of right and wrong.
nobis = dative of possession
544
'Rex erat Aeneas nobis, quo iustior alter,
545
nec pietate fuit, nec bello maior et
armis.
546
Quem si fata virum servant, si vescitur
aura
quēm
547
aetheria, neque adhuc crudelibus
occubat umbris,
548
non metus; officio nec te certasse
priorem
iustus a um = just, fair
alter, altera, alterum = other, another
Aeneas was our king,
pietas, pietatis f. = piety, devotion to duty, filial love
[than whom mor just another neither in piety was] = by
whom no other was more just either in piety, not greater
in war and arms.
quem = et eum; and modifies virum [an old commentary noted
that where we would use a demonstrative or personal pronoun,
Latin often uses a relative pronoun]
and if the fates preserve this man,
vescor, vesci = to feed on + abl. enjoy, enjoy; breathe
aura, aurae = air, breeze
aetherius a um = ethereal, airy, heavenly, celestial
if he breathes the ethereal breeze,
adhuc = up to this point; still, yet
crudelis –e = cruel, hositile
occubo (1) = to lie (in); lie low; rest, repose
umbra, umbrae = shadow, shade, gloom; a shade, ghost
and does not yet rest with the cruel shades.
metus, metus m. = fear (understand nobis)
[there is] no fear [for us];
officium, officii n. = service; kindly office, kindness
certo (1) = decide by strife; fight, struggle, seek
certa[vi]sse = syncopation
prior, prius = prior, previous; as noun = leader; the lead
46 | P a g e
549
paeniteo, -ere = repent, [to be a] regret; to be sorry
nor would it be a regret that you seek to be [the leader] in
kindness.
et = etiam
Siculus –a –um = Sicilian
regio, regionis f. = region, territory, district
paeniteat. Sunt et Siculis regionibus
urbes
Acestes, Acestae m. = Acestes, king of Sicily, son of Crinisus, a
river god and Segesta, a Trojan woman.
550
armaque, Troianoque a sanguine clarus
Acestes.
551
Quassatam ventis liceat subducere
classem,
552
et silvis aptare trabes et stringere
remos:
553
si datur Italiam, sociis et rege recepto,
sanguinis, sanguinis = blood
clarus a um = clear, famous, distinguished
There are also cities and arms in Sicilian lands, and
distinguished Acestes from Trojan blood.
quasso (1) = shake violently, brandish; shatter
ventus, venti = wind
licet, licere, licuit = it is permitted, allowed
subduco, -ere = to lead under; bring up; bring
classis, classis = fleet
Let [may] it be allowed [for us] to bring up our fleet
shattered by the winds,
silva,silvae f. = forest, woods
apto (1) = to fashion
trabis, trabis f. = beam; timbers, planks
stringo –ere = to draw tight, fashion, make
remus, remi m. = branch; oar
and to fashion planks from the woods and make oars:
socius, socii m. = friend, comrade, ally
recipio –ere = to take back; retake, recover
sociis et rege recepto = ablative absolute
554
tendere, ut Italiam laeti Latiumque
petamus;
555
sin absumpta salus, et te, pater optime
Teucrum,
tendo, -ere = to hold, reach (for)
peto –ere = to look for, seek
if it is given to us – with our friends and king recovered – to
reach for Italy, that joyfully we may seek Italy and Latium;
sin = si + ne (used to introduce an alternative usually contrasting
what predeeded) = if on the other hand, if not if however
adsumo –ere –sumpsi –sumptum = take away; remove, kill
absumpta [understand] est
556
pontus habet Libyae, nec spes iam restat
Iuli,
557
at freta Sicaniae saltem sedesque
paratas,
salus, salutis f. = soundness, safety; health, well-being
pontus, ponti m. = sea
Libya, Libyae f. = Libya
nec…iam = and no longer (i.e., non iam)
resto –are = stop behind, remain; be left
of if on the other hand our safety has been lost, and the
Libyan Sea hold you, of best father of the Teucrians, and no
longer an hope of Iulus is left,
at = but, yet; at least, still (cf., line 543)
fretum, freti = strait; pl. = waters, sea
Sicianus –a –um = of Sicily
saltem (adv) = at least
sedes, sedis f. = seat, [resting] place; home, palace, temple
paro (1) = to prepare, make ready
47 | P a g e
558
unde = whence
huc = hither, to this place
adveho –ere –vexi –vectus = carry to; carry
at least let us seek the waters of Sicily and a home
prepared [for us] whence we were carried to this place and
king Acestes.
unde huc advecti, regemque petamus
Acesten.'
Talibus [dictis] Ilioneus [dixit];
cuncti –ae –a = all, the rest
simul (adv) = at the same time
os, oris n. = mouth; voice
fremo, -ere = to murmur, shout; roar
559
Talibus Ilioneus; cuncti simul ore
fremebant
560
Dardanidae.
With these words, Ilioneus [spoke]; all the Torjans shouted
with [one] voice at the same time.
Tum breviter Dido, vultum demissa,
profatur:
demitto –ere –misi –missus = to send down, let fall
vultus, vultus m. = face; visiage, look; eyes
demissa = middle voice + direct object, vultum
profor, profari, profatus = to tell or speak [forth]
Then Dido spoke briefly having lowered her eyes:
'Solvite corde metum, Teucri, secludite
curas.
solvo, -ere = to loosen, unbind, untie
metus, metus m. = fear
secludo –ere = shut apart; banish, put aside
Trojans, banish fear from your hearts, put away your
cares.
Res dura et regni novitas me talia cogunt
res dura = harsh events [the trying position in which I am]
regnum, regni n. = kingdom
novitas –tatis f. = newness, novelty
cogo –ere = to force together; compel
561
562
563
molior, moliri = to pile up; erect; bring about; build
[don’t confuse molior, moliri with mollio, -ire = to soften]
564
565
566
moliri, et late finis custode tueri.
Quis genus Aeneadum, quis Troiae
nesciat urbem,
virtutesque virosque, aut tanti incendia
belli?
late = far and wide;
finis, finis = end; pl = territory – here is acc. pl
custos, custodis m. = guard, watchman, keeper
tueor, tueri = to watch
Harsh events and the newness of my kingdom force me to
bring about such things, and far and wide to watch my
territory with guards.
genus, generis n. = race, kind
Aeneadae, -um = followers of Aeneas; race of Aeneas
nesciat = deliberative subjunctive = who does not know
Who does not know of Aeneas’ race, who does not know of
the city of Troy,
virtus, virtutis f. = masculine courage; bravery
vir, viri m. = man; husband; hero
incendium, -ii n. = fire, conflagration; pl = ruin, destruction
and their bravery and their heroes and conflagration of
such a war?
48 | P a g e
obtundo, -ere –tudi –tunsus or –tusus = to strike, beat
obtunsus/obtusus = blunted, unfeeling, obtuse
567
Non obtusa adeo gestamus pectora
Poeni,
568
nec tam aversus equos Tyria Sol iungit
ab urbe.
adeo (adv) = to such a degree, extent; so, such
gesto (1) = to bear, carry; have,possess
pectus, pectoris n. = heart
Poeni, - orum = Phoenicians; Carthagenians
[We] Phoenicians do not have such unfeeling hearts,
aversus –a –um = turned away, far [4th part of avertere]
iungo –ere,iunxi, iunctus = to join, yoke
Sol, Solis m. = god of the sun
[the reference means that Dido considers her city part of the
civilized world under the sun.]
nor does the Sun god yoke his horses turned away from
this Tyrian city.
seu = whether
569
Seu vos Hesperiam magnam Saturniaque
arva,
Hesperia, -ae = Hesperia = the land of evening = the West – since
Italy lay far to the west, it was called Hesperia
Saturnius –a –um = Saturnian, of Saturn legend held that
after Jupiter had overthrown Saturn, Saturn was allowed to rule
in the rich land of Italy
arvum, arvi n. = field
sive = or
Eryx, Erycis m. = a Sicilian king or mountain; Sicily
sive Erycis finis regemque optatis
570
Acesten,
finis, finis = end; pl = territory – here is acc. pl
opto, optare = to choose
Acestes, Acestae m. = Acestes, king of Sicily, son of Crinisus, a
river god and Segesta, a Trojan woman.
Whether you choose mighty Hesperia and the fields of
Saturn or land of Eryx and King Acestes,
571
auxilio tutos dimittam, opibusque
iuvabo.
572
Vultis et his mecum pariter considere
regnis;
auxilium, -ii = help, aid
tutus a um = safe (agrees with an understood vos)
dimitto –ere = to send (away)
ops, opis = wealth, riches
iuvo (1) = to help
I will send you safely away with my help and I will help
[you] with my wealth.
et = etiam
partier (adverb) = equal; on equal terms
consido –ere = sit together; sit down; settle [down]
Do you even wish to settle with me in this kingdom on
equal terms;
Urbem is an accusative of attraction > from quam
573
urbem quam statuo vestra est,
subducite navis;
574
Tros Tyriusque mihi nullo discrimine
agetur.
statuo (1) = to build, establish
subduco –ere = to lead under; draw up = to beach
navis, navis f. = ship (acc. plural)
the city which I am building is yours, beach your ships;
Tros, Trōīs = a Trojan
Tyrius, Tyri = a Tyrian
discrimen, discriminis n. = distinction, difference
ago, agere = drive, lead, do; treat
Trojan and Tyrian will be treated with no difference by me.
49 | P a g e
Utinam = would that [introduces a wish]
Notus, Noti = god of the south wind
compello –ere, -puli –pulsus = compel. drive
Adforet = adesset > from adsum, adesse = to be present
Atque utinam rex ipse Noto compulsus
575
eodem
[imperfect subjunctive is used for an unfulfilled wish]
adforet Aeneas! Equidem per litora
576
certos
577
dimittam et Libyae lustrare extrema
iubebo,
578
si quibus eiectus silvis aut urbibus errat.'
And would that your king Aeneas himself driven by the
same south wind were here.
equidem = indeed
certus –a –um = certain, sure; reliable (understand viros)
lustro (1) = cleanse, move around, follow, search
etremus -a -um = furthest, uttermost
Indeed I will send reliable [men] along the shores and
order [them] to search the uttermost parts of Libya,
quibus = any (agrees with silvis)
eicio –ere = to throw, cast [out] – understand est.
erro (1) = to wander
if he has been cast in any forests or is wandering in (any)
towns.
Brave Achetes, and our forefather Aeneas, their spirits raised
by these words, had been burning to break free of the mist.
Achates was first to speak, saying to Aeneas: Son of the goddess,
what intention springs to your mind? You see all’s safe,
the fleet and our friends have been restored to us.
Only one is missing, whom we saw plunged in the waves:
all else is in accord with your mother’s words.
Lines 586-612, Aeneas makes himself known
He’d scarcely spoken when the mist surrounding them
suddenly parted, and vanished in the clear air.
Aeneas stood there, shining in the bright daylight,
like a god in shoulders and face: since his mother
had herself imparted to her son beauty to his hair,
a glow of youth, and a joyful charm to his eyes:
like the glory art can give to ivory, or as when silver,
or Parian marble, is surrounded by gold.
Then he addressed the queen, suddenly, surprising them all,
saying: I am here in person, Aeneas the Trojan,
him whom you seek, saved from the Libyan waves.
O Dido, it is not in our power, nor those of our Trojan race,
wherever they may be, scattered through the wide world,
to pay you sufficient thanks, you who alone have pitied
Troy’s unspeakable miseries, and share your city and home
with us, the remnant left by the Greeks, wearied
by every mischance, on land and sea, and lacking everything.
May the gods, and the mind itself conscious of right,
bring you a just reward, if the gods respect the virtuous,
if there is justice anywhere. What happy age gave birth
to you? What parents produced such a child?
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Your honour, name and praise will endure forever,
whatever lands may summon me, while rivers run
to the sea, while shadows cross mountain slopes,
while the sky nourishes the stars. So saying he grasps
his friend Iloneus by the right hand, Serestus with the left,
then others, brave Gyus and brave Cloanthus
Lines 613-656, Dido receives Aeneas
Sidonian Dido was first amazed at the hero’s looks
then at his great misfortunes, and she spoke, saying:
Son of a goddess, what fate pursues you through all
these dangers? What force drives you to these barbarous shores?
Are you truly that Aeneas whom kindly Venus bore
to Trojan Anchises, by the waters of Phrygian Simois?
Indeed, I myself remember Teucer coming to Sidon,
exiled from his country’s borders, seeking a new kingdom
with Belus’s help: Belus, my father, was laying waste
rich Cyprus, and, as victor, held it by his authority.
Since then the fall of the Trojan city is known to me,
and your name, and those of the Greek kings.
Even their enemy granted the Teucrians high praise,
maintaining they were born of the ancient Teucrian stock.
So come, young lords, and enter our palace.
Fortune, pursuing me too, through many similar troubles,
willed that I would find peace at last in this land.
Not being unknown to evil, I’ve learned to aid the unhappy.’
So she speaks, and leads Aeneas into the royal house,
and proclaims, as well, offerings at the god’s temples.
She sends no less than twenty bulls to his friends
on the shore, and a hundred of her largest pigs with
bristling backs, a hundred fat lambs with the ewes,
and joyful gifts of wine, but the interior of the palace
is laid out with royal luxury, and they prepare
a feast in the centre of the palace: covers work’ed
skilfully in princely purple, massive silverware
on the tables, and her forefathers’ heroic deeds
engraved in gold, a long series of exploits traced
through many heroes, since the ancient origins of her people.
Aeneas quickly sends Achates to the ships
to carry the news to Ascanius (since a father’s love
won’t let his mind rest) and bring him to the city:
on Ascanius all the care of a fond parent is fixed.
He commands him to bring gifts too, snatched
from the ruins of Troy, a figured robe stiff with gold,
and a cloak fringed with yellow acanthus,
worn by Helen of Argos, brought from Mycenae
when she sailed to Troy and her unlawful marriage,
a wonderful gift from her mother Leda:
and the sceptre that Ilione, Priam’s eldest daughter,
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once carried, and a necklace of pearls, and a double-coronet
of jewels and gold. Achates, hastening to fulfil
these commands, took his way towards the ships.
Lines 657-694, Cupid impersonates Ascanius
But Venus was planning new wiles and stratagems
in her heart: how Cupid, altered in looks, might arrive
in place of sweet Ascanius, and arouse the passionate queen
by his gifts, and entwine the fire in her bones: truly she fears
the unreliability of this house, and the duplicitous Tyrians:
unyielding Juno angers her, and her worries increase with nightfall.
So she speaks these words to winged Cupid:
My son, you who alone are my great strength, my power,
a son who scorns mighty Jupiter’s Typhoean thunderbolts,
I ask your help, and humbly call on your divine will.
It’s known to you how Aeneas, your brother, is driven
over the sea, round all the shores, by bitter Juno’s hatred,
and you have often grieved with my grief.
Phoenician Dido holds him there, delaying him with flattery,
and I fear what may come of Juno’s hospitality:
at such a critical turn of events she’ll not be idle.
So I intend to deceive the queen with guile, and encircle
her with passion, so that no divine will can rescue her,
but she’ll be seized, with me, by deep love for Aeneas.
Now listen to my thoughts on how you can achieve this.
Summoned by his dear father, the royal child,
my greatest concern, prepares to go to the Sidonian city,
carrying gifts that survived the sea, and the flames of Troy.
I’ll lull him to sleep and hide him in my sacred shrine
on the heights of Cythera or Idalium, so he can know
nothing of my deceptions, or interrupt them mid-way.
For no more than a single night imitate his looks by art,
and, a boy yourself, take on the known face of a boy,
so that when Dido takes you to her breast, joyfully,
amongst the royal feast, and the flowing wine,
when she embraces you, and plants sweet kisses on you,
you’ll breathe hidden fire into her, deceive her with your poison.’
Cupid obeys his dear mother’s words, sets aside his wings,
and laughingly trips along with Iulus’s step.
But Venus pours gentle sleep over Ascanius’s limbs,
and warming him in her breast, carries him, with divine power,
to Idalia’s high groves, where soft marjoram smothers him
in flowers, and the breath of its sweet shade.
Lines 695-722, Cupid deceives Dido
Now, obedient to her orders, delighting in Achetes as guide,
Cupid goes off carrying royal gifts for the Tyrians.
When he arrives the queen has already settled herself
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in the centre, on her golden couch under royal canopies.
Now our forefather Aeneas and the youth of Troy
gather there, and recline on cloths of purple.
Servants pour water over their hands: serve bread
from baskets: and bring napkins of smooth cloth.
Inside there are fifty female servants, in a long line,
whose task it is to prepare the meal, and tend the hearth fires:
a hundred more, and as many pages of like age,
to load the tables with food, and fill the cups.
And the Tyrians too are gathered in crowds through the festive
halls, summoned to recline on the embroidered couches.
They marvel at Aeneas’s gifts, marvel at Iulus,
the god’s brilliant appearance, and deceptive words,
at the robe, and the cloak embroidered with yellow acanthus.
The unfortunate Phoenician above all, doomed to future ruin,
cannot pacify her feelings, and catches fire with gazing,
stirred equally by the child and by the gifts.
He, having hung in an embrace round Aeneas’s neck,
and sated the deceived father’s great love,
seeks out the queen. Dido, clings to him with her eyes
and with her heart, taking him now and then on her lap,
unaware how great a god is entering her, to her sorrow.
But he, remembering his Cyprian mother’s wishes,
begins gradually to erase all thought of Sychaeus,
and works at seducing her mind, so long unstirred,
and her heart unused to love, with living passion.
Lines 723-756, Dido asks for Aeneas’ story
At the first lull in the feasting, the tables were cleared,
and they set out vast bowls, and wreathed the wine with garlands.
Noise filled the palace, and voices rolled out across the wide halls:
bright lamps hung from the golden ceilings,
and blazing candles dispelled the night.
Then the queen asked for a drinking-cup, heavy
with gold and jewels, that Belus and all Belus’s line
were accustomed to use, and filled it
with wine. Then the halls were silent. She spoke:
Jupiter, since they say you’re the one who creates
the laws of hospitality, let this be a happy day
for the Tyrians and those from Troy,
and let it be remembered by our children.
Let Bacchus, the joy-bringer, and kind Juno be present,
and you, O Phoenicians, make this gathering festive.’
She spoke and poured an offering of wine onto the table,
and after the libation was the first to touch the bowl to her lips,
then she gave it to Bitias, challenging him: he briskly drained
the brimming cup, drenching himself in its golden fullness,
then other princes drank. Iolas, the long-haired, made
his golden lyre resound, he whom great Atlas taught.
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He sang of the wandering moon and the sun’s labours,
where men and beasts came from, and rain and fire,
of Arcturus, the rainy Hyades, the two Bears:
why the winter suns rush to dip themselves in the sea,
and what delay makes the slow nights linger.
The Tyrians redoubled their applause, the Trojans too.
And unfortunate Dido, she too spent the night
in conversation, and drank deep of her passion,
asking endlessly about Priam and Hector:
now about the armour that Memnon, son of the Dawn,
came with to Troy, what kind were Diomedes’ horses,
how great was Achilles. ‘But come, my guest, tell us
from the start all the Greek trickery, your men’s mishaps,
and your wanderings: since it’s the seventh summer now
that brings you here, in your journey, over every land and sea.’
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