Biology Midterm Review
Please complete all of the following in your notebook!
Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology
1. Characteristics of living things – name and explain
a. Made of Cells – unicellular vs. multicellular
b. Grows and develops (cell division and size growth)
c. Obtains and uses energy – plants perform photosynthesis, all organism go through cellular respiration (turning
energy into a usable form, such as our mitochondria taking glucose and making ATP)
d. Ability to reproduce
e. Responds to the environment (stimuli, forms a response and adapts)
f. Has a genetic code – DNA or RNA
g. Maintains stable internal environment (homeostasis)
h. Evolves – species adapt and evolve over time
Chapter 2: Biochemistry
2. What element is organic chemistry based on? Carbon
3. What are the 6 most common elements in organic molecules?
a. Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorous, and hydrogen (SPONCH)
4.
Organic Molecules:
Name of Compound
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Building
Blocks
Monomer
5 or 6 carbon
ring
Glycerol &
fatty acids
Amino acid
Structure – Draw monomer
Function
Energy (energy is
stored in bonds)
Quick supply of energy
to body (glucose)
Long-term energy
storage
Protection against
water
Hormone
Forms base of cell
membrane
Genes are translated
into proteins – they do
the work in the cell,
and they create the
visible traits that we
see
Examples
Glucose, Ribose, deoxyribose,
maltose, lactose, sucrose,
cellulose
Phospholipid (cell
membrane); waxes, steroids,
hormones, oils
Saturated (No double bonds)
Unsaturated: has at least one
double bond in the fatty acid
tail
Hemoglobin (carries oxygen in
blood); Enzymes (catalase in
the liver); muscles, etc.
Act as enzymes by
speeding up chemical
reactions
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotide
made of a
phosphate
group,
nitrogen base,
and ribose
sugar
Our genetic code (DNA)
RNA transcribes and
translates DNA into
proteins
DNA and RNA
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
What are enzymes? Proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy (the amount of energy to
get the reaction going)
What type of organic molecules are enzymes? Proteins
How do enzymes work? By lowering activation energy – they bind to their substrate (like lactase binds to lactose) at the
active site, and then cause a conformational change, releasing the product(s)
What affects if enzymes work? Temperature and pH (denaturation – can cause the shape to change, and therefore their
ability to work), substrate concentration
Draw an enzyme with a substrate attached. Label the enzyme, substrate, active site, and products.
Chapter 3: Cells
10. State the cell theory.
a. All living things are made of one or more cells
b. All cells come from preexisting cells
c. The cell is the basic structure and function of all living things
11. What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
a. Prokaryotes are unicellular, simple, smaller, and do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles
i. They have a nucleoid region, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane
ii. They may have: a cell wall, capsule, flagella, and/or pili
b. Eukaryotes have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, they are larger and more complex
i. They can be unicellular or multicellular
12. Cell Structure and Function: Also be able to identify by looking at a picture.
Organelle
Function
Type of cell that has organelle
Cell Membrane
Controls what enters/exits cells, protection and
Prokaryote / Plant / Animal
outer layer
Cell Wall
Extra outer layer outside membrane that provides
Prokaryote / Plant / Animal
extra support and protection
Cytoplasm
The “cell soup” – a nutrient rich liquid that
Prokaryote / Plant / Animal
contains organelles outside of the nucleus
Nucleus
Control center of the cell, contains the genetic
information (DNA), and has a nucleolus that
Prokaryote / Plant / Animal
makes ribosomes
Nucleolus
See above
Prokaryote / Plant / Animal
Lysosomes
Membrane-bound organelle that contains
Prokaryote / Plant / Animal
digestive enzymes- breaks down old/damaged cell
*Although a plant usually has
parts and assists in breaking down materials the
peroxisomes instead of lysosomes
cell needs
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Membrane-bound organelle that is attached to
nucleus. The rough portion (covered in
ribosomes) is responsible for assembly of
Prokaryote / Plant / Animal
membrane proteins, the smooth portion (no
ribosomes) is responsible for lipid assembly and
detoxification
Golgi Body
The UPS of the cell, a membrane-bound organelle
that packages, labels, edits, and ships proteins
Prokaryote / Plant / Animal
destined for different locations
Chloroplast
Membrane-bound organelle that performs
photosynthesis. Sunlight is absorbed by
Prokaryote / Plant / Animal
chlorophyll and used to make glucose
Vacuole
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Membrane-bound organelle that stores stuff. In
plants, they have a large central that keeps the
cell pressurized so that it doesn’t wilt. In animals,
stores stuff
Makes proteins
Organelle that is responsible for aerobic
respiration – turning glucose into ATP (our cells’
energy currency)
Surrounded by double membrane, has its own
DNA
Prokaryote / Plant / Animal
*read description to left, different
depending on cell
Prokaryote / Plant / Animal
Prokaryote / Plant / Animal
13. List 3 differences between plant and animal cells.
a. Plants have a cell wall, a central vacuole, and chloroplasts
14. Draw and label the cell membrane, including phospholipids bilayer, channel protein, receptor protein and marker protein.
15.
16. Explain the relationship between the structure of the cell membrane and how substances move in and out of it.
a. The phospholipid bilayer is semi-permeable. Only certain things are able to diffuse across due to size and/or
charge. Examples of things that can diffuse across: oxygen gas, carbon dioxide, water, etc. Things that are too large
or don’t have the right charge can move via facilitated transport (open protein channels) or active transport
(requires energy) such as a transport protein, endocytosis, exocytosis
Chapter 4: Transport
17. Vocabulary: Be able to describe and give examples of:
Passive Transport: Transport that doesn’t require energy, such as diffusion, osmosis, or facilitated transport (and open protein
channel that provides space for something to fit through (it still diffuses following the
concentration gradient
Diffusion: Random movement of particles down a concentration gradient, from an area
of high concentration to low, until equilibrium is reached (still continues to move though)
Osmosis: The diffusion of water down its concentration gradient
Concentration Gradient: See picture to left
Active Transport: Transport that requires energy (usually ATP), examples would be
transport proteins that are making particles move against their concentration gradient, to
sodium-potassium pump, endocytosis, exocytosis
Sodium-Potassium pump: a form of active transport, used in the action potential of
neurons in the body
Endocytosis: Active transport, way of getting large things into the cell
Exocytosis: Active transport, way of getting large things out of the cell
Hypertonic: above strength
Hypotonic: below strength
Isotonic: of equal strength
**Water always move towards the hypertonic
solution as it has the greater concentration of solutes (what
is dissolved, such as salt or sugar)
18. Draw a molecule of ATP and explain how where the energy is held and how cells can access that energy.
a. *They don’t really need to know this for the midterm, but: Stands for adenosine triphosphate
b.
Chapter 6: Mitosis
19. Know all of the following vocabulary words:
a. gametes: sex cells (eggs and sperms)
b. somatic cells: non-sex cells
c. binary fission: asexual reproduction in bacteria (splitting in two)
d. chromosome: condensed DNA wrapped around proteins
e. chromatid: copy of a chromosome
f. Centromere: the point where two sister chromatids attach
g. homologous chromosome: Homologous chromosomes
h. are chromosome pairs of approximately the same length, centromere position, with genes for the same
characteristics at corresponding locations. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's mother;
the other from the organism's father
i. diploid: having two copies of chromosomes (humans’ diploid number is 46)
j. haploid: having one copy of chromosomes (humans haploid number is 23)
k. zygote: Formed after fertilization of an egg by a sperm
l. autosome: non-sex chromosome (pairs 1-22)
m. sex chromosome: give us our gender, XX in females, XY in males
n.
o.
p.
q.
r.
s.
t.
karyotype: a person’s set of chromosomes
cell cycle: Growth 1, Synthesis, Growth 2, Mitosis & Cytokinesis
interphase: a term used to refer to growth one, synthesis, and growth 2 altogether (before cell division)
mitosis: division of the nucleus
cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm, actual formation of two daughter cells
cancer: unregulated cell division
spindles: move chromosomes during cell division
20. Be able to identify which stage of the cell cycle cells are in.
A: Anaphase
B: Prophase
C: Interphase
D: Telophase
E: Metaphase
Chapter 7: Meiosis
21. Be able to identify which stage of meiosis cells are in.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Anaphase 1
Anaphase 2
Prophase 1 (Crossing over!!!!!!)
Metaphase 1
Metaphase 2
Telophase 1
Prophase 2
4 daughter cells (gametes)
22. What is crossing over and why is it
important?
a. Crossing over occurs during
prophase one when tetrads
line up and exchange
equivalent pieces of chromosomes. This creates genetic diversity within the gametes
23. Fill in the following chart comparing mitosis and meiosis.
24. Chart – Mitosis and Meiosis Comparison
Mitosis
Meiosis
Type of cell involved
Somatic
Sex cells
# of cells produced
2
4
# of chromosomes in parent cell
(human)
# of chromosomes in daughter cell
(human)
Daughter cells diploid or haploid?
46
46
46
23
diploid
haploid
Daughter cells genetically identical to
parent cell?
Daughter cells genetically identical to
one another
Yes
No
Yes
No
Digestive System
25. List the organs of the digestive system and describe their functions.
a. Mouth: mechanically breaks food down, contains saliva which has amylase, which is an enzyme that begins to
break down sugars. The tongue helps to move food into the throat
b. Esophagus: muscular tube that pushed food from throat (pharynx) through muscular contractions called peristalsis
into the stomach through the sphincter
c. Stomach: mechanically breaks food down into a bolus; hydrochloric acid helps pepsin start to break down protein
d. Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum): organ responsible for majority of absorption of nutrients into the
blood stream, bile (made in liver, stored in gall bladder) and lipases help to break down fats; other enzymes assist
with breaking down nutrients
e. Pancreas secretes insulin which triggers our cells to uptake glucose from the bloodstream; it also secretes
pancreatic juices, that works with the enzymes, etc. in the small intestine (food is in chyme form)
f. Appendix (no real important function)
g. Large intestine (ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon) – absorbs majority of water
and salt, makes vitamins with the assistance of bacteria, such as Vitamin K
h. Rectum: sends waste out
26. Give the name the parts of the digestive system in order starting from the mouth. See answer above
Nervous System:
27. What is the main function of the nervous system? To receive information from the external environment, process it in the
internal environment and respond to it; controls your body
28. What is the main component that makes up the nervous system? How does it work?
a. The neuron – receives signals, and sends an electrical message down the axon, neurotransmitters trigger nearby
neurons to receive the signal and pass it on
b.