KRISHNA ZONE
1. CROP WISE PRODUCTION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR KHARIF IN
1.1. RICE
1.1.1 VARIETIES RECOMMENDED:
Krishna District
:
Single cropped wetland
: MTU 2077, MTU 2067, MTU 5293,
BPT 2270, MTU 1032, MTU 1061
Doubled cropped wetland
: MTU 2077, MTU 2067, MTU 5249,
BPT 5204, BPT 2231, MTU 1032,
MTU 1010, MTU 1061, MTU 1064
Upland irrigated Saline soils
: MTU 1001, MTU 1010, MTU 7029,
MTU 2067, MTU 4870, NLR 145.
Krishna western delta
:
MTU 5293, MTU 5249, MTU 2067,
MTU 2077, Sriranga Penna,
Kothamolagolukulu-74, BPT 5204,
MTU 1061, NLR 34449
Waterlogged areas
: PLA 1100, MTU 5293, MTU 2067,
MTU 4870, MTU 7029
NSP Areas :
Right canal areas
: MTU 7029, MTU 5293, MTU 2067,
(Areas of Guntur & Parts of
BPT 4358 MTU 1001, MTU 1010,
Prakasam District )
BPT 5204, NLR 145, NLR 3449,
BPT 2270, BPT 2231, MTU 1061,
JGL 384.
1
Table 1. Brief description of varieties:
Variety
Duration
Yield Grain
Special features
(days)
(t/ha) type
BPT 5204
145
6.0
MS
Good quality grain with high market price
BPT 4358
145
6.0
MS
Resistant to BPH, suitable to NSP right canal area.
BPT 1768
165
6.0
MS
High yielding, suitable to single cropped areas
BPT 2270
160
6.5
MS
Profuse tillering, straw flume fine grain, tolerant to BPH and
Blast. Suitable to single cropped wetlands
BPT 2231
145
6.5
MS
High yielding, heavy tillering capacity, brown glume fine
grain, suitable to double cropped wetlands. Tolerant to plant
hoppers
MTU 2067
150
6.0
MS
High yielding, resistant to BPH
MTU 2077
150
6.0
MS
High yielding, resistant to BPH, non lodging
MTU 1001
High yielding, resistant to BPH & Blast with high seed
140
6.5
MS
dormancy
MTU 1010
125
7.0
LS
High yielding, resistant to BPH & Blast
MTU 5249
150
5.5
MS
High yielding, resistant to BPH, non lodging
MTU 7029
High yielding, low N response, resistant to BLB, suitable for
150
6.5
MS
late planted situations also
MTU 4870
150
6.0
MS
Resistant to BPH, non lodging, tolerant to RTV
MTU 1061
High yielding, resistant to BPH & BLB, suitable to saline
150
6.0
MS
areas also
MTU 1064
150
6.0
MS
High yielding, non-lodging, resistant to BPH, tolerant to BLB
and blast
MTU 1075
140
6.0MS
Non lodging, Tolerant to BLB and Blast, Fine grain with good
7.0
cooking quality.
MTU 5293
165
6.0
LS
Resistant to BPH, non lodging, good cooking quality
NLR 145
145
6.5
MB
High yielding, resistant to Blast and salinity
NLR 34449
125
2009
MS
High yielding, dwarf, non-lodging, fertilizer responsive,
suitable for late kharif/early Rabi and blast resistant.Short
duration rice with BPT 5204 grain quality
JGL 384
140
MS
Medium Duration, Gallmidge resistant, Fine grain, high yield.
1.1.2. Sowing : June 1st Fortnight is the optimum time
Soils : Alluvial soils of Krishna delta & Chalka soils of NSP left canal command area.
Seed rate : 50 – 60kg/ha, if the germination percentage is more than 80%, Five kg of
viable and healthy seed for one cent (40 sq. mt.) nursery area and fifty kg. seed is required
for planting one hectare of main field.
Spacing : Normally 33 hills/ sq.mt. (20cm x 15 cm) is optimum plant density in heavy
and fertile soils. In light and sub marginal soils a spacing 15cm x 15 cm (44 hills/sq. m.)
may be adopted. In delayed conditions, planting @ 44 hills/sq.m, may be taken up.
Planting : In order to reduce the weed growth and for better water management, good
leveling of the main field has to be followed. 25 – 30 days aged seedlings should be used for
planting. Shallow planting with 2-3 seedlings per hill is desirable.
2
1.1.3. Fertilizer recommendation:
Nursery
 Basal fertilization with 0.5 kg of `N’; 0.5 kg of `P’ and 0.5 Kg of `K’ per every 100 M2
is required. To get robust seedlings, apply another 0.5 kg `N’ at 12 days after sowing.
 Spray ZnSO4 @ 2.0 g /L for correction of Zinc deficiency , if deficiency is observed.
 Spray 5-10 g Ferrous sulphate (or) Ferrous ammonium sulphate with 0.5 to 1.0 gram of
citric acid per liter of water to correct iron deficiency in the nursery.
Main field :
Nitrogen
Coastal region: 120 – 40 - 40kg NPK ha-1; black soils : 160-40-40 ha-1;
red soils of NSP left
canal command area : 240kg ha-1 – 40-40NPK kg ha-1
P2O5 : 40kg ha-1; K2O : 40kg ha-1
Nitrogen is to be applied in three equal splits (at basal , at active tillering stage & at
panicle initiation stage) `P’ & `K’ may be applied as basal in heavy soils. In case of light
soils, `K’ may be applied in two equal splits i.e., at basal and at panicle initiation stage.
Correction of Zinc deficiency:
In zinc deficient endemic areas like saline and alkaline soils, low lying fields,
recently leveled fields and fields which received large quantities of organic materials with
wider C:N ratio like paddy straw, basal application of 50 kg/ha zinc sulphate once in three
crop seasons is suggested as a prophylactic measure. In other fields, if zinc deficiency is
observed, spraying of 0.2% g zinc sulphate solution thrice at 5 days interval is advocated.
1.1.4 Weed Management:
I) Rice Nursery
Spraying of benthiocarb @ 2.5 to 5.0 l ha-1 either with in three days after sowing as
pre-emergence spray or on seventh day after sowing as early post emergence will effectively
control Echinochloa and other annual monocot and dicot weeds in rice nurseries.
(or)
Post emergence spray of cyhalofopbutyl at 1.0-l ha-1 at 14 days after sowing of rice
nursery effectively control Echinochloa without any phytotoxicity to rice.
II Transplanted rice
a ) With in 3 to 5 days after planting Apply 2,4 –D ethyl ester granules at 20 to 25 kg ha-1.
(or)
Apply 2,4-D ethyl ester granules 10 kg ha-1 + butachlor granules10 Kg ha-1as sand mix
application.
(or)
-1
Apply butachlor at 3 to 5 ha as sand mix application.
(or)
Apply anilophos at 1.33 to 1.67 ha-1 as sand mix application.
(or)
Apply 2,4-D ethyl ester granules 10 kg ha-1 + anilophos 0.70 l ha-1 as sand mix application.
(or)
3
Apply 2,4-D ethyl ester granules at 10 kg ha-1 + Butachlor 2.5 l ha-1 as sand mix application.
(or)
Oxadiargyl (Top star 80% WP) 125 g ha-1 in 500 liters of water.
(or)
Apply Oxadiargyl (Top star 80%WP) 94g ha-1 +2,4-D ethyl ester granules 10Kg ha-1 as sand
mix application.
(b) 20-30 days after planting (when dicot weeds are problematic) spray 2,4-D sodium salt
(fernoxone 80% WP) at 0.75 to 1.0 Kg ha-1 in 500 liters of water using hand compression
sprayer.
1.1.5. Irrigation
:
A thin film of water (2.-3 cm) should be maintained at the time of herbicide application
and should not be drained upto one week. 2- 3 cm depth of water till the end of tillering, 5 cm
during reproductive and ripening stage. Irrigation is withheld fifteen days before harvesting.
1.1.6. Plant Protection :
Cultural practices recommended to reduce build up of insect pests:
 Summer ploughing
 Grow suitable resistant varieties
 Use recommended doses of fertilizers
 Clipping of the leaf tips of seedlings while planting
 Adopt normal spacing (33 hills/sq.m)
 Formation of alleyways
 Alternate wetting and drying
 Weed management
Nursery
:
Gallmidge, stemborer, jassids, hispa and thrips.
Carbofuran 3G @ 42 kg/ha or phorate 10 G 12.5 kg/ha to be applied 7 days after
germination of seed or spray monocrotophos 36 SL 1.6 ml/L or chloripyriphos 20 EC 2.5
ml/L of water (or) quinalphos 25 EC @ 2.0 m1/L of water at 10 days interval starting from
seven days after germination.
Main field : At tillering stage
Stem borer, Thrips and Hispa:
Spray monocrotophos 36 SL 1.6 ml/l (or) chlorpyriphos 20 EC 2.5 ml/l( or) quinalphos
25 EC 2.0 ml/l ( or) phosphamidon 40 SL 2.0 ml/l of water.
Gallmidge :
Apply phorate 10G @ 12.5kg/ha (or) carbofuran 3G @ 25 kg/ha at 15 DAT in one or
two inches of standing water.
Leaf folder :
Spray Profenophos @ 2.0 ml/l (or) chlorpyriphos @ 2.5 ml (or) monocrotophos 36 SL
1.6 ml/l of water..
Hispa:
Spray profenophos @ 2.0 ml (or) quinolphos @ 2.0 ml/l (or) chlorpyriphos 2.5 ml (or)
monocrotophos @ 1.6 ml/l of water.
4
Leaf mite
Dicofol 5.0 ml/l (or) wettable sulphur @ 3.0 g/l (or) profenophos 2.0 ml/l of water
should be sprayed
Panicle Initiation to booting stage:
Stem borer:
Cartap hydrochloride 50 WP 2 g/l (or) acephate 1.5 g /l (or) profenophos 2.0 ml/l of
water (or) apply cartap hydrochloride 4 G @ 8 kg/acre at panicle initiation stage when
the egg masses (or) adult moths are noticed in the field.
Leaf folder:
Spray Cartap hydrochloride 50 SP @ 2 g/l or Profenophos 2.0 ml/l (or)acephate 75 SP
@ 1.5 g/l of water.
Panicle Mite :
Spray profenophos 50 EC 2.0 ml/l (or) dicofol 5.0 ml/l of water.
BPH / WBPH
Acephate @ 1.5 g/l (or) monocrotophos 2.2 ml/l (or) ethofenprox 10 EC 2.0 ml/l (or)
fenthiocarb 50 EC 2.0 ml/l (or) imidacloprid @ 0.25 ml/l (or) thiamethoxam @ 0.2 g/l of
water should be sprayed.
Note: 200 litres of spray fluid is sufficient to cover one acre and the spray should be
directed towards the base of the plant. Alternate the chemical if second spraying warranted.
Drain out the field after spraying for 2 or 3 days.
Post Flowering:
BPH /WBPH:
The insecticides recommended at boot stage should be sprayed.
Cut worm:
Spray in the evening hours only by using any of the following combination,
dichlorvos @ 1.0 ml/l + endosulfan @ 2.0 ml/l (or) dichlorevos 1.0 ml + chlorpyriphos 2.5
ml (or) dichlorovos 1.0 ml + monocrotophos 1.6 ml /l of water.
1.1.7. Rodent control for kharif season:
For endemic areas of Krishna Delta:

Reducing available harborage and observe sanitation

Reducing the number and size of field bunds

Complete sowing and planting uniformly in one area

From puddling to one month after planting, setup local traps @ 20 per acre

Installation of permanent bait stations from planting to flowering @5/ha at
four corners of the field one metre inside the cropped area from the field bund and one
at center, bromodioline bait @ 30g per bait stationm should be replenished twice in a
week.

During crop period baiting with bromodioline 0.005% in baits prior to
primordial initiation stage of the crop

From PI stage to crop harvest smoking of burrows with burrow fumigator should be
done.
5
Day 1
:
Day 2
:
Identify live burrows and simultaneously place 15 gm freshly prepared
bromadiolone loose bait in packets inside the burrow.
Repeat bromadiolone loose baiting in the active /live burrows.
Note: Control schedules should be exempted on community basis to check cross infestation
through migration

For 1st baiting to 50 burrows/ha @ 15 grams loose bait /burrow – 15 gm bromadiolone
required/ha

For 2nd baiting to 10 burrows/ha @ 15 g loose bait per burrow (20 % of 50 burrows) –
3 g bromadiolone required /ha..
1.1.8. Diseases:
Blast:

Use of resistant/tolerant varieties like IR 64, NLR 28600, NLR 28523, MTU 9991,
MTU 1001, MTU 1010

Use of disease free seed.

Dry seed treatment with carbendazim 50WP @ 3.0h/Kg seed or wet seed treatment
with carbendazim solution @1.0g/l of water per Kg seed for 24 hours before sowing.

Adopt clean cultivation

Application of limited nitrogenous fertilizers in more splits

As soon as the disease noticed one of the following chemicals should be sprayed
 Tricyclozole 75WP @ - 0.6g/l
 Edifenphos 50EC @ - 1.0ml/l
 A need based second spray may be given at 10 days after the first
spray.
 In neck blast endemic areas Tricyclozole 75WP @ - 0.6g/l may be
sprayed at advanced boot leaf stage. If needed after emergence of
panicle Edifenphos 50EC @ - 1.0ml/l may be sprayed
Sheath blight:



Use of disease free seed.
Dry or wet seed dressing with carbendazim 50WP
Adopt clean cultivation. Field bund and Crop should be weed free.
To control the disease the following fungicides should be used:
 Propiconazole 25 EC @ 1.0 ml/l or
 Hexaconazole 5 EC @ 2.0 ml/l or
 Validamycin 3L @ 2.0 ml/l
 Second spray should be given at 15 days after the first spray if needed by altering the
chemical.
Stem rot :

Use disease free seed

Burn straw & stubbles in affected area

In endemic areas, spray Validamycin or hexaconazole @ 2.0 ml/l or benomyl @ 1.0
gram/l or carbendazim @ 1.0 gram/l twice at 15 days interval after maximum tillering
stage

Summer ploughing helps in reducing the inoculum
6
1.2. MAIZE
Recommended Hybrids/varieties
The following Hybrids / varieties can be recommended for kharif season.
Hybrids: DHM 103, DHM 105, DHM 111, DHM 113, DHM 115, DHM 117
Varieties: Ashwini, Harsha, Varun
Seciality corn varieties:
Sweet corn: Madhuri, Priya and Win sweet corn, sugar 75
Pop corn: Amber pop corn, Pearl pop corn
Baby corn: Him 129 and DHM 115
Quality protein: Amber shakti, HQPM-1
Time of sowing
Middle of June to middle of July. In case of delayed monsoon, may be extended up to
first week of August with short duration hybrids.
Soils
Deep or medium black soils and red loams with good drainage are preferable. Maize
does not come up well on saline, alkaline and waterlogged soils. The optimum pH range is
between 5.5 to 7.5.
Seed treatment
Seed treatment with Thiram or Captan @ 2kg/seed
Sowing
Seed rate: 18 Kg/ha for normal hybrids, sweet corn 10kg/ha and for baby corn 25
kg/ha.
Method of sowing
Sowing on sides of ridges at a distance of 1/3rd from top facilitates irrigation as well
as drainage. Excess seedlings should be thinned 10 days after emergence to have seedlings
per hill.
Spacing
75 cm x 20 cm or 60 cm x 25 cm. This gives a population of 26,000/ac
Weeding
Pre-emergence spraying atrazine (Atrataf) 50 W.P@ 800g/acre in 200l of water will
control most broad leaved weeds effectively. After 30-35 days, crop may be intercultivated
and later earthed up. Atrazine is recommended when maize is grown as a pure crop.
Fertilizers
For Kharif crop 60-80 kg N+24 kg P2O5 + 20 kg K2O per acre is recommended.
Nitrogen may be applied in two or three splits viz., at sowing, knee-high stage and at flag leaf
emergence. 50 kg of commercial zinc sulphate per ha may be applied if soils are known to be
deficient in available zinc. If symptoms appear later, the crop can be sprayed with 0.2%
solution of zinc sulphate. At the time of second dose of nitrogen, loosen the soil by cultivator
and earthingup, should be done with ridger.
7
Irrigation
Though the crop is grown under rainfed conditions, if drought occurs during
flowering stage, irrigation helps to give good yields. When the crop is in initial stages,
provide proper drainage facilities to drain out excess water in case of heavy down pour.
Plant Protection
a) Pest:- The striped borer (Chilo partellus) infests the crop during Kharif season. These
borer cause dead hearts in early stage of crop. The pest incidence is recognized by the
presence of parallel holes in the leaf blades as well as exit holes on the stem. Generally
hybrids are tolerant to these pests. In endemic areas prophylactic spraying of endosulfan
35 EC @ 2ml/L or application of endosulfan 4 G/Carbofuran 3 G in leaf whorls @ 5
kg/ha is recommended when the crop is 10-12 days old.
b) Diseases:- The important diseases of maize are leaf blight (Helminthosporium turcium),
late wilt (Cephalosporium maydis) and charcoal rot (Macrophomina Phaseolina). Three
sprayings of mancozeb @ 2.5g/L at weekly interval starting from knee-high stage of the
crop controls the leaf blight. Banded leaf and sheath blight is observed in some of the
districts. As and when the symptoms are noticed , stripping of the affected bottom 2-3
leaves along with their sheath and spraying of propiconazole 1ml/L at 40DAS in endemic
areas. For late wilt & charcoal rot, crop rotation, remaining plant debris, summer
ploughing, growing resistant hybrids, avoiding moisture stress after flowering stage
should be followed.
Critical interventions:
 Spraying of endosulfan 2 ml/l of water after 15 days of sowing.
 Keeping the crop weed free up to 45 days.
 Top dressing of urea coinciding with the rains.
 Irrigation at silking and dough stages.
1.3. JOWAR
Varieties
:
PSV-1, CSV-13, CSV-15
Hybrids
:
CSH-9, CSH-13, CSH-16.
Sowing Time
:
On-set of monsoon to middle of July.
Seed rate
:
8-10kg/ha with a spacing of 45cmx12-15 cm
Seed treatment
:
thiram or captan @ 3 g/kg seed
Fertilizers
:
40 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha as basal and another
30 kg N/ha as top dressing at 30 days after
sowing.
Intercropping
:
Sorghum + redgram in 2:1 ratio
8
Weed management
:
Spraying of atrazine @ 0.5 – 1.0 kg a.i/ha as pre
emergence application keeps crop free from
weeds for 20-25 days.
Plant Protection:
Pests:
i) Shootfly:
Early sowing soon after the onset of rains is preferable.
In case of late sowing, treat the seed with furadon 50 SP @ 100g/kg seed. Or
follow soil application of furadon.3G/phorate 10G @ 20 kg/ha in seed
furrows.
ii) Stem borer: Apply endosulphon 4G or carbaryl 5 G @ 12 kg/ha in the leaf whorls thrice
at 20, 30 and 40 days age of the crop.
iii) Jowar midge: Apply once at pre-bloom and again after 4-5 days, carboryl 50SP @
3kg/ha in 500 litres of water or Endosulphon 4D/ carbaryl 5D @ 20 kg/ha.
iv) Ear head bug: Spray the panicles once at the pre-bloom and again at 50% flowering with
Carbaryl 50 SP 3 kg/ha in 500 litres of water or dust Endosulphon
4D/ Carbaryl 5D @ 20 kg/ha.
v) Shoot bug:
Spray Endosulphon 35EC 500 ml in 500 litres of water or dimethoate 35
EC 500 ml in 500 litres of water or dust or Endosulphon 4D @ 12 kg/ha in
the leaf whorl.
vi) Army worm: Spray monocrotophos 35WSC @ 1 liter in 500 litres of water /ha or
phosphomidon 85 EC @ 500 ml in 500 litres of water/ha.
vii) Aphids: Spray metasystox 25 EC @ 1 liter in 500 litres of water/ha or dust malathion
10D @ 20kg/ha.
viii) Mites: Spray dicofol 18.5 EC @ 0.5 litre/250 litres of water/ha or rogor 35EC @ 0.5
litre/250 litres of water.
Diseases:
i)
Leaf blight, Rust and Anthracnose: Spray twice with mancozeb 0.25% at 40
and 60 days after germination.
ii) Sugary disease: Two to three sprays of carbendazim 0.1% or propioconazole 0.1% at
weekly interval from flower initiation to pollination.
iii) Grain molds: Spray twice with Captan 0.2% + 200 ppm auriofungin or captan 0.2% +
dithane M-45 0.2% at the time of seed-setting and grain hardening stages.
Harvest at physiological maturity.
iv) Charcoal rot: Sorghum intercropped with red gram suffers less damage by the disease.
C. Striga: Pre-emergence spraying of Atrazine @ 1.0 kg a.i/ha.
- Spray 5% ammonium sulphate solution or 20% urea solution on Striga plants.
9
1.4. GREENGRAM
Varieties : LGG 450, LGG 407, LGG 460, WGG 2, WGG 37, LGG 410, MGG 295, MGG
347, MGG 348, TM 96-2, ML 267, Pusa 105 and PDM 54.
Soils/Areas: All types of soils with good drainage facilities. Saline soils are not suitable.
Land Preparation: Land should be prepared to fine tilth with 2 ploughings followed by
a harrowing.
Sowing time
: June 15 - July 15
Seed rate
: 15-16 kg/ha
Seed treatment: Carbosulfan 30g/ Imidacloprid 5 ml/ Thiomethoxam 5g +Captan/ Thiram /
Mancozeb / Carbendazim @ 2.5 g per kg seed to protect the crop from all
pests and diseases upto 20-25 days.
Spacing : 30 cm x 10 cm
Fertilizers:20kg N+50Kg P2O5 per ha. Treat the seed with good quality Rhizobium
inoculants
Weed Management:
Keep fields weed free by giving 2-3 hoeings within 25-30 DAS. Application of
fluchloralin @ 2.5 l/ha as pre-sowing incorporation or pre-emergence application of
pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg /ha checks weed growth for the first 20-25 days.
Pest management :
Stemfly : Seed treatment as above. acephate 1g/L or monocrotophos 1.6 ml/l or dimethoate
300 g a.i/ha twice at weekly intervals from 15 days after sowing (if seed treatment
is not followed).
Flea beetles : Seed treatment as above. Spray endosulfan 2ml/L or quinolphos
2ml/L (if seed treatment is not given).
Thrips, Whiteflies, Jassids, Aphids : Seed treatment as above. Spray monocrotophos
1.6g/Lor acephate 1g/L or chlorpyriphos 2.5 m/L soon
after pest appearance (if seed treatment is not given).
Integrated Pest Management for Pod borers like blue butterflies, spotted borers,
tobacco caterpillar, gram caterpillar
1. Deep ploughing in summer reduce the development of further generation.
2. Practice crop rotation.
3. Clean inter cultivation.
4. Practice inter cropping with Jowar, Redgram.
5. Sow guard crops such as Jowar
6. Crop rotation with maize, soybean, sunhemp etc.,
7. Cultivate tolerant varieties.
8. Monitoring of the pests through pheromone traps @ 10/ha during the crop season is
very essential so as to time the spraying schedules at the appropriate period.
9. Encouraging bird predation by keeping bird perches in the field @ 50 /ha
10
10. Removal of egg masses and skeltonised leaves with early instar larvae was found
advantageous particularly for Spodoptera.
11. Spraying of biopesticides like NSKE 5% or Neem oil 5% inhibit the development of
the pests.
12. Foliar application of chlorpyriphos 2.5 ml/lt or Acephate 1 g/lt
useful in
controlling Spodoptera.
13. Prepare as pellets and spread in the field during evening hours will keep the pest
under check in severity for Spodoptera through poison baiting with rice bran 25 kg +
jaggery 3.5 kg + Methomil 800 ml per hectare along with sufficient quantity of water.
14. For spotted and pea pod borers apply Acephate1g/lt or Chlorpyriphos 2.5ml/lt+DDVP
1 ml/lt from pre-flowering stage for checking the pod borers at weekly interval.
15. In severe form use of Spinosad 0.25 ml/lt or Novaluron 1 ml/lt.
Disease management:
Collar rot: Seed treatment as above
Anthracnose, Cercospora leaf spot: Seed treatment as above. Spray carbendazim 0.1% or
mancozeb (0.25%) twice at 10 days interval.
Powdery mildew: Spray carbendazim (0.1%) or Thiophanate methyl (0.1%) twice at 10 days
interval soon after noticing the disease.
Angular black leaf spot : Grow resistant varieties like LGG 407, LGG 450, WGG 2 and
MGG 295. Spray carbendazim (0.1%) twice at 10 days interval.
Bacterial leaf spot : Soak the seed in paushamycin suspension 0.1 g in 1 L. water per 1 kg
seed for 30 minutes. Spray twice with mancozeb 1.5 g + copper
oxychloride 4.0 g at 12 days interval.
Yellow mosaic virus : Grow resistant varieties like LGG 407, LGG 460, LGG 450, WGG 37,
ML 267, PDM 54. Control whitefly, to check further spread.
Leaf curl virus: Seed treatment with Carbosulphon 30g/ Imidacloprid 5 ml/ Thiomethoxam
5g per kg seed.
Post harvest technology : Store properly dried seed in nylon bag or polythene bag or
compactly knitted gunny bags.
1.5. BLACKGRAM
Varieties : LBG 752, LBG 20, LBG 623, T9, WBG 26, MBG 207, PBG1, PantU 31, TAU 1.
Yellow mosaic virus resistant varieties : LBG 752, T9, Pant U 31.
Soils/Areas: Medium to deep black soils with good moisture retentive capacity. Avoid
cultivation of blackgram on light soils and in areas of uncertain rainfall, as it is sensitive to
moisture stress.
Land preparation :Land should be prepared to fine tilth with 2 ploughings followed by
a harrowing.
Sowing time
: June 15 - July 15
Seed rate
: 18-20 kg/ha
Seed treatment : Carbosulfan 30 g / Imidacloprid 5 ml/ Thiomethoxam 5g + Cap tan/
Thiram / Mancozeb / Carbendazim @ 2.5 g per kg seed.
11
Spacing : 30 cm x 10 cm
Manures and fertilizers including bio-fertilizers and micronutrients etc. :
20 kg N+ 50 Kg P2O5 per ha. Treat the seed with good quality Rhizobium
inoculants. Apply FYM if available.
Weed management:
One or two hoeings. Keep the field weed free upto 30 DAS. Apply Fluchloralin @
2.5 l/ha as pre-sowing incorporation or Pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg /ha as pre-emergence.
Irrigation : Rainfed
Pest management : Same as in greengram
Disease management :
Collar rot : Seed treatment as above.
Anthracnose, Cercospora and Alternaria leaf spots : Spray twice carbendazim (0.1%) or
thiophanate methyl (0.1%) or mancozeb (0.25%) at 15 days interval.
Corynespora leaf spot : Spray twice copper oxychloride (0.3%) or mancozeb (0.25%) at 10
days interval.
Powdery mildew : Spray twice carbendazim (0.1%) or thiophanate methyl (0.1%) at 10 days
interval soon after the appearance of the disease.
Rust : Spray twice karathane (0.1%) + mancozeb (0.3%) or tridemorph (0.1%) twice at
weekly
interval at 50-55 DAS.
Yellow mosaic virus : Grow resistant varieties such as LBG 752,T9 and Pant U 31 for YMV
and follow seed treatment with Carbosulphan 30 g/ Imidacloprid 5 ml/ Thiomethoxam 5g per
kg of seed both for YMV and leaf curl.
1.6. REDGRAM
Varieties :
LRG 41, LRG 30, LRG 38, ICP 8863, ICPL 332, ICPL 87119,
(Medium duration) MRG 66ICPL 85063, , PRG 100, WRG 27, PRG 158, MRG 1004,
WRG 53.
Short duration :
ICPL 84031 (Durga), ICPL 85010, CORG 9701
Wilt resistant varieties: ICP 8863, ICPL 87119.
SMD resistant varieties: ICPL 87119, BSMR 736, BSMR 853.
Soils/areas: All types of soils with good drainage. Saline soils not suitable.
Land preparation :Land should be prepared to fine tilth by ploughing 2 to 3 times followed
by a harrowing.
Seed rate : Medium duration varieties
: 5-10 kg/ha
Short duration varieties : 15-18 kg/ha depending on type of soils.
12
Spacing : Medium duration varieties : 150 to 240cm x 20 cm (depending on soil type)
Short duration varieties : 90cm x 20 cm (black soils) or 60 x 20 cm (light soils)
Sowing/planting with cut off dates : 15th June – August.
Manures and fertilizers including bio-fertilizers and micronutrients etc. :
Apply 20 N + 50 P2O5 kg/ha as basal dose. Treat the seed with Rhizobium cultures.
Weed management : One or two hoeings to keep the crop free from weeds upto 60 DAS or
application of Fluchloralin @ 2.5 L/ha as pre sowing incorporation checks weed growth.
Plant Protection
Integrated pest management of Helicoverpa
I.







Cultural
Summer ploughing
Avoid mono-cropping
Follow crop rotation
Adopt wider row spacing (more than 2 meters)
Use recommended dose of fertilizers
Cultivate tolerant/recouping varieties (LRG41, ICPL332, ICPL 84060, LRG38, LRG 30)
Grow intercrops
(Kharif: Sorghum, Soybean, Gingelly, Greengram, Blackgram, Greengram, Dry paddy,
Bajra)
(Rabi) : Coriander, Cowpea, Greengram, Blackgram, Groundnut)
 Grow single variety on large scale
 Sow rabi redgram during October first fortnight.
 Cultivate short duration varieties in Telangana
II. Mechanical
 Monitor with Pheromone traps @ 10/ha
 Dislodge the larvae by shaking the plants
III. Biological
 Release Trichogramma twice at weekly intervals @ 65000/ha
 Keep bird perches @ 50/ha
 Spray NPV and B.T. (NPV @ 500 LE/ha or B.T. @ 1 kg/ha)
IV. Plant products
 Use Neem oil @ 5 ml/1 or Repelin @ 10 ml/1 or NSKE @ 50 g/1
V. Synthetic pesticides
 Follow need based application
 Avoid cocktail mixtures.
 Aim the sprayings at early instars
 Apply Endosulfan @ 2 ml/lt or Chlorpyriphos @ 2.5 ml/lt or Quinolphos @ 2 ml/lt or
Acephate @ 1 g/lt alternatively during the flowering & pod formation stage.
 Ensure thorough coverage (900-1000 l/ha)
 Use Hydraulic/Pneumatic hand compression sprayers (900-1000 l/ha)
 Discourage synthetic pyrethroids
 Avoid sub-lethal dosage
 Adopt community approach
13
Maruca Pod borer: Spray a combination of chlorpyriphos 2.5 ml + Nuvan 1.0ml/L of water.
Pod fly : Monocrotophos 1.6 ml/L or acephate 1.0 g/L at the time of seed
development on need basis.
Disease management :
Wilt : Grow resistant varieties, ICPL 87119 and ICPL 8863
Sterility mosaic virus : Grow resistant varieties, ICPL 85063, BSMR 853, BSMR 736,
ICPL 87119.
Macrophomina blight : Grow resistant variety, MRG 66, MRG 1004.
Post harvest technology :
Properly dried produce can be stored in nylon bag, polythene lined gunny bag or
compactly knitted gunny bag upto a period of 180 days.
1.7. SOYBEAN
Varieties : JS 335, PK 1029, MACS 58, MACS 201, MACS 124, MACS 450, PK 471, PK
472, LSb-1, JS 80-21.
Soils/Areas : Medium clay soils, light soils under irrigation.
Land preparation : Plough the field twice followed by harrowing to achieve fine tilth.
Seed rate : 50-65 kg/ha
Seed treatment : Seed treatment with captan or thiram @ 3 g and carbosulfan @ 30g/kg
seed. Treat the seed with Rhizobium japonicum Bacteria before sowing.
Spacing : Red soils - 30 cm x 7.5 cm
Black soils - 45 cm x 5.0 cm
Sowing : End of July to 1st F.N. of August for coastal region
Manures and fertilizers: 30 N + 60 P2O5 + 40 K20 kg/ha, if inoculated with Rhizobium.
60 to 90 N + 60 P2O5 + 40 K20 kg/ha, if not inoculated. Use of FYM and sulphur containing
fertilizers should be encouraged. Treat the seed with Rhizobium japonicum.
Weed management :
Keep the crop free from weeds upto 45 DAS. One to two
Pendimethalin @ 3.3 L/ha as pre-emergence to check weed growth.
hoeings.
Use
Irrigation :
Under I.D. conditions irrigate at critical stages i.e., at pre-flowering and pod filling
stages.
14
Pest Management:
Stemfly : Spray monocrotophos 1.6ml/L or acephate 1.0g/l.
Leaf folder/Webber and Spodoptera exigua : Methyl parathion 1.0ml/l or quinalphos
2.0ml/L or acephate 1.0 g/l.
Gram caterpillar : Quionolphos 2.0ml/l or chlorpyriphos 2.5 ml/l.
Pod borers including Spodoptera : Collection and destruction of egg masses and
skeletonized leaves. Need based spray with Quionolphos 2.0 ml/l or chlorpyriphos 2.5 ml/l.
Whitefly : Triazophos 0.75 ml/l or Nictotine sulphate 0.5 kg a.i/ha or Neem oil
formulations 5 ml/l.
Jassids : Monocrotophos 1.6 ml/l.
Thrips : Acephate 1.0g/l
Disease Management :
Cercospora leaf spot : Spray carbendazim @ 0.1%
Alternaria blight : Seed treatment with captan or thiram @ 3 g/kg of seed.
Rust : mancozeb @ 1.5 kg/ha
Bacterial leaf spot : Chlormycitin 100 ppm
Mosaic : Acephate 1 g/L to check vector
YMV : Triazophos 0.2 kg a.i/ha or dimethoate 0.3 kg a.i/ha to check whitefly.
Harvesting and Post Harvesting Technology :
The crop is harvested when the majority of leaves have become golden yellow and
ready to fall and the lower pods are yellowish and dry. Seed is to be dried properly to a
moisture level of 11-12% before storage.
15
1.8. COTTON
Varieties (hirsutum)
:
MCU 5, LRA 5l66, Kanchana (LPS 141), L 389, L 603, L 604 & NA 1325
(Narasimha)
Desi
:
Aravinda, MDL 1875 (Veena)
Hybrids
:
H 6, JKHy l, H 8, LAHH 4,
NHH 44, Savitha & NSPHH 5
Bt. Hybrids
:
Private hybrids found suitable during
past 3 years in a specific location may be
selected
Soil/Areas
:
Deep black soils and red soils with
irrigation and good drainage
Land preparation
:
Deep ploughing once in 3 to 4 years with disc or mould board plough facilitates deep
infiltration of water and charging of soil profile with large quantities of water. The land has
to be ploughed 2 to 3 times and worked with harrow to bring the soil to good tilth. Seeds can
be dibbled by maintaining spacing in between plants after running a marker in both the
directions. For irrigated crop, ridges and furrows are to be formed at recommended spacings
after deep ploughing.
Seed rate
:
Varieties (hirsutum)
:
8 kg/ha
Desi
:
10-12 kg/ha
Hybrids / Bt. Hybrids
:
2.5 kg/ha
Seed treatment
:
For acid delinting seed should be treated with 80-l00 ml H2 SO4 per 1kg of seed for 23 minutes followed by thorough washing with water 2-3 times and to remove the acid, it
should be washed with lime to neutralize. Seed dressing with appropriate insecticide,
imidachloprid 70 WS @ 5 g/kg or thiomethoxam 70 WS @ 4g/kg. Seed treatment with
paushamycin / plantomycin l00 mg + carboxin 1 g/l of water and allow to soak for 6-8 hrs
and then shade dry.
Bt. Cotton Cultivation
Bt.Cotton is resistant to bollworms, while control measures for sucking pests may
have to be taken up.
Initial boll laod in Bt cotton hybrids is more, hence early scheduling of fertilizers
would help meet the demand.
Spacing
:
Varieties (hirsutum)
:
l05 cm x 60 cm
Desi
:
45 cm x 15 cm (or) 60 x 22 cm
Hybrids (non Bt)
:
l20 cm x 60 cm
Bt. Hybrids
:
90cm X 45cm
Sowing/Planting with cut off dates :
Red soils
:
June - July
Black soils
:
July - August
16
Inter cropping
:
Suggested inter crops in non Bt cotton are black gram / green gram / soybean in 1:2
ratio.
Thinning and gap filling
Gap filling should be done 10 days after sowing. Excess seedlings should be removed
within three weeks, retaining 2 plants per hill in case of varieties, one plant per hill in case of
hybrids.
Fertilizers
Varieties
90 kg N + 45 kg P2O5 + 45 kg K2O/ha. Entire P as basal, N and K in three splits 30,
60 and 90 DAS.
Hybrids
l20 N, 60 P2O5, 60 K2O kg/ha. Entire P as basal, N and K in three splits 30, 60, 90
DAS.
Bt. Hybrids : The recommended N and K should be given in 4-5 splits at 20 days interval
starting from 20 DAS
Correction of micro nutrient deficiencies in cotton:
For correcting magnesium deficiency spray MgSO4 @l% twice at 45 and 75 DAS,
while for Boron, Borax @ 0.l% to 0.l5% twice at 60 and 90 DAS. For correcting zinc
deficiency spray ZnSO4 @ 0.2% twice at weekly interval is recommended.
Weed management :
Spray pendimethalin @ 3.3–5l/ha immediately or within 3 days of sowing. Inter
cultivation with blade harrow, tyned harrow upto 60 DAS..
Irrigation : 2-3 irrigations depending upon soil type.
Pest Management in Cotton
1. Growing intercrop for increasing the effectiveness of natural enemies
2. Growing fodder Jowar or maize as barrier crops around cotton and castor and marigold as
trap crop in between cotton rows.
3. Seed dressing with imidacloprid 5g/kg seed or thiomethoxam 4g/kg seed.
4. Stem application with monocrotophos or imidacloprid at 1:4 or 1:20 dilution at 20,
40 and 60 DAS for controlling aphids and leafhoppers in initial stages of crop growth.
5. Monitoring pests by using sticky, pheromone and light traps. The adult monitoring
should be supported by egg and larval monitoring.
6. Bird perches @ 10 to 20 per acre for encouraging bird predation on bollworm larvae.
7. Release of Trichogramma egg parasite @ 1,50,000/ha and chrysopa egg larval
predator @ 10000/ha, as soon as the first brood of bollworms are noticed.
8. Use of biopesticides Helio NPV @ 500 LE/ha or Bt formulation @1lit/ha or neem
seed kernel extract (5%) in synchrony with incidence of young larva of Helicoverpa.
Neem oil formulation to manage whitefly initially.
9. Hand collection and destruction of egg masses and skeletonised leaves in respect
of
Spodoptera.
17
10.Removal of top leaves by topping of cotton plants when maximum egg laying of
Helicoverpa armigera is noticed (October-November months period)
11.Need based application of insecticides.
Aphids/Jassid /Thrips - Monocrotophos
- 1.5ml/l
Imidacloprid200SL - 0.4ml/l
Acetamiprid
- 0.2g/l
Thiomethoxam
- 0.2g/l
Acephate
- 1.5g/l
Whitefly
Triazophos
- 2.0ml/l
Profenophos
- 2.0ml/l
NSKE
- 5%l
Neem oil
- 5ml/l
Red mite
Wettable sulphur - 3g/l
Dicofol
- 5.0ml/l
Boll Worms
Endosulfan
- 2ml/l
Quinalphos
- 2.5 ml/l
Chlorpyriphos
- 3.0ml/l
Acephate
- 1.5 g/l
Triazophos
- 2.0ml/l
Thiodicarb
- 1.5g/l
Profenophos
- 2.0ml/l
Indoxacarb
- 1.0ml/l
Spinosad
- 0.3ml/l
Emamectin benzoate- 0.5g/l
Novaluron
- 1ml/l
Lufenuron
- 1ml/l
12. Use of poison bait for Spodoptera @ 10 kg rice bran +1 kg jaggery + 1 liter
chlorpyriphos or 250g thiodicarb per acre
13. Removal of cotton stubbles after last picking without prolonging the crop
growth to break the cycles of pests
Pink bollworm
1. Use of acid delinted seed only.
2. Adopting efficient and timely agronomic practices such as use of organic manures and
recommended doses of ‘N’ fertilizers.
3. Keep the crop free from weeds.
4. Regular monitoring for pest build up with field scouting and pheromone traps.
5. Destroy pink bollworm larva in rosette flowers and also through periodical removal of
dropped squares, dried flowers and pre-mature bolls, to suppress pest population in the
initial stages.
6. Avoid ratooning and summer cotton.
7. Allow cattle sheep and goat to graze upon immature green bolls and attacked bolls after
final picking to prevent carry over of pests to the next season.
8. Prompt removal and destruction of cotton stubbles to prevent carry over of pests to the
next season.
9. Restrict the movement of cotton seed from other areas /states.
10. Need based use of insecticides.
Spraying of persistence insecticides like quinolphos/chlorpyriphos @
2.5 ml/L or thiodicarb @ 1.5g/l or synthetic pyrethroids at 10 days
interval depending on the crop stage.
18
Mealy bug
1. Removal of weeds on bunds and main field which are source of infestation.
2. Stem application with monocrotophos @1:4 is highly effective at vegetative phase.
3. At initial stage of infestation, where few plants are affected removal of mealy bugs on
individual plants by swabbing with cotton cloth soaked in monocrotophos @ 2ml/l
solution using hand gloves, prevents spread of incidence.
4.
Removal and destruction of dried plants that are completely infested with mealy bugs.
5. Spraying of insecticides like acephate 5g/l, malathion @ 2ml/l or triazophos @ 2ml/l or
monocrotophos @ 2ml/l during early stages of infestation. When the incidence is high
50% higher doses of these chemicals may be sprayed.
6. For improving the efficacy of insecticide stickers like sandovit or teepol or surf powder
@ 1ml or 1g/l should be used along with insecticides.
7. Ensure thorough coverage of the plant with spray fluid.
Disease Management :
Blackarm
Seed treatment with 80-l00 ml concentrated sulphuric acid. Use of resistant
varieties like L-389. Removal and destruction of infected seedlings. Seed soaking in
antiboitic (Paushamycin/Agrimycin 100 mg/l) solution along with vitavax 1 g for 6-8 hours
will eliminate seed borne diseases. Agrimycin 0.01% + copper oxychloride 0.3% at
fortnightly intervals for 3 rounds.
Root rot
Seed treatment with carbendazim 2g/kg of seed. Drenching with copper
oxychloride @ 3 g/l of water around the base of affected plants.
Leaf spots
Mancozeb 0.25% or copper oxychloride 0.3% for 4-5 times at l5 days interval.
Greymidlew
Wettable sulphur at 3g/l or carbendazim 1g/L of water for 2-3 rounds at 7 day interval.
Bollrots
Commonly used conventional insecticides along with fungicides and antibiotics.
Harvesting and Post Harvesting Technology:
Kapas from fully opened bolls should be collected during cooler times of the day.
Kapas picked should be free from debris like dried leaves, dried bracts etc., Kapas from the
first and last pickings should not be mixed with middle pickings, which are of better quality.
Kapas damaged by bollworms should be picked separately. The cleaned kapas is to be
graded and stored in heaps or in gunny boras in dry and well ventilated godowns.
19
1.9. CHILLIES
Varieties
: G3, LCA 235, LCA206, G4, Sindhur, LCA305, LCA 334
Soils
: Black soils, Chalka soils, Sandy loams and Red loams
Seed rate
: Nursery 650 g/40 m2
Direct sowings
: 6.25 kg/ha.
Seed treatment
: Imidacloprid @ 8g / kg seed followed by 3 g Captan / kg seed.
(or) Soil application of Fipronil granules @ 80g/ 40sqm nursery
followed by 3 g Captan / kg seed.
Spacing
: Irrigated : 56 cm X 56 cm or 60 cm X 60 cm - two seedlings per hill
Rainfed : 56 cm X 15 cm – Single seedling per hill.
Sowing / planting
: Direct sowing : July to Aug.
Nursery
: July
Transplanting : September.
Fertilizers
:
Intercultivation
: Work with blade harrow or tyned harrow or junior hoe and
finally with plough.
Irrigation
: 3-4 irrigations.
Pest Control
Thrips
:
: acephate 1.5 g or fipronil 2 ml or spinosad 0.25ml or
chlorfenpyl 2 ml, difenthurion1.5 g or monocrotophos 1.5
ml or phosalone 3 ml or carbaryl 3g/L of water.
: Dicofol 5 ml or Wettable sulphur 3 g or Micronised sulphur
2.5 g/L of water.
: Monocrotophos 1.5 ml or acephate 1.5 g or
Methyl-o- demoton 2 ml / L of water.
Mites
Aphids
Pod borers
Rainfed : 80N + 40 P2O5 + 50 K2O kg/ha
Irrigated : 300 N + 60 P2O5 + 80 K2O kg/ha
: Thiodicarb 1 g or Spinosad 0.23ml or acephate 1.5 g or
chloripyriphos 2.5 ml / L of water.
Disease Control:
Damping off : Seed treatment with Captan @ 2.5 g / kg seed.
Drench the seed bed with 1% bordeaux mixture or Copper oxychloride0.3 %,
2-3 times at weekly interval starting from 13th day of sowing.
Choanephora blight: Spraying 1 g streptocyclin mixed with 30 g of Copper oxychloride
per 10 L of water twice at one week interval.
Bacterial leaf spot
: Streptocyclin 0.1 g + 3 g Copper oxychloride per liter of
water 3- 4 times.
20
Cercospora leaf spot : Spray carbendazim @ 1g/L or mancozeb @ 3g/L of water 2-3
times at one week interval.
Dieback or Fruit rot: Seed treatment with Captan @ 2.5 g/kg seed. Spray Captan 1.5g/L or
mancozeb 2.5 g/L
or copper oxy
chloride
3.0g/L
or
propiconazole@ 1ml, difenconazole 0.5ml/L, copper hydroxide 2.5g/L
of water of water 3-4 times.
Powdery mildew
: Spray karathane 1 ml/L or wettable sulphur 3 g/L of water.
Virus complex :
Treat the seed with Imidacloprid @ 8 g/kg seed against thrips to prevent PBNV
Control vector by applying furadon granules 3 G @ 30 kg / ha or Fipronil granules @
20kg/ha twice at 15 & 45 days after transplantation.
Select virus resistant varieties like LCA 334, G 4, LCA 235 and LCA 305.
Sowing of barrier crops like jowar , maize or sunflower.
Destroy alternate weed hosts on field bunds.
Harvesting: Harvest fully ripe fruits at periodical intervals.
Tips for quality improvement of chilli
1. Timely harvests improve quality of chilli
2. Delayed harvests develop wrinkles on pods due to over ripening
3. Heap the ripe pods overnight to get uniform ripening
4. Avoid insecticide sprays before picking to prevent pesticide residues
5. Dry the produce till the moisture reaches 10-11% level
6. Optimum drying of the harvested chilli on polythene sheets or cement floors to prevent
Aflatoxins
7. Keep the produce free from dust and other foreign material while drying to prevent
contamination. Keep the dogs, cats and poultry away from the drying floor
8. Sort out the damaged and white spotted fruits to market the graded quality produce
9. Cold storage retain colour and quality of produce and fetch remunerative price
10. Do not use any chemical for improvement of color
like Sudan R-I as they are
hazardous(toxic) and are prohibited for use
11. Do not write with ink on chilli filled gunnies to prevent contamination of toxic chemical
Rhodomine B which will be absorbed.
21
1.10. GROUNDNUT
Soils:
Red sandy soils
Red sandy loams
Light clay loams
Varieties:
Season
Suitability
kharif
a) For Scarce Rainfall areas
Varieties
Duration(days )
Kadiri-9 Kadiri Harithandhra, Greeshma
105- 110 days
Vemana ,Kadiri-5, Kadiri-6, Tirupati-4,
Narayani, Abhaya, ICGV-91114
b) For excess rainfall
Tirupati-3, Kadiri-7Bold, Kadiri-8 Bold
125 – 130 days
conditions
Vemana, Kadiri-5,Abhaya, Kadiri-9
105 – 110 days
c) For assured rainfall areas Kadiri-7 Bold, Kadiri-8Bold
125 – 130 days
with supplementary
Vemana, Kadiri-5, kadiri-6 Kadiri-9 Kadiri 105 – 110 days
irrigations
Harithandra
Greeshma Tirupati-4,
Narayani, Abhaya, ICGV-91114
d) Varieties having
Kadiri-9 Kadiri Harithandra Greeshma 105 – 110 days
tolerance to leaf spot
Vemana, Kadiri-5,Abhaya
e) Nematode infected areas Tirupati-3
125-130 days
Kalahasti , Prasuna
100 - 105 days
f) For delayed Monsoons
Kadiri-4, Kadiri-5, Greeshma,
90-100 days
g) Varieties having drought Kadiri-9, Greeshma, Vemana, Kadiri-5, 105 – 110 days
tolerance
Abhaya, ICGV-91114
h) For rice fallow
Kadiri-4, Kadiri-5, Kadiri-6, Greeshma, 95-100 days
conditions
Kadiri Harithandra TAG-24
i) Coastal sands
Vemana, Kadiri-4, Kadiri-6, Tirupati-4, 105 – 110 days
Greeshma TAG-24 & Narayani
Land preparation:
 Prepare the land till fine tilth is attained. It facilitates root growth, peg penetration and
pod development.
 Ploughing increases moisture conservation exposes insect larvae, egg masses & diseases.
 Weeds and clods are to be avoided.
Seed rate:
Seed rate of Groundnut depends on variety and season.
Varieties
Kharif
JL-24, Vemana, Tirupati-3, Tirupati-4, 60 kg. kernel/ acre
Narayani, ICGS 44, Kadiri-6, Kalahasti
TMV-2, JCG-88, Kadiri – 4, Tag – 24, Tag – 50 kg. kernel/acre
25, Abhaya, ICGV91114, Kadiri-5, Kadiri-7
Bold, Kadiri-8Bold, Kadiri-9, Greeshma,
Kadiri Harithandra.
Seed treatment
 Rhizobial inoculation is necessary for groundnut in non-traditional areas.
 Seed treatment with Imidacloprid 2ml/Kg seed, followed by mancozeb @3g/kg seed.
 If the seed is dormant, soak it in 0.05% ethrel solution for 12 hours followed by shade
drying.
 Trichoderma viride seed treatment @ 4g/kg seed.
22
Spacing:
Varieties
Spacing (cm)
Vemana, Tirupati-4, JL-24, TMV-2, Kadiri-5, Kadiri-6, Narayani, 30 cm x 10 cm
ICGV – 91114, Kadiri-9, Greeshma, Kadiri Harithandra.
ICGS-11, 44, Tirupati-3, Kadiri-7 Bold, Kadiri-8 Bold.
30 cm x 15 cm
Method of sowing
 Ferti-cum-Seed drill may be used for sowing the seed.
 Ensure sufficient soil moisture while sowing the seed.
 Ensure seed placement at a depth of 5 cm
Sowing time:
 North Coastal Andhra – First fortnight of June to last week of June
Fertilizers
 Application of farm yard manure / compost @ 10 tonnes/ha once in 2-3 seasons.
 NPK recommendations should on soil test basis.
 Apply 20 N + 40 P2O5 + 50 K2O kg ha-1 as basal. Phosphorus should be applied through
single super phosphate.
 Apply Gypsum @ 500 kg ha-1 at flowering stage by placement.
 Wherever zinc deficiency is observed, apply Zinc Sulphate 50 kg ha-1 once in 3 seasons.
 Wherever Iron deficiency is noticed on the crop, spray 0.5% ferrous sulphate along with
0.1% citric acid once in three days in two times.
 In Nagarjunasagar ayacut where groundnut is grown, application of 20 kg P2O5 is
necessary.
 Seed treatment with Rhizonbium and soil application of Phosphorus solubulising bactria
will recduce the chemical fertilizer requirement.
Weed Management:
 Crop must be weed free up to 45 days after sowing.
 Intercultivation at 20 and 40 DAS followed by one hand weeding.
 The crop should not be disturbed by weeding or inter cultivation after 45 DAS.
 Preplanting application of Fluchloralin @ 2.5 to 3 l./ ha.
 Pre-emergence application of Butachlor /Metalachlore/ Pendimethalin @ 2.5 to 3 l./ ha. or
Oxyflourfen 1.5 to 2.0 l./ha followed by one intercultivation and one hand weeding will
effectively control the weeds.
 Wherever, pre-emergence herbicides could not apply, weeds can be controlled by postemergence herbicides by spraying Imazethaphyr @ 750 ml/ha or Quizalofop ethyl @ 1.0
l/ha at 20 DAS.
 In heavy soils higher dose of chemical should be used. .
Irrigation Management:
 Groundnut crop requires on average 400 to 450 mm depth of water.
 Good crop of groundnut requires 8-9 irrigations at 10 day interval starting from 25 DAS.
 After the crop is established, it is necessary to with held irrigation for about 25 days to
create stress which helps in synchronization of flowering.
 The last irrigation is to be at 90 days after sowing.
 24-30 % irrigation water can be saved due to sprinklers with water productivity of 5.13
kg/ha/mm.
23
Soil moisture conservation practices should be followed in rainfed crop Viz.,
 Apply 5 tonnes of groundnut shells per acre at 15-20 DAS as mulch to reduce evaporation
losses of soil moisture
 To reduce transpiration losses fromcrop canopy, spray calcium sulphate solution (50g/l)
 Spray urea solution (20g/l) during dry spell period in order to make recover the crop from
stress.
Critical stages fo water requirement: Flowering , peg penetration and pod development.
Pest management
Red hairy caterpillar:
 Pre-monsoon deep ploughing (two/three times) will expose the hibernating pupae to
sunlight and predatory birds.
 Removal and destruction of alternate wild hosts which harbour the red hairy caterpillars.
 Monitor the emergence of adult moths through light trap.
 Organize bonfires on community basis from 7 PM to 9 PM to attract the newly emerging
moths for the 3 succeeding days.
 Collect and destroy egg masses and early instars larvae.
 Dust quinolphos or carbaryl @ 25 kg/ha to control early instars of the caterpillar.
 To control grown up larvae, spray dimethoate @ 2.0ml or monocrotophos @ 1.6ml/l of
water.
 Use trap crops around main crop like cowpea
 Trap and kill the migrating larvae in deep cut straight trenches by dusting Methyl
parathion 2% in the trench around the field.
Root grub
 Ploughing of the fields should be done so that larvae get exposed to birds.
 Apply phorate 10 G granules @ 1.5 kg a.i./ha at the time of sowing or seed treatment with
chlorpyriphos @ 6 ml/kg of seed.
 Pre-monsoon deep ploughing (two/three times) will expose the hibernating pupae to
sunlight and prepararoxy birds.
 Seed treatment with chlorpyriphos @ 6 ml /kg in root grub problem fields or
Imidachloprid 2ml/kg seed.
Leaf miner
 Collection and destruction of moths by setting light traps early in the season.
 Spraying of quinolphos 0.05% or monocrotophos @ 0.05% should be followed.
Tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura)
 Monitor the pest from September last week onwards by pheromone traps @ 4 per acre.
 Collection and destruction of egg masses and damaged leaves along with gregarious
larvae.
 Spray neem oil (5ml) or chlorpyriphos (2.5 ml) or monocrotophos 2.0 ml per liter of
water during early stages.
 Arrange bird perches @ 10 per acre.
 Spray N.P.V. 200 LE/acre in early stages.
 Make deep plough furrow around the field and dust with methyl parathion or
endosulfan dust to control migratory caterpillars.
 For late instar (3rd onwards) larvae spray Thiodicarb 1.0 g or Novaluron 1.0 ml or
Chlorfenpyr 2.0 ml/l. of water.
 Use poison bait to attract and control late instar larvae per hac.
24
Rice bran
12.5 kg
Jaggery
1.25 kg
Carbaryl
1.25 kg (or)
Monocrotophos
1.25 litres (or)
Methomyl
0.75 kg
Water
10-12 litres
Mix the above and make small pellets and apply them in one acre, during evening hours.
Egg masses can be easily identified on lower side of leaves, collect and destroy them.
Papery white leaves can easily be identified and collected along with gregarious larvae.
If more than 10 adults are trapped in pheromone traps, then observe for egg masses on
leaves. Spray NPV during evening hours only.
Sucking pests (Jassids, Aphids and Thrips)
 Spraying of monocrotophos1.6ml or dimethoate 2.0ml or Imidachlopride 0.4ml/l of water
Storage Pests
 Groundnut bruchid which occurs in storage.
 Spray 5% malathion on pod and gunny bags.
 Fumigation with aluminum phosphide tablets 3-5 tables/ton of groundnut
 Mixing neem oil 5 ml/kg of pods to protect from bruchid.
Disease management
Tikka leaf spot
 Seed treatment with mancozeb @ 3 g/kg of the seed.
 Growing tolerant varieties viz., Vemana, Kadiri Harithandra, JCG-88, Abhaya and Kadiri
7 bold
 Spraying of mancozeb 1000 g + Carbendazim 500 g /ha or Hexaconazole @ 1000 ml or
Chlorothalonil @ 1000 g or Tebuconazole @ 500 ml/ha in 500 liter of water at fortnightly
intervals from first disease appearance.
 Removal of infected plant debris
Rust
 Removal of infected free areas
 Collect seed from disease free areas
 Seed treatment with 3 g of mancozeb/kg of seed
 Spraying of mancozeb 1000 g or Chlorothalonil 1000 g or Tridemorph 1000 g /ha in 500
liter of water at 15 days interval starting from disease appearance.
Collar rot
 Select healthy seed
 Seed treatment with mancozeb 3 g/kg or Captan 2 g/kg of seed
 Deep sowing of seed should be avoided
 Deep ploughing of fields and destruction of plant debris
 Crop rotation with chickpea reduces the disease
Stem rot
 Deep ploughing in summer
 Selection of healthy seed
 Seed treatment with mancozeb @ 3 g/kg of seed
 Soil application before sowing with Trichoderma viride developed by mixing 225 kg
farm yard manure +25 kg neem cake + 5 kg Trichoderma viride/ha and allow to grow for
15 days under shade
 Gypsum application @ 500 kg/ ha
 Timely management of foliar diseases leads to reduction of incidence of stem rot
25
Peanut Stem Necrosis Disease (PSND)





Seed treatment with Imidachloprid @ 2 ml/Kg of seed
Weds such as Parthenium hysterophorus, Tridax procumbence, Ageratum conyzoides,
Cleome viscose, Commelina benghalensis, Vernonia cineraria, Achyranthus aspera,
Acanthospermum hispidum. Acalypha sp. should be removed before flowering in and
around the field
Barrier crops namely bajra, maize and sorghum should be planted in 4-8 rows around the
groundnut field. These will prevent thrips and wind borne weed pollen carrying virus
Grow inter crop with bajra/ sorghum/ maize in the ratio of 7:1 or 11:1
Spraying of monocrotophos @ 800 ml or Dimethoate @ 1000 ml or Imidachloprid @ 200
ml/ha in 500 liters of water at 25-30 days after sowing
Harvesting




Should be done at right stage of maturity
At the time of 70-80% leaves and stems turn yellow
When the inner side of the shell turn black
When sufficient moisture is available in the root zone
Storage



Seed should not contain more than 9% moisture for storage
Prefer poly ethylene/gunny bags for storage
Spray Malathion 5ml/liter of water once in 2-3 weeks on storage bags against storage pests.
TIPS FOR INCREASING PRODUCTION

Deep summer ploughing

Adoption of quality seed of HYVs

Use small seed with out shrivelling of improved varieties

Seed treatment

Adoption of recommended seed rate

Adoption of Ferti-cum- seed drill to ensure right placement of seed and fertilizer

Ensure optimum population

Adopt recommended fertilizer dose

Apply Gypsum and SSP to provide calcium and Sulphur

Avoid inter cultivation/weeding after 45 DAS, but earthing up should be done.

Adopt IPM Package

Practice crop rotation and intercropping

Use mechanization for sowing, inter cultivation ,harvesting and stripping to reduce cost
of cultivation
26
1.11. SESAMUM
Soils: Low lying soils with water stagnation, acidic and saline soils are not suitable.
Recommended varieties/hybrids:
S.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Variety
Gouri
Madhavi
YLM-11
YLM-17
Chandana
Duration
(Days)
85
70
80
75
85
Yield
(Kg/ac)
300
250
350
300
,,
Oil Content
(%)
50
50-51
53
52-53
50-51
Seed colour
Special Characters
Dark Brown
Light Brown
Dark Brown
Light Brown
Dark brown
Tolerant to gall fly
Suitable for sequence cropping
Matures at a time
Tolerant to powdery mildew
Tolerant to phyllody
Sowing Season: Second fortnight of May.
Seed Rate and Sowing: Treat one-kilogram seed with 3 g capton/ thiram/ mancozeb. Sow 2
kg seed mixed with 6kg sand/ac with seed drill, after 2-4 ploughings and leveling with 2
harrowings, adopting 30x15cm spacing.
Nutritional Management: Basal application of 4 t of FYM, 24 Kg each of N and P2O5
(Calcium and Sulphur will also be available when applied in the form of Single super
phosphate) /ac.
Irrigation: Irrigate immediately after sowing and irrigate during flowering and seed set (3570 days).
Intercultivation: Thinning should be done 15 DAS and harrowing at 20-25 DAS.
PEST MANAGEMENT
Sucking pests
Spray Dimethoate (2ml) or monocrotophos (1.6 ml)/l.
Semilooper and pod borer
Spray monocrotophos (1.6 ml)/ endosulphon (2 ml) Chloripyriphos (2.5 ml)/l.
Gallfly
Spray monocrotophos (1.6 ml) or endosulphon/ dimethoate (2 ml)/l.
Bihary hairy caterpiller:
Spray endosulphon (2 ml) or Chloripiriphos (2.5 ml)/acephate(1g) per L.
Disease Management
Root and stem rot:
* Treat the seed with Thiram or capton or Carbendazim @ 3 g/kg.
* Spray copper oxy chloride or mancozeb3g/l.
* Removal and destruction of affected plants.
Alternaria:
* Remove infected parts and destroy.
* Spray 1g Carbendazim/ Mancozeb 2.5 g/l 2-3 times with 15 days interval
Phyllody:
* Spray 1ml Methyl dematon or Dimethoate 3 ml/l.
Powdery Mildew:
Spray wettable Sulphur 3 g/l.
Harvesting and storage:
Harvest when 75% pods turn yellow in a spike. Thresh after drying for 5-6 days and store
the seed with 8% moisture.
27
1.12 SUNFLOWER
Soils: The crop performs well on a wide range of soils such as sandy loams, black soils and
alluvials. Fertile, well drained neutral soils are best. Ideal pH 6.5 – 8.0. It can tolerate slight
alkalinity but not acidity. Water logging areas should be avoided.
Recommended varieties/hybrids:
S.
No.
Variety/
Hybrid
Duration
(Days)
1
Morden
80-85
Yield
(Kg/ac) under
rainfed
conditions
400
2
3
4
DRSF-108
KBSH-1
NDSH-1
90-95
,,
80-85
500
600
,,
Oil
Content
(%)
Plant
Height
(Cm)
35-38
90-120
40
40-42
40-42
150-160
,,
120-130
Special Characters
Suitable for
intercropping
Resistant to downy
mildew, tolerant to
rust and moisture
stress
5
DRSH-1
90-95
600
42-44
150-160 Resistant to Downy
mildew, tolerant to
Alternaria.
Time of sowing: In light soils sowing is done from second fortnight of June to first fortnight
of July, while in heavy soils second fortnight of August is recommended. Sowing on ridges
after four/five ploughings and leveling will be convenient for topdressing.
Seed rate and spacing: Rain fed crop requires more seed (3-4 Kg /ac for varieties and 2-2.5
Kg for hybrids) than Irrigated (2.5-3.5 and 2 kg/ac, respectively, for varieties and hybrids).
Seed should be soaked for 14 hrs and shade dried prior to seed treatment with 2-3 g
thiram/capton/ metalaxil or 5g imidachloprid. Spacing of 45 x 30 cm for light soils and 60 x
30 in heavy soils is recommended.
Thinning: Maintain a single seedling per hill by thinning out other seedlings in a hill, 10-15
days after germination for obtaining higher yields.
Fertilizers: Apply FYM 3t/ac 2-3 wks prior to sowing.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------N*
P
K (Kg/ac)
--------------------------------------------------Hybrids
Varieties
Hybrids Varieties
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Rain fed
24(12+12)
24
12
Irrigated (Black soils) 24(8+8+8) 30(10+10 +10)
24
36
12
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* First dose as basal and second and third as top dressing at 30 and 50 days after sowing.
Prefer single super phosphate as source of P
28
Water management:
During Rabi/Summer irrigations can be given based on soil type i.e. 4-6/6-8, 3-4/4-5
and 2-3/3-4 for light, medium and heavy soils, respectively. Flower bud initiation, flowering
and seed set are sensitive stages.
Intercultivation:
Use of Alachlor or Pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg a.i/ha in 600 liters of water as preemergence spray followed by hand weeding at 35 DAS provides effective control of weeds.
Plant protection:
Insects:
Sucking pests: Spray Dimethoate/ methyl dematon (2ml) or monocrotophos (1.6 ml)/l for
Jassids. For white fly, spray trizophos(2.5 ml)/ monocrotophos (1.5ml)/ acephate(1 g)/l. To
control mites which transmit necrosis, spray imidachloprid (6 ml/ 15 l)/ monocrotophos (1.6
ml/l).
Spodoptera:
* Deep summer ploughing
* Collection and destruction of egg masses and larvae.
* In early stages spray Neem oil (5 ml/l) or monocrotophos (2.0 ml/l) or
Chloripyriphos (2.5 ml/l).
*Poison baits (5 kg rice bran + 500 g jaggery + 500ml monocrotophos/500 g
carbaryl).
Bihar hairy caterpiller:
* Spray neem oil(5ml)/Chloripyriphos(2 ml)/Dichlorovos/methyl parathion(1ml)per l.
Helicoverpa: Spray HNPV (200LE) or Chloripyriphos/endosulphon/quinalphos (2 ml) or
monocrotophos (1.6 ml) or cypermethrin/deltamethrin/fenvalrate/methyl parathion (1ml)/l.
Diseases:
Alternaria/rust:
* Treat the seed with Thiram or Capton @ 3 g/kg.
* Spray Mancozeb or zeneb 2g/l.
Head Rot: Spray metalaxyl (1g) + 3g wettable Sulphur/l twice with 10days interval.
Downy mildew:
* Remove infected plants and destroy.
* Spray metalaxyl MZ (2g) or Copper oxy chloride (3g)/l.
Parrots: Bird scaring with reflecting ribbons.
Harvesting and storage: Harvest when back side of the head turns yellow. Thresh after
drying for 2-3 days and store the seed with 9-10% moisture.
29
1.13 CASTOR
Soils: Castor can be cultivated on almost all types of well-drained soils. Saline soils and soils
with water stagnation are not suitable.
Recommended varieties/hybrids:
S.
No.
1.
2.
3.
Variety
/ Hybrid
Kranthi
Haritha
Kiran
Duration
(Days)
90-150
90-180
90-150
Yield
(q/ac)
8-10
8-10
6-8
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
11
Jyothi
Jwala
GCH-4
DCH-32
DCH-177
DCH- 519
PCH-111
PCH-222
,,
90-180
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
6-8
8-10
10-12
9-11
10-13
10-13
10-13
10-13
Special Characters
Bold seed, early maturing
Resistant to wilt
Tolerant to drought and to grey rot due to
nonspiny capsules
Wilt resistant
Tolerant to wilt and grey rot
Tolerant to wilt and root rot
Resistant to wilt
Resistant to wilt
Resistant to wilt
Resistant to wilt
Sowing Season: 15th June to end of July.
Seed Rate and Sowing:
Situation
Heavy soils, irrigated
Light soils, irrigated
Seed rate (kg/ac)*
2.0
3.0
Spacing (cm)*
90 x 90 cm
90 x 60 cm
Treat one-kilogram seed with 3 g capton/ thiram or 1 g carbendazim.
Nutritional Management: Basal application of 2 t of FYM, 12-16-12 Kg N:P2O5 K2O/ha
and top dress 6 kg N 30-35 DAS and 60-65 DAS. For hybrids additional dose of 6 kg N as at
90-95 DAS can be given.
Intercultivation: Thinning should be done 15-20 DAS and harrowing at 20 and 40 DAS.
Plant protection:
Red hairy caterpillar:
* Arrange bon-fires between 7-10 p.m. one day after the receipt of soaking monsoon
rain. Repeat 2, 3 times after each rain.
* Apply kg of 2% Methyl parathion/endosulphon or 4% quinolphos per 70 m furrow
around the field to prevent migration.
* Spray monocrotophos (1.6 ml/L of water).
* Use poison bait for the adult insects (5kgrice bran + 500g jaggery + 500ml
Quinolphos
30
Semilooper:
* In early stages spray neem oil (5 ml/l) or NSKE (5%) twice with an interval of
10-15 days.
* Collection and destruction of larvae.
* Release 50, 000Trichogramma parasitoids/ac.
*Arrange 10 bird perches /ac.
* Spray monocrotophos (1.5 ml)/ carbaryl (3 g)/L.
Spodoptera:
* Deep summer ploughing
* Collection and destruction of egg masses and larvae.
* In early stages spray Neem oil (5 ml/L) or monocrotophos (2.0 ml/L) or
Chloripyriphos (2.5 ml/L).
*Poison baits (5 kg rice bran + 500 g jaggery + 500ml monocrotophos or 500 g
carbaryl or 500ml Chlorpyriphos)
Shoot and capsule borer:
* Spray Dimethoate/ Methyl-o-dematon/monocrotophos (2ml/l) or acephate 1.5g/l or
indoxocarb1ml at flowering stage and 20 days later.
Bihar hairy caterpillar:
* Spray neem oil (5ml)/Chloripyriphos (2ml)/Dichlorovos(1ml) per L of water
Jassids:
* Spray Dimethoate (2ml)/ monocrotophos (1.5ml/L)/L of water
Disease management
Fusarium wilt:
* Use tolerant varieties like Haritha, 48-1, GCH-4, and Jyothi.
* Treat the seed with Thiram or Carbendazim @ 3 g/kg.
* Intercropping with Redgram and crop rotation with bajra.
* Spray Carbendazim 1g/L.
* Removal and destruction of affected plants.
Botrytis Grey Rot:
* Soon after cyclone warning is given in Radio/T.V., spray carbendazim (1.0 g/L).
* Remove infected spikes and destroy.
* Spray carbendazim after the rains.
* Apply 20 kg urea and 10 kg potash/ac.
Harvesting and storage:
Harvest when 80% capsules turn yellow in a spike. Thresh after drying and store the seed
with 9-10% moisture.
31
1.14. BAJRA:
Varieties:
Open pollinated varieties
(Composites & synthetics) : ICMV 221, ICTP 8203, Raj 171
Hybrids : HHB 67, ICMH 356, RHB 121 and any other popular private hybrid from reputed
companies.
Sowing time
Seed rate
Seed treatment
: June- July
: 4 kg/ha
: Treat the seed with Thiram or Captan @ 3g/kg seed.
Manures & Fertilizers :
FYM : 2-3 t/ha
Basal : 30-40N + 20-40P + 20-30K kg/ha
Top (30-35 days crop) : 30-40 N kg/ha
Biofertilizers :Seed inoculum with local strains of bacterium Azospirillum brasillense
increases yield markedly in the presence of 10-40 kg N /ha.
Spacing
45 x 10- 12 cm
Thinning to one seedling /hill at 15-20days age of the crop.
Inter cropping



Bajra(2 rows) : Red gram (1 row)
Weed management
Two manual weedings along with one or two intercultures with danti is effective.
Pre emergence application of Atrazine @ 4g/litre with in 48 hrs of sowing coupled
with one manual weeding and one one interculture operation is also economical.
Disease management
Downy mildew :
 Treat the seed with Apron SD 35 @ 6g / kg seed.
 (b)Foliar spray of Ridomil25WP(100ppm)at 21 days after sowing if infection exceeds
5% (c) Uproot and burn the infected plants.
 (d) Avoid monoculture of particular cultivar.
Ergot :
 Dip the seeds in 20% brine solution, stir and remove the floating seeds and sclerotia.
Dry the seeds lying at the bottom and sow.
 Need based spray of Ziram @ 2g/litre at boot leaf and flowering stages.
 Plough the field soon after harvest to bury the ergot inoculum deep.
Pest management
White grub: Apply Phorate or Carbofuran granules @ 12kg/ha in seed furrows at the time of
sowing.
Shootfly : Two dustings of malathion 5% @ 24 kg/ha or two sprayings of Endosulfan
(0.07%) at 10 and 20 days after germination. Grey weevil and other leaf feeding and ear head
pests: Dust Methy parathion 2% or Fenvalerate 0.4% or Quinolphos 1.5% @ 24 kg/ha.
32
1.15. GRAIN SORGHUM :
Varieties :
Varieties : PSV-1, Palem-2, CSV-10, CSV-11, CSV-13, CSV-15
Hybrids : CSH-10, CSH-11, CSH13, CSH-16, CSH- 18, CSH-21 and any other popular
private hybrid from reputed companies.
Sowing time
: June- 15th July
Seed rate
: 8-10 kg/ha
Seed treatment
: Treat the seed with Thiram or Captan @ 3g/kg seed.
Manures & Fertilizers :
FYM : 10t/ha
Light soils with low rainfall:
Basal : 30N + 30P + 0K kg/ha
Top : (30-40 days crop) : 30 N kg/ha
Fertile soils with assured rainfall:
Basal : 40N + 40P + 0K kg/ha
Top : (30-40 days crop) : 40 N kg/ha
Spacing : 45cm x 12 cm
Inter cropping : Sorghum (2 rows) : Red gram (1 row)
Weed management
 Two manual weedings along with two intercultures with danti are effective.
 Pre emergence application of Atrazine @ 4g/litre with in 48 hrs of sowing coupled
with one manual weeding and one one interculture operation is also economical. .
Disease management
Downy mildew :
 Treat the seed with Apron SD 35 @ 6g / kg seed.
 Foliar spray ofRidomil 25WP(100ppm) at 21days after sowing if infection exceeds
5%
 Uproot and burn the infected plants.
 Avoid monoculture of particular cultivar.
(ii) Ergot :
 Dip the seeds in 20% brine solution, stir and remove the floating seeds and sclerotia.
Dry the seeds lying at the bottom and sow.
 Need based spray of Ziram @ 2g/litre at boot leaf and flowering stages.
 Plough the field soon after harvest to bury the ergot inoculum deep.
Pest management
Shoot fly:  Deep ploughing to expose larval and pupal stages present in the stubbles.
 Sowing with the onset of monsoon.
 In the late sown crop, use high seed rate of 10-12kg/ha and thinning out the affected
and extra plants at 4 weeks after sowing.
33

Seed treatment with Imidacloprid @ 14ml/kg of seed /Furadan 50SP @ 100g/kg
seed/Carbofuran 50WP 100g/kg seed.
 Seed soaking in insecticide solution (2ml/l ofwater) for 8 hours before sowing.
 In heavy infested areas, soil application of carbofuran 3G at 20kg/ha in seed furrows.
 Minimize damage by spraying Endosulfan @ 2m/l at 7 and 14 days after emergence.
Stem borer:
 Deep ploughing to expose larval and pupal stages present in the stubbles.
 Sowing with the onset of monsoon.
 Removal and destruction of dead hearts
 Intercropping with the non cereal crop.Whorl application of Carbofuran 3G
/Endosulfa 4G/Malathion 10D @ 7.5 kg/ha at 25 and 35 days after emergence.
Corn leaf Aphid :  Lady bird beetles and horse flies devour Aphids
 Spraying of Metasystox or Dimethoate @ 2ml/litre.
Ear head bug:  Early sowing minimizes bug damage.
 Application of Endosulfa 4D/Malathion 5D @ 20 kg/ha at pre bloom and again at milk
stages.
Panicle worm :  Application of Malathion 5D @ 20kg/ha
 Spraying of Monocrotophos or Endosulfan @ 2ml/l.
Mite : Spray Dicofol @ 0.5ml/l or Monocrotophos @ 2ml/l.
Sorghum midge: Application of Malathion 5D or Endosulfan 4D @ 20kg/ha at 90% ear head
emergence stage.
Disease management
Grain molds: Spray Propiconazole (Tilt) @ 0.5 ml/l twice at 50% flowering and 10-15 days
later.
Smuts : Seed dressing with Thiram @ 3g/kg seed.
Ergot : - Mechanical removal of sclerotia from seeds by washing in 5% salt solution
followed by rinsing with plain water before sowing. Spraying with Carbendazim @ 1g/l or
Propiconazole (Tilt) @ 0.5 ml/l at 50% flowering and another spray at 15 days later.
Witch weed: - Pre emergence spray of Atrazine @ 1.0kg a.i /ha.
- Spray Ammonium sulphate@ 50g/l or Urea 200g/l on the striga plants.
- Destroying the parasites before flowering.
1.16. KORRA :
Varieties :
Medium duration (80-85 days) : Prasad, Krishnadevaraya, Narasimharaya, Srilakshmi
Sowing time
Seed rate
Seed treatment
: June- July
: 5 kg/ha for line sowing 10 kg/ha for broad casting
: Treat the seed with Carbendazim @ 2g / kg seed
Manures & Fertilizers :
FYM : 5 t/ha
34
Basal : 20N + 30P + 0K kg/ha
Top (30 days crop) : 20 N kg/ha
Spacing : Line sowing : 25cm – 30cm X 7.5cm - 10cm
Inter cropping : Ragi(5 rows) : Red gram (1row)
Weed management: In line sown crop, 2-3 inter cultivations with one hand weeding. In
broad cast crop, two hand weedings.
Disease management
Blast, Brown spot and Rust: If these diseases appear at the early stages of the crop, spray
Mancozeb(0.2%).
Grain smut : Seed treatment with Carbendazim @ 2g / kg seed.
Downy mildew: Seed treatment with Ridomil MZ @ 2g/litre. Roguing out and destroying the
affected plants.
Pest management : Army worms, Cut worms and Leaf scraping beetles: Need based dust
application of Endosulfan 4% at 30kg/ha or Malathion 5% @ 8-10 kg/ha.
1.17. SUGARCANE
Varieties
Early:
86 V 96, 91 V 83, 98 V 95, 99 V 30, 2000 V 59, 2000 V 160,
2003 V 46, 83 R 23, 87 A 298, 93 A 145.
Mid-late:
82 V 12, 83 V 15, 83 V 288, 89 V 74, 2002 V 48, Co 7805, Co 7219.
Water logged condition : 83 V 15, 83 V 288, 89 V 74, 91V83, 99 V 30, 2000 V 59,
2003 V 46 , 2002 V 48, 87 A 298, 93 A 145, Co 7219,
Co 7805.
Drought condition: Co 6907, 81 A 99, 83 R 23, 87 A 298, 90 A 272, 93 A 145,
99 V30.
Problematic soils: 83 V 15, 89 V 74, 99 V 30, 81 A 99, 93 A 145, Co 7219.
Soils : Well drained to heavy soils of delta and upland areas, red loams lands. PH should
be in the range of 6-8.
Land preparation: Soils to be worked to fine tilth to a depth of 20-25 cm. Open
trenches of 30 cm width, 20 cm depth and 50 cm ridges by
iron plough or ridgemar.
Seed rate: 40,000 three budded setts per hectare.
Seed treatment: Hot water treatment of seed material at 52 o C for 30 minutes or
treatment with aerated steam for smut and grassy shoot disease
followed by dipping of setts in carbendazim (0.05%) and
malathion (0.1%) to eliminate pina apple disease and scale insect.
Shoot crop:
Primary seed nurseries of six to seven months age are to be raised
from treated seed material in the month of Dec-Jan. Secondary seed material should be
planted in July – August months utilizing seed from primary seed nurseries. Commericial
plantings are to be done utilizing seed from secondary nurseries.
35
Spacing:
80 cm between rows for early and
90 cm to 100 cm for mid-late.
Planting with cut off date.
Early varieties
December – January
Mid varieties
February
Late varieties
March
Manures and Fertilizers including bio-fertilizers, micro nutrients etc.
Farm yard manure @ 25 tonnes per hectare or press mud cake @ 12 tonnes per
hectare in last ploughing.
Plant crop : 75 Kg P2 05 and 100 Kg K20/ha as base and 168 Kg N/ha in two
equal split doses at 45th and 90th day after planting by pocketing.
Ratoon crop: 100 Kg P205 & 168 Kg K20 & 280 Kg N/ha. P205 and K20 with 140 Kg N at
the time of ratooning and the remaining 140 Kg N, 45 days after ratooning.
Zinc sulphate (2g/lt) and ferrous sulphate (10-20 g/lt) as foliar spray at 45-60
days after planting where zinc and iron deficiencies are observed.
Inter cultivation and other management practices, if any:
Weed management: Application Atrazine @ 5 Kg/ha in 1125 lts of water to be sprayed on the
third or fourth day after planting, depending on soil moisture. At 20 and 60 days of planting
spraying of 2,4-D (4 1/2 Kg )+ Gramoxone (2.5lts) in 1125 liter of water per ha is
recommended.
Inter culture: Earthing up at about four months after planting.
Propping the crop by trash twist, twice or thrice depending on the crop growth.
Irrigation:
Once in 7-10 in summer, as and when necessary during the monsoon
period and once in 21 days during maturity phase.
Harvesting: Early varieties at 10th month age and
Mid-late varieties at 11th -12th month age.
Pest management:
Early shoot borer.
 Planting of setts in deep furrows
 Trash musching @ 3t/ha at 3 days after planting in plant crop and immediately after
stubble shaving in ratoon crop.
 Irrigation at frequent intervals during summer.
 Spraying endosulfan 0.07% at 4, 6 and 9 weeks after planting in 450, 675 and 900 lts
of water respectively.
 Release of egg parasite,Trichogramma chilons @ 20,000 per acre at 30 days after
planting and subsequent releases should be made at fortnight interval for four times.
Scale insect:
 Dipping the setts in malathion 2ml or dimethoate 1.7ml per litre of water for 15
minutes before planting.
 Detrashing the cane in the first week of July, August and September followed by
spraying malathion 2ml or dimethoate 1.7ml per litre of water.
 Plant crop once met with heavy infestation should not be rationed
White fly:
 Providinig adequate drainage facilities
 Application of ‘N’ fertilisers at recommend dose at stipulated time.
 Ratooning to be avoided in low lying areas prone for water logging
 Spraying with endosulfan 0.07% or malathion 0.1% or chlorpyriphos 0.05%
36
Root grub:


Application of phorate 10G @ 8 Kg/ac by pocketing.
In standing crop, flooding of fields for 2-3 days is effective in reducing the
severity.
Disease management
Smut:
 Treating three budded setts in hot water at 52oc for 30 minutes or aerated steam
at 54oc for two hours followed by dipping setts in carbendazim and raise special
seed nurseries.
 Sett treatment with propiconazole (1ml/lt) for 15 minutes before planting.
 Spraying propiconazole (0.5ml/l) twice, at 35 days after ratooning and 30 days
later, if infection persists.
Red rot:
 Planting resistant varieties like 98 V 95, 99 V 30, 2000 V 59, 2003 V 46, 87 A 298,
93 A 145.
 Sett treatment with hexaconazole 0.2%.
 Soil application of Trichoderma viride @ 5 Kg/ac at the time of planting.
2. POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGY
The farmer, in a remuneration point of view, must attend to certain primary
processing operations like threshing, winnowing, cleaning, drying, grading, polishing, milling
etc. There is a need to adopt appropriate post harvest technologies for cost, time and labour
saving towards enhancement of quality and marketability to the produce by value addition
and by-products utilization. Primary processing by farmers can potentially get more
remunerative price and profits by increasing quality by value addition and efficient utilization
of by products besides reducing post harvest losses.
1.
Threshing of Paddy by power thresher:
Power threshers are recommended for threshing paddy crop due to its multiple
advantages like low investment, high threshing efficiency, low operational cost compared to
traditional tractor threshing. It has additional advantages of simultaneous winnowing and
cleaning, besides threshing. Under-utilization of tractor of 35 hp power can be avoided, as
the job of threshing to the same extent could be achieved by expending only 7-10 hp, in case
of power thresher. About 5-6 litres of diesel could be saved, besides increased out put of 1-2
bags of paddy which otherwise goes as threshing loss in case of tractor threshing. Underutilisation of 35 hp tractor for a 10 hp, job of threshing, if avoided would go a long way in
saving fuel energy and foreign exchange.
2.
Threshing benches:
Threshing benches either with wire mesh top or with perforated M.S. Sheet
may be used in place of wooden benches for threshing the paddy crop as they are more
efficient and have more service life. Four men can thresh about 25 bags of paddy in a day.
Each threshing bench costs about Rs. 600/-. The process is particularly advisable when paddy
is collected for seed purpose.
3.
Winnowing machines for grain cleaning:
Hand and power operated (Power tiller, tractor or small engine operated)
winnower can separate chaff, dust etc. from grain. About 500-800 kg of grain can be
winnowed in one hour. These machinery are useful when sufficient winds (velocity) are not
available and during unfavorable weather conditions.
37
4.
Husk fired furnace dryer for dying of paddy:
A half ton capacity husk fired furnace type batch dryer developed at this centre can dry
paddy from 25% moisture content to 13% moisture content in a matter of 4-5h. It is much
useful when sun drying is not practicable in inclement weather during rainy season and under
sudden cyclone threat conditions.
5.
Agricultural waste fired chilli dryer and its utilisation as multipurpose dryer to dry other
crops:
A two quintal capacity chilli dryer designed and developed at this centre can
dry ripe chillies from 70% moisture content to 15% moisture content in 24 hours compared to
12-15 days in open yard sun drying. The chillies dried by this dryer retained colour for a
longer time during storage compared to sun dried produce and are dust-free with high quality
and appearance. Drying can be done from the crop residue or paddy husk. This dryer could
be used as multipurpose dryer for drying other crops like turmeric, groundnut and coconut.
a)
Drying of turmeric:
Drying of turmeric using Agricultural waste fired dryer is
advantageous in time and cost saving. The results showed 65.47% of time saving and 7.8%
of cost saving compared to traditional method of sun drying. It took 58 hours to dry turmeric
of 79.24% moisture content to 12.5% level against 168 hours of time taken for the similar
level of drying in open yard drying.
b)
Drying of groundnut:
The Agricultural waste fired dryer was also evaluated for drying groundnut.
When dried at 40-43 C it took 25 hours compared to 4 - 5 days required in open yard sun
drying for bringing down the moisture content from 28% to 8%. There was no adverse effect
on germination of the seed of the produce dried by the dryer.
6.a)
Mini Dhal Mill:
The mini dhal mill plant was developed with suitable accessories and
attachments like drying cum-storage bin with husk fired heat exchanger system, sieve set,
mixer for pre-treatment with oil and water, thus mechanising all the processing operations
involved in dhal making. It will separate dehusked wholes. It can run with a 3 h.p motor and
can mill 150 to 160 kgs of black gram per hour with 65% to 70% wholes and 15%to 18%
splits recovery, thus about 80%-82% dhal recovery compared to only 70-75% in traditional
method.
b)
TNAU-Power operated mini dhal mill:
The mini-dhal mill was tested. It is capable of splitting 30 kg of black gram
per hour with a recovery of 83.5% split half grains with 12% of brokens. In respect to green
gram it can mill 32 kg/hr. with recovery of 80% splits and 17% brokens.
7.
Power operated turmeric polisher:
With suitable alterations and further attachments like 2 h.p motor, V-belt and
chain drive mechanism and gear system, the hand operated turmeric polisher was converted
into power operated turmeric polisher. It can run at 30-32 rpm. The power operated
ANGRAU Turmeric polisher can polish about 600-700 kg of turmeric in an hour with 98%
polishing efficiency.
38
8. ANGRAU Turmeric Grader:
The ANGRAU turmeric grader designed and developed by this centre can
grade about 400 kg of Turmeric in an hour into four fractions namely bulbs, fingers (3 cm
length and above), Polishable Nali (2 to 3 cm length) and un-polishable Nali (less than 2 cm
length) in a single pass, thus eliminates tedious and laborious manual grading. This also
facilitates better quality and value addition to get higher remunerative price.
9. Batch type rice bran stabilizer suitable for stabilization of rice bran:
Stabilization of rice bran with rice bran stabilizer at 100 C for 10 minuets
controls the increase in free fatty acid up to 28 days in storage, by inactivation of lipase
enzyme. This facilitates extraction of edible grade oil, thus helps in better utilization of rice
bran, the by-product of rice milling industry.
10. Chilli Seed extractor:
The TNAU chilli seed extractor was found to operate at 46-50 kg/hr capacity
which is particularly suitable for extracting seed from smaller lots without intermittent
cleaning. PKV chilli seed extractor was found to be effective to obtain clean seed i.e., free
from broken pericarp and dust. The capacity of the extracting machine is around 100 kg/hr.
The extraction efficiency for both the equipment is in the range of 96 to 99%. The high
capacity extractor is useful for seed producers and large farmers.
11. Mango Harvester:
Experiments using IIHR mango harvester gave a harvesting capacity of 170200 kg mangos/hr (500-550 fruits/hr). It was observed that farmers are using a dhoti which is
made locally using bamboo stick and net made of jute thread. The net is connected to the
curved frame. Local dhoti gave a capacity of about 300-350 fruits/hr. Percentage dropped
fruits while harvesting were found to be lower 8-10% compared to 20-25% in local dhoti
thereby reducing the damage to the fruits. However the IIHR mango harvester is somewhat
heavy and difficult to handle for harvesting fruits by standing on the tree particularly for old
and well branched trees. Two types of Mango harvesters which are useful to harvest fruits
from ground (for small trees / young gardens) and on the tree (for old and well branched
trees) as alternatives to local harvester have been designed, fabricated and tested with
Banginapalli variety. The light weight harvester when used on large, well branched tress
grave a harvesting capacity of 625-650 fruits per hour. The heavy weight model useful to
harvest fruits from ground gave a capacity of 600-615 fruits per hours. Local dhoti gave a
capacity of 300-350 fruits / hr.
12.
Survey of rice milling in Andhara Pradesh :
A survey of rice milling system was conducted in Andhra Pradesh and the data
collected in the form of a questionnaire. The grain factors that affect the percentage of broken
include moisture content, variety, type of soil and time of harvest. The machine factors that
affect include the condition of the rubber rollers, speed and wear and tear in sheller and gap
between cone and concave, life of rubber packing and wear of emery cone in the polisher.
Out turn of rice from paddy after milling differs from sample to sample and type of milling
system. Breakage of rice invariably originates from cracked, immature and other damaged
grains. The corrective measures suggested to reduce broken percentage of rice are; harvest
the paddy at optimum moisture content, thresh the paddy by mechanical thresher, dry the
paddy uniformly in steps by maintaining tempering periods, modern rice mills with rubber
roll shellers are recommended for minimum broken percentage of rice, to maintain the rice
mill timely replacement of rubber rolls, and timely replacement of cone in the cone polisher.
Maintaining proper gap between the cone and the rubber brake in the cone polisher is critical
to reduce brokens in rice milling.
39
13.
Conversion of tobacco barns for chilli drying
Ten to twelve quintals of ripe chillies can be loaded in the existing
tobacco barns to dry chillies. G.I. wire mesh trays of size 105 x 75 x 7.5 cm are suitable to
hold chillies on the existing tiers. Each tray can be loaded with 7 to 8 kg of ripe pods.
Drying time required to reduce moisture from 75 to 10% (w.b.) vary considerably depending
upon whether the chilli is hybrid with thick pericarp (eg. Wonder hot) or varieties with
medium to thin pericarp (eg. LCA 334). The former takes about 50 hours to dry whereas the
latter type takes about 40 hours only. The temperatures ranging initially at 50oC to a final
value of about 55oC are appropriate for drying chillies. The open yard sun drying takes 12 to
15 days in comparison to barn drying method. The cost of barn drying is approximately
Rs.1.50-2.00 per quintal of dry chilli. The percentage discoloured pods can be reduced to
about 3.5 to 4% in barn dried produce in comparison to 9-10% in open yard sun drying. The
barn drying method has the advantages such as 1) quality product with good colour retention
and free from external contamination 2) less number of discoloured pods (Talukaya) 3)
Reduction in drying time 4) Drying can be accomplished even during inclement weather
particularly early in the chilli season i.e., November to February to fetch remunerative price.
14.
Drying of chillies in a poly house:
ANGRAU poly house solar dryer of size 12 x 7.8 x 2.1m has been developed to dry
about 20 quintals of ripe pods. The dryer essentially consists of an arch type poly house to
hold chillies on two different tiers made of wire mesh fixed to frame assembled by nuts and
bolts. The whole frame structure is connected by nuts and bolts. The whole frame structure
is covered with a UV stabilized 150 gsm cross laminated semi- transparent polyethylene
sheet with ventilators at bottom and top to facilitate movement of air. The drying time is 5
to 8 days to reduce moisture form 75% to 10% (wb) in comparison to 15 to 20 days required
to dry chilli in open yard sun drying depending upon weather and type of chilli., i.e thick
pericarp hybrids or thin pericarp varieties. The dryer can be converted into nursery house by
replacing poly sheet cover using 50% shade net. About 70,000 chilli seedlings can be raised
in the house per batch. The poly house can also be used to raise green Coriander during off
season i.e. in May and June when the chilli drying is completed. The poly house can be
efficiently used for about 10 months in a year in chilli growing region i.e. Drying of chillies
during December to April, Coriander leaf production in May to June, raising chilli nursery
during July to September.
15. Performance of Sonalika thresher for Bengal gram :
The performance evaluation of Sonalika thresher for Bengal gram was conducted at
Chandulur and Dronadula villages of Prakasam district. It was observed that it can thresh
about one to one and half acres of Bengal gram crop in one hour. It was also found that the
output of the thresher was 10 to 12 quintals of Bengal gram in one hour. The threshing
capacity depends upon the crop variety and its yield. The average efficiency of the thresher
was found to be 98.33%. Cost of operation was about Rs. 500/- per hour which includes
labour and diesel.
16.
Safe Storage of groundnut:
Drying and storage structures: Groundnut has to be dried to less than 9% moisture for safe
storage which can be stored up to 6 months without loss of viability and free from aflatoxin
contamination. The groundnut can better be stored in 1) loosely knitted gunny bags
2) compactly knitted gunny bags, 3) nylon bags and 4) polythene lined gunny bags.
40
Viability of groundnut in storage:
TMV-2 variety of groundnut maintained high viability (83%) with lesser fungal
growth (16%) at 240 days of storage while the viability was least in K-150 (24%) followed
by K-3 (21.6%) indicating their unsuitability for storage as seed. The viability was 79% in
K-1186, 73% in K-153 and 67% in K-1143 at 180 days of storage. However the viability of
these varieties drastically fell below 35% level by 240 days of storage.
17.
Safe storage of pulses:
Pulses can be safely stored in nylon bags, polythene lined gunny bags for upto
6 months provided the grain is properly dried before storage. Mixing of 250g of edible oil per
quintal of pulses is beneficial in safe storage.
18.
Chilli storage:
Chillies stored in amber coloured polythene bags were found to retain colour for
longer period of storage. Mechanically dried chillies showed higher colour value in chillies
during storage than that of open yard sun dried produce.
19.
Biochemical changes in paddy during storage:
Paddy stored upto 10-12 months was found to improve its quality without
change in their milling and culinary properties. However, beyond 18 months of storage, there
is deterioration in its milling and culinary properties.
20.
Use of plant origin materials for safe storage of pulses:
Among the different plant origin materials and inert materials tried against pulse
beetle C.maculatus infestation in stored pulses, Neem oil at 0.25% or 0.5% level of mixing
with the pulse grain was found to be the best in preventing the damage of stored pulse up to
195 days of storage. Mixing of vegetable oils at 0.25% or 0.5% also protected the pulses from
damage by pulse beetle up to 300 days of storage.
21.
Curcumin content in stored turmeric varieties:
The Curcumin content in stored turmeric varieties progressively
decreased with length of storage period. Among the varieties tested the decrease in
Curcumin content in storage was higher with Mydukur followed by PCT-14 and TC-2.
22.
Chemical treatment of copra to prevent fungal damage:
Mature coconut halves treated with solutions of 1% acetic acid, sodium
bicarbonate or sodium chloride protected the copra from spoilage due to fungal infection.
23.
Suitability of storage containers for storage of tamarind:
Tamarind gained moisture when stored in mud pots and gunny bags with reduced
total acidity compared to the produce stored in polythene bag, tetrapack or glass bottle. The
acidity of the samples stored in tetra pack was highest followed by polythene bags, whereas it
was least in case of the samples stored in gunny bags followed by mud pots. None of the
structures however could prevent discolouration of stored tamarind as it is temperature
dependent.
41
24. Addresses and contact phone numbers of Post Harvest & Agricultural Equipment suppliers.
S.No.
Address
Phone No.
1. Manager (Implements)
040 - 23396530
AP Agro Industries Development Corporation
23317225
Agro Bhavan, 10-2-3, A.C. Guards,
Hyderabad-500 004
2. Viswakarma Engineering Company
040-24361719
Plot No.138, Road No.26
Industrial Estate, Kattedan, Hyderabad – 500 077
3. Karshak & Sons
040-27542315
Shop No.42, Al Karim Trade Centre
M.G. Road, Secunderabad – 500 003
4. Mekins Agro Products Pvt. Ltd.
040-23085959
Plot No.30, IDA, Gandhinagar,
Balangar, Hyderabad-500 037
5. Escorts Tractors
040-27907073
160/1, Sardar Patel Road
Opp. Global Trust Bank
Secunderabad
6. Farm Implements (India) Pvt. Ltd.,
044-28261676
10, Kumarappa Street,
Nungamakkam,
Chennai – 600 034
7. Farm Steel Products
2553958 (O)
PD 17 & 18, Industrial Estate
0866-2472694 (R)
Vijayawada – 520 007
8. Jai Bharathi Engineering Works
08674 – 243392
Plot No. C-25, Industrial Estate
Machilipatnam Road
Gudivada – 521 301
9. Modern Arc Welding Works
08674- 242029 (O)
16-256, Venkateswara Theatre Road
246505 (R)
Gudivada – 521 301
10. Riteset Industries
08674-243918 (O)
Gudivada – 521 301
243997 (O)
243626 (R)
11. Siri Enterprises
0863–2211444 (O)
Plot No.38, Phase – III
2556678 (R)
Indira Autonagar
2556319 (R)
Guntur – 500 001
9440471202
12. Sri Adhivishnu Machine Tool Stores
08644-223320 (O)
Old Bus Stand,
228711 (R)
Morrispet, Tenali – 522 202
13. Sri Srinivasa Auto Engineering Works
08674 – 242862
Industrial Estate, Plot No.C2 & C3,
242374
Gudivada
14. Navya Industries,
08674 – 244597
Plot No.A-3
245482
Auto Nagar, Gudivada – 521 301
98666 31866
42
3. MANAGEMENT OF PROBLEM SOILS
Based on the various studies made in Saline Water Scheme, Bapatla, the following
recommendations are given:
I. Classification of ground water quality for irrigation:
Water Class
Eciw
SARiw(m
(dS/m)
mole/l)1/2
A. Good water
<2
Upto 10
B. Saline Water
i) Marginally saline
2-4
Upto 10
ii) Saline
>4
Upto 10
iii) High SAR saline
>4
> 10
C. Alkali Water
i) Marginally alkali
<4
< 10
ii) Alkali
<4
< 10
iii) High Alkali
Variable
> 10
Specifications
Boron (ppm)
Nitrate –N (ppm)
Flourine (ppm)
Iron (ppm)
Slight to moderate
0.7 - 3.0
5.0 - 30.0
1.0 - 5.0
5.0 - 10.0
RSC(meq/l)
< 2.5
< 2.5
< 2.5
< 2.5
2.5-4.0
> 4.0
> 4.0
Severe problem
> 3.0
> 30.0
> 5.0
> 10.0
II. Salinity Limit of Irrigation water for different crops:
Crop
Cereals
Rice
Maize
Oil Seeds
Sunflower
Groundnut
Soybean
Vegetables
Tomato(Pusa Ruby)
Bhendi(Pusa Savani)
Brinjal(Pusa purple long)
Bitter gourd (Coi.long)
Clusterbean
Chillies
Soil type
ECiw for relevant yield over control (with
BAW in dS/m)
90%
75%
50%
25%
Sandy loam
Clay
1.8
2.2
2.9
4.7
4.8
8.8
6.8
13.0
Sandy loam
-doClay
3.5
1.8
2.0
7.2
3.1
3.1
13.4
5.3
5.0
19.6
7.4
6.8
Sandy loam
-do-do-do-do-do-
2.4
2.1
2.3
2.0
3.2
1.8
4.1
3.9
4.1
3.4
4.5
2.9
6.9
6.7
7.1
5.8
6.8
4.9
9.7
9.6
10.0
8.2
9.0
6.9
43
III Guidelines for using poor quality irrigation water:
A. Saline Water RSC less than 2.5 meq/L. :
Soil texture
Crop tolerance
(% clay)
Fine (more than 30%)
Moderately Coarse (10-20%)
Coarse(less than 10%)
Sensitive
Semi tolerant
Tolerant
Sensitive
Semi tolerant
Tolerant
Sensitive
Semi tolerant
Tolerant
Upper limits of ECiw
(dS/m) in rainfall range of
550-750 mm
1.5
3.0
8.0
3.0
8.0
10.0
3.0
9.0
12.5
1. Use gypsum when the SAR of saline water is more than 20 or Mg/Ca ratio is more than
3 in irrigation water
2. Use of organic materials in saline environment improves the crop yields.
3. Salts in the profile will not be much accumulated when waters of ECiw < 4 dS/m are
used continuously for irrigation.
4. When water of more than ECiw 4 dS/m are used continuously for irrigation, the salt
build up in the surface layer (0-15 cm) increased with increase in salinity of irrigation
water
5. When water of high ECiw 12 to 16 dS/m are used, the soil permeability will be
affected, seed germination will be inhibited, crop stand and growth are drastically
reduced
6. Where saline water conjunctively used with canal water, two canal water irrigations
followed by one saline water irrigation will not cause any problem both to soil and crop.
4. WEED MANAGEMENT
The following are the Weed Control recommendations in important Kharif crops, based on
the research work done so far at the Integrated Weed Management Unit, Regional
Agricultural Research Station, Lam.
I. Rice
I) Rice Nursery
Spray benthiocarb at 2.5 to 5.0 l ha-1 either with in three days after sowing as preemergence spray or on seventh day after sowing as early post emergence will effectively
control Echinochloa and other annual monocot and dicot weeds in rice nurseries (cost
Rs.625/- to 1250/- ha-1)
(or)
Post emergence spray of cyhalofopbutyl at 1.0-L ha-1 at 14 days after sowing of rice
nursery effectively control Echinochloa without any phytotoxicity to rice (cost Rs 1400 ha-1)
(or)
If grasses and broad leaf weeds are equally in position spray bispyriback sodium 10%
at 200 ml ha-1 at 15 DAS(Rs.1200 ha-1).
44
II Transplanted rice
a ) With in 3 to 5 days after planting
Apply 2,4 –D ethyl ester granules at 20 to 25 Kg ha-1 (cost Rs.500/- to 625/- ha-1)
(or)
Apply 2,4-D ethyl ester granules 10 Kg ha-1 + butachlor granules 10 Kg ha-1 as
sand mix application. (cost Rs.500 ha-1)
(or)
Apply butachlor at 3 to 5 l ha-1 as sand mix application (Rs.600 to 1000 ha-1)
(or)
Apply anilophos at 1.33 to 1.67 l ha-1 as sand mix application (Rs.280 to 350 ha-1)
(or)
Apply 2,4-D ethyl ester granules 10 Kg ha-1 + anilophos 0.70 l ha-1 as sand mix
application.(Rs.367 ha-1)
(or)
Apply 2,4-D ethyl ester granules at 10 Kg ha-1 + Butachlor 2.5 l ha-1 as sand mix
application (750 ha-1)
(or)
Oxadiargyl (Top star 80% WP) 125 g ha-1 in 500 liters of water (cost Rs.680 ha-1).
(or)
Apply Oxadiargyl (Top star 80%WP) 94-g ha-1 +2,4-D ethyl ester granules 10Kg ha-1
as sand mix application (cost Rs.760 ha-1).
(b) 20-30 days after planting (when dicot weeds are problematic) Spray 2,4-D sodium salt
(Fernoxone 80% WP) at 0.75 to 1.0 Kg ha-1 in 500 liters of water using hand compression
sprayer at 25-30 days after planting, when fields are infested with dicots and other
susceptible weeds (cost Rs.113 to 180 ha-1).
2. MAIZE
Spray atrazine at 2.5 to 3.5 Kg ha-1 immediately or with in three days after sowing
(Rs. 600 to 840)
(or)
-1
Spray Alachlor at 5.0 to 7.5 L ha immediately or with in three days after sowing (cost
Rs.1400 to 2100 ha3. SORGHUM
Spray atrazine at 0.78 Kg ha-1 immediately or within three days after sowing
sorghum (cost Rs.187 ha-1)
4. RAGI
Spray pendimethalin at 2.5L ha-1 one week after transplanting ragi seedlings cost Rs.
750/ ha-1)
(or)
1
Spray anilophos at 1.75 L ha- one week after transplanting ragi seedlings (cost
Rs.368 ha-1)
(or)
Spray 2,4-D ethyl ester at 1.5 to 2.01 L ha-1 one week after transplanting ragi
seedlings (cost Rs. 276 to 368 ha-1)
45
5 PULSES- UP LAND
Spray pendimethalin at 3.3 to 5.0 L ha-1 immediately after sowing or the next day
(cost Rs.990 to 1500 ha-1.) (or )
If grassy weeds are problematic post emergence spray of fenoxapropa ethyl 9% EC at
625ml/ha (Rs.750/ha) (or) quizalofop ethyl 5% EC at 1L/ha (Rs.1200/ha) at 20 days after
sowing
6. GROUNDNUT
Spray alachlor at 5.0 to 7.5 L ha-1 immediately or with in three days after sowing
(cost Rs.1200/- 1800 ha-1).
(or)
Spray pendimethalin at 3.3 to 5.00 L ha-1 immediately or with in three days after sowing.
(cost Rs. 990 to 1500 ha-1).
(or)
Spray butachlor/benthiocarb at 4.0 to 5.0 l ha-1 immediately or within
three days after sowing (cost:butachlor Rs740 to 925/-,benthiocarb Rs1000 to 1200ha-1)
7. Gingelly
Spray pendimethalin at 2.5 L ha-1 immediately or within 3 days after sowing (Cost Rs750/ha-1)
8. Soybean
Spray pendimethalin at 3.3 to5.0 l ha-1 immediately or within 3 days after sowing
(Cost Rs. 990 to 1500 -ha-1) (or)
Spray alachlor at 5.0 to 6.0 L/ha immediately after sowing (Cost Rs1400 to 1680 ha-1)
9. Cotton
Spray pendimethalin at 3.3 to5.0 l ha-1 immediately or within 3 days after sowing
(Cost Rs. 990 to 1500 -ha-1)
10.Chillies
Spray pendimethalin at3.3 l ha-1 immediately or within 3 days after sowing (Cost Rs. 990/- ha-1)in case of direct sown chillies and before planting incase of transplanted chillies
11. Sugarcane
Spray atrazine at 3.3 to 5.0 Kg/ha immediately or within three days after planting
sugarcane sets (Cost Rs 840 /- to 1200/-ha-1)
(or)
Directed spray of 2,4-D sodium salt at 2.0 Kg/ha +paraquat 2.5l/ha two times, first
spray at 4 to 6 weeks after planting and second spray at 20 to 30 days after first spray
between the rows (Cost Rs975/ha)
12..PERENNIAL WEEDS IN ORCHARDS
Perennial weeds like Cyperus rotundus, Cynodon dactylon etc. in orchards can be
controlled effectively by spraying glyphosate at 2.5 to 5.0 L ha-1 dissolved in 500 liters of
water. Falling of the spray fluid on young fruit plant foliage should be avoided Second spray
is required when there is regrowth of weed..(cost Rs.700/- to 1400 ha-1).
Note
In case of glyphosate, the efficacy depends upon the stage of the weed (should be in
active vegetative stage), age and duration of infestation (older and longer duration of
infestations may required several repeated sprays on active vegetative growth), soil moisture
and type of weed and nature of foliage (surface morphology/ herbicide retention and
absorption). Application of glyphosate with 1% ammonium sulphate solution will enhance
up take and translocation by weeds . In wide spread infestations, it is better to plough the area
first induce the regrowth the weed and then spray glyphosate on the active growth.
(or)
46
If annual grasses and dicot weeds are prevalent the herbicide paraquat at 2.5 to 3.75 l
ha-1 dissolved in 500 l ha-1 of water can be sprayed. Falling of spray fluid on fruit trees
should be avoided. (Cost Rs.675/- to 1013/- ha-1)
ANNEXURE – I
Common name, trade name, active ingredient and approximate cost of the herbicides
available in the market.
S.
No
Common Name
.
1.
Alachlor
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12
13.
14.
15.
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Herbicide
Trade Name
Lasso
Anilofos
Aniloguard, Arozin, weedonil,
Anildhan
Atrazine
Atrataf, Solaro, Milzin,
Surya,Atratop,Atrafil,Ultrakem
Benthiocarb
Saturn
Butachlor EC
Butachlor,Trapp,Teer,Machete
.Hiltachlor
Butachlor
Butachlor (G)
Fluchloralin
Basalin
Glyphosate (IPA salt)
Glycel, Weed off, Noweed,
Glyphos,Brake, Round up,
Clean up, Rulout
Glyphosate (Ammonium Excelmera
salt)
Paraquat
Gramoxone, Uniquat, Paralac
Pendimethalin
Stomp, Pendiguard, Pendiherb,
Pendistar, Tatapanida, Bond
2,4-D EE
Agrodone conc. 48, Herbonil
2,4-D EE
Agrodex and Knock weed
granules
2,4-D Na salt
Fernoxone, Weed mar, Salix
Oxadiargyl
Topstar
Oxyfluorfen
Goal, Oxygold, Goal 2 E
Pretilachlor
Rifit, Eraze, Preet, Pretiherb
Fenoxaprop ethyl
Whip super
Cyhalofop butyl
Clincher,Wrap up
Targa super
Quizalofop ethyl
Tatametri, Sencor, Tribute
Metrbuzin
Saathi
Pyraszosulfuron ethyl
Anuchlor + knockweed
Butachlor+2,4-D EE
Butachlor+2,4-D EE
Pursuit, Lagam, Dinamaz
Imazethapyr
Nominee gold
Bispyribac sodium
Theme,Hitweed,Rife
Pyrithiobac
Weedmar super
2,4-D amine salt
Sunrice
Ethoxysulfuron
47
Percent active
ingredient
Rate
(Rs./Unit)
50%EC
300/- Lt.
30 %EC
250/- Lt.
50 %WP
250/- Kg.
50 %EC
50 %EC
5 %Granular
45% EC
41%SL
300/- Lt.
Up to 200/Lt.
25/- Kg.
450/- Lt.
300-475/- Lt.
71%SG
75/per 100g
24% EC
30%EC
36% EC
4% Granules
300/- Lt.
380 to430/Lt.
184/- Lt.
25/- Kg.
80% WP
80 %WP
23.5%EC
50%EC
9%EC
10%EC
5%EC
70%WP
10% WP
5%+4%G
200/- Kg.
205/- per 35 g
1600/-Lt
400/-Lt
1300/-Lt
1400/-Lt
1400/-Lt
1000-1500/kg
200/20g
200/-8kg
10 % EC
10%EC
10%SL
58%EC
15%WDG
1600/ Lt
600/100ml
2000/Lt
400/Lt
250/50gm
5. SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI)
SRI is a system of rice production in which synergistic interactions lead to
much higher grain yield. SRI offers increased factor productivity of land, labour and water.
SRI was first developed in Madagaskar during 1980's. At present SRI is practiced in 18
districts. The results were encouraging with doubling of yields at most places.
Varieties
Seed rate
: All the varieties can be cultivated under SRI.
: 2.0 kg./acre.
Nursery bed preparation
One cent (40 sq. m) area is sufficient to raise seedlings sufficient for one acre.
Puddle the field thoroughly. Prepare nursery beds of one meter width and convenient
length. Prepare raised beds of 4" height. Support the soil of raised beds with bamboo poles
or wooden planks on the sides
Sowing
Sprinkle a thin layer of farm yard manure on the nursery bed. Incubate the seed for
24 hours in water and 12 hours in air tight gunny bag for sprouting. Spread the presprouted
seed uniformly on the nursery bed and again sprinkle finely ground farm yard manure, to
form a thin cover on the seed. Place a thin layer of paddy straw on the nursery bed. Irrigate
the bed daily 2-3 times with a rose can. Remove the paddy straw on the third day morning.
Main field preparation
Puddle and level the main field thoroughly. Allow the soil to consolidate for 1-2
days depending on the soil type. Form drainage channels at 5-10 M spacing depending on
the field, to have perfect drainage. Mark lines at a spacing of 25 x 25 cm by using a
suitable marker.
Transplanting
Transplant 8-12 days seedlings, which are with 2-3 leaves, 5-6 small roots, and 4-5"
length Take the nursery onto a thin iron plate, by pushing it under the soil in nursery bed.
Transport the nursery to main field on the iron plates. Plant single seedlings at 25 x 25 cm
in the main field, in which lines are already marked by marker. A portion of nursery should
be taken onto the palm, from iron plates and each seedling should be carefully taken out
from the side along with soil. The seed and roots should be intact with the seedling. The
seedling should be gently planted at the intersection of the lines.
Fertilizers
Apply FYM @10 t/ha, 12-15 days in advance of puddling. Cultivate a green
manure crop before rice where FYM availability is a problem. Inorganic fertilizers should be
applied as in the case of normal cultivation.Changes can be made based on a crop
condition and requirement.
Water management
Irrigate the field to keep soil moist but not saturated, from transplanting to
primordial initiation. Maintain a thin film of water from primordial initiation on wards.
48
Inter cultivation : Run a rotary weeder in between the rows at 10 days interval in
transplanted field, in both the ways. This practice smoothers the weeds and incorporates
them into the Soil. It also provides good aeration to roots and also enhances soil microbial
activity. Inter cultivation should be done for a minimum of 3 times, starting 10 days after
transplanting. It is advantageous to the crop if it is continued up to 5 times.
Harvesting : Rice varieties under SRI were found to each maturity 5-7 days earlier than in
normal cultivation. Cut the crop at 9-10" height from the ground, and plough down the
stubbles to add organic matter to the soil. Insitu sowing of green manures like Pllipesara,
Sun hemp can also be practiced to enrich soil.
The factors that contribute to the higher yields can be.
1. Large and healthy root volume.
2. Profuse and strong tillers.
3. Non - lodging.
4. Big panicle
5. More and well filled spike lets and higher grain weight.
6. Less incidence of pests and diseases.
6. DRYLAND AGRICULTURE
Growing of crops entirely under rainfed conditions is known as dry land agriculture.
In Andhra Pradesh, out of 148 lakh hectares of cultivable land, nearly 105 lakh hectares is
under rain fed agriculture, with 65% area under red soils and 25% area under black soils.
Variation in crop yields is more in dry lands due to non receipt of timely rainfall and
prolonged dry spells during crop periods. Adoption of following soils and moisture
conservation measures and improved management practices will help in getting higher yields.
SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION
Red soils : These soils are shallow in depth with low water holding capacity. Rainwater is
lost as runoff causing erosion resulting in loss of fertile top layer of the soil and nutrients.
Research efforts were made to reduce these losses and soil conservation measures were found
useful in reducing runoff and soil loss.
 When soil depth is 20 cm or more, deep tillage once in three years helps in better
infiltration of rainwater and reduces pest and weed problems.
 Cultivation across the slope reduces runoff.
 If slope is multiple and more than 2% construction of contour bunds with a cross
section of 0.63 m2 at 50 m horizontal interval helps in conservation of soil and water.
In areas where annual rainfall is more than 750 mm, graded bunds are recommended.
 In soils where surface crusting is a major problem, application of sand @ 40 t/ha
before sowing helps in decreasing the crust strength facilities better infiltration of
water in to the soil and improves germination and crop stand.
 To avoid water stagnation on down stream side of contour bunds, formation of
compartmental bunds with spacing of 15m X 10 m before emergence of the crop or
formation of conservation furrows with receipt of rainfall after 20 days of sowing of
the crop help in reducing the water stagnation on down stream side of contour bunds
and facilities better infiltration of water in to the soil.
 Intercropping groundnut with mixed pulses like horse gram, cowpea and red gram in
11:1 ratio helps in reducing the runoff losses and increases net returns.
49
Black soils
Water holding capacity of these soils is very high, but deep cracking, low in
permeability and poor drainage are the major problems. Soil conservation and improved
management practices helps in getting higher yield of crops.



Formation of graded bunds with a cross section of 0.8m2 is recommended in these
soils. Formation of a channel with a slope of 0.1 – 0.25% along the graded bunds and
merging these channels in to a grassed waterway help in drainage of water without
any soil erosion.
Formation of ridges and furrows is useful for deep black soils. Sowing should be done
on the ridges. Furrows facilitate easy drainage of water (or) formation of raised bed
with 3 m width at 20 cm height help in getting increased yields of crops, as the
furrows facilitate better drainage of water.
Application of FYM @ 20 t/ha help in better infiltration of water.
RAIN WATER MANAGEMENT
Red soils

Runoff of rain water can be prevented by practicing soil conservation measures.

Mulching with groundnut shells @ 5 t/ha, within 10 days after sowing of the crop
help in prevention of evaporation losses.

Runoff constitutes 25 % of rainfall in red soils. Water harvesting in farm ponds and
subsequent use as supplemental irrigation helps in increasing the yields of rain fed
crops. Water harvested from 5 ha can be used to irrigate on hectare
in scarce rainfall zone. In other zones where rainfall is high, water harvested from 5
ha is sufficient to provide supplemental irrigation to 2 ha. Seepage losses were
minimum when farm pond is lined with Cuddapah slabs. The size of farm pond may
range from 150m3. Groundnut crop responds even to 10 mm of irrigation water during
dry spell.
SUITABLE CROPS
Red soils

Groundnut, sorghum, pearl millet, fox tail millet, redgram, greengram, cowpea, castor
and horsegram are suitable crops. Groundnut + redgram, groundnut + castor, sorghum
+ redgram are the profitable intercrops which help in prevention of crop loss during
drought years.

Depending on the time of receipt of rainfall, the crops to be taken up should be
decided. If the rains are received during June, castor or red gram can be sown. If rains
are received during July or August first week intercrop of groundnut – redgram
profitable. If rainfall is received after 15 August, the suitable contingent crops are
fodder pearl millet, fodder sorghum greengram, cowpea and horsegram. If rainfall is
received after 15 September, sorghum (fodder), pearl millet (fodder) and horsegram
are suitable.
50
BLACK SOILS
 Cotton chillies, sunflower, bengalgram, sorghum, safflower and coriander are suitable
crops. Sorghum and sunflower if sown during first fortnight of September give higher
yield.
 Application of zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha once in three seasons is necessary, if zinc
deficiency is observed.
 If iron deficiency is observed, spraying of ferrous sulphate @ 2 g/l of water is
necessary.
NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
Basal application of 20 kg N, 40 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O/ha are necessary for
groundnut and groundnut + redgram. For horsegram, apply 10 kg N and 30kg P2O5/ha.
It is better to apply phosphorus and potassium based on soil test values. For groundnut
crop grown in alfisoils, the following schedule is recommended.
Phosphorous (P2O5) (kg/ha)
Potassium (K2O) (Kg/ha)
Available in the soil
To be applied
Available in the soil
To be applied
<20
40
<150
40
20-40
20
150 -250
20
>40
Nil
> 250
Nil
For correcting zinc deficiency in groundnut, spraying of 0.2% zinc sulphate is
recommended at 35 and 45 days after sowing.
WEED MANAGEMENT
Intercultivation should be practiced at 25 and 40 days after sowing. In areas where
labour is a shortage broadcasting of fine soil mixed with pedimethalin @ 2.5 l/ha or spraying
pedimethalin @ 5 ml/l is recommended, within two days after sowing of the crop.
PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Since the farmers are less resourceful, IPM is a suitable technology. To reduce the
cost of pest and disease management, these aspects are to be considered.
1. Pest monitoring and prediction.
2. Monitoring of natural enemies.
3. Forewarning of pest outbreak.
4. Critical stage of chemical intervention.
Relationship between weather parameters and occurrence of pests and diseases has been
established in many crops.
Sorghum
a) Stem borer: Infestation varies with time of sowing. More on late and early sown
sorghum, rainfall determines the time of emergence of adults.
b) Shoot fly: Extreme temperature and continuous heavy rains adversely affect the
population. Rainfall influences peak emergence of adults. Maximum temperature (20º
– 30°C) is conducive for egg laying and larval development. RH (above 60%) favours
intensity of attack.
c) Midge: Mean temperatures (25º-30°C). RH (above 60%). Adult midges emerge after
accumulation of 43°C heat units (based on mean daily 10 cm soil temperature) above
a threshold of 14.8ºC whereas 679 and 973 heat units are required for 50 and 95%
emergence.
Groundnut
a) Leaf miner: A sudden rise in maximum temperature by 2°C followed by dry spell of
more than one week resulted in incidence of the pest. If rain occurs, the incidence gets
reduced during Kharif.
51
b) Red hairy caterpillar: Rainfall received between last week of June and September
causes the emergence of RHC moths. The emergence is noticed on 2nd day after the
occurrence of rainfall of 10 mm and more. If heavy rainfall of 80 mm and above is
received in one day during June/July, heavy emergence of RHC will take place at a
time and subsequent emergence will be less. However, the moths emerged during
September though they lay eggs, but mortality of eggs and larvae is observed due to
the parasitisation and thereby the influence on the crop will be less.
c) Late leaf spot: Morning relative humidity of 80% and more coupled with night
temperature around 22°C causes the initiation of the late leaf spot disease on
groundnut. If the weather conditions exist for a week, the disease spread will be more.
Added to this the leaf wetness index of 2.3 coupled with 10% LLS incidence requires
the control measures.
d) Rust: The rust incidence on groundnut will occur late in the crop period i.e around 90
days. Morning relative humidity of 90% and more coupled with night temperature
20°C causes the initiation of the disease.
DRYLAND HORTICULTURE
Certain crops such as ber, custard apple, amla and mango require less water and can
be grown as rain fed crops. With supplemental irrigation pomegranate and mango can be
used for alternate land use systems. These orchards can be intercropped upto 3 years to
generate more biomass.
Ber : Can be grown in all types of soil. Proper managing and irrigation during fruit
development checks the dropping of berries. Regular pruning is necessary. Spacing may be
kept as 6 to 9 m.
Guava : Can be grown in all types of soil where rainfall is more than 750 mm having pH
ranging from 4.5 to 8.2. Regular irrigation throughout the year is necessary. Light pruning of
trees assists in heavy fruiting. The usual spacing kept as 5.5 to 6 m.
Amla : Can be grown even on slightly alkaline soils. Plants need light irrigation till they are
well established. Fruiting starts at the age or 8 years. The trees should be planted at a spacing
of 7.5 to 9 m.
Mango : Though it is a dry land crop, it requires irrigations only in summer season from
March to May at an interval of 15 to 20 days for fruit retention and maturity. Mango requires
slightly deep soils with good drainage and pH at 6.5 to 7.6. It needs 10 m X 10 m spacing in
well deep soils and 9 m X 9 m in medium soils.
 Along with horticultural crops, plantations for timber and fibre can be developed on
soils, which are not suitable for grain crops. The trees include neem/leucaena and
others in paired rows. Stylosanthes hamata can be grown in the interspace.
 Silvi pastural systems: Involve lopping trees and grazing under storey grasses and
bushes in forests and plantations. This system is applicable to vast areas of cultivable
wasteland.
 Farm forestry systems: This system is an integration of field, forage crops and trees
within a broader frame work of proper resource management. Fuel and fodder forage
yielding trees and planted on fences, field boundaries, bunds and near the farm ponds
as shelterbelts, windbreaks and tree belts. These modify the environmental factors and
increase the yield of crops besides yielding fuel, fodder and fruits. Ecualyptus,
tamarind, acacia, mango, neem, casuarinas and ber are useful for this purpose.
FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH
Under farming system where groundnut is a prevalent cropping system, rearing of
sheep (ram lambs) for about three months @ 10 sheep/ha, with groundnut haulms or stall
feeding of haulms + grazing has been found highly profitable than crop system alone.
52
7. CONTINGENCY PLAN FOR 2010-2011
7.1 RICE
7.1.1. Late Release of Canal Water
Due to late release of canal water the sowing of nurseries and planting of rice is
likely to be delayed beyond the cut off date (15th July) and the rice yield of popular long
duration varieties are reduced by 15 to 30 %. To get normal yield the following practices
are recommended :
1. If sowings are to be undertaken, the varieties like NLR 34449, MTU 1010, MTU 1001, and
JGL-384 to be preferred.
2. Shallow planting of 25 days old seedlings @ 3 to 4 per hill and increase the plant density
from 33 to 44 hills/m2
3. Increase N level by 50 % and its application in three equal splits (Basal, 20 DAT and
PI) in case of long duration cultivatrs, 2/3rd basal and 1/3rd at 25 DAT in case of late
planting of aged seedlings of long duration varieties. Prophylactic plant protection
measures to control sheath blight with tilt/cantaf are to be taken up.
4. Timely control of pests like gall midge and stem borer, leaf folder and BPH
7.1.2. Management practices for flood affected situations:
Completely damaged
Wherever the crop is completely damaged replanting with short duration varieties like
NLR 34449, NLR 145, Swarna, MTU 1010, IR 64, IET 1444 JGL-1798 can be taken up by
raising nurseries immediately The plantings should be done on or before 31st August.
N, P, K at 180 : 40 : 30 Kg/ha is recommended. Half of the recommended N and entire
P and K should be applied as basal dose before planting and 25 % of the N should be
applied at 20 days after planting. A spacing of 15 x15 cm (44 hills/m ) is to be adopted. If
zinc deficiency is seen on standing crop, it should be corrected by spraying 0.2% zinc
sulphate solution, 2-3 times at 4 to 5 days interval. A final dose of 25% recommended dose
(N) should be applied at PI stage.
Gall midge occurs moderately in the late planted crop for which Carbofuran 3G @ 10
kg/ac may be recommended. Leaf folder and stem borer at the vegetative stage are the other
pests to invade the late planted crop for which spraying of monocrotophos
@320 ml/ac (1.6 ml/L) or chlorpyriphos @ 400 ml/ac ( 2.0 ml/L) or quinolphos @ 400
ml/ac (2.0 ml/ac) is recommended. Disease like sheath blight may occur. As soon as the
lesions are observed on rice plants, Tilt (1 ml/L) or Contaf 2ml/L or Validamycin 2ml/L
may be sprayed at an interval of ten days to check the spread of disease.
Partially damaged by floods
Wherever the crop is partially damaged, gap filling has to be adopted . If seedlings are
not available for gap filling, the survived hills are to be split into individual tillers and used
for gap filling . Swarna and Chaitanya varieties performed well with split tillers and they
withstood the submergence for about one week and survived with 2-3 tillers. A booster dose
of 25 kg of urea and 15 kg of muriate of potash per acre are to be applied to hasten the
establishment and promote more tillering. Nitrogen at PI stage is to be applied as per normal
recommendations. The pests like leaf folder and stem borer, BPH, Cutworm, neck blast and
sheath blight are likely to occur . Recommended plant protection measures are to be taken up
for their control.
53
7.1.3. Management Practices under delayed monsoon and prolonged moisture stress
situation in tankfed areas
Delayed monsoon situation
In tankfed areas due to late receipt of rains, transplantations get delayed. August 31st
will generally be taken as cut off date and the following management practices are suggested
for the rice crop under the situation .
Nitrogen application in nurseries may be avoided when the seedlings are over aged as this is
found to have adverse effect on yields
Tillering ability of aged seedlings is less. Hence to maintain optimum tillers/ unit area 50 to
60 hills /m2 may be recommended. No. of seedlings may also be increased to 4-6 /hill
Phosphorus, potash and zinc should be applied as basal for good establishment and
growth. Application of nitrogen (40 to 60 kg/ha ) may be modified as basal application
of 2/3 rd and 1/3rd at panicle initiation
Weed control at five days after transplanting, 2-4 DEE 4G @ 0.5 kg a.i/ha or butachlor 5 G
@ 1.0 kg a.i/ha (8kg/ac) or oxadiazyl 35g/acre need to be given
As soon as the lesions of sheath blight and blast are observed on rice plants, carbendazim
0.1 % (1g/L) may be sprayed at an interval of ten days as prophylactic measure. If the
disease is above ETL, spray Hexaconazole (2ml/lit) or propiconazole (1ml/lit), and
the cyclozole (0.06%) to control sheath blight and blast respectively.
Leaf folder, green leaf hopper, stem borer, gall midge are likely to infest the rice crop from
last week of August. monocrotophos @ 300 ml/ acre (1.5 ml/L) or chlorpyriphos
@400ml/ac (2.0 ml/L) may be sprayed as soon as incidence is noticed keeping in view of
the ETL
Prolonged moisture stress situation
In areas where the crop is in vegetative stage and if subjected to prolonged moisture
stress, soon after receipt of good rain, split application of @ 20 kg N/ha is suggested
for speedy recovery. Need based plant protection measures may be taken.
7.2. PULSES
Crop/variety recommended for normal and delayed sowings
Normal sowing
Major situation : Light soil rainfed
Immediately after the on set of monsoon
Delayed sowing
Greengram
LGG 460, LGG 450, LGG 407, MGG 295, ML 267
Redgram
LRG 41, LRG 30, LRG 38, ICPL 332, ICP 8863, ICPL
85063
Major situation : Rainfed heavy soils
Greengram
LGG 460, LGG 407, LGG 450, ML 267, LGG 460,
MGG 295
Blackgram
LBG 20, T 9, LRG 623
Redgram
LRG 30, ICPL 332, ICP 8863, LRG 41, LRG 38
Major Situation : Irrigated Normal Areas
Greengram as preceding crop to rice (June sowings)
ML 267, PDM 54, MGG 295, LGG 460
54
PDM 54, LGG 407, ML 267, LGG 460
LRG 30, LRG 38, ICPL 332, ICP 8863,
ICPL 85063, Do not grow Blackgram
LGG 460, PDM 54, LGG 450, LGG
407, ML 267
LBG 20, LBG 623
LRG 30, ICPL 332, ICP 8863, LRG 41,
LRG 38
LGG 407
7.3. COTTON
Varieties and hybrids for rainfed light and heavy soils for normal and delayed sowings
Normal Sowings (June)
MCU 5, LK 861, L 389, LRA 5166, L603, L604, Narasimha
Varieties
H 8, NHH 44, JKHy-1, LAHH 5, LAHH 4, Savitha, LAHH - 7
Hybrids
Delayed sowings (August 15th to August end)
LRA 5166, NA1325, L 604
Varieties
LAHH5, NHH 44, H-8, LAHH 4, LAHH 1
Hybrids
Mid season drought
i) Delay the fertilizer application till sufficient soil moisture build up through rains.
ii) Frequent interculture, keep the crop weed free and conserve soil moisture
During drought situation thrips and whitefly may likely to flare up and protect the
crop from the damage of these pests with the use of recommended insecticides.
iii) Protective irrigation out of rain water conserved where ever possible
iv) Two sprays of 2% KNO3 at weekly interval when the crop is encountered reddening
symptoms.
Extended monsoon (heavy rains, floods and cyclones)
i) Excess water from the field to be drained out
ii) A booster dose of 30 kg N/ha may be applied to boost up the crop or Two sprays of 2%
KNO3 at weekly interval when the crop is encountered reddening symptoms.
iii) The soil is to be opened up through intercultivation as soon as it becomes possible for
quick evaporation of excess moisture
iv) Jassids menace may flare up. Suppress the pest with the use of monocrotophos,
imidacloprid, acctamiprid or thiomethoxon at the recommended doses, alternating
the insecticides.
v) Heavy rains may induce excessive crop growth. Nipping the tops to over come the
problem
vi) Spodoptera may appear for which egg masses and skeletinized leaves should be collected
and destroyed before taking up insecticidal applications.
vii) Boll rot may occur, hence corrective measures as suggested may be taken up
OIL SEED CROPS
(Uplands of Prakasam and other districts of Krishna zone)
Normal sowings
i) Rainfed light soils
Sowing time: June - July
Varieties : TMV -2, ICGS 11, ICGS 44 and JL 24
ii) Rainfed heavy soils: As above
Delayed sowings
Rainfed light soils and
i) Delayed groundnut sowings beyond second fort night
& rainfed heavy soils:
of July increase pest and disease problems , reduces
yields and difficult to harvest
due
to
soil
hardening. TMV -2 and TPT-1 are drought tolerant
(100-105 days).
ii) Instead of groundnut, sunflower, bajra, korra can be
grown.
55
Crop
Varieties
Sunflower
ASHB-11, MSFH-8, MFSH
Bajra
WCC 75, Composites, ICMH 432
& 451
Setaria (Korra)
Prasad, Sri Lakshmi
Millets can be grown till the end of July, but yields are reduced slightly.
Castor
Can also be grown up to 15th
August
Soybean
Is also suitable for delayed
sowings up to August
Varieties: JS 335, PK 1029 and PK 472
Extended monsoon
Rainfed light soils and
& rainfed heavy soils:
Reform dead furrows to drain the excess water during
heavy rains and to facilitate easy harvesting later.
Break of monsoon (Cultural operations):
Rainfed light soils and
Top dressing of N is recommended after receipt of the
& rainfed heavy soils:
rains at 20 kg N/ha.
7.6. SUGARCANE
The following contingency plan is suggested for different situations.
Situation
Crop recommended
1. January / March planting
Sunflower, maize,
failure of sugarcane plant
greengram, fodder crops
crop
like pillipesera and
sunhemp followed by
kharif paddy
2. November / December harvested
Gingelly, fodder crops,
sugarcane crop
pillipesara and sunhemp
followed by kharif paddy
3. February / March harvested
Greengram, Maize,
sugarcane crop
sunflower, fodder crops,
pillipesara and sunhemp
followed by Kharif paddy.
56
8. CONTINGENCY CROP PLAN IN CASE OF FAILURE OF SOUTH WEST
MONSOON
8.1. SITUATION - I
Rainfed areas where sowings could not be taken up till the end of August due to failure of
south - west monsoon.
1. Cultivation of a short duration crops like blackgram/ greengram/soybean.
Crops and Varieties:
Greengram: LGG 407, LGG 410, LGG 460
Blackgram: LBG 17, LBG 20, LBG 623, LBG 402, LBG 685, LBG 611, LBG 22 All
high yielding blackgram varieties recommended for rabi can be sown as early as during
first week of September.
Soybean : JS 335, PK 472, PK 1029
Follow management practices suggested for rabi
2. Cultivation of sole rabi redgram or rabi redgram + greengram/ blackgram / soybean/
coriander intercropping system in Guntur Prakasam, Krishna under rainfed situation
as well as under I.D.in other parts of the zone
Redgram : ICPL 85063, LRG 30, LRG 41, LRG 38 and any other six months duration
local variety
Spacing: 45 cm x10 cm (Rainfed)
90 cm x10 cm (I.D)
Fertilizer: 40kg N + 50kg P2O5/ha
- Follow IPM for Heliothis, pod borer management.
- Monitor and manage Maruca pest
8.2. SITUATION - II
Delta region, NSP area, Tankfed areas where large areas remain unplanted.
Provide good drainage facilities by sowing in ridge - furrow method
Maize: DHM 1, DHM 103, DHM 105, DHM 107, DHM 109, Trishulatha and other
popular private hybrids
Rabi redgram : ICPL 85063, ICPL 332, LRG 30, LRG 38, LRG 41
Soybean
: JS 335, PK 472, PK 1029
Blackgram
: All recommended varieties for rabi
8.3. SITUATION - III
If rains are delayed further i.e., till the end of September - normal rabi sowings
with the crops and varieties recommended can be taken up. Do not sow bengalgram in
September as it may suffer from Sclerotium collar rot.
57
Cotton
- It is not advisable to sow cotton after August as whitefly may become a serious threat.
- If farmers want to undertake cotton, go for short duration varieties / hybrids viz., L
603, L 604, NHH- 44, H 8, Lam Hybrid 4 and Lam Hybrid 5.
- Monitor whitefly incidence
- Spraying of synthetic pyrethroid should be discouraged
- Apply 1/3 rd of recommended N and K as basal for quick growth along with full
dose of phosphorus for September sown crop
- Frequent intercultivation in order to conserve the available soil moisture.
- Follow integrated pest management
Chillies
- Discourage direct sown chillies beyond 1st fortnight of September
- Sindhur, G 4, LCA 235, LCA 206, LCA 305 and LCA 353 can be cultivated under
late sown conditions under I.D.only
- Frequent intercultivation to conserve available soil moisture.
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN COTTON
The IPM strategies:
Growing cotton as a rotation crop rather than a continuous monocrop year after year to
restore the phenomenon of polyculture in the system
Application of chemical fertilizer as supplement to organic or biological fertilizers as per the
recommended doses
Growing intercrops/strip crops/barrier crops. Crops like, cowpea, groundnut, greengram,
soybean, clusterbean are better intercrops in increasing the effectiveness of natural
enemies like coccinellids, syrphids, chrysopids, spiders, Trichogram mids, Apantelids etc.
Growing fodder jowar or maize as barrier crop around cotton and castor as trap crop in
between cotton rows is advantageous to manage pests of cotton
Using delinted seed for effective seed_dressing with carbosulfan and Mancozeb before
sowing the crop is desirable
Managing the early season pests either with resistant varieties, or with seed treatment or with
stem application technique
Monitoring pests by using sticky pheromone and light traps. The adult monitoring should be
supported by egg and larval monitoring following sequential sampling technique at
frequent intervals in case of boll worms
The build up of broad spectrum predators-spiders, coccinellids and chrysopids should be
synchronized with other cultural operations. Release of Trichogramma egg parasite @
1,50,000/ha and Chrysopa egg larval predator @ 25,000/ha, should be done as soon as the
first brood of boll worms is noticed
Topping of cotton plants when maximum egg laying of Helicoverpa armigera is noticed
(October-November months)
Application of Helio NPV @ 500 LE/ha or Neem seed kernel extract (5%) in synchrony with
early larvae of Helicoverpa. Neem oil formulation to manage whitefly initially
Resorting to chemical insecticides – Monocrotophos/ Imidacloprid/ Acetamiprid/
Thiomethaxon if jassid attack is dominating ; trizophos/ endosulfan/ neem oil if whitefly
is predominant; Endosulfan/ Quinalphos/ Chlorpyriphos/ Spinosad/ Indoxocarb if
overlapping populations of Helicoverpa are present
58
Spraying of certain insecticides like endosulfan/chlorpyriphos with synergists like sesamum
oil on need basis is highly effective
For managing red spider mites, application of water soluble sulphur or dicofol must be done.
Similarly if mealy bugs spread in patches to alarming level, methyl parathion or
quinolphos may be used by mixing with sandovit or teepol
Removal of cotton stubbles after last picking without opting to ratoon crop or prolonging the
crop duration with irrigations and fertilizer application. This is essential to break the
cycles of problem pests in the system as a whole
Management strategy for pink boll worm in cotton
The first brood during cotton season develops mainly on buds and flowers. In infested
squares, before flower opening, the larva spins a web around the tips of the petals and
prevents flower opening (rosette flowers) and thereby protects itself from hot sun and natural
enemies. Larvae feed upon developing anthers and style and occasionally on the ovary.
Attacked small buds shed while larger buds develop with poor quality kapas.
Since eggs are mostly protected by calyx and the newly hatched larvae bore into the
bolls immediately, it is difficult to manage this pest with insecticides. Therefore, hygienic
methods are more important than chemical control. These are:
Avoid staggered sowing in an area and take up timely sowings
Use acid de-linted seed only
Keep the crop free from weeds
Monitor the pest build up with field scouting and pheromone traps
Destroy pink boll worm larvae in rosette flowers and also through periodical removal
of dropped squares, dried flowers and pre-matured bolls, to suppress pest population in the
initial stage.
Avoid ratooning or summer cotton
Allow cattle, sheep and goats to graze upon immature green bolls and attacked bolls after
final picking to prevent carry-over of the pest to the next season.
Promptly remove and destroy cotton stubbles to prevent carry over of pest to next season.
Restrict the movement of cotton seed from other areas/states
Need based use of insecticides
- Seed fumigation with methyl bromide at 0.4 kg/1000 cu ft
/phostoxin 50 tablets/1000 cu ft for 24 hours
- Spraying of persistent insecticides like quinolphos/chlorpyriphos
at 2.5 mill at 15 days interval on need basis
Ginning mills to burn the stained kapas regularly
59
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN PULSES
Integrated Pest Management of helicoverpa on redgram
Cultural:
Summer ploughing
Avoid monocropping
Follow crop rotation
Avoid staggered sowing
Adopt wider row spacing (more than 2 metres)
Use recommended dose of fertilizers
Cultivate tolerant/recouping varieties (ICPL 332, ICPL 84060,LRG 30, MRG 66, LRG 41)
Grow intercrops
(Kharif:- sorghum, soybean, gingelly, greengram, blackgram, groundnut, bajra)
(Rabi :- coriander, cowpea, greengram)
Grow single variety on large scale
Sow rabi redgram during October
Cultivate short duration varieties in Telangana
II. Mechanical:
Monitor with Pheromone traps @ 10/ha
Dislodge the larvae by shaking the plants and destroy
III. Biological:
Release Trichogramma twice at weekly intervals @ 65000/ha
Keep bird perches @ 50/ha
Spray NPV or B.T. (NPV @ 500 LE/ha or B.T. @ 1 kg/ha)
IV. Plant Products :
Use Neem oil @ 5 ml/L or NSKE @ 50 g/l
V. Synthetic Pesticides :
Follow need based application
Avoid cocktail mixtures
Aim the sprayings at early instars
Apply endosulfan @ 2.0 L/ha or chlorpyriphos @ 2.5 L/ha or quinalphos @ 2.0 L/ha or
acephate @ 1.0 kg/ha alternatively during flowering & pod formation stage
Ensure thorough coverage (900-1000 L/ha)
Use hydraulic/pneumatic hand compression sprayers (900-1000 L/ha)
Discourage synthetic pyrethroids
Avoid sub lethal dosages
Adopt community approach
60
Integrated Pest Management of tobacco catterpillar on blackgram
I. Cultural:
Timely tillage to expose pupae
Removal of alternate/collateral hosts
Raise trap crops like castor for ovi position, larval development
II. Mechanical:
Monitor with Pheromone traps @ 10/ha
Remove egg masses/skeletonized leaves
Dig trenches around the field
Pick and destroy the grown up larvae
III. Biological:
Spray NPV @ 500 LE/ha
Spray BT @ 1 kg/ha
Erect bird perches @ 50/ha
IV. Plant Products :
Spray Neem based compounds
V. Synthetic Pesticides:
Follow need based application
Spray acephate (500 g/ha), chlorpyriphos (1250 ml/ha), quinolphos (1250 ml/ha), endosulfan
(1000 ml/ha) etc.
Use hydraulic/pneumatic hand compression sprayers(400-500 L/ha) or Mist
blowers (135-165L/ha)
Ensure thorough coverage (About 400-500L/ha)
Avoid mixtures
Avoid sub-lethal dosages
Discourage synthetic pyrethroids
Adopt community approach
Integrated Pest Management of heliothis on bengalgram
Sow 4 rows of coriander for every 8-12 rows of bengalgram
Keep “T” shaped bird perches @ 50 per ha
Transplant marigold seedlings @ 50 per ha randomly in the plot
Monitor with pheromone traps @ 10/ha
Use neem formulations or NSKE 5%
Spray NPV @ 500 LE/ha in the evening hours
If IPM are not followed spray chlorpyriphos 2.5 ml/L or quinalphos 2.0 ml/L or
acephate 1 g/L or endosulfan 2.0 ml/L using 500 L of spray fluid per ha
61
RECOMMENDED CROP VARIETIES
Krishna
Varieties Recommended
Crop
Rice
Single cropped wetlands
:
MTU 2077, MTU 2067, NLR 5293, NLR 28523,
PLA 1100
Double cropped wetlands
:
MTU 7029, MTU 2077, MTU 2067, MTU 1061,
MTU 1001, MTU 1010, BPT 5204, MTU 2716
Late sowings
:
MTU 7029, MTU 1001, MTU 1010, NLR 34449,
NLR 145
:
LBG 20, LBG 623, T9
:
LBG 17, LBG 402, LBG 623
LBG 645, LBG 685, LBG 20, LBG 709
Rice fallow
:
LBG 22, LBG 402, LBG 611, LBG 645,
LBG 648, LBG 685, LBG 709
Greengram
Kharif
:
LGG 450, LGG 460, PDM 54, ML 267, LGG 407,
MGG 295
Rabi
:
Lam M2, LGG 410, LGG 407, LGG 450, LGG
460, TM 96 – 2
Redgram
:
Cotton
:
Groundnut
Chillies
:
:
Maize
Jowar
Sugarcane
Early Maturity varieties
:
:
LRG 41, LRG 30, LRG 38, MRG 66, ICPL 85063,
ICPL 332
LK861, L 389, L 604, L 603, Narasimha, MCU 5,
NHH 44, LAHH 4, LAHH 5, LAHH 7, NCS 145
and Savitha
TMV 2, JL 24, ICGS 11, ICGS 44
LCA 206, LCA 235, LCA 305, LCA 334, CA 960,
G 4, LCA 353
DHM 103, 105, 107, Aswani, Harsha
CSH 5, CSH 6, CSH 9
:
Co 6907, Co 8201, 91 V 83, 93 V 297,86 V 96
:
Co 7219,89 V 74,89 V 74,85 V 15,92 V 206, 86 V
146, 87 V 397
Blackgram
Kharif
Rabi
Mid late Maturing varieties
62
RECOMMENDED CROP VARIETIES
Guntur
Crop
Situation
Rice
Single cropped wetlands
:
NLR 27999, NLR 76 - 96, NLR 9672 - 96,
NLR 28523
Double cropped wetlands
:
MTU 7029, MTU 2077, MTU 2067, MTU 1001,
BPT 5204, JGL 384
:
LGG 407, LGG 450, LGG 460, PDM 54, ML267,
MGG 295
Lam M2, LGG 407, LGG 410, LGG 450, LGG 460,
TM 96-2
Greengram Kharif
Varieties Recommended
Rabi
:
Rabi (rice fallow)
:
LGG 410, LGG 460, TM 96-2
Kharif
:
LBG 20, 623, T 9
Rabi
:
LBG 17, 20, 402, 623, 645, 685, 709
Rabi (rice fallow)
:
LBG 22, 402, 611, 645, 648, 685, 709
Summer
:
LBG 20, 623, T 9
Kharif
:
TMV 2, TPT 1, TPT 2, JL 24, K 134
Rabi
:
TMV 2
Cotton
:
L 603, 604, LK 389, LK 861, Narasimha, NHH 44,
LAHH 4, H 8, LAHH 5, LAHH 7, NCH 145,
Savitha
Chillies
:
LCA 305, LCA 354, G 3, LCA 235, 334, 206, G 4
Maize
:
Aswani, DHM 101, 103, 105, 107
Bhendi
:
Arka Anamika, Prabhani Kranthi, Arka Abhay
Mustard
:
Kranti, Pusa Bold, Sita
Sugarcane
:
Co 8094, 83V15, Co 7219, Co 7805, 86 A 146, 87 A
397, 89 V 74
Blackgram
Groundnut
63
RECOMMENDED CROP VARIETIES
Prakasam
Crop
Situation
Varieties Recommended
:
MTU 2067, MTU 2077, NLR 9672 – 96, NLR 27999,
NLR 28523, NLR 34449, NLR 33641, MTU 1001,
BPT 2270, NLR 9674.
:
LCA 235, LCA 334, LCA 206, CA 90, G 4, LCA 305,
LCA 353
Cotton
:
L 603, L 604, NA 1325, L 389, LK 861, LAHH 4, 5, 7
Maize
:
DHM 1, DHM 103, DHM 105, DHM 107
Groundnut
:
TMV 2, K 134, TPT 1, TPT 2
Vegetables
:
Bhendi, Gourds, Leaf vegetables
:
LGG 407, LGG 460, ML 267, LGG 450
Blackgram
:
LBG 20, LBG 623, T 9, LBG 685, 709
Redgram
:
LRG 41, LRG 30, LRG 38, MRG 66, ICPL 85063
Castor
:
Aruna, PCS 4, GAUCH 4
Bengalgram
:
Swetha, Annegiri, Jyothi, Kranti, JG 11, KAK 2
Groundnut
:
K 134, TPT 1, TPT 2, TMV 2
Maize
:
DHM 1, DHM 103, DHM 105, DHM 107, Ganga 5
Gingelly
:
Gouri, YLM 11, YLM 17
Bhendi
:
Arka Anamika, Arka Abhay, Haritha, Prabhani Kranti
:
LRG 30, MRG 66, ICPL 332, ICPL 85063, ICP 8863,
PRG 100, IRG 38, LRG 41
Rice
Chillies
Greengram
Redgram
Irrigated Uplands
Rainfed Heavy soils
Rainfed Light soils
Greengram
ML 267, LGG 407, LGG 460
Groundnut
TMV 2, TPT 2, K 134
Castor
Aruna, PCS 4, Harsha
64
DOs and DON’Ts for Major Crops
REDGRAM
To escape from Helicoverpa, plant rabi redgram in Nellore, Prakasam, Krishna and Guntur
districts and extra short duration redgram in Northern Telangana (NT) zone during kharif,
use recommended high yielding varieties
Adopt IPM against pod borer on redgram
Intercrop redgram with greengram/blackgram/groundnut/sesamum/soybean/sorghum or
maize
Under delayed monsoon conditions, grow redgram as sole crop using high seed rate
Rabi crops may be intercropped with rabi redgram
BLACKGRAM
Do not cultivate blackgram on light soils in uncertain rainfall areas as it is highly sensitive to
moisture stress
Rabi blackgram under ID conditions and rice fallows
Use recommended high yielding varieties, seed treatment with carbosulfan 30 g +
Captan/Thiram/Mancozeb/Carbendazim @ 2.5 g per kg of seed
Spray 1.5- 2.0% urea twice at 40 DAS and 50 DAS
Follow IPM for the management of tobacco caterpillar
Spray Mancozeb (0.3%) or Copper Oxychloride (0.3%) at 10 days interval to manage foliar
fungal diseases
Spray twice with karathane (0.1%) + Mancozeb (0.3% ) or tridemorph twice at weekly
intervals at 50-55 DAS to control the rust
GREENGRAM
Take up greengram as catch crop before rice planting
Use recommended high yielding varieties, seed treatment with carbosulfan 30 g
+Captan/Thiram/Mancozeb/Carbendazim @ 2.5 g per kg of seed
Spray 1.5-2.0% urea twice at 30 DAS and 40 DAS
Grow YMV resistant varieties
BENGALGRAM
Use recommended high yielding varieties, treat the seed with Captan or Thiram (2.5
g/kg seed)
Grow wilt (Kranti, Swetha), stunt (Jyothi) and dry root rot (ICCV 10) resistant varieties and
high yielding varieties JG 11 and KAK 2
Follow IPM for the management of Heliothis
Inter cultivate twice at 20 and 30 DAS
Spray Fluchloralin at 2.5 L/ha as pre-sowing incorporated or spray Pendimethalin at 3.3 to 5
L/ha immediately after the sowing or next day.
65
SOYBEAN
Use recommended high yielding varieties
Treat the seed with Rhizobium japonicum
Grow soybean as an intercrop in cotton. This not only increases the area under soybean, but
also helps in the buildup of predators of Helicoverpa
Cultivate soybean in rabi under ID conditions
COTTON
Grow recommended varieties i.e., L 604, L 603, NA 1325, LK 861, L 389, MCU 5, LRA
5166 and hybrids LAHH 1, LAHH 4, LAHH 5, LAHH 7.
Grow approved private Bt cotton hybrids.
Resort summer ploughing
Use delinted and treated seed of recommended varieties/hybrids.
Grow approved private Bt Cotton hybrids.
Go for intercropping with soybean/greengram/cowpea to reduce pest load/improve soil
fertility and net returns
Adopt stem application of systemic insecticides at .early stage to encourage defender
population
Collect and destroy eggs of Helicoverpa and spodoptera and grown up caterpillars
Follow IPM schedule
Remove cotton stubbles soon after final picking
Do not grow cotton in light soils and chalka and Dubba soils as a rainfed or even as an
irrigated crop.
CHIlLIES
Produce and use your own seed
Grow only virus resistant varieties like G 4, LCA 334, LCA 305, LCA 353 and LCA 235
Treat the seed with Imidachlorpride 8 g/kg of seed Mancozeb or Captan or Bavistin @ 3 g/kg
of seed
Drench with Bordeaux mixture (1 %) or copper oxychloride (3 g/L) on 13th and 20th
day of sowing to prevent damping off diseases in the nurseries.
Follow Integrated Nutrient Management
Avoid indiscriminate use of pesticides to save the crop from phytotoxicity and residues on the
produce
Avoid repeated use of synthetic pyrethroids as it leads to secondary infestation of sucking
pests
Spray 1 % urea 3 - 4 times at fortnightly interval under moisture stress condition
66
CROP WISE PRODUCTION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RABI IN KRISHNA
ZONE
1. RICE
Varieties recommended:
Situation
Varieties for Krishna Zone
Normal Plantings
Cottondora sannalu (MTU 1010), Vijetha (MTU 1001), IR
64,
JGL 1798, Nellore Mahsuri (NLR 34449)
Saline soils
Vikas, Somasila (NLR 33358)
Late plantings
Cottondora Sannalu (MTU 1010), IR 64, JGL 1798
BPH prone areas
Cottondora Sannalu (MTU 1010) , Vijetha (MTU 1001)
Brief description of varieties
Duration
Yield
(days)
(t/ac)
MTU 1001
120 (Rabi)
MTU 1010
Variety
Pest/ Disease Resistance
Special Features
2.5
BPH, Blast
Fine grain
125
3.0
BPH, Blast (T)
Super fine grain
JGL 1798
120
2.5
Gall midge biotypes 1, 3,
Super fine grain
4
Vikas
120-125
2.5
-
Super fine grain
Somasila
105-110
2.5
Blast
Super fine grain
IR 64
120
3.0
Blast
Superfine grain
Nellore
Mahsuri
125
3.0
Blast
Fine grain, dwarf and non
lodging
Sowing nurseries and seed rate
For transplanting 20-25 kg, for direct seeding 16-20 kg, for SRI method 2 kg seed per acre is
required
Land preparation and weed control:
Nursery Management (Wet)


Select an area of nursery, which has good irrigation and drainage facility.
Prepare the nursery field one month before sowing
67













Prepare nursery field by ploughing twice in the summer subsequently by puddling 3-4
times at an interval of 5-6 days.
Level the field after final puddling and prepare raised beds of one-meter width and of
convenient length duly forming channels for irrigation and proper drainage.
Apply well-decomposed FYM/ compost @ 200 kg/ 5cents nursery to improve soil
condition.
Soak the paddy seed for 16-24 hours and incubate for 24-36 hours before sowing of
sprouted seed.
Apply 2 kg nitrogen (4.4 kg of Urea), 1 kg of `P2O5’ (6.25 kg of SSP) and 1kg of
`K2O’ (1.7 kg of MOP) for a nursery bed of 5 cents (200 m2).
Apply total `P’ & `K’ fertilizers and ½ `N’ as basal (before final leveling and
thoroughly mixed in the soil).
Apply the remaining ½ `N’ at 10-15 DAS depending up on seedling growth.
Sow the sprouted seed @ 5 kg/cent (40 m2) of nursery bed and 20 kg seed is sufficient
for one acre of main field.
Broadcast sprouted seed uniformly in seedbeds by keeping thin film of water and
drain the water next day morning for proper aeration.
Maintain alternate wet and dry during first week, after that beds can be flooded 2-3
cm depth depending up on height of seedlings.
Apply@ 75 ml benthiocarb or pretilachlor with safener@ 40 ml or butachlor @50
ml or pyrazosulfuron @ 5 g in 10 l of water as pre emergence application for five
cents nursery to over come weed problem
Apply cyhalofop butyl @ 20 ml/ 10 l of water at 12-15 DAS to control Echinochloa
spp. effectively.
At the time of uprooting, the nursery should be flooded two days before to avoid root
damage
Main Field
 Plough the soil once or twice in mid summer prior to main field preparation; it will
help in checking the weed growth by exposing the root system of weeds. It also
exposes egg masses and hibernated stages of different pests and disease to the hot sun
and helps soil to retain moisture received during summer.
 Under canal irrigation green manuring is very much suggested
 Initiate puddling at least 15 days before transplanting
 Tractor / power tiller puddling to a depth of 15 cm is enough.
 Level the field perfectly after final puddling and allow it to settle for 2-3 days before
transplanting in heavy soils which helps in better water and weed control.
 Transplant 4-6 leaf stage rice seedlings (25 days old).
 Avoid usage of over aged seedlings for transplanting in rice as use of 40 days for
medium duration and more than 30 days for short duration varieties reduce the yield
drastically.
 Transplant 44 hills/m2 at 2-3 cm depth @ 2-3 seedlings /hill
 In less fertile soils and in the case of over aged seedlings, transplant 66 hills / m 2 to
reduce the yield loss to some extent.
68

Make 20 cm alleyways at every 2 m apart to facilitate free aeration and for uniform
application of fertilizers, weedicides and pest management practices.
Water management
 Proper water management facilitates good tillering, increased nutrient use and reduce
weed infestation.
 Maintain shallow depth of water (1-2 cm) at the time of transplanting.
 Increase the water level up to 5 cm depth after transplanting till crop establishment
 Maintain shallow depth of water (2-3 cm) during tillering phase of crop.
 Maintain 5 cm of water during panicle initiation to physiological maturity (10 days
before harvest) of the crop.
 Crop should not face water stress at panicle initiation, flowering and milky stages.
Weed management
 The crop should be maintained weed free especially till 45 DAT.
 Hand weeding at 20 and 40 days after transplanting in areas where manual labour is
available at reasonable rates
 To over come weed problem apply any one of the following herbicides keeping thin
film of water; butachlor @ 1.25 l /acre (or) anilophos @ 500 ml/acre (or) pretilachlor
@ 600 ml /acre (or) oxadiargyl @ 40 g (mixed with one litre of water) with in 3 to 5
days of transplanting or spray pyrazosulfuran ethyl @ 80-100 g/ acre at 8-12 DAT
or bensulfuron methyl @ 35 g /acre as pre to post emergence (3-25 DAT). 2,4- D SS
@400 g / acre at 20-25 DAT to control broadleaved weeds .
Fertilizer recommendation
Nursery
 Basal fertilization with 0.5 kg of `N’; 0.5 kg of `P’ and 0.5 Kg of `K’ per every 100
sq.mt is required to get robust seedlings, followed by another 0.5 kg `N’ at 12 days
after sowing.
 Spray ZnSO4 @ 2.0 g /l for correction of zinc deficiency if deficiency is observed.
 Spray 5-10 g ferrous sulphate (or) ferrous ammonium sulphate with 0.5 to 1.0 gram
of citric acid per litre of water to correct Iron deficiency in the nursery crop.
Main field
Agro Climatic Zones
Nitrogen
(Kg/ac)
Phosphorus
(Kg/ac)
Potash
(Kg/ac)
Krishna zone
48
24
16



Nitrogen is to be applied in three splits (at basal, at active tillering stage & at panicle
initiation stage) `P’ & `K’ may be applied as basal in heavy soils.
In case of light soils, `K’ may be applied in two equal splits i.e., at basal and at
panicle initiation stage.
Nutrient management
Soil fertility and productivity of rice can be improved and maintained through
integrated use of organic, inorganic and bio fertilizers in a balanced manner.
69



25-50% of recommended N through green manures/compost /FYM/ poultry manures
results sustainable yields.
Green manuring insitu with Sesbania / Crotalaria / pillipesara or grain legume crop
residues like black gram/ green gram can sustain the soil fertility and productivity .
Bio fertilizers like blue green algae, Azolla, Azospirillum, phosphobacteria can save
about 10 – 20 % `N’ & `P’ requirement of rice crop.

Apply N, P2O5 and K2O @ 180: 90: 60 kg /ha during rabi. Apply entire `P2O5’ &
`K2O’ as basal while `N’ in three equal splits (basal + active tillering + panicle
initiation stage). In light textured soils apply `K2O’ in two splits half at basal and half
at panicle initiation along with 2nd top dressing of `N’.
 Drain out the field before N topdressing and irrigate the field after 2 days only.
 Apply zinc sulphate @ 50 Kg / ha to avoid the Zn deficiency. Deficiency in the
standing crop can be corrected by spraying zinc sulphate @ 0.2% (2 g /L of water).
The spraying should be repeated at 5 days interval depending on the severity of the
problem.
 If Iron deficiency noticed spray of ferrous sulphate @ 20-30 g and citric acid @ 2-3
g/l is suggested. 2-3 sprays at 5-day interval are needed.
Plant protection
Pests
Cultural practices recommended for reducing the build up of insect pests:
 Summer ploughing
 Grow suitable resistant varieties
 Use recommended doses of fertilizers
 Clipping of the leaf tips of seedlings while planting
 Adopt normal spacing
 Formation of alleyways.
 Alternate wetting and drying
 Weed management
Economic threshold levels of insect pests
S.No. Insect Pest
Stage of the Crop
Economic threshold level
1
Stem borer
Nursery and Tillering One adult or one egg mass per one sqm or 5% of
dead hearts per sqm.
2
Gall midge
Nursery and Tillering One silver shoot per hill or 5% galls per sqm.
3
BPH/WBPH Tillering
10-15 insects per hill
After flowering
20-25 insects per hill
4
Leaf folder
All stages
One to two damaged leaves per hill
5
Hispa
Tillering stage
Two adults per hill or two damaged leaves per hill
6
Green
leaf Nursery
One or two insects per sqm
hopper
Tillering
10 insects per hill
Flowering
20 insects per hill
7
Gundhi bug
Flowering
One to two adults per hill
70
Chemical control
Tillering stage:
Stemborer, Thrips and Hispa
 Spray monocrotophos @ 36 SL 1.6 ml or chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2.5 ml or
phosphamidon 40 SL@ 2.0 ml/l of water.
Gallmidge
 Apply phorate 10G @ 12.5 kg/ha or carbofuran 3 G @ 25 kg/ha at 15 DAT in 1– 2
inches of standing water.
Leaf folder
 Spray profenophos @ 2.0 ml or chlorpyriphos @ 2.5 ml or monocrotophos 36 SL @
1.6 ml/l of water.
Hispa
 Spray profenophos @ 2.0 ml or chlorpyriphos @ 2.5 ml or monocrotophos @1.6 ml/l
of water
Leaf mite
 Dicofol @ 5.0 ml or wettable sulphur @ 3 g /l of water.
Panicle initiation to booting stage
BPH/WBPH
 Spray acephate @ 1.5 g or monocrotophos @ 2.2 ml or ethofenprox @ 2.0 ml or
fenobucarb @ 2.0 ml or imidacloprid @ 0.25 ml or thiamethoxam @ 0.2 g or
buprofezin 1.6ml /l of water.
 Spray fluid (200 l/acre) should be directed towards the base of the plant.
 Avoid spraying of combination of insecticides and synthetic pyrethroids.
 If second spray is warranted alternate the previous chemical preferably belonging to
another group.
Stemborer
 Cartap hydrochloride 50 WP 2.0 g or acephate 1.5 g or profenophos 2.0 ml /l of water
(or) apply cartap hydrochloride 4G @ 8 kg/acre when the adult moths/egg masses @
one/ sq.m are noticed in the field.
Leaf folder
 Spray cartap hydrochloride 2.0 g or acephate 1.5 g or profenophos 2.0 ml /l of water.
Panicle mite
 Spray profenophos 2.0 ml or dicofol 5.0 ml/l of water
Post flowering
BPH/WBPH
 The insecticides as recommended at boot stage should be used.
Cutworm
 Irrigate the field and spray in the evening hours with any of the following
combinations, dichlorvos @ 1.0 ml + endosulfan @ 2.0 ml (or) dichlorvos 1.0 ml +
chlorpyriphos 2.5 ml/l of water.
71
Rice Diseases
Disease
Time of application
Sheath blight
Blast
a) Leaf blast
b) Neck blast
BLB
Stem rot
Red stripe
Sheath rot
False smut
Fungicide
Dose
At the initiation of the
disease.
Normally
around 45 days after
transplanting in kharif
and 30 days after
transplanting in rabi
At the initiation of the
disease under favourable
weather conditions
Hexaconazole 5EC/
validamycin 3L/
propiconazole25 EC
@ 2ml/l
@ 2ml/l
@ 1ml/l
Tricyclazole 75 WP/
isoprothiolane 40 EC
@ 0.6g/l
@ 1.5ml/l
i)
Under
disease
favourable
weather
conditions just before
panicle emergence stage
ii)On appearance of the
disease
No chemical available.
Management is mainly
through rationalization
of nitrogenous fertilizer
application
At the appearance of the
disease (Normally from
maximum tillering to
crop maturity stage)
Tricyclazole 75 WP/
Isoprothiolane 40 EC
@ 0.6g/l
@ 1.5ml/l
Tricyclazole 75WP/
isoprothiolane 40 EC
---
@ 0.6g/l
@1.5 ml/l
---
One spray
Validamycin 3L /
hexaconazole 5EC /
propiconazole 25 EC /
carbendazim 50 WP/
benomyl 50 WP
@ 2ml/l
@ 2ml/l
@ 1ml/l
@ 1g/l
@ 1 g/l
@ 1g/l
2 to 4 sprays at 1015 days interval
depending
how
much early the
disease has been
noticed
One spray
@ 1g/l
One spray
1.0ml/l
2.0g/l
1.0g/l
One spray during
evening hours
At the appearance of the Carbendazim 50 WP
disease from advanced
boot leaf
to crop
maturity stage
At the appearance of the Carbendazim 50WP
disease or at panicle
emergence stage
At flowering stage
Propiconazole 25 EC/
copper
oxycloride
50WP/
carbendazim 50WP
72
No. of applications
& time interval
2 sprays at 15-day
interval
2 to 3 sprays
depending on the
severity & spread of
the disease at 15
days interval
One spray
---
Rodent control
For endemic areas
 Destruction of rodent harborage and observe rat movement.
 Reducing the number and size of field bunds
 Complete the sowing and planting uniformly in one area.
 From puddling to one month after planting, setup local traps @ 20 /acre.
 Installation of permanent bait stations from planting to flowering stage @ 5 /ha four at
corners of the field one meter inside the cropped area from the field bund and one at
the centre, bromadiolone bait @ 30 g per bait station should be replenished twice in a
week.
 During crop period baiting with bromadiolone 0.005% in baits prior to primordial
initiation stage of the crop.
 From primordial initiation to crop harvest smoking of burrows with “burrow
fumigator“developed by APRRI & RARS, Maruteru.
Action Plan with bromadiolone 0.005%
Day 1: Identify live burrows and simultaneously place 15g freshly prepared
bromadiolone loose bait in packets inside the burrow.
Day 2: Repeat bromadiolone loose baiting in the active /live burrows.
Note: Control schedules should be executed on community basis to check cross infestation
through migration.
Unit requirement of bromadiolone
 For 1st baiting to 50 burrows/ha @ 15 grams loose bait /burrow – 15 g bromadiolone
required/ha
 For 2nd baiting to 10 burrows/ha @ 15 g loose bait per burrow (20 % of 50 burrows)
– 3 g bromadiolone required /ha.
Harvesting and storage
 Harvesting should be done when at least 75% of the grains are matured. If the crop is
harvested without proper maturity it leads to loss of viability of grains.
 The harvested material should be dried in the field for 2-3 days.
 The grain should be free from inert material after threshing and winnowing.
 The winnowed grains should be sun dried until the moisture content reaches less than
13%.
 Both over drying and under drying will lead to breakage of the grain during
processing.
High moister content during storage leads to loss of viability due to increased grain
respiration and attack of storage insects and pests.
73
2. MAIZE
Maize is the most widely distributed cereal crop of India after rice and wheat. Of late,
the economic importance of maize crop has been increasing because of its diversified agrobased industrial uses apart from its food, feed and fodder value.
Rabi maize favorably responds to better crop management as it is one of the most
efficient users of solar energy with high yield potential. The possibility of rabi maize can
provide a major break through for rapid increase in productivity as yields are much higher as
compared to kharif. Some of the important package of practices favouring maize cultivation
in rabi are briefly discussed below.
Soils
Red, sandy loam and medium black soils with good drainage facilities are preferable.
Maize does not come up well in saline, alkaline and waterlogged soils. The optimum pH
range should be between 5.5 to 7.5.
Time of sowing
Middle of October to middle of November in Telangana and Rayalseema districts and
upto January 1st week in coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh.
Seed treatment
Seed treatment with captan or mancozeb @ 2-3 g/kg of seed.
Seed rate
7 kg per acre for normal hybrids, 4 kg per acre for sweet corn, 5 kg per acre for pop
corn and 10 kg per acre for baby corn.
Spacing
75 cm or 60 cm between rows and 20 cm between plants which gives an optimum
plant population of 26,000 - 32,000 per acre approximately for all the hybrids and speciality
corns except baby corn (45 x 20 cm).
Method of sowing
Sowing on sides of ridges at a distance of 1/3rd from top facilitates irrigation as well
as drainage. Excess seedlings should be thinned 10 days after emergence to have single
seedling per hill.
Fertilizers
For rabi crop 80-100 kg nitrogen, 24 kg phosphorus, 20 kg potash per acre is
recommended. Nitrogen may be applied in three splits viz., at sowing, knee high stage (30
DAS) and at flag leaf emergence (55 DAS). Twenty kilograms of commercial zinc sulphate
per acre may be applied if soils are known to be deficient in available zinc. If symptoms
appear later, the crop can be sprayed with 0.2% (2g/l) solution of zinc sulphate.
Weeding
Pre-emergence spraying atrazine (Atrataf) 50W.P. @ 800-1200 g /ac in 200 l of water
will control most broad leaved weeds effectively. After 30-35 days, crop may be
intercultivated and earthing up should be done.
74
Irrigation
Four to six irrigations are needed during the rabi season. If six irrigations are given,
they should be applied at the following crop growth stages. Two irrigations up to flowering
at an interval of 20-25 days, one at the time of flowering, two after flowering and one at the
early grain filling stage. If five irrigations are given, one irrigation at the vegetative stage may
be avoided and if only four irrigations are given irrigation after the dough stage may be
avoided. The irrigation schedule may however be changed suitably based on the soil
conditions
Plant protection
Pests
The pink borer (Sesamia inferens) infests the crop during rabi season. The borers
cause dead hearts in early stage of crop. The pest incidence is recognized by the presence of
parallel holes in the leaf blades as well as exit holes on the stem. Generally hybrids are
tolerant to these pests. In endemic areas prophylactic spraying of endosulfan 35 EC @ 0.1%
or application of endosulfan 4 G/ carbofuran 3 G in leaf whorls @5kg/ha is recommended
when the crop is 10-12 days old.
In case of Helicoverpa armigera which attacks tassels and green cobs, endosulfan @
0.1%, 2ml/l may be sprayed.
Diseases
The important diseases of maize are leaf blight (Helminthosporium turcicum) late wilt
(Cephalosporium maydis) and charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina).Three sprayings of
zineb 3 g/l at weekly interval starting from knee high stage of the crop controls the leaf
blight.
Recommended hybrids/varieties
The following hybrids/varieties can be recommended for rabi season.
Hybrids: DHM –103, DHM –105, Trishulata, DHM-107, DHM-109, DHM - 111, DHM113,
DHM115 and DHM117
Varieties: Ashwini, Harsha, Varun
Speciality corn varieties:
Sweet corn: Madhuri, Priya and Win orange sweet corn
Pop corn: Amber popcorn
Baby corn: Him 129 and BH 2187
Quality protein: Amber Shakti, HQPM-1
Private Hybrids : 900 M Gold,Bio-9681, Pro-311, 30 b07, NK-30, NK-6240, SMH-3904,
JKMH-2492, KH-510,KH-9541,MCH-2,Kohinoor, Prabal, JKMH-175, JKMH-1701, DKC7074 and MMH-133.
Critical interventions:
 Spraying of endosulfan@ 2ml/l at15 days after sowing
 Keeping the crop weed free upto 45days
 Irrigation at silking and dough stages.
75
Rice-fallow maize under zero tillage
Importance
Rice-pulse System is prevalent in black soils of coastal districts like East and West
Godavari, Guntur and Krishna. In some areas of these districts, irrigation water is
available with filter points. In such areas, rice-fallow rabi maize is gaining popularity in
place of rice- fallow pulses. Package of practices are being worked out for zero tillage
maize. However, some important tips are furnished for obtaining maximum yields
 No preparatory tillage
 Dibble the seed after harvesting kharif rice at 2-3 cm depth, in optimum moisture, or
else, give light irrigation before dibbling depending on the soil type.
 Practice line sowing by adopting a spacing of 60x25 cm
 Spray gramoxone 1.0 l/acre (5 ml /l) to prevent the regrowth of rice stubbles
 Spray atrazine 800g - 1000 g/acre (4 g/l) immediately after sowing or next day to
prevent broad leaved weeds
 Ensure proper moisture at the time of spraying herbicide
 Intercultivation and earthing up to be practiced at 25-30 DAS
 Apply 50 Kg of DAP and 20 Kg of MOP per acre as basal dose and at 20 kg MOP
at flowering stage and 150-200 an Kg of urea as top dressing in three spilts i.e.,at
Sowing, Knee high and flowering stages . The fertilizers should be applied through
placement method for better utilization of nutrients.
 Provide 5-6 irrigations based on the soil type and climatic conditions
 Adopt need based plant protection measures like normal maize.
3. JOWAR
Varieties: NTJ-1, NTJ-2, NTJ-3, NTJ-4, CSV 216R, CSV 14R, M35-1, Kinnera
Hybrids: CSH 13R, CSH 15R, CSH 16(for September sowing)
Soils: Medium to deep black soils under retentive moisture conditions. The crop can also be
raised in light soils under protective irrigation.
Sowing time: 2nd fortnight of September to end of October
Seed rate: 8-10 kg/ha
Seed treatment: 3g of captan / thiram for one kg seed.
Manures & fertilizers: FYM 5 t/ha in the last ploughing.
Basal: 30N + 40P+ 30K kg/ha
Top : 30N kg/ha at 30-35 days after sowing in the presence of
sufficient soil moisture
Weed management & interculture: Pre emergence application of the weedicide, atrazine @
4g/l with in 48 hrs of sowing ensures weed free crop for the first 20-25 days. Interculture with
danti between 25-35 days after sowing coupled with one or two hoeings helps in weed
control and moisture conservation.
Water management: Panicle initiation, boot leaf stage, 50% flowering, grain filling and
grain hardening stages are critical.
76
Plant protection:
Pests:
Shoot fly: Spray endosulfan @ 2ml/l at 7, 14 and 21 days after germination if the pest
incidence is noticed.
Stem borer: Apply endosulfan 4G or furadan 3G @ 5 kg/ac in the leaf whorls at 30 and
40 days age of the crop.
Jowar midge: Spray endosulfan @ 2ml/l or apply carbaryl 5% dust @ 8 kg/ac at 50 %
ear head emergence stage. Repeat dust application at full ear head emergence stage.
Ear head bug: Spray the panicles once at pre bloom and again at 50% flowering stage
with carbaryl 50SP @ 3g/litre or dust endosulfan 4D/carbaryl 5D @ 8 kg/ac.
Aphids: Spray Methyl O dematon or dimethoate @ 2 ml/l
Mites: Spray dicofol or dimethoate @ 2ml/l.
Diseases:
Leaf blight, Rust and Anthracnose: Spray twice with mancozeb @ 2g/l at 40 and 60 days
after germination.
Sugary disease: Two to three sprays of propiconazole @ 1ml/l at weekly interval from
flower initiation to pollination.
Charcoal rot: Prevalence of the disease will be more under prolonged drought and high
soil moisture conditions during grain filling stage. If possible, give one irrigation at this
stage.
Striga (Root parasite): Manual weeding of the parasite before seed set minimizes the
striga population in succeeding years. Spray 5% ammonium sulphate or 20 % urea
solution on the striga plants.
4. PULSES
Uplands
Varieties
:
Sowing
:
Soils
:
Land Preparation
Greengram
LGG 410 WGG 37
LGG 460, Pusa 105,
LGG 407, MGG 295,
MGG 347, MGG 348
TM 96-2.
October
Blackgram
LBG 623, LBG 20, PBG 107
PBG 1, WBG 26, LBG 685
LBG 645, LBG 17, LBG 709.
LBG 752, MBG 207
Medium to deep black
soils and light
textured soils
Medium to deep black
soils.
October
: Land should be prepared to fine tilth with 2 ploughings followed by
a harrowing
77
Seed rate
: 15 kg/ha
18 -20 kg/ha
Spacing
: 30 x 10 cm
Fertilizers
: 20 N + 50 kg P2O5 /ha as basal dose.
30 x 10 cm
Intercultivation: Twice at 20 and 30 DAS
Weed Control
: Spray fluchloralin at 2.5 l/ha as pre-sowing incorporated spray or spray
pendimethalin at 3.0 to 4.0 l/ha immediately after sowing or the next
day.
Irrigation
: Usually grown as rainfed. For I.D. Crop irrigate twice at 30 to 50 DAS.
Pest Control
Treat the seed with carbosulfan @ 30 g/kg of seed or thiomethoxam @ 5
g/Kg, imidacloprid @ 5 g/kg of seed to protect against all early season sucking pests and
provide protection against viral disease YMV and leaf curl.
Stemfly
: Spray acephate @1 g/l or monocrotophos @ 1.5 ml/l on need basis.
Flea beetles
: Spray chlorpyriphos@1.5 ml/l or acephate@1g/l
Thrips
White fly
: Spray acephate@1 g/l or fipronil@1ml/l
: Spray monocrotophos 1.5 ml/l or metasystax 2ml/l or triozophos 1.5 ml/l or
acetameprid @ 0.3 ml/l
Maruca Pod borer
 Monitor the occurrence of moths at flower bud initiation stage of
blackgram/greengram (i.e at 35-40 DAS).
 Application of NSKE @ 5% or neem oil @ 5 ml/l should be taken up at flower
bud imitation to avoid egg laying by Maruca adults.
 Spray acephate 1.0 g or quinalphos 2.5 ml or thiodicarb 1.5g along with
dichlorvos 1.0 ml/l or novaluron 0.75 ml or lufenuron 1.0 ml or flubendiamide @
0.2 g/l of water with hand compression sprayer, using 500 l of spray fluid per
hectare, as and when the adult population is noticed in the crop. First spray
should be given one week before flowering initiation.
 Increase the insecticide dose three times while using power/Taiwan sprayer,
with 150-170 l of spray fluid per ha
 Repeat the spray twice at 7 days interval depending on the intensity of the pest.
 Do not spray the crop during early morning hours until the dew on leaf surface
dries off
78
Tobacco caterpillar
Follow IPM practices. Arrange pheromone traps @ 10/ha. Grow castor as trap crop
ovipositional trap crop. Collection and destruction of infested leaves along with first instar
larvae. Install bird perches. Spray SLNPV @ 500 LE/ha. If necessary spray endosulfan 2 ml/l
or chlorpyriphos 2.5 ml/l or acephate 1g/l or quinolphos 2 ml/l against early instars.
Apply poison bait containing rice bran, jaggery and insecticide (carbaryl
/chlorpyriphos / monocrotophos) @ 10:1:1 ratio against grown up caterpillars.
Disease management
Powdery mildew
Two sprays with carbendazim (0.1% or thiophanate methyl 0.1%) at 15 days interval
soon after appearance of the disease.
Plant Protection Schedule
30-35 days
: First spray with copper oxychloride @ 3 g or mancozeb @ 2.5
g/l of water to control Corynespora leaf spot.
: Second spray with dinocap @ 1 ml + mancozeb @ 2.5 g/l of
water to control powdery mildew and Corynespora leaf spot.
: Third spray with tridemorph @ 1 ml or dinocap @ 1 ml +
mancozeb @ 2.5g/l of water to control rust, Corynespora
leaf spot and Powdery mildew.
45-50 days
60-65 days
Root rot
Seed treatment with captan or mancozeb @2.5 g/kg seed or Trichoderma (4g/kg)
Yellow mosaic:
Grow resistant varieties
Greengram:
LGG 407, LGG 460, ML 267, PDM 54.
Blackgram:
LBG 752, T9, Pant U 31, Pant U 19, PDU 3.
Leaf curl:
Greengram: LGG 460, MGG 295 (Tolerant)
Blackgram: TU 94-2, IPU 981 (Resistant)
Post harvest technology
Storage :
Properly dried un-infested produce can be safely stored in nylon bag,
polythene gunny bag or compactly knitted gunny bag even upto a period of
180 days.
79
Recommendations for rabi greengram and blackgram
1. Blackgram has higher yield potential than greengram.
2. Select short duration blackgram varieties such as LBG 752, LBG 20, LBG 623, T 9, PB
1, LBG 709 for uplands to escape from terminal moisture stress.
3. Blackgram is a good alternative to tobacco.
Chickpea
Pigeonpea
Varieties:
Desi- JG 11, Annegiri, JAKI 9218
ICCC 37, PG 81-1-1
ICCV 10, LBeG 7, JG-130
Kabuli - KAK 2, Phule G 95311
ICPL 85063,
LRG30, LRG 38,
LRG 41, WRG 27, MRG 66
Sowing :
October to end
of November
September 20th to
October 20th
Soils
Medium to deep black
soils
Medium to deep black
soils, red soils with
irrigation.
Seed rate :
70-80 kg/ha
12-15 kg/ha
Spacing :
30 x 10 cm
45-60 x 10 cm rainfed
90 x 10 cm ID
Fertilizers:
20 kg N, 50 Kg P2O5
40 kg S/ha-basal dose
20 kg N and 50 kg P205/ha
as basal+ 20 kg N as top
dressing at 25 DAS.
Intercultivation:
and weed control
Twice at 20 and 30
DAS. Spray
fluchloralin at 2.5
l/ha as pre-sowing
incorporated or spray
pendimethalin at 3.0
to 4.0l/ha immediately
after the sowing or
the next day.
Spray fluchloralin at 2.5
l/ha as pre-sowing incorporated or spray pendimethalin at 3.0 to 4.0 l/ha
immediately after sowing
or the next day to
protect the crop from
weeds.
Irrigation :
Rainfed
One or two light irrigations
at pre flowering and pod
formation Stage if necessary.
Rainfed
Under ID conditions
irrigate at 70 and 100 DAS
:
80
For the management of Heliothis in Pigeonpea follow IPM
1. Keep 'T' shaped bird perches @ 50 per ha
2. Monitor with pheromone traps @ 10/ha
3. Use neem formulations such as NSKE 5% or neem oil at flowering initiation
4. Spray NPV @500 LE/ha in the evening hours
5. Spray chlorpyriphos 2.5 ml/l or quinalphos 2.0 ml/l or acephate 1g/l or endosulfan 2.0 ml/l
using 500 l of spray fluid per ha.
6. For control of Maruca pod borer spray dichlorvos 1ml + chlorpyriphos 2.5 ml or
novuluron 1ml /l at flower bud initiation and later at weekly interval depending on
pest intensity.
Recommendations for rabi pigeonpea
1. All kharif pigeonpea varieties are suitable for rabi season also (LRG 30, LRG 38, Laxmi
(ICPL 85063), LRG 41, Asha (ICPL 87119), WRG 27, MRG 66).
2. Second forthnifht of September to second fortnight of October is optimum time for sowing
of rabi pigeonpea.
3. Rabi pigeonpea can also intercropped with
greengram, blackgram, soybean and
groundnut as in kharif season.
4. 1-2 irrigations are necessary for successful rabi pigeonpea in areas where north-east
monsoon is not active.
Disease Control
Chickpea
Wilt: Seed treatment with captan or thiram 2.5 g/kg seed or Trichoderma (4g/kg).
Grow resistant varieties such as JG 11, JG 130, PKM 8218
Dry root rot: Seed treatment with captan or thiram 2.5g or rhizocin 2.5 g/kg seed.
Grow resistant variety, ICCV 10.
Post Harvest Technology
Storage : Properly dried un-infested produce can be safely stored in nylon bag,
polythene lined gunny bag or compactly knitted gunny bag even upto a period
of 180 days.
Pest control: Adopt IPM practices against Helicoverpa in pigeonpea
 Follow stripcropping of chickpea with coriander (16:4)
 Sow 4 rows of sorghum all round the plot
 Transplant 50-100 marigold seedlings all round the plot
 Monitoring with pheromone traps @ 10/ha to target the pest at right stages.
 Use bird perches (50/ha)
 Use neem formulations for insect repelling (NSKE 5%) soon after the pest occurrence.
 Use biocides like Bt @ 1 kg/ha and NPV @ 500 LE/ha twice at an interval of 7-10 days in
the evening hours.
 If necessary spray endosulfan 2 ml/l or chlorpyriphos 2.5 ml/l or quinolphos 2 ml/1 or
acephate 1 g/l, 700-800 l of spray fluid per ha.
81
Recommendations for chickpea
1. Use higher seed rate (30 kg/ha) in late sown conditions under double cropping system in
coastal districts.
2. Reduce the number of insecticide sprays during vegetative stage.
RICE FALLOWS
Blackgram
Varieties
: LBG 402, LBG 648, LBG 645, LBG 685,
LBG 709, LBG 752.
Sowing
: 2nd fortnight of November to first fortnight of December.
Soils
: Black alluvial
Seed rate
: 40-45 kg/ha
Spacing
: Dry or soaked seed is broadcasted in the standing paddy
crop, 2-3 days before its harvest.
Fertilizers
: Nil
Weed
Post emergence application at 20 to 28 DAS of
fenoxapropethyl (Whip super) @ 55-65 g/ha (or) clodinafop propagy/
(Topic) @ 40-60 g/ha (or) cyhalofop buty/ (clincher) @ 90-120 g/ha
(or) imazathapyr 10SLC @500 ml/ha (Pursuite)
625 ml/ha
effectively controlled Echinochloa and other grasses in rice fallow
blackgram.
management:
Irrigation
: One light irrigation at 35-40 days after sowing, if available,
will improve yields.
Pest Control
: Stem fly and pod borer, tobacco caterpillar, are major pests. Control
measures are same as in case of upland blackgram and greengram.
Disease control
: Powdery mildew, Corynespora and rust. Control measures are same
as in case of upland blackgram and greengram.
82
Recommendations: 1. Late sown conditions (December 3 rd week onwards) use varieties
such as LBG 22, LBG 709, PBG 107, LBG 752.
2. Irrigate the fields 35-40 days after sowing if water is available.
3. Watch for Maruca pod borer and take immediate control measures.
4. Foliar spraying with 2% KNO3 helps in reducing salinity damage
and provide N.
Summer pulses (uplands & rice fallows)
Greengram
Blackgram
Varieties
:
LGG 460, LGG 450,
PDM 54, ML 267
LGG 407,
LBG 752, LBG 20,
LBG 623 and T 9.
Sowing
:
February 15th to March 15th
(uplands)
March 15th to March ending.
(Rice fallows)
Seed rate
Upland conditions
16-18 kg/ha
20 kg/ha
Rice fallows
25-30 kg/ha
35-40 kg/ha
Spacing
Preparatory tillage
Conditions
30 x 10 cm
30 x 10 cm
Rice fallows
broadcast the seed at 2-3 days before the harvest of
paddy crop
Fertilizers
Preparatory tillage
Conditions
Rice fallows
20 kg N + 50 Kg
P2O5 /ha
Not necessary
20 kg N + 50Kg
P2O5 /ha
Not necessary
Intercultivation
Two times between 20th and 30th day to check weed growth. Since summer pulse
crop is irrigated, weeds become a menace. Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @
3.0 to 3.5 l/ha is recommended when sown under preparatory tillage conditions
Irrigation: Thrice, pre-sowing, pre-flowering (25-30 DAS) and pod filling stages (50-55
DAS). Under rice fallows, two irrigations at 25-30 days and 50-55 DAS.
83
Plant protection
As in uplands, fungal disease problems are less during summer, however, early season
sucking pests must be controlled effectively. YMV and leaf curl viruses are major problems.
Use of resistant varieties (LBG 752, T9, PU 31 in blackgram, LGG 460, LGG 407 in
greengram) and seed treatment ( carbosulphan 30 g / or imidacloprid 5 ml / kg seed is
recommended.
Harvesting: By cutting the plants when more than 80% of the pods become dry.
Recommendations
1.
Summer pulses can be cultivated all over the state in black and red soils if 2-3
irrigations are available. Both greengram and blackgram can be cultivated in summer.
2.
It is important to select YMV and leaf curl resistant varieties of greengram
(LGG 460, MGG 295) and blackgram (LBG 752, T 9 and PU-31).
3.
Seed treatment with either carbosulphan (30 g/kg) or imidacloprid or thiamethoxam
@ 5 ml/kg is recommended against sucking pests and viral diseases.
Soybean
Varieties: JS 335, MACS 58, MACS 201, PK 472, LSb-1, Monetta, PK 1029, MACS 45,
LSb 1, LSb 3(JS 335 and PK 1029. JS 335 and PK 1029 were found to have field tolerance to
leaf curl virus).
Soils: Medium clay soils, light soils under irrigation.
Land preparation: Plough the field twice followed by harrowing to achieve fine tilth.
Seed rate: 50-60 kg/ha
Seed treatment: Treat the seed with Rhizobium japonicum culture before sowing. Seed
treatment with captan or thiram @ 3g/kg of seed.
Spacing :
Red soils
Black soils
Sowing:
October
- 30 x 7.5 cm
- 45 x 5.0 cm
Manures and fertilizers
30 N + 60 P2O5 + 40 K2O kg/ha, if inoculated with Rhizobium culture.60-90 N+ 60 P2O5
+ 40 K2O kg/ha, if not inoculated. Use of sulphur containing fertilizers and FYM should be
encouraged. Treat the seed with Rhizobium japonicum.
84
Intercultivation and other management practices
Keep the crop free from weeds up to 35 DAS. 1-2 hoeings. Use alachlor 50EC @
2.0 l/ha as pre-emergence to check weed growth.
Irrigation
Under I.D. conditions irrigate at critical stages i.e. at flowering and pod filling stages.
Pest Management
Stemfly: Spray monocrotophos @ (1.6 ml/l) or acephate @ (1g/l).
Leaf folder/Webber and Spodoptera exigua
Methyl parathion 50 EC @ 1ml/l quinalphos @ 2ml l (or) acephate @1g/l
Gram caterpillar: Quinalphos 25 EC @ 2.5 ml/l of water or chlorpyriphos 20 EC @
2.5 ml/l .
Pod borers including Spodoptera
Collection and destruction of egg masses and skeletonized leaves need based
spray with quinolphos 25 EC @ 2.0 ml/l or chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2.5 ml/l of water.
Whitefly: Triazophos 40 EC @ 1.5 ml/l or neem oil formulations 1.25 l/ha.
Jassids: Monocrotophos 36 WC 2 1.6 ml/l.
Thrips: Acephate 75 SP 1g/l.
Disease Management
Alternaria blight: Seed treatment with captan or thiram @ 3 g/kg of seed
Rust: Hexaconozole 1 ml or propiconazole 1 ml/l of water twice at 15 days interval.
Mosaic and leaf curl: Acephate 1g/l to check vector (aphids & thrips). JS 335, LSb 3 and
PK 1029 are field tolerant to the disease.
YMV: Triazophos 1.5 ml/l or dimethoate 2ml/l to check whitefly.
Harvesting and Post Harvest Technology:
The crop is harvested when the majority of leaves have become golden yellow and
ready to fall and the lowest pods are yellowish and dry. Seed is to be dried properly to a
moisture level of 11-12% before storage.
85
Recommendations
1. Andhra Pradesh is suitable for soybean cultivation during rabi as winter is mild.
2. The quality of rabi soybean seed will be good and can be used as seed for kharif. Thus our
state has potential to supply seed to North Indian States
3. All the varieties used in kharif (JS335, PK1029, LSb3, MACS450) can be used in therabi
5. GROUNDNUT
Varietal recommendations
Growing conditions
Rabi:
Under irrigated dry
conditions
Variety
Kadiri – 6
Kadiri – 7Bold
Kadiri – 8Bold
Kadiri – 9
Kadiri Harithandra
Ananatha*
Vemana
Tirupati – 4
JL – 24
ICGS - 11
ICGS - 44
Kadiri – 4
Kadiri –5
JCG – 88
Kalahasti
TAG –24
Narayani
Abhaya
Greeshma
For rice fallows conditions Kadiri – 4
Kadiri – 6
TAG –24
Nematode infected areas
Kadiri-9
Tirupati – 3
Kalahasti
Prasuna
Coastal sands
Vemana
Kadiri – 4
Tirupati - 4
Kadiri- 6
Kalahasti
TAG 24
Varieties having tolerance Kadiri – 7Bold
to BND
Kadiri - 8Bold
Kadiri-9
(* Released in 2010)
86
Duration in days
100 -110
135 -145
130 -140
115 -125
120 -125
110 -115
105 - 110
100 - 105
105 - 110
120 - 125
120 - 125
100 - 105
95 - 100
105 - 110
105 - 110
95 - 100
100 - 110
105 - 110
105 - 110
100 - 105
95 - 100
95 – 100
115 -125
120 – 125
105 – 110
105-110
105 – 110
100 - 105
105 – 110
95 – 100
105 - 100
95 – 100
135 -145
130 -140
115 -125
Land preparation:

Prepare the land till fine tilth is attained.

It facilitates root growth, peg penetration and pod development.

Weeds and clods are to be avoided.
Seed rate:
Depending upon the seed size 150-180 Kg kernel is required per hectare
Seed treatment:

Seed should be treated with imidachloprid @ 2ml / kg seed followed by
mancozeb @ 3 gm / kg seed.

If the seed is dormant, soak it in 0.05 % ethrel solution for 12 hours followed
by shade drying.

Trichoderma viride seed treatment @ 4 g/kg seed for soil borne wilt prone
areas.

Rhizobium inoculation is necessary for groundnut in non-traditional areas and
rice fallows.
Sowing time:

North coastal Andhra – First fortnight of November to first fortnight of
December

Rayalaseema
– First fortnight of November to first fortnight of
December

North Telangana
– Third week of October to second week of
November.

Southern Telangana – November
Spacing:
Vemana, Kadiri-6, Tirupati – 4,
22.5 x 10 cm
Narayani, JCG-88, Greeshma,
Kadiri-9 and Kalahasti etc.,
ICGS-11, ICGS - 44, Tirupati-3, Kadiri- 3 etc.,
22.5 x 15 cm.
Fertilizer recommendations:

Application of farm yard manure/ compost @ 10 t /ha once in 2 – 3 seasons

NPK recommendations should be on soil test basis

Apply 20N +40 P2O5 + 50 K2O kg/ha as basal and 10N kg/ha at flowering
stage i.e at 30 DAS. Phosphorus should be applied through single super
phosphate.

Apply gypsum @ 500 kg /ha at flowering stage by placement.

Wherever zinc deficiency is observed, apply zinc suplhate @ 50 kg/ha. once
in 3 seasons.

Wherever iron deficiency is noticed on the crop, spray 0.5 % ferrous sulphate
along with 0. 1 % citric acid once in three days for two times.

In Nagarjunasagar ayacut, where groundnut is grown, application of 60 kg
P2O5 is necessary.

Seed treatment with Rhizobium and soil application of Phosphorous
Solubulising Bacteria will reduce the chemical fertilizers requirement.
87
Weed management

Crop must be weed free upto 45 days after sowing.

Intercultivation at 20 and 40 DAS followed by one hand weeding

45 DAS the crop should not be disturbed by weeding or inter cultivation .

Preplanting application of fluchloralin @ 2.5 to 3 l/ha. or pre-emergence
application of butachlor /metalachlore/ pendimethalin @ 2.5 to 3 lt./ ha. or
oxyflourfen 1.5 to 2.0 l/ha followed by one intercultivation and one hand
weeding will effectively control the weeds.

In heavy soils25 – 50% higher dose of chemical should be used.

Wherever pre-plant incorporation or preemergence herbicides are not applied,
weeds can also be controlled by postemergence herbicides when the weeds
are at 2- 3 leaf stage ie., at 20DAS by spraying imazethapyr @ 750 ml/ha for
dicot or quizalofop ethyl @ 1000 ml/ha for monocot weeds.
Irrigation management

Groundnut crop requires on average 400 to 450 mm of irrigation water.

Good crop of groundnut requires 8 to 9 irrigations at 7 - 10 day interval
starting from 25 DAS.

After the crop is germinated, it is necessary to withheld irrigation for about
25 days to create stress which helps in synchronization of flowering.

The last irrigation is to be at 90 days after sowing.
Critical stages for water requirement: Flowering, peg penetration and pod development,
Cropping systems
 Crop rotation is essential to avoid pests and diseases and also to maintain the
soil nutrient status.
 Grow a strip of 4-6 rows pearl millet /sorgum/maize around the crop.
Pest management
Tobacco caterpiller (Spodoptera litura)
Identification
Larvae long, stout, pale green (or) brown with black spots on the body
During daytime it hides in cracks and crevices.
Eggs are small and in masses, covered with yellow anal hairs
In initial stages larvae congregate and scrapes and skeletonises on the leaves.
Leaves become white papery.
In severe cases it defoliates.
Grown up larvae disburses and make irregular holes
Problem Areas
All groundnut areas
Severe in the months of September, October and November.
88
Remedies
 Sowing of castor seed as a trap crop along with groundnut
 Monitor the pest from September last week onwards by pheromone traps @ 10 per ha
 Collection and destruction of egg masses and damaged leaves along with gregarious
larvae.
 Early stages spray neem oil 5ml or chlorpyriphos 2.0 ml or monocrotophos 1.6 ml or
quinalphos 2.0 mlor thiodicarb 1.0 g or novaluron 1 ml or chlorfenpyr 2.0 ml per liter
of water.
 Arrange bird perches @ 25 per ha
 Spray N.P.V 250 LE/ha. for control of grown up larvae (after 3rd instar)
 Use poison bait to attract and to control late instar larvae
Rice bran
12.50 kg
Jaggery
1.25 kg
Chlorpyriphos
1.25 l (or)
Monocrotophos 1.25 l (or)
Methomyl
0.75 l
 Mix the above with required amount of water and make small balls/ pellets and apply
them in one acre, during evening hours, near base of plants.
Leaf miner
Identification

Small blister like mines appear initially on the upper surface of the leaf.

At severe stages entire leaflet becomes brown and it rolls, shrivels and dries
up.

Severely infected crop may die and give burnt appearance in the field.
Problem areas: Presently it is a major pest in all parts of the state.
Remedies:

Rotation of groundnut with non-leguminous crops should be followed to
reduce the pest incidence.

Rotation of groundnut with soybean should be avoided.

Sowing soybean on bunds as trap crop

Collection and destruction of moths by setting light traps early in the season.

Keeping pheromone traps @ 10/ha. in the field.

Spraying of quinalphos 2.0 ml or monocrotophos 1.6 ml /l of water
Sucking pests
Identification:

Jassid infestation results in yellowing of the leaves.

Thrips infestation results in curling of leaves and stunting of the crop.

Aphid infestation results in chloritic plants and curling of leaves.

Thrips transmits Bud necrosis disease of groundnut in persistent circulative
manner, where as same thrips transmits the stem necrosis disease by carrying
infective pollen from weed crops.
Distribution: Present in all groundnut growing areas.
Remedies: Spraying of monocrotophos 1.6 ml or dimethoate 2.0 ml /l of water
89
Storage Pests
 Groundnut bruchid occurs in storage.
 Spray 5% malathion on pod and gunny bags.
 Fumigation with aluminium phosphide tablets 3-5 tablets /tonne of groundnut
pods
 Mixing neem oil 5ml/kg of pods to protect from bruchid.
Disease management
Rust
Identification

Orange coloured pustules appear on the lower surface of the leaflets.

In severe stages, lesions will also appear on other plant parts except flowers.
Problem areas: Occurs in all groundnut-growing areas.
Remedies

Removal of infected plant debris.

Select seed from disease free areas.

Seed treatment with 3 g of mancozeb per kg of seed.

Spraying of mancozeb 2 g/l or chlorothalonil 2 g or tridemorph 2 g / l of
water at 15 days interval starting from disease appearance.
Collar rot
Identification

Rapid desiccation of the affected plant.

Affected tissue is covered with black mass of spores.

In mature plants, lesions develop on the stem just below the soil surface and
then spread upward along branches.

In mature plants symptoms generally do not appear until the wilting of the
entire plant is apparent.
Problem areas: More prevalent in light sandy soils.
Remedies

Select healthy seed.

Seed treatment with mancozeb 3 g/kg or captan 2 g/kg of seed.

Deep sowing of seed should be avoided.

Deep ploughing of fields and destruction of plant debris.

Crop rotation with chickpea reduces the disease.

Soil drenching with 0.3 % mancozeb around the infected plants
Stem rot
Identification

Appears generally after 70 days of sowing

Yellowing and wilting of branches at the hypocotyl region

White mycelium of the fungus develops around the affected stem on the soil.

Infection of pegs and pods will occur in severe cases.
Problem areas: Occurs in areas where the soils are heavy.
90
Remedies





Deep ploughing in summer
Selection of healthy seed
Seed treatment with mancozeb @3 g/kg kernel
Crop rotation with cereal crops.
Deep ploughing should be done for incorporation of organic matter in order
to prevent its accumulation.
Gypsum application @ 500 kg/ ha
Soil treatment with Trichoderma viridae developed by mixing 180 kg FYM
+20 kg Neem cake + 4 kg Trichoderma viridae and allow to grow for15 days
under shade
Management of foliar diseases reduces the incidence of stem rot incidence



Peanut Stem Necrosis Disease (PSND)


Necrotic lesions on terminal leaf lets, complete stem necrosis and often-total
necrosis of entire plant.
Necrotic spots on pods. Testa are not discolored or mottled.
Problem Areas

Anantapur, Mahaboobnagar, Kurnool and Chittoor districts of A.P.
Remedies





Seed treatment with imidacloprid 2ml/kg seed
All the weeds in the field and on the bunds should be removed.
Particularly Acalypha sp, Ageratum conyzoides, Achyranthus aspera,
Acanthospermum hispidum, Commelina benghalensis, Lagascus mollis,
Abutilon indicum, Parthenium hysterophorus, Tridax procumbence,Vernonia
cineraria should be removed.
Grow inter crop with pearl millet, maize, sorghum in the ratio of 7:1 or 11:1.
Barrier crops like pearl millet maize and sorghum should be planted around
the groundnut field to prevent thrips and wind borne weed pollen carrying
virus.
Spraying of imidacloprid @ 0.4 ml/l of water at 30 days after sowing
91
6. SESAMUM
Soils: Low lying soils with water stagnation, acidic and saline soils are not suitable.
Recommended varieties/hybrids:
S.
Variety
Duration Yield
No.
(Days)
(Kg/ac)
1.
Gouri
85
300
2.
Madhavi
70
250
3.
YLM-11
80
350
4.
YLM-17
75
300
5.
Chandana
85
300
Oil
Seed
Content colour
(%)
50
Dark
Brown
50-51
Light
Brown
53
Dark
Brown
52-53
Light
Brown
50-51
Dark
brown
Special Characters
Tolerant to gall fly
Suitable for sequence
cropping
Matures at a time
Tolerant to powdery
mildew
Tolerant to phyllody
Sowing Season: Second fortnight of January.
Seed Rate and Sowing: Treat one-kilogram seed with 3 g captan/ thiram/ mancozeb. Sow
two kg seed mixed with 6kg sand/ac with seed drill, after 2-4 ploughings and leveling with 2
harrowings, adopting 30x15cm spacing.
Nutritional Management: Basal application of 4 t of FYM, 24 Kg each of N and P2O5
(calcium and sulphur will also be available when applied in the form of single super
phosphate) /ac.
Irrigation: Irrigate immediately after sowing and irrigate during flowering and seed set (3570 days).
Intercultivation: Thinning should be done 15 DAS and harrowing at 20-25 DAS.
Plant protection: Pest problem will be lesser in rabi than kharif.
Insects:
Sucking pests: Spray dimethoate @ 2ml or monocrotophos @ 1.6 ml/l.
Semilooper and pod borer: Spray monocrotophos @ 1.6 ml / endosulfan @ 2 ml
chlorpyriphos @ 2.5 ml/l.
Gallfly: Spray monocrotophos @ 1.6 ml or endosulphon/ dimethoate @ 2 ml/l.
Bihary hairy caterpiller: Spray endosulphon @ 2 ml or Chloripiriphos @ 2.5 ml/ acephate
@1g / l.
92
Diseases
Root and stem rot:
 Treat the seed with Thiram or capton or carbendazim @ 3 g/kg.
 Spray copper oxy chloride or mancozeb3g/l.
 Removal and destruction of affected plants.
Alternaria
 Remove infected parts and destroy.
 Spray 1g carbendazim/ mancozeb 2.5 g/l 2-3 times with 15 days interval.
Phyllody
 Remove infected parts and destroy.
 Spray 1ml methyl dematon or dimethoate 3 ml/l.
Powdery mildew: Spray wettable Sulphur 3 g/l.
Harvesting and storage
Harvest when 75% pods turn yellow in a spike. Thresh after drying for 5-6 days and store
the seed with 8% moisture.
7. SUNFLOWER
Soils: The crop performs well on a wide range of soils such as sandy loams, black soils and
alluvials. Fertile, well drained neutral soils are best. Ideal pH 6.5 – 8.0. It can tolerate slight
alkalinity but not acidity. Water logging areas should be avoided.
Recommended varieties/hybrids:
S.
No.
Variety/
Hybrid
Duration
(Days)
1
Morden
80-85
Yield
(Kg/ac)
under
rainfed
conditions
400
Oil
Content
(%)
Plant
Height
(Cm)
2
3
4
DRSF-108
KBSH-1
NDSH-1
90-95
,,
80-85
500
600
,,
40
40-42
40-42
150-160
,,
120-130
5
DRSH-1
90-95
600
42-44
150-160
35-38
90-120
93
Special
Characters
Suitable for
intercropping
Resistant to downy
mildew, tolerant to
rust and moisture
stress
Resistant to downy
mildew, tolerant to
Alternaria.
Time of sowing:
Rainfed
Irrigated
Summer irrigated
: September to first fortnight of October
: November
: Second fortnight of January to first week of February
Seed rate and spacing: Rain fed crop requires more seed (3-4 kg /ac for varieties and 2-2.5
kg for hybrids) than irrigated (2.5-3.5 and 2 kg/ac, respectively, for varieties and hybrids).
Seed should be soaked for 14 hrs and shade dried prior to seed treatment with 2-3 g
thiram/capton/ metalaxil or 5g of imidacloprid. Spacing of 45 x 30 cm for light soils and 60 x
30 in heavy soils is recommended.
Thinning: Maintain a single seedling per hill by thinning out other seedlings in a hill, 10-15
days after germination for obtaining higher yields.
Fertilizers: Apply FYM 3t/ac 2-3 wks prior to sowing.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------N*
P
K (Kg/ac)
--------------------------------------------------Hybrids
Varieties
Hybrids Varieties
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Rain fed
24(12+12)
24
12
Irrigated (Black soils) 24(8+8+8) 30(10+10 +10)
24
36
12
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* First dose as basal and second and third as top dressing at 30 and 50 days after sowing.
Prefer single super phosphate as source of P
Water management:
During rabi/summer irrigations can be given based on soil type i.e. 4-6/6-8, 3-4/4-5
and 2-3/3-4 for light, medium and heavy soils, respectively. Flower bud initiation, flowering
and seed set are sensitive stages.
Intercultivation:
Use of alachlor or pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg a.i/ha in 600 liters of water as preemergence spray followed by hand weeding at 35 DAS provides effective control of weeds.
Plant protection:
Insects:
Sucking pests: Spray dimethoate/ methyl dematon (2ml) or monocrotophos (1.6 ml)/l
for Jassids. For whitefly, spraytrizophos(2.5 ml)/ monocrotophos (1.5ml)/ acephate(1
g)/l. To control mites which transmit necrosis, spray imidacloprid (6 ml/ 15 l)/
monocrotophos (1.6 ml/l).
94
Spodoptera
 Deep summer ploughing
 Collection and destruction of egg masses and larvae.
 In early stages spray Neem oil (5 ml/l) or monocrotophos (2.0 ml/l) or
chlorpyriphos (2.5 ml/l).
 Poison baits (5 kg rice bran + 500 g jaggery + 500ml monocrotophos/500 g
carbaryl).
Bihar hairy caterpiller:
 Spray neem oil(5ml)/Chlorpyriphos (2 ml)/dichlorovos/ methyl parathion (1ml)/l
Helicoverpa: Spray Hanpv (200LE) or Chloripyriphos/endosulfan/quinalphos (2 ml) or
monocrotophos (1.6 ml) or cypermethrin/deltamethrin/fenvalrate/methyl
parathion (1ml)/l.
Diseases:
Alternaria/rust:
 Treat the seed with thiram or capton @ 3 g/kg.
 Spray mancozeb or zeneb 2g/l.
Head Rot: Spray metalaxyl (1g) + 3g wettable Sulphur/l twice with 10days interval.
Downy mildew
 Remove infected plants and destroy.
 Spray metalaxyl MZ (2g) or Copper oxy chloride (3g)/l.
Parrots: Bird scaring with reflecting ribbons.
Harvesting and storage
Harvest when back side of the head turns yellow. Thresh after drying for 2-3 days and store
the seed with 9-10% moisture.
8. CASTOR
Soils: Castor can be cultivated on almost all types of well-drained soils. Saline soils and soils
with water stagnation are not suitable.
Recommended varieties/hybrids
S.No.
Variety
Duration
Yield
/ Hybrid
(Days)
(q/ac)
1.
Kranthi
90-150
8-10
2.
Haritha
90-180
8-10
3.
Kiran
90-150
6-8
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Jyothi
Jwala
GCH-4
DCH-32
DCH-177
DCH- 519
PCH-111
,,
90-180
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
6-8
8-10
10-12
9-11
10-13
10-13
10-13
Special Characters
Bold seed, early maturing
Resistant to wilt
Tolerant to drought and to grey rot due to
nonspiny capsules
Wilt resistant
Tolerant to wilt and grey rot
Tolerant to wilt and root rot
Resistant to wilt
Resistant to wilt
Resistant to wilt
95
Sowing Season: October - December
Seed Rate and Sowing:
Situation
Seed rate (kg/ac)*
Spacing (cm)*
Heavy soils, irrigated
2.0
90 x 90 cm
Light soils, irrigated
3.0
90 x 60 cm
Treat one-kilogram seed with 3 g capton/ thiram or 1 g carbendazim.
Nutritional Management: Basal application of 2 t of FYM, 12-16-12 Kg N:P2O5 K2O/ha
and top dress 6 kg N 30-35 DAS and 60-65 DAS. For hybrids additional dose of 6 kg N as at
90-95 DAS can be given.
Intercultivation: Thinning should be done 15-20 DAS and harrowing at 20 and 40 DAS.
Plant protection:
Insects
Semilooper
 In early stages spray neem oil(5ml/l)orNSKE(5%) twice with an interval of 10-15days
 Collection and destruction of larvae.
 Release 50, 000Trichogramma parasitoids/ac.
 Arrange 10 bird perches /ac.
 Spray monocrotophos (1.5 ml)/ carbaryl (3 g)/l.
Spodoptera
 Deep summer ploughing
 Collection and destruction of egg masses and larvae.
 In early stages spray neem oil (5 ml/l) or monocrotophos (2.0 ml/l) or chlorpyriphos
(2.5 ml/l).
 Poison baits (5 kg rice bran + 500 g jaggery + 500ml monocrotophos or 500 g
carbaryl).
Shoot and capsule borer
 Spray dimethoate/ Methyl-o-dematon/monocrotophos (2ml/l) at flowering stage and
20 days later.
Bihar hairy caterpillar
 Spray neem oil (5ml)/chlorpyriphos (2ml)/dichlorovos(1ml/l.)
Jassids
 Spray dimethoate (2ml/l)/ monocrotophos (1.5ml/l)
Diseases
Fusarium wilt
 Use tolerant varieties like Haritha, 48-1, GCH-4, and Jyothi.
 Treat the seed with thiram or carbendazim @ 3 g/kg.
 Intercropping with pigeonpea and crop rotation with bajra.
 Spray carbendazim 1g/l.
 Removal and destruction of affected plants.
96
Botrytis Grey Rot
 Soon after cyclone warning is given in radio/T.V., spray carbendazim (1.0 g/l).
 Remove infected spikes and destroy.
 Spray carbendazim after the rains.
 Apply 20 kg urea and 10 kg potash/ac.
Harvesting and storage
Harvest when 80% capsules turn yellow in a spike. Thresh after drying and store the seed
with 9-10% moisture.
9. SUGARCANE
Varieties
Early: 86 V 96, 91 V 83, 98 V 95, 99 V 30, 2000 V 59, 2000 V 160, 2003 V 46, 83 R 23,
87 A 298, 93 A 145.
Mid-late: 82 V 12, 83 V 15, 83 V 288, 89 V 74, 2002 V 48, Co 7805, Co 7219.
Water logged condition : 83 V 15, 83 V 288, 89 V 74, 91V83, 99 V 30, 2000 V 59, 2003 V
46 , 2002 V 48, 87 A 298, 93 A 145, Co 7219, Co 7805.
Drought condition: Co 6907, 81 A 99, 83 R 23, 87 A 298, 90 A 272, 93 A 145,
99 V30 .
Problematic soils: 83 V 15, 89 V 74, 99 V 30, 81 A 99, 93 A 145, Co 7219.
Soils: Well drained to heavy soils of delta and upland areas, red loams lands. pH should be
in the range of 6-8.
Land preparation: Soils to be worked to fine tilth to a depth of 20-25 cm. Open trenches of
30 cm width, 20 cm depth and 50 cm ridges by iron plough or ridgemar.
Seed rate: 40,000 three budded setts per ha.
Seed treatment: Hot water treatment of seed material at 52 o C for 30 minutes or treatment
with aerated steam for smut and grassy shoot disease followed by dipping of setts in
carbendazim (0.05%) and malathion (0.1%) to eliminate pine apple disease and scale insect.
Short crop: Primary seed nurseries of six to seven months age are to be raised
from treated seed material in the month of Dec-Jan.
Secondary seed material should be planted in July – August months
Utilizing seed from primary seed nurseries.
Commericial plantings are to be done utilizing seed from secondary
nurseries.
Spacing: 80 cm between rows for early and
90 cm to 100 cm for mid-late.
Planting with cut off date.
Early varieties
Mid varieties
Late varieties
December – January
February
March
97
Manures and Fertilizers including bio-fertilizers, micro nutrients etc.
Farm yard manure @ 25 t/ ha or press mud cake @ 12 t/ ha in last ploughing.
Plant crop: 75 Kg P2 05 and 100 Kg K20/ha as base and 168 Kg N/ha in two equal split doses
at 45th and 90th day after planting by pocketing.
Ratoon crop: 100 Kg P2 05 and 168 Kg K20 and 280 Kg N/ha. P2 05 and K20 with 140 Kg N
at the time of ratooning and the remaining 140 Kg N,
45 days after ratooning.
Zinc sulphate (2g / lt) and ferrous sulphate (10-20 g/lt) as foliar spray at 4560 days after planting where zinc and iron deficiencies are observed.
Inter cultivation and other management practices, if any:
Weed management: Application atrazine @ 5 Kg/ha in 1125 l of water to be sprayed on the
third or fourth day after planting, depending on soil moisture. At 20 and 60 days of planting
spraying of 2,4-D (4 1/2 Kg )+ gramoxone (2.5lts) in 1125 l of water per ha is recommended.
Inter culture: Earthing up at about four months after planting.
Propping the crop by trash twist, twice or thrice depending on the crop growth.
Irrigation: Once in 7-10 days in summer, as and when necessary during the
monsoon period and once in 21 days during maturity phase.
Harvesting: Early varieties at 10th month age and
Mid-late varieties at 11th -12th month age.
Pest management:
Early shoot borer.
 Planting of setts in deep furrows
 Trash mulching @ 3t/ha at 3 days after planting in plant crop and
immediately after stubble shaving in ratoon crop.
 Irrigation at frequent intervals during summer.
 Spraying endosulfan 0.07% at 4, 6 and 9 weeks after planting in 450, 675 and 900 l of
water, respectively.
 Release of egg parasite, Trichogramma chilonis @ 20,000 per acre at 30 days after
planting and subsequent releases should be made at fortnight interval for four times.
Scale insect:
 Dipping the setts in malathion 2ml or dimethoate 1.7ml /l of water for 15 minutes
before planting.
 Detrashing the cane in the first week of July, August and September followed by
spraying malathion 2ml or dimethoate 1.7ml /l of water.
 Plant crop once met with heavy infestation should not be ratooned
White fly:
 Providinig adequate drainage facilities
 Application of ‘N’ fertilizers at recommend dose at stipulated time.
 Ratooning to be avoided in low lying areas prone for water logging
 Spraying with endosulfan 0.07% or malathion 0.1% or chlorpyriphos 0.05%
Root grub:
 Application of phorate 10G @ 8 kg/ac by pocketing.
 In standing crop, flooding of fields for 2-3 days is effective in reducing the severity.
98
Disease management
Smut
 Treating three budded setts in hot water at 52oc for 30 minutes or aerated steam at
54oc for two hours followed by dipping setts in carbendazim and raise special seed
nurseries.
 Sett treatment with propiconazole @1ml/l for 15 minutes before planting.
 Spraying propiconazole @0.5ml/l twice, at 35 days after ratooning and 30 days
later, if infection persists.
Red rot
 Planting resistant varieties like 98 V 95, 99 V 30, 2000 V 59, 2003 V 46, 87 A 298,
93 A 145.
 Sett treatment with hexaconazole 0.2%.
Soil application of Trichoderma viride @ 5 Kg/ac at the time of planting.
10. POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGY
The farmer, in a remuneration point of view, must attend to certain primary
processing operations like threshing, winnowing, cleaning, drying, grading, polishing, milling
etc. There is a need to adopt appropriate post harvest technologies for cost, time and labour
saving towards enhancement of quality and marketability to the produce by value addition
and by-products utilization. Primary processing by farmers can potentially get more
remunerative price and profits by increasing quality by value addition and efficient utilization
of by products besides reducing post harvest losses.
Threshing of Paddy by power thresher
Power threshers are recommended for threshing paddy crop due to its multiple
advantages like low investment, high threshing efficiency, low operational cost compared to
traditional tractor threshing. It has additional advantages of simultaneous winnowing and
cleaning, besides threshing. Under-utilization of tractor of 35 hp power can be avoided, as the
job of threshing to the same extent could be achieved by expending only 7-10 hp, in case of
power thresher. About 5-6 litres of diesel could be saved, besides increased out put of 1-2 bags
of paddy which otherwise goes as threshing loss in case of tractor threshing. Under-utilisation
of 35 hp tractor for a 10 hp, job of threshing, if avoided would go a long way in saving fuel
energy and foreign exchange.
Threshing benches
Threshing benches either with wire mesh top or with perforated M.S. Sheet may be used
in place of wooden benches for threshing the paddy crop as they are more efficient and have
more service life. Four men can thresh about 25 bags of paddy in a day. Each threshing bench
costs about Rs. 600/-. The process is particularly advisable when paddy is collected for seed
purpose.
99
Winnowing machines for grain cleaning
Hand and power operated (Power tiller, tractor or small engine operated) winnower can
separate chaff, dust etc. from grain. About 500-800 kg of grain can be winnowed in one hour.
These machinery are useful when sufficient winds (velocity) are not available and during
unfavourable weather conditions.
Husk fired furnace dryer for dying of paddy
A half ton capacity husk fired furnace type batch dryer developed at Post Harvest
Technology Centre, Bapatla can dry paddy from 25% moisture content to 13% moisture content
in a matter of 4-5h. It is much useful when sun drying is not practicable in inclement weather
during rainy season and under sudden cyclone threat conditions.
Agricultural waste fired chilli dryer & its utilisation as multipurpose dryer to dry other
crops
A two quintal capacity chilli dryer designed and developed at this centre can dry ripe
chillies from 70% moisture content to 15% moisture content in 24 hours compared to 12-15
days in open yard sun drying. The chillies dried by this dryer retained colour for a longer time
during storage compared to sun dried produce and are dust-free with high quality and
appearance. Drying can be done from the crop residue or paddy husk. This dryer could be used
as multipurpose dryer for drying other crops like turmeric, groundnut and coconut.
Drying of turmeric
Drying of turmeric using Agricultural waste fired dryer is advantageous in time and cost
saving. The results showed 65.47% of time saving and 7.8% of cost saving compared to
traditional method of sun drying. It took 58 hours to dry turmeric of 79.24% moisture content
to 12.5% level against 168 hours of time taken for the similar level of drying in open yard
drying.
Drying of groundnut
The Agricultural waste fired dryer was also evaluated for drying groundnut. When dried
at 40-43 C it took 25 hours compared to 4 - 5 days required in open yard sun drying for
bringing down the moisture content from 28% to 8%. There was no adverse effect on
germination of the seed of the produce dried by the dryer.
Mini Dhal Mill
The mini dhal mill plant was developed with suitable accessories and attachments like
drying cum-storage bin with husk fired heat exchanger system, sieve set, mixer for pretreatment with oil and water, thus mechanising all the processing operations involved in dhal
making. It will separate dehusked wholes. It can run with a 3 h.p motor and can mill 150 to
160 kgs of black gram per hour with 65% to 70% wholes and 15%to 18% splits recovery, thus
about 80%-82% dhal recovery compared to only 70-75% in traditional method.
TNAU-Power operated mini dhal mill
The mini-dhal mill was tested. It is capable of splitting 30 kg of black gram per hour
with a recovery of 83.5% split half grains with 12% of brokens. In respect to green gram it can
mill 32 kg/hr. with recovery of 80% splits and 17% brokens.
Improved Mobile Turmeric Steam Boiler
A study was undertaken to first develop a small scale turmeric steam boiler. The
developed boiler was tested in comparison to different methods such as bana method, autoclave
cooking and water bath boiling. Experiments were conducted to establish the most effective
100
cooking method for turmeric (Curcuma Longa Linn) based on the drying time, curcumin
content, colour and physical appearance of the product. The study suggested that cooking of
turmeric by small scale boiler is better in terms of highest yield recovery (22.42%). Curcumin
content was high in the rhizomes cooked in water at 800C, whereas turmeric cooked at 10 psi
(0.6798 kg/ cm2) in autoclave gave lowest drying time. Considering all the quality aspects it is
concluded that cooking of turmeric in small scale steam boiler is easy, economical and feasible
in field conditions giving improved quality attributes in comparison to other methods of
cooking. The work has led to the understanding of steam boiling of turmeric on small scale.
Based on the laboratory work, one ton/ batch capacity mobile turmeric boiler was fabricated
with the help of a commercial manufacturer. Tests indicate that 1000kg raw rhizomes could be
cooked in one hour at a steam pressure of 2kg/cm2. The diesel consumption is 6 to 6.5 litres per
hour. The steaming time required was found to be 10 to 12 min. Further holding time of 5 to 7
minutes is required to complete the cooking. The cost of the boiler is about Rs.3 lakh. The
boiler can be towed by a tractor.
Power operated turmeric polisher
With suitable alterations and further attachments like 2 h.p motor, V-belt and chain
drive mechanism and gear system, the hand operated turmeric polisher was converted into
power operated turmeric polisher. It can run at 30-32 rpm. The power operated ANGRAU
Turmeric polisher can polish about 600-700 kg of turmeric in an hour with 98% polishing
efficiency.
ANGRAU Turmeric Grader
The ANGRAU turmeric grader designed and developed by this centre can grade about
400 kg of Turmeric in an hour into four fractions namely bulbs, fingers (3 cm length and
above), Polishable Nali (2 to 3 cm length) and un-polishable Nali (less than 2 cm length) in a
single pass, thus eliminates tedious and laborious manual grading. This also facilitates better
quality and value addition to get higher remunerative price.
Batch type rice bran stabilizer suitable for stabilization of rice bran
Stabilization of rice bran with rice bran stabilizer at 100 C for 10 minuets controls the
increase in free fatty acid up to 28 days in storage, by inactivation of lipase enzyme. This
facilitates extraction of edible grade oil, thus helps in better utilization of rice bran, the byproduct of rice milling industry.
Chilli Seed extractor
The TNAU chilli seed extractor was found to operate at 46-50 kg/hr capacity which is
particularly suitable for extracting seed from smaller lots without intermittent cleaning. PKV
chilli seed extractor was found to be effective to obtain clean seed i.e., free from broken
pericarp and dust. The capacity of the extracting machine is around 100 kg/hr. The extraction
efficiency for both the equipment is in the range of 96 to 99%. The high capacity extractor is
useful for seed producers and large farmers.
Mango Harvester
Experiments using IIHR mango harvester gave a harvesting capacity of 170-200 kg
mangos/hr (500-550 fruits/hr). It was observed that farmers are using a dhoti which is made
locally using bamboo stick and net made of jute thread. The net is connected to the curved
frame. Local dhoti gave a capacity of about 300-350 fruits/hr. Percentage dropped fruits while
101
harvesting were found to be lower 8-10% compared to 20-25% in local dhoti thereby reducing
the damage to the fruits. However the IIHR mango harvester is somewhat heavy and difficult
to handle for harvesting fruits by standing on the tree particularly for old and well branched
trees. Two types of Mango harvesters which are useful to harvest fruits from ground (for small
trees / young gardens) and on the tree (for old and well branched trees) as alternatives to local
harvester have been designed, fabricated and tested with Banginapalli variety. The light weight
harvester when used on large, well branched tress grave a harvesting capacity of 625-650 fruits
per hour. The heavy weight model useful to harvest fruits from ground gave a capacity of 600615 fruits per hours. Local dhoti gave a capacity of 300-350 fruits / hr.
Survey of rice milling in Andhara Pradesh
A survey of rice milling system was conducted in Andhra Pradesh and the data
collected in the form of a questionnaire. The grain factors that affect the percentage of broken
include moisture content, variety, type of soil and time of harvest. The machine factors that
affect include the condition of the rubber rollers, speed and wear and tear in sheller and gap
between cone and concave, life of rubber packing and wear of emery cone in the polisher. Out
turn of rice from paddy after milling differs from sample to sample and type of milling system.
Breakage of rice invariably originates from cracked, immature and other damaged grains. The
corrective measures suggested to reduce broken percentage of rice are; harvest the paddy at
optimum moisture content, thresh the paddy by mechanical thresher, dry the paddy uniformly in
steps by maintaining tempering periods, modern rice mills with rubber roll shellers are
recommended for minimum broken percentage of rice, to maintain the rice mill timely
replacement of rubber rolls, and timely replacement of cone in the cone polisher. Maintaining
proper gap between the cone and the rubber brake in the cone polisher is critical to reduce
brokens in rice milling.
Conversion of tobacco barns for chilli drying
Ten to twelve quintals of ripe chillies can be loaded in the existing tobacco barns to dry
chillies. G.I. wire mesh trays of size 105 x 75 x 7.5 cm are suitable to hold chillies on the
existing tiers. Each tray can be loaded with 7 to 8 kg of ripe pods. Drying time required to
reduce moisture from 75 to 10% (w.b.) vary considerably depending upon whether the chilli is
hybrid with thick pericarp (eg. Wonder hot) or varieties with medium to thin pericarp (eg. LCA
334). The former takes about 50 hours to dry whereas the latter type takes about 40 hours only.
The temperatures ranging initially at 50oC to a final value of about 55oC are appropriate for
drying chillies. The open yard sun drying takes 12 to 15 days in comparison to barn drying
method. The cost of barn drying is approximately Rs.1.50-2.00 per quintal of dry chilli. The
percentage discoloured pods can be reduced to about 3.5 to 4% in barn dried produce in
comparison to 9-10% in open yard sun drying. The barn drying method has the advantages
such as 1) quality product with good colour retention and free from external contamination 2)
less number of discoloured pods (Talukaya) 3) Reduction in drying time 4) Drying can be
accomplished even during inclement weather particularly early in the chilli season i.e.,
November to February to fetch remunerative price.
102
Drying of chillies in a poly house
ANGRAU poly house solar dryer of size 12 x 7.8 x 2.1m has been developed in to
dry about 20 quintals of ripe pods. The dryer essentially consists of an arch type poly house to
hold chillies on two different tiers made of wire mesh fixed to frame assembled by nuts and
bolts. The whole frame structure is covered by nuts and bolts. The whole frame structure is
covered with a UV stabilized 150 gsm cross laminated semi- transparent polyethylene sheet
with ventilators at bottom and top to facilitate movement of air. The drying time is 5 to 8
days to reduce moisture form 75% to 10% (wb) in comparison to 15 to 20 days required to dry
chilli in open yard sun drying. The dryer can be converted into nursery house by replacing poly
sheet cover using 50% shade net. About 70,000 chilli seedlings can be raised in the house per
batch. The poly house can also be used to raise green Coriander during off season i.e. in May
and June when the chilli drying is completed. The poly house can be efficiently used for about
10 months in a year in chilli growing region i.e. Drying of chillies during December to April,
Coriander leaf production in May to June, raising Chilli nursery during July to September.
Performance of Sonalika thresher for Bengalgram
The performance evaluation of Sonalika thresher for Bengal gram was conducted at
Chandulur and Dronadula villages of Prakasam district. It was observed that it can thresh about
one to one and half acres of Bengal gram crop in one hour. It was also found that the output of
the thresher was 10 to 12 quintals of Bengal gram in one hour. The threshing capacity depends
upon the crop variety and its yield. The average efficiency of the thresher was found to be
98.33%. Cost of operation was about Rs. 500/- per hour which includes labour and diesel.
Safe Storage of groundnut
Drying and storage structures
Groundnut has to be dried to less than 9% moisture for safe storage which can be
stored upto 6 months without loss of viability and free from aflatoxin contamination. The
groundnut can better be stored in 1) loosely knitted gunny bags 2) compactly knitted gunny
bags, 3) nylon bags and 4) polythene lined gunny bags.
Viability of groundnut in storage
TMV-2 variety of groundnut maintained high viability (83%) with lesser fungal
growth (16%) at 240 days of storage while the viability was least in K-150 (24%) followed by
K-3 (21.6%) indicating their unsuitability for storage as seed. The viability was 79% in K1186, 73% in K-153 and 67% in K-1143 at 180 days of storage. However the viability of these
varieties drastically fell below 35% level by 240 days of storage.
Safe storage of pulses
Pulses can be safely stored in nylon bags, polythene lined gunny bags for upto 6
months provided the grain is properly dried before storage. Mixing of 250g of edible oil per
quintal of pulses is beneficial in safe storage.
Chilli storage
Chillies stored in amber coloured polythene bags were found to retain colour for
longer period of storage. Mechanically dried chillies showed higher colour value in chillies
during storage than that of open yard sun dried produce.
103
Biochemical changes in paddy during storage:
Paddy stored upto 10-12 months was found to improve its quality without change in their
milling and culinary properties. However, beyond 18 months of storage, there is deterioration
in its milling and culinary properties.
Use of plant origin materials for safe storage of pulses:
Among the different plant origin materials and inert materials tried against pulse beetle
C.maculatus infestation in stored pulses, Neem oil at 0.25% or 0.5% level of mixing with the
pulse grain was found to be the best in preventing the damage of stored pulse up to 195 days of
storage. Mixing of vegetable oils at 0.25% or 0.5% also protected the pulses from damage by
pulse beetle up to 300 days of storage.
Curcumin content in stored turmeric varieties:
The Curcumin content in stored turmeric varieties progressively decreased with length of
storage period. Among the varieties tested the decrease in Curcumin content in storage was
higher with Mydukur followed by PCT-14 and TC-2.
Chemical treatment of copra to prevent fungal damage:
Mature coconut halves treated with solutions of 1% acetic acid, sodium bicarbonate or
sodium chloride protected the copra from spoilage due to fungal infection.
Suitability of storage containers for storage of tamarind:
Tamarind gained moisture when stored in mud pots and gunny bags with reduced total
acidity compared to the produce stored in polythene bag, tetrapack or glass bottle. The acidity
of the samples stored in tetra pack was highest followed by polythene bags, whereas it was least
in case of the samples stored in gunny bags followed by mud pots. None of the structures
however could prevent discolouration of stored tamarind as it is temperature dependent.
11. MANAGEMENT OF PROBLEM SOILS
Classification of ground water quality for irrigation:
Water Class
SARiw(m
RSC(meq/l)
Eciw
mole/l)1/2
(dS/m)
A. Good water
<2
Upto 10
< 2.5
B. Saline Water
i) Marginally saline
2-4
Upto 10
< 2.5
ii) Saline
>4
Upto 10
< 2.5
iii) High SAR saline
>4
> 10
< 2.5
C. Alkali Water
i) Marginally alkali
<4
< 10
2.5-4.0
ii) Alkali
<4
< 10
> 4.0
iii) High Alkali
Variable
> 10
> 4.0
Specifications
Boron (ppm)
Nitrate –N (ppm)
Flourine (ppm)
Iron (ppm)
Slight to moderate
0.7 - 3.0
5.0 - 30.0
1.0 - 5.0
5.0 - 10.0
104
Severe problem
> 3.0
> 30.0
> 5.0
> 10.0
II. Salinity limits of Irrigation water for different crops:
Crop
Soil type
ECiw for relevant yield over control (with
BAW dS/m)
90%
75%
50%
25%
Cereals
Rice
Sandy loam
1.8
2.9
4.8
6.8
Maize
Clay
2.2
4.7
8.8
13.0
Sunflower
Sandy loam
3.5
7.2
13.4
19.6
Groundnut
-do-
1.8
3.1
5.3
7.4
Soybean
Clay
2.0
3.1
5.0
6.8
Tomato(Pusa Ruby)
Sandy loam
2.4
4.1
6.9
9.7
Bhendi(Pusa Savani)
-do-
2.1
3.9
6.7
9.6
Brinjal(Pusa purple long)
-do-
2.3
4.1
7.1
10.0
Bitter gourd (Coi.long)
-do-
2.0
3.4
5.8
8.2
Clusterbean
-do-
3.2
4.5
6.8
9.0
Chillies
-do-
1.8
2.9
4.9
6.9
Oil Seeds
Vegetables
III Guidelines for using poor quality irrigation water
B. Saline Water RSC less than 2.5 meq/l.
Soil texture
Crop tolerance
(% clay)
Fine (more than 30%)
Moderately Coarse (10-20%)
Coarse(less than 10%)
Sensitive
Semi tolerant
Tolerant
Sensitive
Semi tolerant
Tolerant
Sensitive
Semi tolerant
Tolerant
Upper limits of Eciw (dS/m)
in rainfall range of 550-750
mm
1.5
3.0
8.0
3.0
8.0
10.0
3.0
9.0
12.5
1. Use gypsum when the SAR of saline water is more than 20 or Mg/Ca ratio is more than
3 in irrigation water
2. Use of organic materials in saline environment improves the crop yields.
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3. Salts in the profile will not be much accumulated when waters of ECiw < 4 dS/m are
used continuously for irrigation.
4. When water of more than ECiw 4 dS/m are used continuously for irrigation, the salt
build up in the surface layer (0-15 cm) increased with increase in salinity of irrigation
water
5. When water of high ECiw 12 to 16 dS/m are used, the soil permeability will be
affected, seed germination will be inhibited, crop stand and growth are drastically
reduced.
6. When saline water conjunctively used with canal water, two canal water irrigations
followed by one saline water irrigation will not cause any problem both to soil and crop.
12. WEED MANAGEMENT
Rice
Rice nursery
Spray pretilachlor at 1.0 l ha-1 either with in three days after sowing as pre-emergence
spray or on seventh day after sowing as early post emergence will effectively control
Echinochloa and other annual monocot and dicot weeds in rice nurseries
(Or)
Post emergence spray of cyhalofop butyl at 1.0 lL/ha at 14 days after sowing will
effectively control Echinochloa spp. without any phytotoxicity to rice.
(Or)
Post emergence spray of bispyribac sodium at 200 ml /ha at 15 days after sowing will
effectively control grasses and broad leaf weeds without any phytotoxicity to rice.
Transplanted rice:
a) With in 3 to 5 days after planting
Apply 2,4 –D ethyl ester granules at 20 to 25 kg ha-1 as sand mix application
(Or)
-1
Apply 2,4-D ethyl ester granules 10 kg ha + butachlor granules 10 kg ha-1 as sand mix
application.
(Or)
-1
Apply butachlor at 3 to 5 l ha as sand mix application
(Or)
-1
Apply anilophos at 1.33 to 1.67 l ha as sand mix application
(Or)
Apply 2, 4-D ethyl ester granules 10 kg ha-1 + anilophos 0.70 l ha-1 as sand mix application
(Or)
Apply 2, 4-D ethyl ester granules at 10 kg ha-1 + butachlor 2.5 l ha-1 as sand mix
application
(Or)
-1
Oxadiargyl 80%WP 125 g ha in 500 liters of water
(Or)
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Apply oxadiargyl 80%WP 94 g ha-1 +2,4-D ethyl ester granules 10 kg ha-1as sand mix
application
25-30 days after planting (when dicot weeds are problematic)
Spray 2,4-D sodium salt 80% WP at 0.75 to 1.0 kg ha-1 in 500 l of water using hand
compression sprayer at 20-30 days after planting, when fields are infested with dicots and
other susceptible weeds
Maize
Spray atrazine at 2.5 to 3.5 kg ha-1 immediately or with in three days after sowing
(Or)
-1
Spray alachlor at 5.0 to 7.5 l ha immediately or with in three days after sowing
Sorghum
Spray atrazine at 2.0 kg ha-1 immediately or within three days after sowing sorghum
Ragi
Spray pendimethalin at 2.51 ha-1 one week after transplanting ragi seedlings
(Or)
Spray anilophos at 1.75 1 ha-1 one week after transplanting ragi seedlings
(Or)
Spray 2,4-D ethyl ester at 1.5 to 2.01 1 ha-1 one week after transplanting ragi seedlings
Pulses
Pulses- Up land:
Spray pendimethalin at 3.3 to 5.0 l ha-1 immediately after sowing or the next day
(Or)
Spray alachlor at 4.o l immediately after sowing or the next day
Rice fallow blackgram
For the control of Echinochloa spp, and broad leaf weeds apply at 2.5 to 5.0 l ha-1
immediately after removal of paddy sheaves as sand mix application followed by spraying
of water up to 1000 l ha-1 depending upon the available soil moisture. (Or)
For control of Echinochloa spp. spray fenoxaprop ethyl @ 625 ml/ha (or) quizalofop ethyl
at 1.0 l /ha as post emergence spray at 15-20 days after sowing.
For the control of Cuscuta post emergence application of pendimethalin at 3.3 to 5.0 l ha-1
immediately after removal of paddy sheaves as sand mix application followed by spraying
of water up to 1000 l ha-1 depending upon the available soil moisture on the soil surface
For the control of Vicia sativa, post-emergence application of butachlor at 4.0 l ha-1 or
pendimethalin at 3.3 l ha-1 immediately after removal of paddy sheaves as sand mix
application followed by spraying of water up to 1000 l ha-1 depending upon the available
soil moisture
Groundnut
Spray alachlor at 5.0 to 7.5 l ha-1 immediately or with in three days after sowing
(Or)
-1
Spray pendimethalin at 3.3 to 5.00 l ha immediately or with in three days after sowing
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Perennial weeds in orchards
Perennial weeds like Cyperus rotundus, Cynodon dactylon etc. in orchards can be
controlled effectively by spraying glyphosate at 2.5 to 5.0 l ha-1 dissolved in 500 l of
water. Falling of the spray fluid on young fruit plant foliage should be avoided. Second
spray is required when there is regrowth of weed
Note
In case of glyphosate, the efficacy depends upon the stage of the weed (should be in active
vegetative stage), age and duration of infestation (older and longer duration of infestations
may required several repeated sprays on active vegetative growth), soil moisture and type
of weed and nature of foliage (surface morphology/ herbicide retention and
absorption).Application of glyphosate with 1% ammonium sulphate solution will enhance
up take and translocation by weeds. In wide spread infestations, it is better to plough the
area first, induce the regrowth of the weed and then spray glyphosate on the active growth.
(Or)
If annual grasses and dicot weeds are prevalent, the herbicide paraquat at 2.5 to 3.75 l ha-1
dissolved in 500 l ha-1 of water can be sprayed. Falling of spray fluid on fruit trees should be
avoided.
13. Dryland Agriculture
Growing of crops entirely under rainfed conditions is known as dry land agriculture.
In Andhra Pradesh, out of 148 lakh hectares of cultivable land, nearly 105 lakh hectares is
under rain fed agriculture, with 65% area under red soils and 25% area under black soils.
Variation in crop yields is more in dry lands due to non receipt of timely rainfall and
prolonged dry spells during crop periods. Adoption of following soils and moisture
conservation measures and improved management practices will help in getting higher yields.
Soil and Water Conservation
Red soils
These soils are shallow in depth with low water holding capacity. Rainwater is lost as
runoff causing erosion resulting in loss of fertile top layer of the soil and nutrients. Research
efforts were made to reduce these losses and soil conservation measures were found useful in
reducing runoff and soil loss.
 When soil depth is 20 cm or more, deep tillage once in three years helps in better
infiltration of rainwater and reduces pest and weed problems.
 Cultivation across the slope reduces runoff.
 If slope is multiple and more than 2% construction of contour bunds with a cross
section of 0.63 m2 at 50 m horizontal interval helps in conservation of soil and water.
In areas where annual rainfall is more than 750 mm, graded bunds are recommended.
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


In soils where surface crusting is a major problem, application of sand @ 40 t/ha
before sowing helps in decreasing the crust strength facilities better infiltration of
water in to the soil and improves germination and crop stand.
To avoid water stagnation on down stream side of contour bunds, formation of
compartmental bunds with spacing of 15m X 10 m before emergence of the crop or
formation of conservation furrows with receipt of rainfall after 20 days of sowing of
the crop help in reducing the water stagnation on down stream side of contour bunds
and facilities better infiltration of water in to the soil.
Intercropping groundnut with mixed pulses like horse gram, cowpea and red gram in
11:1 ratio helps in reducing the runoff losses and increases net returns.
Black soils
Water holding capacity of these soils is very high, but deep cracking, low in
permeability and poor drainage are the major problems. Soil conservation and improved
management practices helps in getting higher yield of crops.



Formation of graded bunds with a cross section of 0.8m2 is recommended in these
soils. Formation of a channel with a slope of 0.1 – 0.25% along the graded bunds and
merging these channels in to a grassed waterway help in drainage of water without
any soil erosion.
Formation of ridges and furrows is useful for deep black soils. Sowing should be done
on the ridges. Furrows facilitate easy drainage of water (or) formation of raised bed
with 3 m width at 20 cm height help in getting increased yields of crops, as the
furrows facilitate better drainage of water.
Application of FYM @ 20 t/ha help in better infiltration of water.
Rainwater Management
Red soils
 Runoff of rain water can be prevented by practicing soil conservation measures.
 Mulching with groundnut shells @ 5 t/ha, within 10 days after sowing of the crop
help in prevention of evaporation losses.
 Runoff constitutes 25 % of rainfall in red soils. Water harvesting in farm ponds and
subsequent use as supplemental irrigation helps in increasing the yields of rain fed
crops. Water harvested from 5 ha can be used to irrigate on hectare
in scarce rainfall zone. In other zones where rainfall is high, water harvested from 5
ha is sufficient to provide supplemental irrigation to 2 ha. Seepage losses were
minimum when farm pond is lined with Kadapa slabs. The size of farm pond may
range from 150m3. Groundnut crop responds even to 10 mm of irrigation water during
dry spell.
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Suitable crops
Red soils


Groundnut, sorghum, pearl millet, fox tail millet, pigeonpea, greengram, cowpea,
castor and horsegram are suitable crops. Groundnut + redgram, groundnut + castor,
sorghum + redgram are the profitable intercrops which help in prevention of crop loss
during drought years.
Depending on the time of receipt of rainfall, the crops to be taken up should be
decided. If the rains are received during June, castor or red gram can be sown. If rains
are received during July or August first week intercrop of groundnut + redgram
profitable. If rainfall is received after 15 August, the suitable contingent crops are
fodder pearl millet, fodder sorghum greengram, cowpea and horsegram. If rainfall is
received after 15 September, sorghum (fodder), pearl millet (fodder) and horsegram
are suitable.
Black soils



Cotton , chillies, sunflower, chickpea, sorghum, safflower and coriander are suitable
crops. Sorghum and sunflower if sown during first fortnight of September give higher
yield.
Application of zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha once in three seasons is necessary, if zinc
deficiency is observed.
If iron deficiency is observed, spraying of ferrous sulphate @ 2 g/l of water is
necessary.
Nutrient Management
Basal application of 20 kg N, 40 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O/ha are necessary for
groundnut and groundnut + redgram. For horsegram, apply 10 kg N and 30kg P2O5/ha.
It is better to apply phosphorus and potassium based on soil test values. For groundnut
crop grown in alfisols, the following schedule is recommended.
Phosphorous (P2O5) (kg/ha)
Available in the soil
To be applied
<20
40
20-40
20
>40
Nil
Potassium (K2O) (kg/ha)
Available in the soil
To be applied
<150
40
150 -250
20
> 250
Nil
For correcting zinc deficiency in groundnut, spraying of 0.2% zinc sulphate is
recommended at 35 and 45 days after sowing.
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Weed Management
Intercultivation should be practiced at 25 and 40 days after sowing. In areas where
labour is a shortage broadcasting of fine soil mixed with pendimethalin @ 2.5 l/ha or
spraying pendimethalin @ 5 ml/l is recommended, within two days after sowing of the crop.
Pest and disease management
Since the farmers are less resourceful, IPM is a suitable technology. To reduce the
cost of pest and disease management, these aspects are to be considered.
5. Pest monitoring and prediction.
6. Monitoring of natural enemies.
7. Forewarning of pest outbreak.
8. Critical stage of chemical intervention.
Relationship between weather parameters and occurrence of pests and diseases has been
established in many crops.
Sorghum
Stem borer: Infestation varies with time of sowing. More on late and early sown sorghum,
rainfall determines the time of emergence of adults.
Shoot fly: Extreme temperature and continuous heavy rains adversely affect the population.
Rainfall influences peak emergence of adults. Maximum temperature (20ºc – 30°c) is
conducive for egg laying and larval development. RH (above 60%) favours intensity of
attack.
Midge: Mean temperatures (25º-30°C), RH (above 60%). Adult midges emerge after
accumulation of 43°C heat units (based on mean daily 10 cm soil temperature) above a
threshold of 14.8ºC whereas 679 and 973 heat units are required for 50 and 95% emergence.
Groundnut
Leaf miner: A sudden rise in maximum temperature by 2°C followed by dry spell of more
than one week resulted in incidence of the pest. If rain occurs, the incidence gets reduced
during kharif.
Red hairy caterpillar: Rainfall received between last week of June and September causes
the emergence of RHC moths. The emergence is noticed on 2nd day after the occurrence of
rainfall of 10 mm and more. If heavy rainfall of 80 mm and above is received in one day
during June/July, heavy emergence of RHC will take place at a time and subsequent
emergence will be less. However, the moths emerged during September though they lay eggs,
but mortality of eggs and larvae is observed due to the parasitisation and thereby the
influence on the crop will be less.
Late leaf spot: Morning relative humidity of 80% and more coupled with night temperature
around 22°C causes the initiation of the late leaf spot disease on groundnut. If the weather
conditions exist for a week, the disease spread will be more. Added to this the leaf wetness
index of 2.3 coupled with 10% LLS incidence requires the control measures.
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Farming Systems Research
Under farming system where groundnut is a prevalent cropping system, rearing of
sheep (ram lambs) for about three months @ 10 sheep/ha, with groundnut haulms or stall
feeding of haulms + grazing has been found highly profitable than crop system alone.
14. CONTINGENCY CROP PLAN FOR RABI – 2010 – 2011
Rice
During rabi the nurseries will be sown in the second fortnight of November under
normal conditions facilitating the completion of plantings by December 15th. In case of
delayed planting for rabi paddy adopt the following package.






Varieties recommended [IR 64, BPT 1235, MTU 1010.
Shallow planting with 21 days old seedlings
Maintaining a spacing of 15 cm x 10 cm to have 66 hills per sq.m
Plant 3-4 seedlings per hill
Increase in the nitrogen level by 50% over the recommended dose of 120 kg N/ha, with 2
split applications i.e., 2/3rd as basal and 1/3rd as top dressing at 20 days after
planting.
Apply 50 kg P2O5/ha as basal in the last puddle.
Submergence immediately after transplantation
 Gap filling if loss of seedling is less than 20%. Retransplantation by separating seedling
and transplantation one seedling of hill.
 If damage is more than 20%, direct sowing of pregerminated seeds with short duration
varieties.
Pulses
Rainfed areas
In rainfed areas where sowings could not be done till August due to delayed SouthWest monsoons (Krishna, Guntur and Prakasam districts).

Cultivation of short duration pulse crop like greengram, blackgram during first week of
September. Varieties recommended for rabi season are to be planted.
The following varieties are recommended for pre-rabi (September ending sowings).
Blackgram
: LBG 20, LBG 17, LBG 402, LBG 645, LBG 685, LBG 709
Greengram : LGG 407, LGG 450, PDM 54, LGG 410, LGG 460
Pigeonpea
: LRG 30, ICPL 85063, ICPL 332, LRG 41, LRG 38
Soybean
: MACS 58, PK 472, MACS 201, JS 335, LSb 1, PK 1029.
 Practice intercropping of pigeonpea with soybean
112

Pigeonpea can be sown from June/July to October months in the event of delayed
monsoons, without reduction in yields with increased plant population.
Spacing of Pigeonpea in different months
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sowing time
Spacing (cm)
Seed rate (kg/ha)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------June/ July
150 x 20
20
August
120 x 20
15
September
Rainfed: 45 x 10
40
1.D
: 90 x 20
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tail end areas
 Rabi blackgram or greengram under ID conditions.
 Rabi soybean under ID conditions.
 Rabi groundnut under ID conditions.
Rice fallow pulses
 Growing of yellow mosaic virus resistant varietiesT9, LBG 752 and PDM3.
Cotton
Waterlogging in cotton
 Draining out water wherever is possible.
 Application urea at 25kg/ac
 Drenching with copper oxychloride at 3g/l for wilted pants
 Spray paraquat 5 ml/l or glyphosate 10ml/l to control weeds.
Sugarcane
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Situation
Alternate crops recommended
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. January / March planting
Sunflower, maize, greengram,
failure of sugarcane plant
fodder crops like pillipesara
crop
and sunhemp followed by kharif
paddy.
2. November/December harvested
sugarcane crop.
Gingelly, fodder crops, pillipesara and sunhemp followed by
kharif paddy.
3. February/ March harvested
sugarcane crop
Greengram, maize, sunflower,
fodder crops pillipesara and
sunhemp followed by kharif
paddy.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
113
114