BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Appropriately Medical Administration Training Written by Jennifer Atkins www.mediweb.com.au © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 1 Copyright Copyright © Jennifer Atkins 2013.2 © 2009 Version 1 This training manual is copyright under the Copyright Act 1968. Any third party copyright material included in this publication is attributed. Jennifer Atkins asserts her ownership of the Intellectual Property contained in this training manual. All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, utilised, distributed, or translated into any other language in whole or in part, in any form or by any means, by any other party whether it be electronic, manual, photocopying, recording, or otherwise. Copying without authorisation is illegal. Disclaimer Every attempt has been made to ensure this workbook is free from errors or omissions. However, as an educational resource, all effort should be made to ensure you seek professional advice before relying on any statement or fact contained herein. Material in this workbook is current at the time of writing. Jennifer Atkins Medical Administration Training www.mediweb.com.au © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 2 Table of Contents RESOURCES: HELPFUL WEBSITES ............................................................................ 7 BSBMED301B: INTERPRET AND APPLY MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY APPROPRIATELY... 9 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 11 WHAT IS MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY? 12 HOW IS MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY COMMUNICATED? 13 POLICIES AND PROCEDURES 14 SPECIALIST AREAS OF MEDICINE 19 CHECKLISTS 21 LEARNING MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY ..................................................................... 25 ROOT WORD 26 COMBINING VOWEL 27 COMBINING FORM 27 PREFIX 28 SUFFIX 28 RULES WHEN JOINING MEDICAL TERMS TOGETHER 30 LITERAL MEANING OF MEDICAL TERMS 38 SEEK CLARIFICATION 39 DICTIONARY MEANING VERSUS LITERAL MEANING 40 AUSTRALIAN VERSUS AMERICAN SPELLING 42 SINGULAR AND PLURAL WORDS 44 PRONUNCIATION 46 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY ACTIVITIES 48 MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS.................................................................................... 55 MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS WRITTEN ON SCRIPTS 56 LIST OF COMMON MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS 60 SYMBOLS 62 SYSTEMS OF THE BODY ........................................................................................ 69 ELEVEN MAIN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY 69 ANATOMICAL PLANES AND POSITIONS ................................................................ 77 PLANES OF THE BODY 78 BODY CAVITIES 79 © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 3 DIRECTION AND LOCATION 80 LIST OF TERMS FOR POSITION AND DIRECTION 82 MOVEMENT OF JOINTS 83 ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS AND REGIONS 85 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY ACTIVITIES 88 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM ................................................................................... 93 INTERESTING FACTS ON THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 94 THE LAYERS OF THE SKIN 95 FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN 95 SKIN COLOUR 96 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY ACTIVITIES 103 GLOSSARY OF INTEGUMENTARY TERMS 114 SKELETAL SYSTEM .............................................................................................. 117 INTERESTING FACTS ON THE SKELETAL SYSTEM 118 FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON 119 TYPES OF FRACTURES 120 THE FIVE SECTIONS OF THE SPINE 123 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY ACTIVITIES 126 NAMES OF SKELETAL BONES 139 GLOSSARY OF SKELETAL TERMS 141 MUSCULAR SYSTEM ........................................................................................... 143 INTERESTING FACTS ON THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 144 HOW MUSCLES ARE NAMED 145 MAJOR MUSCLES OF THE BODY 145 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY ACTIVITIES 149 GLOSSARY OF MUSCULAR TERMS 161 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM............................................................................................. 163 INTERESTING FACTS ON THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 164 FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS 166 PATIENT INFORMATION SHEET 169 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY ACTIVITIES 176 GLOSSARY OF DIGESTIVE TERMS 186 © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 4 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ................................................................................ 189 INTERESTING FACTS ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 190 FUNCTIONS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR ORGANS 191 ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG) 194 HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE 197 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY ACTIVITIES 202 GLOSSARY OF CARDIOVASCULAR TERMS 212 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ....................................................................................... 215 INTERESTING FACTS ON THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 216 FUNCTIONS OF THE ORGANS OF RESPIRATION 217 ASTHMA 220 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY ACTIVITIES 225 GLOSSARY OF RESPIRATORY TERMS 235 NERVOUS SYSTEM ............................................................................................. 237 INTERESTING FACTS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 238 THE BRAIN AND THE SENSES 240 FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 241 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM .......................................................................................... 243 INTERESTING FACTS ON THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 244 FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS 245 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM........................................................................................... 249 INTERESTING FACTS ON THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 250 THE ROLE OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 251 FUNCTIONS OF THE LYMPHATIC ORGANS AND TISSUES 252 URINARY SYSTEM .............................................................................................. 255 INTERESTING FACTS ON THE URINARY SYSTEM 256 HOW DOES YOUR BODY REMOVE WASTE? 257 URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS 257 FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY ORGANS 259 © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 5 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ..................................................................................... 261 INTERESTING FACTS ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 262 FUNCTIONS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 263 RADIOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 267 INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT RADIOLOGY 267 X-RAY 268 CT SCAN (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY): 268 ULTRASOUND 269 MRI (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING) 270 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY ACTIVITIES 274 GLOSSARY OF RADIOLOGY TERMS 284 INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT PATHOLOGY 289 PATHOLOGY....................................................................................................... 289 NINE DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES OF PATHOLOGY: 290 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY ACTIVITIES 295 GLOSSARY OF PATHOLOGY TERMS 303 ASSESSMENT CRITERIA....................................................................................... 305 © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 6 RESOURCES: HELPFUL WEBSITES Professional Associations and Medical Standards AGPAL Australian General Practice Accreditation Ltd www.qip.com.au Australian Association of Practice Managers www.aapm.org.au Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency http://www.ahpra.gov.au/ Australian Medical Association (AMA) www.ama.com.au General Practice Computer Standards http://www.racgp.org.au/yourpractice/e-health/cis/ciss/ General Practice Registrars Australia www.gpra.org.au Health Services Commission http://www.health.vic.gov.au./hsc/ Medical Practice Act 1992 www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/mpa1992128/s167.html NSW Rural Doctors Network www.nswrdn.com.au Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP) www.racgp.org.au State and Territory Doctors Health Advisory www.doctorshealth.org.au Medical and Health Reference sites National vaccine storage guidelines http://www.immunise.health.gov.au Alcohol Awareness Site http://www.drinkingnightmare.gov.au/internet/DrinkingNightmare/publishing.nsf Australian Doctor Online Newspaper http://www.australiandoctor.com.au Cancer Screening Government Site http://www.cancerscreening.gov.au/ Department of Health and Aged Care www.health.gov.au Department of Health, Victoria http://www.health.vic.gov.au Doctors Reference Site www.drsref.com.au Government Website About Health Issues www.healthinsite.gov.au How Do You Measure Up http://www.measureup.gov.au/internet/abhi/publishing.nsf © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 7 Infection Control Guidelines For a Health Setting http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/node/30290 National Skin Cancer Awareness www.skincancer.gov.au Quit Smoking www.quitnow.info.au Royal District Nursing Service www.rdns.com.au Seniors Reference Site www.seniors.gov.au Online Medical Dictionaries Medical Dictionary and Abbreviations http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au Medical Dictionary http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php Medical Dictionary www.medterms.com Medical Dictionary www.virtualmedicalcentre.com/medical_dictionary.asp Medical Dictionary http://www.mydr.com.au/medical-dictionary Spell Check www.spellex.com/speller.htm Medical Abbreviations Abbreviations http://www.medilexicon.com/medicalabbreviations.php Acronyms www.drsref.com.au/acronyms Health Thesaurus http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/healththesaurus.htm © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 8 BSBMED301B: Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Appropriately About this unit This unit provides participants with advanced medical terminology skills for general practice, specialist rooms, hospitals and allied health environments. Topics: o Learn the structure of medical words o Prefix/Root/Suffix o Basic and advanced terminology o Systems of the body o Abbreviations and symbols o Pronunciation of medical terms. This unit will teach you the skills and knowledge to be able to: Respond appropriately to instructions which contain medical terminology Carry out routine tasks Use appropriate advanced medical terminology in oral and written communication. About this book This book is suitable for participants in a range of situations, from classroom based learning to distance education learning. The book is developed as a step-by-step learning guide. You are to complete each chapter before moving onto the next section. Activities are provided for you to work through, and once the relevant skills are developed then you can move on to the next part of the book. © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 9 As this is a nationally recognised unit, the activities throughout the book will require you to draw upon your experiences in life, and your mock experiences in a medical environment. These exercises form the basis of your learning so you will develop the skills necessary to meet the required competency for the unit. Competency in the unit will be demonstrated through the completion of the various activities and assessments as determined by your assessor. Nationally Accredited Qualification: This unit is nationally recognised under the Australian Qualifications Framework. Upon completion of this unit you will be awarded competency in BSBMED301B: Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Appropriately. © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 10 Introduction Effective communication with staff and patients is important in any environment; however it is critical in a medical environment as it underpins patient welfare. While doctors talk to their patients in non-medical or layman’s terms, they use medical terminology in records, reports and correspondence. Often a doctor will pass on verbal instructions to employees, assuming there is an understanding of what these instructions mean. For this reason it is an integral part of the medical office worker’s training to be able to recognise and understand medical terminology. The time spent learning this new language ensures you will confidently communicate with patients and other medical workers. A medical environment is among the busiest of all work environments. A medical office worker is responsible for a wide range of daily tasks which includes scheduling patient appointments, filing, handling payments, typing reports and letters, recording information and maintaining an organised and safe working environment. Medical terminology is embedded in each of these duties. © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 11 What is Medical Terminology? Medical terminology is used in many forms of communication and may include: o Abbreviations for medical and pharmacological terms o Causes to changes in the systems of the body o Common medical conditions including illnesses, injuries and diseases o Departments/sections in a hospital o Health insurance terminology o Interrelated functions of the body, locations and diseases (e.g. functions of the skeletal system, locations of skeletal injuries, skeletal diseases) o Knowledge of medical specialties and the names and titles of doctors working in specialist fields o Medical conditions o Medical equipment and instruments o Medical investigations and procedures o Medicare terminology o Medications o Referrals o Terms to describe onset and/or nature of disease. © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 12 Specialist Areas of Medicine What types of specialists do patients see? Patients will see a variety of specialists, all of whom require a referral. There are many different types of specialists. Below is a list of some of the more common specialists and the area they specialise in. Specialist Area Study of… Cardiology The heart Dermatology The skin Endocrinology The glands and their secretions Gastroenterology The stomach and intestines Gynaecology and The Obstetrics pregnancy and childbirth (Obstetrics) Haematology The blood Immunology The immune system Neurology The nervous system Oncology Cancer Ophthalmology The eyes Orthopaedics The skeleton Paediatrics Children Psychiatry The mind Rheumatology The rheumatic system, including joints, muscles, connective female reproductive system (Gynaecology) and tissues, and soft tissues around the joints and bones Urology © Jennifer Atkins The urinary system BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 19 Which specialist department do you think patients would be referred to for the following conditions? Physical condition Specialist area required Chronic intestinal pain Chronic Back injury Pregnancy Stomach ulcer Fibromyalgia Chronic eye infections Scarring caused by acne Schizophrenia Persistent urinary tract infections Low iron stores © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 20 Learning Medical Terminology Introduction Learning Medical Terminology is similar to learning a new language. In fact medical terms are based on Latin and Greek words. It is common to feel overwhelmed by the number of new words and terms that are part of a medical environment. However you will be pleased that even the longest medical word can be broken down into components and learnt. The terms you will learn in this book describe common conditions, diseases, and their diagnosis and treatment. There are five basic parts to a medical word: Root word Combining vowel Combining form Prefix Suffix © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 25 Try to read the following terms and determine their meaning: Periarthritis [peri (around) arthr (joint) itis (inflammation)] Epigastric [Epi (above) gastr (stomach) ic (pertaining to)] Tachycardia [Tachy (fast) card (heart) ia (pertaining to)] © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 32 Rule 3 – Joining a combining form word to a suffix When combining certain root words to a suffix the combining vowel is removed. This is because the suffix starts with a, e, i, o, or u. For example the word oste means bone. If the suffixes pathy and itis are added to the root word oste the following happens. Oste/o + pathy = Osteopathy (disease of the bone) Oste/o + itis = Osteitis (inflammation of the bone) Notice that in osteitis the combining vowel has been removed, because -itis starts with a vowel. Note that when a root word is joined with a suffix, the combining vowel remains in place as long as the suffix does not begin with a vowel. Combine the following words with a suffix: Will you keep or remove the combining vowel? Gastr/o + pathy _______________________________________________________ Gastr/o + tomy ________________________________________________________ Gastr/o + stomy _______________________________________________________ Gastr/o + scope ________________________________________________________ Gastr/o + ectomy ______________________________________________________ Gastr/o + itis __________________________________________________________ © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 33 Complete the following table to add the prefix to the joining word to make medical terms. Use the table on the following page to assist. The first word has been completed for you. Prefix Meaning Joining word Medical term Meaning of medical word Epi Above Gastric Epigastric Pertaining to above the stomach Micro Small Scope Dys Painful Pnoea Hypo Below/Low Tension Complete the following table to add the suffix to the joining word. Use the table on the following page to assist. The first word has been completed for you. Suffix Meaning Joining word Medical term Meaning of medical word Logist Specialist Cardio Cardiologist Specialist who studies the who studies heart Tomy Incision Gastro Ectomy Removal of Mast Logy Study of Bio Pathy Disease Gastro © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 34 Body Parts with Multiple Root Words Because medical terminology is based on Latin and Greek words, it is possible that a body part will have terms which are derived from both languages. One such example is the nose. The Latin derived word for nose is nas/o and the Greek derived word is rhin/o. Although both these root words mean nose they are not always interchangeable, which means some medical words will use nas/o and others will use rhin/o. For example: Nasogastric tube - is a tube inserted into the stomach through the nose The root word cannot be changed to rhin/o, as the accepted term uses the root word nas/o. Therefore nasogastric is correct and rhinogastric is not correct. Rhinoplasty - is a surgical repair of the nose The root word cannot be changed to nas/o, as the accepted term uses the root word rhin/o. Therefore rhinoplasty is correct and nasoplasty is not correct. If you are unsure which root word to use, check your dictionary as it will display the correct choice of term. Which root word will you use for the following words? (Use your dictionary to assist you) Meaning Possible terms (circle the Correct root word correct one) Relating to the nose (Nasal, Rhinal) Visual examination of the nose (Nasoscopy, Rhinoscopy) Study of the nose © Jennifer Atkins (Nasology, Rhinology) BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 36 Literal Meaning of Medical Terms The literal meaning of medical terminology may sometimes prove to be misleading, as the original meaning of terms is not always accurate. When the literal meaning makes no sense it will be necessary to seek clarification from a medical dictionary. For example: Medical term Literal meaning Accepted meaning Anaemia No blood; without blood Low haemoglobin in the An means without; aemia means red blood cells. condition of blood. Ambidextrous Both right Able to use either hand Ambi means both; dextro means equally well. right. Hysterical Pertaining to the womb. Uncontrollably emotional. Hyster/o means womb, which was once believed to be the source of uncontrollable emotions; ical means pertaining to. Orthopaedic Straightening children. Specialty dealing with the Orth/o means straight; Paed/o correction of skeletal means child. Historically conditions. orthopaedics straightened children’s bones and deformities. © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 38 Dictionary Meaning Versus Literal Meaning The word hypertension can be split into hyper which means high and tension which means stretch or pressure. But this does not describe the true meaning of the word. Hypertension comes from pressure made by your blood against your arteries, and is correctly defined as high blood pressure. You would need to look in your dictionary to find its correct meaning. Below is part of the entry for the word “hypertension” in the Oxford Mini-dictionary for Nurses Hypertension (hy-per-ten-shŏn) n. High blood pressure, i.e. elevation of the arterial blood pressure above the normal range expected in a particular age group. Compare the literal meaning and the dictionary definition for the following words. Medical term Literal meaning Dictionary definition Epidermis Osteophyte © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 40 Australian Versus American Spelling For many words there are two ways of spelling them. It is important to be aware that some spell checks will recognise the American spelling and not the Australian or English spelling. American spelling of medical words do not acknowledge any silent vowels, which means an ‘o’ or an ‘a’ that is not pronounced is not spelt. The other major difference is with the spelling of words where the ‘c’ is pronounced as a ‘k.’ American spelling will spell it with a ‘k’ whereas Australian spelling is with a ‘c’. Common examples are: Australian / English American Oedema Edema Haematology Hematology Colour Color Anaesthesia Anesthesia Foetal Fetal Paediatrician Pediatrician Diarrhoea Diarrhea Haemorrhoid Hemorrhoid Leucocyte Leukocyte Oesophagus Esophagus Sulphate Sulfate Vaporise Vaporize Underline the part of each Australian/English medical word which is omitted or altered in the American spelling. © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 42 The following words have been spelt incorrectly. To spell them correctly refer to the previous table or look up each word in a medical dictionary. American spelling Australian / English spelling Esophagitis Edema Tumor Orthopedic Hemostasis Anesthesia Hemoglobin Leukopenia Diarrhea Behavior Dyspnea Hematologist Anemia Fiber © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 43 Systems of the Body Eleven Main Systems of the Human Body There are many systems in the body. However, the main systems of the body are: 1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Digestive 5. Cardiovascular 6. Respiratory 7. Nervous 8. Endocrine 9. Lymphatic 10. Urinary 11. Reproductive 1. Integumentary system The integumentary system consists of the skin, its glands, hair and nails. The skin is considered the largest organ of the body. This is because the surface area of the skin on an average adult is 2 m2 and represents 16 percent of the body’s total weight. The skin functions as a protective covering for the underlying tissues, and regulates body temperature among other functions. It consists of two main layers, the dermis and epidermis. The epidermis is the outer most layer of the skin. The dermis is the second layer of the skin. Its main purpose is to sustain and support the epidermis. © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 69 2. Skeletal system The skeletal system includes the bones and joints of the body. The bones are the framework that the body is constructed around. It protects and supports the body, and assists the muscles with movement of the body. The skeleton consists of 208 bones in adults, and includes the axial skeleton (bones of the head and torso) and the appendicular skeleton (bones of the arms and legs). 3. Muscular system The muscular system includes all the muscles of the body. The muscles make up between 40 to 50 percent of the body’s weight. It’s function is to provide movement for the body. There are three types of muscles; skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles and smooth muscles. 4. Digestive system The digestive system, also known as the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) or the alimentary system, is a system of tubes which receives food and liquids at the mouth, and expels solid material at the anus. The digestion system has three main functions: Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination. The digestive tract consists of the following organs: Mouth, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, and Anus. The following organs help with digestion but are not part of the digestive tract: Tongue, Salivary glands, Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder. © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 70 5. Cardiovascular system The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood, arteries, veins and capillaries which carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the cells in the body as well as the systemic capillaries and veins which carry deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart. Oxygen rich blood travels from the left side of the heart via the aorta to various parts of the body. Once all the oxygen in the blood is used up, it travels to the right side of the heart, which pushes it to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. In the lungs the blood becomes oxygenated again, and finally returns to the left side of the heart where the process begins again. 6. Respiratory system The respiratory system includes the organs required for respiration. It is also referred to as the pulmonary system. The various parts of the respiratory system are required for the process of inhalation (breathing in) and exhalation (breathing out). The respiratory system consists of the following organs: Nose, Nasal Passages, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, Pleura, Alveoli and Diaphragm. 7. Nervous system The nervous system is a complex system of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. It consists of a central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves). The nervous system utilises electrical and chemical pathways to send and receive messages and reacts to changes outside and inside the body. It informs the body of changes to its internal and external environment. The result of these messages affects the way we learn, move, think and behave. © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 71 8. Endocrine system The endocrine system is made up of organs which produce essential hormones, such as the thyroid and pituitary glands. They regulate growth, metabolism and reproduction. It is fundamental in regulating growth and repair, development and homeostasis (constant internal balance), mood and metabolism, sexual function and reproduction. It is in control of body processes which occur over a slow period, such as cell growth. 9. Lymphatic system The lymphatic system consists of the spleen, tonsils, thymus, ducts, lymph nodes and blood vessels which transport lymph around the body. These organs transport lymphocytes which protect the body from infection, transport lipids (fats) from the small intestine into the bloodstream, and drain excess fluid from body tissues. 10. Urinary system The urinary system is also referred to as the excretory system. If consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. It filters toxins and waste products which the blood has collected from the cells. 11. Reproductive system The male and female reproductive systems are designed for multiplication of life. New life develops when the sperm (which is made in the male’s testes) fertilises the ova (which is made in the female’s ovaries).The reproductive system consists of the organs required for reproduction. These organs include the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina for a female; and the testes, vas deferens, prostrate and penis for a male. © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 72 Activity: Can you match the following body parts with their correct system? Integumentary system -- Skeletal system -- Muscular system -- Digestive system -- Cardiovascular system -- Respiratory system -- Nervous system -- Endocrine system -- Urinary system -- Reproductive system -- Lymphatic system _____________________________________________________________________ Body Part System Stomach Heart Arm muscles Tonsils Spine Skin Mouth Nose Lungs Nerves Kidneys Brain Thyroid gland Bladder Fingers Blood vessels Uterus © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 73 Activity: Using your dictionary as a guide, label the following organs with their correct names (i.e. heart = cardi/o) and state the system they are part of. _____________________________________________________________________ Organ © Jennifer Atkins Name System BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 74 joints 11. bones protect organs nails includes 12. functions to assist muscles protect tissues functions to 10. includes 2. Muscular Reproductive kidney movement Integumentary includes testes functions in 1. functions in elimination includes s Urinary functions to Digestive Body Systems includes 9. mouth 8. Cardiovascular from includes 3. Endocrine Respiratory blood includes tonsils Nervous functions to 7. functions to oxygenate blood 4. includes regulate growth functions to includes 5. 6. Body Systems Mind Map © Jennifer Atkins aorta includes lungs brain pituitary gland BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology spinal cord Page | 75 nose Insert the following words into the blank boxes: Lymphatic, hair, ovaries, heart, stomach, spleen, regulate temperature, skeletal, digestion, thyroid gland, filter toxins, respirate. Skeletal System Introduction The skeletal system consists of the bones and joints of your body. The bones are the framework that your body is constructed around. It protects and supports your body, and assists the muscles with movement for your body. The joints are where bones meet together. © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 117 Interesting facts on the Skeletal System When you were born you had over 300 bones. As you grew up, some of these bones fused together and now you have 206 bones in your body. 14 bones are in your face. 8 bones are in each wrist. 27 bones are in each hand. 23 bones are in each foot including the ankle. You have over 230 moveable and semi-moveable joints in your body. The smallest bone in your body is the stirrup bone in the ear, which measures 1/10 of an inch. The longest bone in your body is the femur (thigh bone), which is about 1/4 of your height. Humans and giraffes have the same number of bones in their neck. The neck bones of a giraffe are just bigger. Your bones consist of 50% water and 50% solid matter. Scientists can tell the age, sex, general health, and often how a person died by looking at their skeleton. Your bones are constantly being replaced. Although you may be an adult, most of your skeleton is only 10 years old. Bones are not solid; they are made up of three major sections: the compact bone, the soft bone marrow, and the sponge bone. © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 118 Medical Terminology Activities A. Using your dictionary as a guide, spell the following words correctly 1. Sturnem __________________________________________________ 2. Vertabra __________________________________________________ 3. Femar __________________________________________________ 4. Spondeloses __________________________________________________ 5. Scolioses __________________________________________________ 6. Coxxyx __________________________________________________ B. Give the meaning of the following combining forms 1. Arthr/o __________________________________________________ 2. Chondr/o __________________________________________________ 3. Myel/o __________________________________________________ 4. Oste/o _________________________________________________ 5. Rheumat/o __________________________________________________ 6. Spondyl/o __________________________________________________ C. Give the meaning of the following suffixes 1. –algia ________________________________________________ 2. –ectomy ________________________________________________ 3. –gram ________________________________________________ 4. –graphy ________________________________________________ 5. –malacia ________________________________________________ 6. –oma ________________________________________________ 7. –osis ________________________________________________ 8. –physis ________________________________________________ © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 126 D. Give the meaning of the following prefixes 1. Dys- ___________________________________________________ 2. Endo- ___________________________________________________ 3. Inter- ___________________________________________________ 4. Meta- ___________________________________________________ 5. Poly- ___________________________________________________ 6. Sub- ___________________________________________________ 7. Supra- ___________________________________________________ E. Using slashes divide the following terms into parts and give the meaning of the whole word 1. Spondylosis _______________________________________________ 2. Scoliosis _______________________________________________ 3. Spondylolisthesis _______________________________________________ 4. Osteitis _______________________________________________ F. Complete the medical term based on its meaning 1. Slipping (dislocation of vertebrae): ________________________listhesis 2. Condition of softening of cartilage: ________________________malacia 3. A plant like growth of bone (bony overgrowth at joint surface): ______________________ phyte 4. A cell that forms bone: 5. A cell that produces melanin: © Jennifer Atkins ________________________ blast ________________________cyte BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 127 G. Match the term in Column 2 with its correct meaning in Column 1 Column 1 Column 2 1. Bone _______________________ Physis 2. Fusing _______________________ Burso 3. Joint _______________________ Rheumato 4. Crooked/twisted _______________________ Osteo 5. Growth _______________________ Arthro 6. Sac of fluid _______________________ Synovio 7. Vertebra _______________________ Cranio 8. Synovial fluid _______________________ Scolio 9. Skull _______________________ Ankylo 10. Rheumatism _______________________ Spondylo © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 128 H. Choose one of the following medical words to complete the sentences below. Note there are more words than sentences Spondylolisthesis Strain Osteitis Compound fracture Spondyloma Spondylitis Sprain Rheumatoid Arthritis Metatarsalgia Scoliosis Spondylosis Osteomalacia 1. John has a curvature of the spine, called ______________ 2. Dr Erwin has been treating his patient, Julian, with symptoms of recurrent pain, in the feet, called ____________________ 3. Julia has recently suffered from acute swelling of her left shoulder, with associated pain, diagnosed as _____________________ 4. Karen has broken her leg, and the bone has protruded through the skin, which is called _______________________________ 5. Brett has an abnormal condition of his spine, called a ____________________ 6. Damien has been diagnosed with ________________________________ which is a condition of slipping of the vertebra. 7. Matthew injured his ligament when he overstretched his leg during warm-up for a sporting event, this is called a __________________ 8. Joel’s leg muscle has swelled up due to overstretching before a distance run, which the doctor called a ________________________________ © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 129 J. Unlabeled diagram of the Skeleton Label the diagram of the skeleton by completing the table on the following page. Use the following terms: cranium (skull), mandible, clavicle, sternum, humerus, ribs, cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, pelvis, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges (found twice), femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals. 1 12 2 13 14 3 15 16 4 17 18 19 20 21 22 5 6 7 8 9 © Jennifer Atkins 10 11 BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 131 Additional Skeletal Activities 1. Look up the following bones in the dictionary, and write the non-medical (layman’s) term for each bone in the skeleton. For example, cranium = skull. Bone Layman’s term Bone Cranium Scapula Femur Carpals Mandible Phalanges Coccyx Metacarpals Vertebrae Tarsals Layman’s term 2. Write out the following passages in layman’s terms 1. Julie 46 y.o. ♀ 22/40 # SOH Tx POP 2. Jessica 63 y.o. ♀ OA Rx NSAID 3. John 75 y.o. ♂ # NOF Tx 2/7 THR Julie - ______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Jessica - ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ John - ______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 135 3. Skeletal bone search - Find and label as many bones as you can from the following x-rays. 4. Match the correct details from Column B with its answer from Column A (use a dictionary or the internet if necessary). Column A Column B Phalanges Number of bones in human body Mandible Where bones meet together Vertebrae Finger and toe bones Skull Number of bones in face 206 Back bones 14 Jaw bone Joints Bones protecting the lungs Femur Bones protecting the brain 27 Tail bone Ribs Longest bone Coccyx Number of bones in each hand © Jennifer Atkins BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology Page | 136 5. Skeletal word search Find the skeleton vocabulary in the puzzle below by looking forwards, backwards, and diagonally. B A R T Y V N M O A X I U L M O P L O E P APPENDICULAR MANDIBLE SACRUM AXIAL MAXILLA SKELETAL CARPUS METACARPUS SKELETON CLAVICLE METATARSUS STERNUM COCCYX OCCIPITAL TARSALS CRANIUM PARIETAL TEMPORAL FEMUR PATELLA TIBIA FIBULA PHALANGES ULNA FIBULA RADIUS VERTEBRAE HUMERUS RIBS ZYGOMATIC E A L B C V M L O Q P B R A P K Q Y P K I K O W A S T E R N U M Y L A T E L E K S K B P B R U M E F I B U L A A S A C R U M L © Jennifer Atkins O Q Y A P A A B K B K A T R U R C M O K L X W O K R N B S M M S O E S S L O W P Y W L A I X A D X U O C C C I L R L N L R E E P L O C C I P I T A L P R A A M M A K H P K Y K O L B O D O A A O A S T O W P X Y E C E I C V L C A K Q V X P R A Q M C Q W X W I O C R E A R B E I B P A T E L L A R I X O Y Y R A R C P L C F E T E Z C R P A A E S K X K H N T A L L I X A M Y A H P K E P E L Y M U E I E W E B X L E G M I E M S L G A R I M C B U B O U U I T O O K N O T O N R X P E M I K M R L E T A M R A D E A BSBMED301B Interpret and Apply Medical Terminology C A K O C R P A L A Y A O K C A X C I S I R L R L K U Q O M W O T E C A T A O C C S O A C P E S E A R E I S I A R I P I U S K L H O E O I R I O S R I E Q P C U K L P E Page | 137 C P E X I G E A L C A E R Y U R R Y A O X P R O C C E M N O T E L E K S P E S R Y E