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Prospect Sierra School Citation Guide: Preparing a Works Consulted or Works Cited for Research Papers In order to give credit to your sources and act as an ethical researcher, students must create a Works Consulted or Works Cited page with every research assignment or research paper completed at Prospect Sierra. • A Works Consulted lists every resource used to take notes in preparation of a research paper. This is what you will title your citation list if you are not actually naming your sources in the body of your paper. • A Works Cited lists every resource cited parenthetically in the text of the research paper. You’ll use this title if you are naming your sources within the body of your paper. • Sources skimmed but ultimately not used should not be included in either. Each type of source used (book, magazine article, Web page, etc.) is listed using proper Modern Language Association citation format. The 7th edition of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (2009) is available in the Avis Library for further reference. Basic Rules (See sample at the end of this guide!) • Begin your Works Cited or Works Consulted page on a separate page at the end of your research paper. It should have the same margins and headers or page numbers as the rest of your paper. • Label the page Works Cited or Works Consulted (do not underline the words, bold them, or put them in quotation marks) and center these words at the top of the page. • Type everything on this page in the same 12-­‐point academic font. Word defaults to an academic font, so you don’t have to change it. • MLA format officially requires all citation entries to be double-­‐spaced. Here at Prospect Sierra we want you to single space all entries, and put one space between each. This improves readability and saves paper. • Indent the second and subsequent lines of all citations five spaces so that you create a hanging indent. There is a Hanging Indent setting in Microsoft Word: go to Format -­‐> Paragraph -­‐> Indents and Spacing -­‐> Special -­‐> Hanging Updated
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Capitalization, Punctuation, and Abbreviation • Capitalize each word in the titles of articles, books, etc, but do not capitalize articles, short prepositions, or conjunctions unless one is the first word of the title or subtitle: Gone with the Wind, The Art of War, There Is Nothing Left to Lose • Use italics (when typed) or underlining (when handwritten) for titles of larger works (books, magazines) and quotation marks for titles of shorter works (poems, articles). • Abbreviate months like so (with the period for all except May): Jan. Apr. Jul. Oct. Feb. May Aug. Nov. Mar. Jun. Sept. Dec. Listing Author Names • Entries are listed by alphabetically by author name (or, for entire edited collections, editor names). Author names are written last name first; middle names or middle initials follow the first name: Allende, Isabel Myers, Walter Dean Martin, Ann M. Rowling, J. K. • Do not include titles (Dr., Sir, Saint, etc.) or degrees (PhD, MA, DDS, etc.) with names. A book listing an author named "Jane Smith, PhD" appears simply as: Smith, Jane. • Do, however, include suffixes such as "Jr." or "II." A work by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. would be cited as: King, Martin Luther, Jr. • If you have cited more than one work by a particular author, order the entries alphabetically by title, and use three hyphens in place of the author's name for every entry after the first: Murphy, Jim. The Great FIre. New York: Scholastic, 1995. Print. -­‐-­‐-­‐. The Long Road to Gettysburg. New York: Clarion, 1993. Print. The above information is adapted from The OWL at Purdue © 1995-­‐2009 Purdue University
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& = Print Sources Individual Citations : = Online Sources J = Human Sources & Book by One Author Author’s Last name, First name. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Print. Example: Doak, Robin. Empire of the Islamic World. New York: Facts on File, 2004. Print. & Book by Two or Three Authors • List authors in the order they are listed on the title page, not in alphabetical order. Two Authors: First Author’s Last name, First name and Second Author’s First name Last name. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Print. Example: McKissack, Patricia and Frederick McKissack, Jr. Black Diamond: The Story of the Negro Baseball Leagues. New York: Scholastic, 1994. Print. Three Authors: First Author’s Last name, First name, Second Author’s First name Last name and Third Author’s First Name Last name. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Print. Example: DuBois, Jill, Xenia Skoura and Olga Gratsaniti. Greece. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2003. Print. & Book by More than Three Authors First Author’s Last name, First name, et al. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Print. Example: Plag, Ingo, et al. Introduction to English Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton, 2007. Print. & Book with an Editor and No Author Editor’s Last name, First name, ed. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Print. Example: Baker, Russell, ed. The Norton Book of Light Verse. New York: Norton, 1986. Print. Updated
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& Article from a Magazine such as Calliope or Cobblestone (Using a print copy) Author’s Last name, First name. “Title of Article.” Title of Magazine Day Mon. Year (whatever is provided) of Issue: Page Number(s). Print. Example: Lannom, Gloria W. “Catherine as Ruler.” Calliope May/Jun. 2009: 4-­‐9. Print. • If article is not cited on consecutive pages, cite the first page # followed by a +. & Article from a Multivolume Encyclopedia such as World Book (Using print volumes) Author’s Last name, First name. “Title of Article.” Name of Encyclopedia. Edition. Year of Publication (if different than Edition). Print. • If the encyclopedia article is unsigned (there is no author given), skip the author’s name and begin the entry with the title of the article. Example (Signed): McGinnis, Terry. “Cat.” World Book Encyclopedia. 2006 ed. Print. Example (Unsigned): “Mandarin.” The Encyclopedia Americana. 1994 ed. Print. & Article from a Single or Multivolume Reference Book (Using print volume(s)) Author’s Last name, First name (if available). “Title of Article.” Title of Book. Ed. Editor name(s).Vol. #. (if there are more than one) City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Print. Example (Signed, Single Volume): Smith, Joan. “Conscientious Objectors.” The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War. Ed. Spencer C. Tucker. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Print. Example (Unsigned, Multivolume): “Libraries.” The Islamic World: Past and Present. Ed. John L. Esposito. Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Print. Updated
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: Page from a Web Site Before taking notes from a web site, use the ABC’s of web site evaluation— Authority, Bias, Currency and Coverage—to determine whether the author or organization is credible and the information is appropriate for your research. • Skip the author’s name, if not available. • If Date of Posting or Update is not available, write n.d. (for “no date”). Author’s Last name, First name (if available). “Title of page used for research.” Title of Site. Name of Sponsoring Organization, Day Mon. Year (whatever available) of Posting/Update. Web. Day Month Year of Viewing. <URL>. Examples: Quade, Alex. “Elite Team Rescues Troops behind Enemy Lines.” CNN.com. Cable News Network, 19 Mar. 2007. Web. 15 May 2008. <http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/ meast/03/15/search.rescue/index.html>. “Stereotypes.” Global Connections in the Middle East. PBS, 2002. Web. 25 Nov. 2006. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/questions/ types/index.html>. : Image from a Web Site Image Creator’s Last name, First name (if available). Title or Description of Image (italicize title, not description). Medium (Photograph, Painting, etc.). Title of Site. Name of Sponsoring Organization, Day Mon. Year (whatever available) of Posting/ Update. Web. Day Month Year of Viewing. <URL>. Example: Smith, Consuela. Langston Hughes. Photograph. Poets.org. Academy of American Poets, 2008. Web. 13 Oct. 2008. <http://www.poets.org/ poet.php/prmPID/83>. : Archival Photograph from an Online Exhibit such as American Memory (photo is housed at the institution hosting the online exhibit) Photographer’s Last name, First name Middle initial. Title of photograph (or Description of photograph, not italicized, if no official title). Original date of photograph. Title of Online Collection. Date of posting. Current location of original document. Database. Sponsoring organization. Day Mon. Year of access <URL>. Example: O'Sullivan, Timothy H. Incidents of the War. c1865. Selected Civil War Photographs from the Library of Congress, 1861-­‐1865. 12 Jan. 2000. American Memory. Lib. of Congress. 2 Aug. 2005 <http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-­‐bin/ query/r?ammem/cwar:@field(NUMBER+@band(cwp+4a40875))> Updated
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: Films or Movies
List films (in theaters or not yet on DVD or video) by their title. Include the name of the director, the film studio or distributor, and the release year. If relevant, list performer names after the director’s name. Use the abbreviation perf. to head the list. List film as the medium of publication. To cite a DVD or other video recording, see “Recorded Films and Movies” below.
The Usual Suspects. Dir. Bryan Singer. Perf. Kevin Spacey, Gabriel Byrne, Chazz Palminteri, Stephen Baldwin, and Benecio del Toro. Polygram, 1995. Film.
To emphasize specific performers (perf.) or directors (dir.), begin the citation with the name of the desired performer or director, followed by the appropriate abbreviation.
Lucas, George, dir. Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope. Twentieth Century Fox, 1977. Film.
: Recorded Films or Movies
List films by their title. Include the name of the director, the distributor, and the release year. If relevant, list performer names after the director’s name. Use the abbreviation perf. to head the list. End the entry with the appropriate medium of publication (e.g. DVD, VHS, Laser disc).
Ed Wood. Dir. Tim Burton. Perf. Johnny Depp, Martin Landau, Sarah Jessica Parker, Patricia Arquette. Touchstone, 1994. DVD.
: Steaming Films or Movies For Streaming movies, cite just as with a recorded film or movie except after the year of the film’s release write the name of the subscription service such as Netflix, medium, and date of access. Ed Wood. Dir. Tim Burton. Perf. Johnny Depp, Martin Landau, Sarah Jessica Parker, Patricia Arquette. Touchstone, 1994. Netflix. Web. 14 Nov. 2013.
: YouTube video (as suggested by OWL at Purdue) Author’s Name or Poster’s Username. “Title of Image or Video.” Media Type Text. Name of Website.
Name of Website’s Publisher, date of posting. Medium. date retrieved.
Example: Shimabukuro, Jake. “Ukulele Weeps by Jake Shimabukuro.” Online video clip. YouTube. YouTube, 22 Apr. 2006. Web. 9 Sept. 2010.
: Image from a Subscription Database (EBSCO, etc.) Updated
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“Title of Work.” Copyright Holder. Title of Database. Name of Subscription Service. Web. Day Mon. Year Accessed. Example: “Golden Gate Bridge.” Hulton Archive. Image Collection. EBSCO. Web. 13 Oct. 2008. J Unpublished Personal Photograph Description of photograph. Day Mon. Year (or whatever available) when taken. Personal photograph by author (if taken by you; otherwise name of photographer). Examples: Bay Bridge at night. 2 Sept. 2011. Personal photograph by author. Spot the dog. Summer 2010. Personal photograph by Rinat Manhoff. : Article from a Subscription Database (EBSCO, etc.) • Note: Citations are provided by EBSCO for each article. Click Save or Print in the upper right, then choose “Citation Format: MLA” from the drop-­‐down menu and hit the Print or Save button. This provides a printable version of the article with the citation at the top. Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Periodical Title Volume number.Issue number (Date of publication): Page number range. Database Name. Name of Subscription Service. Web. Day Month Year Accessed. Example: McGill, Sara Ann. "The First Crusade." First Crusade (2009): 1. Middle Search Plus. EBSCO. Web. 24 Sept. 2010. : Entry from World Book Online Encyclopedia • Note: Citations are provided at the end of each World Book article under “How to cite this article.” Author’s Last name, First name. “Entry Title.” Database Name. Publisher, Year of Publication. Web. Day Mon. Year Accessed. Haj, Samira. “Iraq.” World Book Student. World Book, 2009. Web. 25 Aug. 2009. Updated
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J Personal Interview Interviewee’s Last name, First name. Type of Interview (Personal interview, Telephone interview, E-­‐mail interview). Day Mon. Year of Interview. Example (If you interviewed Rinat): Manhoff, Rinat. Personal interview. 13 Oct. 2009. J Class Lecture Notes Lecturer’s Last name, First name. Lecture description. Lecture Location. Day Month Year of Lecture. Format (Lecture, Speech, etc.). Example (If you took notes from a class lecture by Elizabeth): Noreña, Elizabeth. Humanities class lecture on Judaism. Prospect Sierra School. 23 Sept. 2010. Lecture. Special Bonus Feature! Citing Indirect Sources in In-­‐text Citations When an author has included a quote from another person in their text that you’d like to use in your essay, cite the book in which you found the quote (last name of the author and the page number) preceded by qtd. in (for “quoted in”). Be sure to say who said or wrote the quote in the text of your essay. Then also be sure to cite the book in your Works Cited or Works Consulted list. Example: (I want to quote a Woody Guthrie quote mentioned in Elizabeth Partridge’s great Guthrie biography.) Woody Guthrie once wrote that he was “out to sing the songs that will make you take pride in yourself” (qtd. in Partridge 3). Updated
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Formatting Your Works Cited or Works Consulted in MS Word Title 1. Type the title, Works Cited or Works Consulted, centered at the top of your document. Do not bold, italicize, or underline this title. a. To center the title, highlight the title and center justify the text by choosing the Align Center icon on the formatting toolbar. b. The title should be in 12-­‐point academic font (such as Times) just like your research paper. Word defaults to an academic font, so you don’t need to change it. Entries Preparing to type your citations 1. Hit the return key twice, then change the alignment to left justified. 2. Set the hanging indent, so that all lines after the first in each entry are indented ½ inch from the left margin. a. Go to Format à Paragraph. Under Indentation find Special, and choose Hanging OR a. Click on the bottom triangle of the left indent marker: b. Move the triangle (and the rectangle below it) to the ½ inch mark. c. Your ruler should look as follows when you are complete: Typing your citation entries 1. Begin typing your citation entries in alphabetical order by the first word in the entry. Entries should not be numbered. 2. Hit return twice when you complete one citation entry (this places one space between each entry). Updated
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[Sample Works Consulted Page] Works Consulted Baker, Russell, ed. The Norton Book of Light Verse. New York: Norton, 1986. Print. Doak, Robin. Empire of the Islamic World. New York: Facts on File, 2004. Print. “Golden Gate Bridge.” Hulton Archive. Image Collection. EBSCO. Web. 13 Oct. 2008. Haj, Samira. “Iraq.” World Book Student. World Book, 2009. Web. 25 Aug. 2009. McGill, Sara Ann. "The First Crusade." First Crusade (2009): 1. Middle Search Plus. EBSCO. Web. 22 Feb. 2010. Lannom, Gloria W. “Catherine as Ruler.” Calliope May/Jun. 2009: 4-­‐9. Print. Manhoff, Rinat. Personal interview. 13 Oct. 2009. McGinnis, Terry. “Cat.” World Book Encyclopedia. 2006 ed. Print. McKissack, Patricia and Frederick McKissack, Jr., Black Diamond: The Story of the Negro Baseball Leagues. New York: Scholastic, 1994. Print. Plag, Ingo, et al. Introduction to English Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton, 2007. Print. Smith, Consuela. Langston Hughes. Photograph. Poets.org. Academy of American Poets, 2008. Web. 13 Oct. 2008. <http://www.poets.org/ poet.php/prmPID/83>. Smith, Joan. “Conscientious Objectors.” The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War. Ed. Spencer C. Tucker. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Print. “Stereotypes.” Global Connections in the Middle East. PBS, 2002. Web. 25 Nov. 2006. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/questions/ types/index.html>.