42
Communicate Over Networks
System Protocol Specifications
Characteristic Description
Station Address Specifies the node address of the controller on the DH-485 network. Select a number 1...31 decimal, inclusive.
To optimize network performance, assign node addresses in sequential order. Initiators, such as personal computers,
should be assigned the lowest address numbers to minimize the time required to initialize the network.
Token Hold
Factor
Number of transmissions plus retries that a node holding a token can send onto the data link each time it receives the
token. Enter a value between 1...4. The default is 1.
Maximum
Specifies the maximum node address of all the devices on the DH-485 network. Select a number 1...31 decimal,
Station Address inclusive.
To optimize network performance, make sure:
• the maximum node address is the highest node number being used on the network.
• that all the devices on the same DH-485 network have the same maximum node address.
Additional Resources
For additional information, consult Data Highway/Data Highway
Plus/Data Highway II/Data Highway-485 Cable Installation Manual,
publication 1770-6.2.2.
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Chapter
4
Manage Controller Communications
Introduction
Produce and Consume Data
This chapter explains how to manage controller communications.
Topic
Page
Produce and Consume Data
43
Send and Receive Messages
44
Connections
45
Calculate Total Connections
46
Connections Example
47
The controller supports the ability to produce (broadcast) and
consume (receive) system-shared tags over ControlNet or EtherNet/IP
networks. Produced and consumed tags each require connections.
Over ControlNet, produced and consumed tags are scheduled
connections.
Controller Communications Overview
Controller_1
Controller_2
Produced Tag
Consumed Tag
Controller_3
Consumed tag
Controller_4
Consumed Tag
Tag Type
Description
Produced
A produced tag allows other controllers to consume the tag, which means that a controller
can receive the tag data from another controller. The producing controller uses one
connection for the produced tag and another for each consumer. The controller’s
communication device uses one connection for each consumer.
As you increase the number of controllers that can consume a produced tag, you also
reduce the number of connections the controller and communication device have available
for other operations, like communications and I/O.
Consumed
43
Each consumed tag requires one connection for the controller that is consuming the tag.
The controller’s communication device uses one connection for each consumer.
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Manage Controller Communications
For two controllers to share produced or consumed tags, both
controllers must be attached to the same control network, such as a
ControlNet or Ethernet/IP network. You cannot bridge produced and
consumed tags over two networks.
The number of available connections limits the total number of tags
that can be produced or consumed. If the controller uses all of its
connections for I/O and communication devices, no connections are
left for produced and consumed tags.
Send and Receive
Messages
Messages transfer data to other devices, such as controllers or
operator interfaces. Messages use unscheduled connections to send or
receive data. Connected messages can leave the connection open
(cache) or close the connection when the message is done
transmitting.
Message Transmission
Message Type
Communication
Method
Connected
Message
Can the
message be
cached?
Yes
Yes
PLC-2, PLC-3, PLC-5, or SLC CIP
No
(all types)
CIP with Source ID No
No
CIP data table read or write NA
DH+
CIP generic
NA
Block-transfer read or write NA
No
Yes
Optional
NA
Yes
(1)
Yes(2)
Yes
(1)
You can connect CIP generic messages. However, for most applications we recommend you leave CIP generic
messages unconnected.
(2)
Consider caching only if the target module requires a connection.
Connected messages are unscheduled connections on both
ControlNet and EtherNet/IP networks.
Each message uses one connection, regardless of how many devices
are in the message path. You can program the target of a MSG
instruction to optimize message transfer time.
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Manage Controller Communications
45
Determine Whether to Cache Message Connections
When you configure a MSG instruction, you can cache or not cache
the connection.
Caching Messages
Message Execution
Function
Repeatedly
Cache the connection.
This keeps the connection open and optimizes execution time. Opening a connection each time the
message executes increases execution time.
Infrequently
Do not cache the connection.
This closes the connection upon completion of the message, freeing up that connection for other uses.
Connections
A Logix5000 system uses a connection to establish a communication
link between two devices. Connections can be:
• a controller to local I/O modules or local communication
modules.
• a controller to remote I/O or remote communication modules.
• a controller to remote I/O (rack-optimized) modules.
• produced and consumed tags.
• messages.
• controller access by RSLogix 5000 programming software.
• controller access by RSLinx software for HMI or other
applications.
The limit of connections may ultimately reside in the communication
module you use for the connection. If a message path routes through
a communication module, the connection related to the message also
counts towards the connection limit of that communication module.
Connections Overview
Device
Supported Connections
CompactLogix controller (1769-L31)
100
Built-in ControlNet communication port
(1769-L32C and 1769-L35CR controllers only)
Built-in EtherNet/IP communication port
(1769-L32E and 1769-L35E controllers only)
32
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Manage Controller Communications
Calculate Total
Connections
You can calculate the total number of local and remote connections
the controller uses.
Local Connections Calculation
Local Connection Type
Device
Quantity
Connections
per Device
Local I/O module (always a direct connection)
1
Built-in ControlNet communication port (1769-L32C and 1769-L35CR controllers only)
0
Built-in EtherNet/IP communication port (1769-L32E and 1769-L35E controllers only)
0
1769-SDN DeviceNet scanner module
2
Total
Connections
Total
The number of remote connections a communication module
supports determines how many connections the controller can access
through that module.
Remote Connections Calculation
Remote Connection Type
Device
Quantity
Connections
per Device
Remote ControlNet communication module
• I/O configured as direct connection (none)
0 or
• I/O configured as rack-optimized connection
1
Remote I/O module over ControlNet (direct connection)
1
Remote EtherNet/IP communication module
• I/O configured as direct connection (none)
0 or
• I/O configured as rack-optimized connection
1
Remote I/O module over a EtherNet/IP network (direct connection)
1
Remote device over a DeviceNet network (accounted for in rack-optimized
connection for local 1769-SDN module)
0
Other remote communication adapter (point and flex adapters, for example)
1
Produced tag
1
Each consumer
1
Consumed tag
1
Message (depending on type)
1
Block-transfer message
1
Total
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Total
Connections
Manage Controller Communications
Connections Example
47
In this example system the 1769-L35E CompactLogix controller:
• controls local digital I/O modules in the same chassis.
• controls remote I/O devices on a DeviceNet network.
• sends and receives messages to/from a ControlLogix controller
on an EtherNet/IP network.
• produces one tag that the 1794 FlexLogix controller consumes.
• is programmed via RSLogix 5000 programming software.
Example - CompactLogix System Connections
1769-ADN Adapter with
CompactLogix I/O Modules
Redistation
Series 9000
Photoeye
DeviceNet Network
ControlLogix Controller
with 1756-ENBT Module
1769-L35E CompactLogix
with 1769-SDN
EtherNet/IP Network
FlexLogix with 1788-DNBO DeviceNet Daughtercard
Personal Computer
Example - CompactLogix Connection Types
Connection Type
Device
Quantity
Connections
per Device
Total
Connections
Controller to local I/O modules (rack-optimized)
2
1
2
Controller to 1769-SDN scanner module
1
2
2
Controller to built-in EtherNet/IP communication port (rack-optimized)
1
0
0
Controller to RSLogix 5000 programming software
1
1
1
Message to ControlLogix controller
2
1
2
Produced tag consumed by FlexLogix controller
2
1
2
Total 9
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Manage Controller Communications
Additional Resources
For additional information, consult these publications:
• Logix5000 Controllers Common Procedures Manual, publication
1756-PM001
• Logix5000 Controllers Design Considerations Reference Manual,
publication 1756-RM094
• Logix5000 Controllers General Instructions Reference Manual,
publication 1756-RM003
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
Chapter
5
Place, Configure, and Monitor I/O
Introduction
Select I/O Modules
This chapter explains how to place, configure, and monitor
CompactLogix I/O modules.
Topic
Page
Select I/O Modules
49
Place Local I/O Modules
54
Configure I/O
55
Configure Distributed I/O on an EtherNet/IP Network
57
Configure Distributed I/O on a ControlNet Network
58
Configure Distributed I/O on a DeviceNet Network
59
Address I/O Data
60
Determine When Data Is Updated
61
Reconfigure an I/O Module
63
When choosing 1769 I/O modules, select:
• specialty I/O modules when appropriate.
Some modules have field-side diagnostics, electronic fusing, or
individually-isolated inputs and outputs.
• a 1492 wiring system for each I/O module as an alternative to
the terminal block that comes with the module.
• 1492 PanelConnect modules and cables if you are connecting
input modules to sensors.
Additional Resources
For additional information, consult Compact I/O Selection Guide,
publication 1769-SG002.
49
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Place, Configure, and Monitor I/O
Validate I/O Layout
After you have selected your I/O modules, you need to validate the
system you want to design. Before you begin to place your I/O
modules, consider that:
• as you add modules, the minimum backplane RPI increases.
• the I/O modules must be distributed such that the current
consumed from the left or right side of the power supply never
exceeds 2.0 A at 5V dc or 1.0 A at 24V dc.
Estimate Request Packet Interval
The request packet interval (RPI) defines the frequency at which the
controller sends and receives all I/O data on the backplane. There is
one RPI for the entire 1769 backplane.
Type of Module
Digital and analog (any mix)
Request Packet Interval
• 1...4 modules can be scanned in 1 ms.
• 5...16 modules can be scanned in 1.5 ms.
• 17...30 modules can be scanned in 2 ms.
• Some input modules have a fixed 8 ms filter, so
selecting a greater RPI has no effect.
Specialty
• Full-sized 1769-SDN modules add 1.5 ms per module.
• 1769-HSC modules add 0.5 ms per module.
You can always select an RPI that is slower than these. The RPI shows
how quickly modules can be scanned, not how quickly an application
can use the data. The RPI is asynchronous to the program scan. Other
factors, such as program execution duration, affect I/O throughput.
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Calculate System Power Consumption
To validate your proposed system, calculate the total 5V dc current
and 24V dc to be consumed.
I/O Module Power Consumption Calculation Table
Catalog
Number
Number of Module Current Requirements
Modules
Calculated Current =
(Number of Modules) x (Module Current Requirements)
at 5V dc (in mA) at 24V dc (in mA) at 5V dc (in mA)
1769-L31
330
40
1769-L32C
650
40
1769-L32E
660
90
1769-L35CR
680
40
1769-L35E
660
90
at 24V dc (in mA)
Total Current Required(1):
(1)
This number must not exceed the power supply current capacity.
Power Supply Current Capacity
Specification
Power Supply and Capacity
1769-PA2
1769-PB2
Output Bus Current Capacity 0...55 °C (32...131 °F)
2 A at 5V dc and 0.8 A at 24V dc
24V dc User Power Capacity 0...55 °C (32...131 °F)
250 mA (maximum)
1769-PA4
1769-PB4
4 A at 5V dc and 2 A at 24V dc
NA
Validate Placement of I/O Modules
The controller you use determines how many local I/O modules you
can configure.
Controller I/O Support
Controller
Supported Local I/O Modules I/O Banks
1769-L35CR
30
3
1769-L35E
30
3
1769-L32C,
1769-L32E and
1769-L31
16
3
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Place, Configure, and Monitor I/O
To validate the proposed placement of I/O modules in your
CompactLogix system, perform this procedure.
1. Verify that your 1769-L3x controller resides on the leftmost side
of the bank.
Single-Bank System
1769-L3x
Controller
Bank 0
Power Supply
Bank 1
End Cap
2. Verify that you have placed no more than three I/O modules
between your controller and power supply (bank 0).
Placing more than three I/O modules in bank 0 would exceed
the distance rating of four and invalidate your system.
3. Validate the number of I/O modules your power supply can
support.
In a single-bank system, make sure you have not placed more
than eight I/O modules between the power supply and end cap
(bank 1).
IMPORTANT
In a single-bank system, the power supply can support up
to eight I/O modules as long as the modules’ power
consumption does not exceed the power supply’s capacity.
So, in a single-bank system, you may not have more than
eleven total I/O modules, three to the left of your power
supply and eight to the right.
If your system requires additional I/O modules, you must
add an additional bank.
In a multi-bank system, make sure that your additional bank(s)
do not have more than eight I/O modules on either side of the
additional power supply.
IMPORTANT
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
In a multi-bank system, you may place up to eight I/O
modules on either side of the additional power supply so
long as the power consumed by these modules does not
exceed the power supply’s capacity.
Place, Configure, and Monitor I/O
53
In this example, the I/O modules 12...30 could be arranged in
any way so long as the power supplies’ capacity was not
exceeded. In other words, the first additional bank could contain
fewer than sixteen I/O modules This is just one possible
arrangement.
Example of Multi-Bank System
Original Banks 0 and 1
1769-L35x
Processor
1
2
3
Power
Supply
17
18
19
Power
Supply
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
End
Caps
Additional
Banks
12
13
14
15
16
Additional
Banks
End
Cap
28
Power
Supply
29
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
I/O modules are numbered 1....30
30
4. Verify that all banks have end caps.
IMPORTANT
If you place and configure more I/O modules and I/O banks
than your controller can support, your system may run well
for a period of time. Nothing alerts you to the fact that you
have exceeded your controller’s capacity.
However, by exceeding your controller’s I/O capacity, you
put your system at risk of intermittent faults, the most
common being Major Fault Type 03 (I/O Fault) Code 23.
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Place, Configure, and Monitor I/O
Place Local I/O Modules
Use the 1769-CRR1/-CRR3 or 1769-CRL1/-CRL3 expansion cable to
connect banks of I/O modules.
Each I/O module also has a power supply distance rating, the number
of modules from the power supply. The distance rating is printed on
each module’s label. Each module must be located within its distance
rating.
Controller I/O Placement
Horizontal
Orientation
Bank 1
1769-CRLx Cable
Bank 2
1769-CRLx Cable
Bank 3
Bank 1
1769-CRRx Cable
Vertical Orientation
Bank 2
ATTENTION
The CompactLogix system does not support Removal and
Insertion Under Power (RIUP). While the CompactLogix system
is under power:
• any break in the connection between the power supply and the
controller (for example, removing the power supply, controller, or
an I/O module) may subject the logic circuitry to transient
conditions above the normal design thresholds and may result in
damage to system components or unexpected behavior.
• removing an end cap or an I/O module faults the controller and
may also result in damage to system components.
The CompactLogix controller also supports distributed (remote) I/O
via these networks:
• EtherNet/IP
• ControlNet
• DeviceNet
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55
Additional Resources
For additional information, consult these publications:
• Compact Analog I/O Modules User Manual, publication
1769-UM002
• Compact I/O 1769-IR6 RTD/Resistance Input Module User
Manual, publication 1769-UM005
• Compact I/O 1769-IT6 Thermocouple/mV Input Module User
Manual, publication 1769-UM004
Configure I/O
To communicate with an I/O module in your system, add the module
to the I/O Configuration folder of the controller.
I/O Module Configuration
Add I/O modules to
the CompactBus.
When you add a module, you also define a specific configuration for
the module. While the configuration options vary from module to
module, there are some common options that you typically configure
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Place, Configure, and Monitor I/O
I/O Configuration Options
Configuration Option
Description
Requested packet interval (RPI)
The RPI specifies the interval at which data updates over a connection. For example, an input module
sends data to a controller at the RPI that you assign to the module.
• Typically, you configure an RPI in milliseconds (ms). The range is 0.2 ms...750 ms.
• If a ControlNet network connects the devices, the RPI reserves a slot in the stream of data flowing
across the ControlNet network. The timing of this slot may not coincide with the exact value of the
RPI, but the control system guarantees that the data transfers at least as often as the RPI.
Change of state (COS)
Digital I/O modules use COS to determine when to send data to the controller. If a COS does not occur
within the RPI timeframe, the module multicasts data at the RPI.
Because the RPI and COS functions are asynchronous to the logic scan, it is possible for an input to
change state during program scan execution. If this is a concern, buffer input data so your logic has a
stable copy of data during its scan. Use the Synchronous Copy (CPS) instruction to copy the input data
from your input tags to another structure and use the data from that structure.
Communication format
Many I/O modules support different formats. The communication format that you choose also
determines:
• data structure of tags.
• connections.
• network usage.
• ownership.
• returning of diagnostic information.
Electronic keying
When you configure a module, you specify the slot number for the module. However, it is possible to
purposely or accidentally place a different module in that slot. Electronic keying lets you protect your
system against the accidental placement of the wrong module in a slot. The chosen keying option
determines how closely any module in a slot must match the configuration for that slot before the
controller opens a connection to the module. There are different keying options depending on your
application needs.
I/O Connections
A Logix5000 system uses connections to transmit I/O data.
Logix5000 I/O Connections
Connection
Description
Direct
A direct connection is a real-time, data-transfer link between the controller and an I/O module. The
controller maintains and monitors the connection between the controller and the I/O module. Any break
in the connection, such as a module fault or the removal of a module while under power, causes the
controller to set fault status bits in the data area associated with the module.
Typically, analog I/O modules, diagnostic I/O modules, and specialty modules require direct
connections.
Rack-optimized
For digital I/O modules, you can select rack-optimized communication. A rack-optimized connection
consolidates connection usage between the controller and all the digital I/O modules on a rack (or DIN
rail). Rather than having individual, direct connections for each I/O module, there is one connection for
the entire rack (or DIN rail).
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Additional Resources
For additional information, consult these publications:
• Logix5000 Controllers Common Procedures Manual, publication
1756-PM001
• Logix5000 Controllers Design Considerations Reference Manual,
publication 1756-RM094
Configure Distributed I/O
on an EtherNet/IP Network
To communicate with distributed I/O modules over EtherNet/IP:
• choose a 1769-L32E or 1769-L35E CompactLogix controller with
a built-in EtherNet/IP communication port.
• add an EtherNet/IP adapter, and I/O modules to the I/O
Configuration folder of the controller.
Within the I/O Configuration folder, organize the modules into a
hierarchy of tree/branch and parent/child.
EtherNet/IP Distributed I/O Configuration
For a typical distributed I/O network…
Controller
Built-in
EtherNet/IP Port
Remote
Adapter
I/O
Module
Device
…you build the I/O configuration in this order.
1. Add the remote adapter for the distributed I/O chassis or DIN rail.
2. Add the distributed I/O modules.
Additional Resources
For more information, consult EtherNet/IP Communication Modules in
Logix5000 Control Systems User Manual, publication ENET-UM001.
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Place, Configure, and Monitor I/O
Configure Distributed I/O on
a ControlNet Network
To communicate with distributed I/O modules over ControlNet:
• choose a 1769-L32C or 1769-L35CR CompactLogix controller
with a built-in ControlNet communication port.
• add a ControlNet adapter, and I/O modules to the I/O
Configuration folder of the controller.
Within the I/O Configuration folder, organize the modules into a
hierarchy of tree/branch and parent/child.
ControlNet Distributed I/O Configuration
For a typical distributed I/O network…
Controller
Built-in
ControlNet Port
Remote
Adapter
I/O
Module
Device
…you build the I/O configuration in this order.
1. Add the remote adapter for the distributed I/O chassis or DIN rail.
2. Add the distributed I/O modules.
Additional Resources
For more information, consult ControlNet Communication Modules in
Logix5000 Control Systems User Manual, publication CNET-UM001.
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Place, Configure, and Monitor I/O
Configure Distributed I/O
on a DeviceNet Network
59
To communicate with the I/O modules over a DeviceNet network,
add the DeviceNet bridge to the I/O Configuration folder of the
controller. RSNetWorx for DeviceNet software is used to define the
scanlist within the DeviceNet scanner to communicate data between
the devices and the controller through the scanner.
DeviceNet Distributed I/O Configuration
For a typical distributed I/O network…
Single Network
Controller Scanner
Device
Device
Device
Device
Device
Device
Several Smaller Distributed Networks (subnets)
Linking
Device
Controller Scanner
Device
Device
Linking
Device
Device
Device
Device
Device
…you build the I/O configuration in this order
Add the local scanner module.
Additional Resources
For more information, consult DeviceNet Communication Modules in
Logix5000 Control Systems User Manual, publication DNET-UM004.
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Place, Configure, and Monitor I/O
Address I/O Data
I/O information is presented as a set of tags.
• Each tag uses a structure of data, depending on the specific
features of the I/O module.
• The name of the tags is based on the location of the I/O module
in the system.
I/O Address Format
Location
:Slot
:Type
.Member
.SubMember
.Bit
= Optional
Where
Is
Location
Network location.
Local = same chassis or DIN rail as the controller.
Adapter_Name = identifies remote communication adapter or bridge module.
Slot
Slot number of I/O module in its chassis or DIN rail.
Type
Type of data.
I = input.
O = output.
C = configuration.
S = status.
Member
Specific data from the I/O module, depending on what type of data the module can store.
• For a digital module, a data member usually stores the input or output bit values.
• For an analog module, a channel member (CH#) usually stores the data for a channel.
SubMember
Specific data related to a member.
Bit
Specific point on a digital I/O module, depending on the size of the I/O module (0...31 for a 32-point module).
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Determine When Data
Is Updated
61
CompactLogix controllers update data asynchronously with the
execution of logic. Use this flowchart to determine when producers
will send data. Examples of producers include controllers, input
modules and bridge modules.
Updating of Data
Output
Input or Output Data?
Digital
Analog or Digital?
Input
Analog
Digital
Analog or Digital?
Remote or Local?
Analog
COS for any point on the
module?
No
RTS ≤RPI?
No
Remote
Yes
Local
Yes
Data is sent to the backplane
at the RTS.
Data is sent to the backplane at
the RTS and RPI.
Data is sent to the backplane at the RPI
and at the change of a specified point.
Data is sent to the backplane at the RPI.
• Over a ControlNet network, remote data is sent at the actual packet interval.
• Over an EtherNet/IP network, remote data is sent close to the RPI, on average.
TIP
Data is sent to the backplane at the RPI
and at the end of every task.
If you need to ensure that the I/O values being used during logic
execution are from one moment in time, such as at the
beginning of a ladder program, use the Synchronous Copy
instruction (CPS) to buffer I/O data.
Additional Resources
For additional information, consult these publications:
• Logix5000 Controllers Common Procedures Programming
Manual, publication 1756-PM001
• Logix5000 Controllers General Instruction Set Reference Manual,
publication 1756-RM003
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Place, Configure, and Monitor I/O
Monitor I/O Modules
With the CompactLogix controller, you can monitor I/O modules at
different levels by:
• using the programming software to display fault data.
Refer to Display Fault Data on page 62.
• programming logic to monitor fault data so you can take
appropriate action
Additional Resources
For examples of programming logic, refer to Logix5000 Controllers
Common Procedures Programming Manual, publication 1756-PM001.
Display Fault Data
Fault data for certain types of module faults can be viewed through
the programming software.
To display fault data, perform this procedure.
1. In RSLogix 5000 programming software, select Controller Tags in
the Controller Organizer and right-click to select Monitor Tags.
The display style for the fault data defaults to decimal.
2. Change the display style to Hex to read the fault code.
If the module faults, but the connection to the controller remains
open, the controller tags database displays the fault value
16#0E01_0001. The fault word uses this format.
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63
7
0
Fault Word Format
31
27
23
19
15
11
Fault_Code_Value
Reserved
FaultCode
3
Reserved
Fault Information
0 = Connection Open
}
Connection_Closed
Fault_Bit
Bit
Description
Fault_Bit
This bit indicates that at least one bit in the fault word is set (1). If
all the bits in the fault word are cleared (0), this bit is cleared (0).
Connection_Closed This bit indicates whether the connection to the module is open (0)
or closed (1). If the connection is closed (1), the Fault_Bit is set (1).
End-cap Detection and Module Faults
If a module not adjacent to an end cap experiences a fault and the
connection to the controller is not broken, only the module enters the
fault state. If a module adjacent to an end cap experiences a fault,
both the module and the controller transition to the fault state.
Reconfigure an I/O Module
If an I/O module supports reconfiguration, you can reconfigure the
module via:
• the Module Properties dialog in RSLogix 5000 software.
• a MSG instruction in program logic.
Reconfigure a Module via RSLogix 5000 Programming Software
To reconfigure an I/O module via RSLogix 5000 software, perform this
procedure.
1. Highlight the module in the I/O Configuration tree and
right-click to choose Properties.
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Place, Configure, and Monitor I/O
The Controller Properties dialog appears.
2. Reconfigure the module.
Reconfigure a Module via a MSG Instruction
To reconfigure an I/O module, use a Module Reconfigure MSG
instruction. During the reconfiguration:
• input modules continue to send input data to the controller.
• output modules continue to control their output devices.
A Module Reconfigure message requires the property Message Type
and a selection of Module Reconfigure.
To reconfigure an I/O module, perform this procedure.
1. Set the required member of the configuration tag of the module
to the new value.
2. Send a Module Reconfigure message to the module.
EXAMPLE
When reconfigure[5] is on, the MOV instruction sets the high alarm to 60 for the local module in slot 4. The Module
Reconfigure message then sends the new alarm value to the module. The ONS instruction prevents the rung from
sending multiple messages to the module while the reconfigure[5] is on.
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Chapter
6
Develop Applications
Introduction
Manage Tasks
This chapter explains how to develop applications.
Topic
Page
Manage Tasks
65
Develop Programs
66
Organize Tags
71
Select a Programming Language
72
Monitor Controller Status
74
Monitor Connections
75
Select a System Overhead Time Slice Percentage
79
With a Logix5000 controller, you can use multiple tasks to schedule
and prioritize the execution of your programs based on specific
criteria. This divides your controller’s processing time among the
different operations in your application. Remember that:
• the controller executes only one task at one time.
• one exception task can interrupt another and take control.
• in any given task, only one program executes at one time.
Additional Resources
For more information, consult these publications:
• Logix5000 Controllers Common Procedures Manual, publication
1756-PM001
• Logix5000 Controllers Design Considerations Reference Manual,
publication 1756-RM094
65
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Develop Programs
The controller’s operating system is a preemptive multitasking system
that is IEC 1131-3 compliant. This environment provides:
• tasks to configure controller execution.
• programs to group data and logic.
• routines to encapsulate executable code written in a single
programming language.
Program Development
Control Application
Controller Fault Handler
Task 8
Task 1
Configuration
Status
Watchdog
Program 32
Program 1
Program (local)
Tags
Main Routine
Fault Routine
Other Routines
Controller (global) Tags
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I/O Data
System-shared Data
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Define Tasks
Tasks provide scheduling and priority information for programs. You
can configure tasks as continuous, periodic, or event tasks. Only one
task can be continuous.
Task Support
Controller
Tasks Supported
1769-L35x
8
1769-L32x
6
1769-L31
4
A task can have as many as 100 separate programs, each with its own
executable routines and program-scoped tags. Once a task is triggered
(activated), all the programs assigned to the task execute in the order
in which they are grouped. Programs can only appear once in the
Controller Organizer and cannot be shared by multiple tasks.
Specify Task Priorities
Each task in the controller has a priority level. The operating system
uses the priority level to determine which task to execute when
multiple tasks are triggered. You can configure periodic tasks to
execute from the lowest priority of 15 up to the highest priority of 1. A
higher-priority task will interrupt any lower-priority task. The
continuous task has the lowest priority and is always interrupted by a
periodic task.
The CompactLogix controller uses a dedicated periodic task at priority
6 to process I/O data. This periodic task executes at the RPI you
configure for the CompactBus, which can be as fast as once each
millisecond. Its total execution time is as long as it takes to scan the
configured I/O modules.
How you configure your tasks affects how the controller receives I/O
data. Tasks at priorities 1...5 take precedence over the dedicated I/O
task. Tasks in this priority range can impact I/O processing time. For
example, if you use the following configuration:
• I/O RPI = 1 ms
• a task of priority = 1...5 that requires 500 μs to execute and is
scheduled to run every millisecond
this configuration leaves the dedicated I/O task 500 μs to complete its
job of scanning the configured I/O.
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However, if you schedule two high priority tasks 1...5 to run every
millisecond, and they both require 500 μs or more to execute, no CPU
time would be left for the dedicated I/O task. Furthermore, if you
have so much configured I/O that the execution time of the dedicated
I/O task approaches 2 ms (or the combination of the high priority
tasks and the dedicated I/O task approaches 2 ms) no CPU time is left
for low priority tasks 7...15.
TIP
For example, if your program needs to react to inputs and
control outputs at a set rate, configure a periodic task with a
priority higher than 6 (1...5). This keeps the dedicated I/O task
from affecting the periodic rate of your program. However, if
your program contains a lot of math and data manipulation,
place this logic in a task with priority lower than 6 (7...15), such
as the continuous task, so that the dedicated I/O task is not
adversely affected by your program.
Multiple Tasks Example
Task
Priority Level
Task Type
Example Execution Time Worst-Case Completion Time
1
5
20 ms periodic task
2 ms
2 ms
2
7
Dedicated I/O task
1 ms
3 ms
5 ms selected RPI
3
10
10 ms periodic task
4 ms
8 ms
4
None (lowest)
Continuous task
25 ms
60 ms
Task 1
Task 2
Task 3
Task 4
0
5
10
15
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20
25
30
35
Time (ms)
40
45
50
55
60
65
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69
Remember that:
• the highest priority task interrupts all lower priority tasks.
• the dedicated I/O task can be interrupted by tasks with priority
levels 1...5.
The dedicated I/O task interrupts tasks with priority levels 7...15.
This task runs at the selected RPI rate scheduled for the
CompactLogix system (2 ms in this example).
• the continuous task runs at the lowest priority and is interrupted
by all other tasks.
• a lower priority task can be interrupted multiple times by a
higher priority task.
• when the continuous task completes a full scan it restarts
immediately, unless a higher priority task is running.
Define Programs
Each program contains:
•
•
•
•
program tags.
a main executable routine.
other routines.
an optional fault routine.
Each task can schedule as many as 100 programs.
The scheduled programs within a task execute to completion from
first to last. Programs unattached to any task show up as unscheduled
programs. You must specify (schedule) a program within a task before
the controller can scan the program.
Define Routines
A routine is a set of logic instructions in a single programming
language, such as ladder logic. Routines provide the executable code
for the project in a controller. A routine is similar to a program file or
subroutine in a PLC or SLC controller.
Each program has a main routine. This is the first routine to execute
when the controller triggers the associated task and calls the
associated program. Use logic, such as the Jump to Subroutine (JSR)
instruction, to call other routines.
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You can also specify an optional program fault routine. The controller
executes this routine if it encounters an instruction-execution fault
within any of the routines in the associated program.
Sample Controller Projects
RSLogix 5000 Enterprise programming software includes sample
projects that you can copy and then modify to fit your application.
To view a set of sample controller projects, perform this procedure.
1. From the Help pull-down menu, choose Vendor Sample
Projects.
2. Scroll down to select a set of sample projects.
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Additional Resources
For more information, consult Logix5000 Controllers Common
Procedures Manual, publication 1756-PM001.
Organize Tags
With a Logix5000 controller, you use a tag (alphanumeric name) to
address data (variables). In Logix5000 controllers, there is no fixed,
numeric format. The tag name itself identifies the data. This lets you:
• organize your data to mirror your machinery.
• document (through tag names) your application as you
develop it.
Tag Organization
Analog I/O Device
Integer Value
Storage Bit
Counter
Timer
Digital I/O Device
When you create a tag, assign these properties to the tag:
• Tag type
• Data type
• Scope
Additional Resources
For additional information, consult these publications:
• Logix5000 Controllers Common Procedures Manual, publication
1756-PM001
• Logix5000 Controllers Design Considerations Reference Manual,
publication 1756-RM094
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Select a Programming
Language
The CompactLogix controller supports these programming languages,
both online and offline.
Programming Language Selection
Required Language
Program
Ladder diagram (LD)
Continuous or parallel execution of multiple operations (not sequenced)
Boolean or bit-based operations
Complex logical operations
Message and communication processing
Machine interlocking
Operations that service or maintenance personnel may have to interpret in order to
troubleshoot the machine or process
Function block diagram (FBD)
Continuous process and drive control
Loop control
Calculations in circuit flow
Sequential function chart (SFC)
High-level management of multiple operations
Repetitive sequence of operations
Batch process
Motion control using structured text
State machine operations
Structured text (ST)
Complex mathematical operations
Specialized array or table loop processing
ASCII string handling or protocol processing
Add-On Instructions
With version 16 of RSLogix 5000 programming software, you can
design and configure sets of commonly used instructions to increase
project consistency. Similar to the built-in instructions contained in
Logix5000 controllers, these instructions you create are called Add-On
Instructions (AOI). Add-On Instructions reuse common control
algorithms. With AOI, you can:
• ease maintenance by animating logic for a single instance.
• protect intellectual property with locking instructions.
• reduce documentation development time.
You can use AOI across multiple projects. You can define AOI, obtain
them from somebody else, or copy them from another project.
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Once defined in a project, AOI behave similarly to the built-in
instructions in Logix5000 controllers. They appear on the instruction
tool bar for easy access, as do internal RSLogix 5000 software
instructions.
Save Time
With AOI, you can combine your most commonly used logic into sets
of reusable instructions. You save time when you create AOI for your
projects and then share your AOI with others. AOI increase project
consistency since commonly used algorithms all work in the same
manner, regardless of who implements the project.
Use Standard Editors
You create AOI by using one of three RSLogix 5000 software
programming editors.
• Standard Ladder
• Function Block Diagram
• Structured Text
Once you have created instructions, you can use them in any RSLogix
5000 editor.
Export Add-On Instructions
You can export Add-On-Instructions to other projects as well as copy
and paste them from one project to another. Give each instruction a
unique name so that you don’t accidentally overwrite another
instruction of the same name.
Use Context Views
Context views let you visualize an instruction’s logic for a specific
instant, simplifying online troubleshooting of your AOI. Each
instruction contains a revision, a change history, and an
auto-generated help page.
Create Custom Help
When you create an instruction, you enter information for the
description fields in software dialogs, information that becomes what
is known as Custom Help. Custom Help makes it easier for users to
get the help they need when implementing the instructions.
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Apply Source Protection
As the creator of AOI, you can limit users of your instruction(s) to
read-only access, or you can bar access to the internal logic or local
parameters used by the instruction(s). This source protection lets you
prevent unwanted changes to your instruction(s) and protects your
intellectual property.
Additional Resources
For more information, consult these publications:
• Logix5000 Controllers Common Procedures Manual, publication
1756-PM001
• Logix5000 Controllers Execution Time and Memory Use
Reference Manual, publication 1756-RM087
Monitor Controller Status
The CompactLogix controller uses Get System Value (GSV) and Set
System Value (SSV) instructions to get and set (change) controller
data. The controller stores system data in objects. There is no status
file, as in the PLC-5 processor.
The GSV instruction retrieves the specified information and places it
in the destination. The SSV instruction sets the specified attribute with
data from the source.
When you enter a GSV/SSV instruction, the programming software
displays the:
• valid object classes.
• object names.
• attribute names.
For the GSV instruction, you can get values for all the available
attributes. For the SSV instruction, the software displays only those
attributes you are allowed to set.
In some cases, there will be more than one of the same type of object,
so you might also have to specify the object name. For example, there
can be several tasks in your application. Each task has its own TASK
object that you access by the task name.
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You can access these object classes:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
AXIS
CONTROLLER
CONTROLLERDEVICE
CST
DF1
FAULTLOG
MESSAGE
MODULE
MOTIONGROUP
PROGRAM
ROUTINE
SERIALPORT
TASK
WALLCLOCKTIME
Additional Resources
For more information, consult these publicaitons:
• Logix5000 Controllers General Instructions Reference Manual,
publication 1756-RM003
• Logix5000 Controllers Common Procedures Manual, publication
1756-PM001
Monitor Connections
If communication with a device in the I/O configuration of the
controller does not occur for 100 ms or 4 times the RPI, whichever is
less, the communication times out, and the controller produces these
warnings:
• The I/O LED on the front of the controller flashes green.
• A ! displays over the I/O configuration folder and the
device (s) that has timed out.
• A module fault code is produced, which you can access via:
– the Module Properties dialog box for the module.
– a GSV instruction.
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Determine if Device Communication Has Timed Out
If communication times out with at least one device (module) in the
I/O configuration of the controller, the I/O LED on the front of the
controller flashes green.
• The GSV instruction gets the status of the I/O LED and stores it
in the I_O_LED tag.
• If I_O_LED equals 2, the controller has lost communication with
at least one device.
GSV
Get System Value
CIP Object Class MODULE
CIP Object Name
Attribute Name
LedStatus
Dest
I_O_LED
EQU
Equal
Source A I_O_LED
Source B
2
where:
I_O_LED is a DINT tag that stores the status of the I/O LED on
the front of the controller.
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Determine if I/O Module Communication Has Timed Out
If communication times out with a device (module) in the I/O
configuration of the controller, the controller produces a fault code for
the module.
• The GSV instruction gets the fault code for IO_Module and
stores it in the Module_Status tag.
• If Module_Status is any value other than 4, the controller is not
communicating with the module.
I/O Module Communication
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Interrupt the Execution of Logic and Execute the Fault Handler
To interrupt the execution of logic and execute the fault handler,
perform this procedure.
1. In the Controller Organizer of RSLogix 5000 programming
software, right-click the module and choose Properties.
The Module Properties dialog appears.
2. Click the Connection and check Major Fault On Controller If
Connection Fails While in Run Mode check box.
3. Click OK.
4. Develop a routine for the Controller Fault Handler.
Additional Resources
For additional information, consult these publications:
• Logix5000 Controllers Common Procedures Manual, publication
1756-PM001
• Logix5000 Controllers Design Considerations Reference Manual,
publication 1756-RM094
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Develop Applications
Select a System
Overhead Time Slice
Percentage
79
The Controller Properties dialog lets you specify a percentage for
system overhead. This percentage specifies the ratio of controller time,
excluding the time for periodic tasks, that is devoted to
communication and background functions.
To select a system overhead percentage, perform this procedure.
1. In the Controller Organizer of RSLogix 5000 programming
software, right-click on your controller and choose Properties.
The Controller Properties dialog appears.
2. Click the Advanced tab.
3. From the System Overhead Time Slice menu, choose a
percentage.
System overhead time slice functions include:
• communicating with programming and HMI devices, such as
RSLogix 5000 software.
• responding to messages.
• sending messages.
The controller performs system overhead functions for up to one
millisecond at a time. If the controller completes the overhead
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functions in less than one millisecond, it resumes the continuous
task.
As the system overhead time slice percentage increases, time
allocated to executing the continuous task decreases. If there are
no communications for the controller to manage, the controller
uses the communications time to execute the continuous task.
While increasing the system overhead percentage does increase
communications performance, it also increases the amount of
time it takes to execute a continuous task, increasing overall
scan time.
Ratio between Continuous Task and System Overhead Functions
Time Slice
Continuous Tasks
Max Overhead Function Time
10%
9 ms
1 ms
20%
4 ms
1 ms
33%
2 ms
1 ms
50%
1 ms
1 ms
At a time slice of 10%, system overhead interrupts the continuous task
every 9 ms of continuous task time.
Legend:
Task executes.
Task is interrupted (suspended).
Periodic
1 ms
1 ms
System Overhead
9 ms
9 ms
Continuous Task
0
Elapsed Time (ms)
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5
10
15
20
25
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81
The interruption of a periodic task increases the elapsed time (clock
time) between the execution of system overhead functions.
1 ms
1 ms
1 ms
1 ms
1 ms
Periodic Task
1 ms
1 ms
System Overhead
9 ms of Continuous Task Time
9 ms of Continuous Task Time
Continuous Task
0
5
10
15
20
25
Elapsed Time (ms)
If you use the default time slice of 20%, the system overhead
interrupts the continuous task every 4 ms.
1 ms
1 ms
1 ms
1 ms
1 ms
System Overhead
4 ms
4 ms
4 ms
4 ms
4 ms
Continuous Task
5
10
15
20
25
Elapsed Time (ms)
If you increase the time slice to 50%, the system overhead interrupts
the continuous task every 1 ms.
1 ms
System Overhead
1 ms
Continuous Task
5
10
15
20
25
Elapsed Time (ms)
If the controller contains only a periodic task(s), the system overhead
time slice value has no effect. System overhead runs whenever a
periodic task is not running.
Periodic Task
System Overhead
5
10
15
20
25
Continuous Task
Elapsed Time (ms)
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Notes:
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Chapter
7
Configure PhaseManager
Introduction
This chapter explains how to configure PhaseManager.
The PhaseManager option of RSLogix 5000 programming software
gives you a state model for your equipment.
Topic
Page
About PhaseManager
83
About a State Model
85
Compare PhaseManager to Other State Models
88
Minimum System Requirements
89
Equipment Phase Instructions
89
Additional Resources
For additional information, consult PhaseManager User Manual,
publication LOGIX-UM001.
About PhaseManager
Term
Equipment
phase
State
model
PhaseManager lets you add equipment phases to your controller. An
equipment phase helps you lay out your code in sections that are
easier to write, find, follow, and change.
Description
• As with a program, an equipment phase is run in a task and is given a set of routines and tags.
• Unlike a program, an equipment phase runs by a state model and lets you do one activity.
A state model divides the operating cycle of your equipment into a series of states. Each state is an instant in the operation
of the equipment. It's the actions or conditions of the equipment at a given time.
The state model of an equipment phase is similar to the S88 and PackML state models.
State
machine
An equipment phase includes an embedded state machine that:
• calls the main routine (state routine) for an acting state.
• manages the transitions between states with minimal coding.
• makes sure that the equipment goes from state to state along an allowable path.
PHASE tag When you add an equipment phase, RSLogix 5000 software makes a tag, using the PHASE data type.
83
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Configure PhaseManager
PhaseManager Overview
A PHASE tag gives you the status of an equipment phase.
Controller
Controller Tags
Tasks
MainTask
An equipment phase directs 1 activity of your equipment.
Add Water Phase
A state model divides the activity into a series of states.
Mix Phase
Running State Routine
How to Add
Water
Drain Phase
Space Parts Phase
MainProgram
Equipment phase instructions control the transitions between states and
handle faults.
PSC
POVR
PCLF
PRNP
PATT
PCMD
PFL
PXRQ
PPD
PDET
My Equipment Program
Other code controls the specific actions of your equipment.
Water Feed
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Conveyor
Enable Axes
Configure PhaseManager
About a State Model
85
A state model divides the operating cycle of your equipment into a
series of states. Each state is an instant in the operation of the
equipment, an action or condition at a given time.
In a state model, you define what your equipment does under
different conditions, such as run, hold, and stop. You don’t need to
use all the states for your equipment. Use only needed states.
Types of States
State
Description
Acting
Does something or several things for a certain time or until certain
conditions are met. An acting state runs one time or repeatedly.
Waiting
Shows that certain conditions are met and the equipment is waiting for
the signal to go to the next state.
PhaseManager States
Start
Idle
Hold
Running
Holding
Held
Acting
Hold
Restart
Resetting
Your equipment can go from any state in the
box to the stopping or aborting state.
Acting states represent the things your
equipment does at a given time.
Restarting
Stop
Abort
Abort
Reset
Complete
Stopping
Aborting
Waiting
Waiting states represent the condition of
your equipment when it is in between
acting states.
Reset
Stopped
Aborted
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With a state model, you define the behavior of your equipment and
put it into a brief functional specification. In this way you show what
happens and when it happens.
State
Question To Be Asked
Stopped
What happens when you turn on power?
Resetting
How does the equipment get ready to run?
Idle
How do you tell that the equipment is ready to run?
Running
What does the equipment do to make product?
Holding
How does the equipment temporarily stop making product without making
scrap?
Held
How do you tell if the equipment is safely holding?
Restarting
How does the equipment resume production after holding?
Complete
How do you tell when the equipment has finished what it had to do?
Stopping
What happens during a normal shutdown?
Aborting
How does the equipment shut down if a fault or failure happens?
Aborted
How do you tell if the equipment is safely shut down?
Change Equipment States
The arrows in the state model show how your equipment can
transition from one state to another.
• Each arrow is called a transition.
• A state model lets the equipment make only certain transitions.
This transition restriction standardizes equipment behavior so
that another piece of equipment using the same model will
behave the same way.
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87
PhaseManager Transitions Overview
= Transition
Command
Done — No command. Use PSC instruction instead.
Start
Idle
Hold
Running
Holding
Held
Your equipment can go from any state in
the box to the stopping or aborting state.
Hold
Restart
Resetting
Restarting
Stop
Abort
Fault (specific use of the abort command)
Abort
Reset
Complete
Reset
Stopping
Aborting
Stopped
Aborted
PhaseManager Transition Types
Transition
Type
Description
Command
A command tells the equipment to start doing something or do something different. For example the operator pushes the
start button to start production and the stop button to halt production.
PhaseManager uses these commands:
• Reset
• Start
• Stop
• Hold
• Restart
• Abort
Done
Equipment goes to a waiting state when it has completed a task. You don’t have to command equipment to stop. Instead,
set up your code to signal when a task is complete.
Fault
A fault tells you that something unusual has occurred. Set up your code to find and take action for faults. Suppose you want
your equipment to shut down as fast as possible in case of a certain fault. In that case, set up your code to look for that
fault and give the abort command if it finds it.
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Manually Change States
With RSLogix 5000 software, you can monitor and command an
equipment phase. To manually change states, perform this procedure.
Current State of Equipment Phase
Take ownership of the equipment phase.
Give a command.
Compare PhaseManager to
Other State Models
You can compare PhaseManager’s state models to other common state
models.
State Model Comparisons
S88
PackML
PhaseManager
Idle
Starting ⇒ Ready
Resetting ⇒ Idle
Running ⇒ Complete
Producing
Running ⇒ Complete
Pausing ⇒ Paused
Standby
Subroutines and/or breakpoints
Holding ⇒ Held
Holding ⇒ Held
Holding ⇒ Held
Restarting
None
Restarting
Stopping ⇒ Stopped
Stopping ⇒ Stopped
Stopping ⇒ Stopped
Aborting ⇒ Aborted
Aborting ⇒ Aborted
Aborting ⇒ Aborted
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Configure PhaseManager
Minimum System
Requirements
89
To develop PhaseManager programs, you need:
• a CompactLogix controller with firmware revision 16.0 or later.
• a communication path to the controller.
• RSLogix 5000 programming software, version 15.0 or later.
To enable PhaseManager support, you need the full or professional
editions of RSLogix 5000 software or the optional PhaseManager
add-on (9324-RLDPMENE) to your RSLogix 5000 software package.
Equipment Phase
Instructions
With CompactLogix controllers, you can issue many ladder diagram
(LD) and structured text (ST) instructions to begin various equipment
phases.
Instruction Code
Instruction
PSC
Signal a phase that the state routine is complete so go to the
next state
PCMD
Change the state or substate of a phase
PFL
Signal a failure for a phase
PCLF
Clear the failure code of a phase
PXRQ
Initiate communication with RSBizWare Batch software
PRNP
Clear the NewInputParameters bit of a phase
PPD
Set up breakpoints within the logic of a phase
PATT
Take ownership of a phase to either:
• prevent another program or RSBizWare Batch software
from commanding a phase
or
• make sure another program or RSBizWare Batch software
does not already own a phase
PDET
Relinquish ownership of a phase
POVR
Override a command
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Notes:
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Chapter
8
Maintain Nonvolatile Memory
Introduction
This chapter explains how to maintain nonvolatile memory.
Topic
Page
Prevent a Major Fault During a Load
92
Use a CompactFlash Reader
92
CompactLogix controllers support the 1784-CF64 CompactFlash card
for nonvolatile memory. If the controller loses power and lacks
sufficient battery capacity, it loses the project in user memory.
Nonvolatile memory lets you keep a copy of your project on the
controller. The controller does not need power to keep this copy.
You can load the copy from nonvolatile memory to user memory of
the controller:
• every time power is applied.
• whenever there is no project in the controller and it turns on.
• any time via RSLogix 5000 programming software.
IMPORTANT
Nonvolatile memory stores the contents of the user memory
when you store the project.
• Changes made after you store the project are not reflected in
nonvolatile memory.
• If you change the project but do not store those changes, you
overwrite them when you load the project from nonvolatile
memory. If this occurs, you have to upload or download the
project to go online.
If you want to store changes such as online edits, tag values, or
a ControlNet network schedule, store the project again after
you make the changes.
91
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92
Maintain Nonvolatile Memory
Prevent a Major Fault
During a Load
If the major and minor revision of the project in nonvolatile memory
does not match the major and minor revision of the controller, a major
fault may occur during a load.
If the controller
Then
Does not use a
CompactFlash card
Make sure that the major and minor revision of the project in
nonvolatile memory matches the major and minor revision of the
controller.
The nonvolatile memory of the controller stores only the project,
not the firmware for the controller.
Uses a CompactFlash
card
ATTENTION
Use a CompactFlash
Reader
The CompactFlash card stores the firmware for projects at
revision 12.0 or earlier. Depending on the current revision of the
controller, you may be able to use the CompactFlash card to
update the firmware of the controller and load the project.
Do not remove the CompactFlash card while the controller is
reading from or writing to the card, as indicated by a flashing
green CF LED. Doing so could corrupt the data on the card or in
the controller, as well as corrupt the latest firmware in the
controller.
All CompactLogix controllers support the FAT16 file system used with
the CompactFlash card.
Typically, you do not have to manage the files on a CompactFlash
card. The card automatically loads the most recently stored project.
For additional flexibility, the file system also lets you:
• manually change which project loads from the CompactFlash
card.
• manually change the load parameters for a project.
A sample controller project that reads and writes from a CompactFlash
card is available with RSLogix 5000 Enterprise programming software.
To display a list of sample projects from a CompactFlash card, see
Sample Controller Projects on pg. 70.
Additional Resources
For more information, consult Logix5000 Controllers Common
Procedures Manual, publication 1756-PM001.
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
Chapter
9
Maintain the Battery
Introduction
This chapter explains how to maintain your battery.
Topic
Page
Check If the Battery Is Low
93
Estimate 1769-BA Battery Life
94
Store Batteries
94
CompactLogix controllers support the 1769-BA battery.
ATTENTION
Check If the Battery Is Low
The 1769-BA battery is the only battery you can use with the
CompactLogix controllers. The 1747-BA battery is not
compatible with the CompactLogix controllers and may cause
problems.
The battery indicator (BAT) warns when the battery is low. Once the
controller is powered down, the battery retains controller memory as
long as the BAT indicator remains on. Temperature dictates how long
the BAT indicator remains on.
Battery LED Indicator
BAT LED
Indicator
BAT Indicator Duration
93
Temperature
Duration
60 ° C (140 ° F)
8 days
25 ° C (77 ° F)
25 days
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94
Maintain the Battery
Estimate 1769-BA
Battery Life
Certain conditions affect typical battery life.
Battery Life Estimations
Time On/Off
At 25 ° C (77 ° F)
At 40 ° C (104 ° F)
At 60 ° C (140 ° F)
Always on
14 months
12 months
9 months
On 8 hours per day
18 months
15 months
12 months
26 months
22 months
16 months
5 days per week
On 16 hours per day
5 days per week
Always On
There is almost no drain on the battery when the controller is always on.
Store Batteries
ATTENTION
Follow these general rules to store your batteries.
• Store batteries in a cool, dry environment. We recommend 25 ° C
(77 ° F) with 40…60% relative humidity.
• You may store batteries for up to 30 days between -45…85 ° C
(-49...185 ° F), such as during transportation.
• To avoid leakage or other hazards, do not store batteries above
60 ° C (140 ° F) for more than 30 days.
Additional Resources
For more information, consult Guidelines for Handling Lithium
Batteries, publication AG 5-4, which comes with your battery.
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
Appendix
A
CompactLogix Controllers Specifications
Introduction
1769-L31 CompactLogix
Controller
This appendix provides the specifications for CompactLogix
controllers.
Topic
Page
1769-L31 CompactLogix Controller
95
1769-L32C and 1769-L35CR CompactLogix
Controllers
97
1769-L32E and 1769-L35E CompactLogix
Controllers
98
Real-Time Clock Accuracy
100
These are the 1769-L31 CompactLogix controller specifications.
Attribute
Value
Communication ports
CH0 - RS-232
CH1 - RS-232
RS-232
DF1, DH-485, DF1 Radio Modem,DF1
Radio Modem, ASCII
Fully isolated
38.4 KB/s max
RS-232
DF1, DH-485, DF1 Radio Modem
nonisolated
38.4 KB/s max
User memory
512 KB
Nonvolatile memory
1784-CF64 CompactFlash
Maximum number of I/O modules
16 I/O modules
Maximum number of I/O banks
3 banks
Backplane current
330 mA @ 5V dc
40 mA @ 24V dc
Power dissipation
2.61 W
Power supply distance rating
4 (Controller must be within 4 slot positions of power supply.)
Battery
1769-BA
Weight, Approx.
0.30 kg (0.66 lb)
Programming cable
1747-CP3 or 1756-CP3
Panel mounting screw torque
(using M4 or #8 screws)
10...16 in-lb (1.1...1.8 Nm)
Enclosure type rating
None (open style)
95
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CompactLogix Controllers Specifications
Attribute
Value
Wiring category
2 on communication ports(1)
Isolation voltage (continuous-voltage withstand rating)
30V dc continuous
Tested to withstand 710V dc for 60 s
North american temperature code
T4
Temperature, operating
0...60 °C (32...140 °F)
IEC 60068-2-1 (test Ad, operating cold)
IEC 60068-2-2 (test Bd, operating dry heat)
IEC 60068-2-14 (test Nb, operating thermal shock)
Temperature, storage
-40...85 °C (-40...185 °F)
IEC 60068-2-1 (test Ab, unpackaged nonoperating cold)
IEC 60068-2-2 (test Bb, unpackaged nonoperating dry
heat)
IEC 60068-2-14 (test Na, unpackaged nonoperating
thermal shock)
Relative humidity
5...95% noncondensing
IEC 60068-2-30 (test Db, unpackaged nonoperating damp
heat)
Vibration
Operating: 5 g @ 10-500Hz
IEC 60068-2-6 (test Fc, operating)
Shock
IEC 60068-2-27 (test Ea, unpackaged shock)
DIN mount
Operating: 20 g; nonoperating: 30 g
Panel mount
Operating: 30 g; nonoperating: 40 g
Emissions
CISPR 11: group 1, class A
ESD immunity (IEC61000-4-2)
4 kV contact discharges,
8 kV air discharges
Radiated RF immunity (IEC61000-4-3)
10V/M with 1 kHz sine-wave 80%AM from 80...2000 MHz
10V/m with 200 Hz 50% Pulse 100%AM @ 900 MHz
10V/m with 200 Hz 50% Pulse 100%AM @ 1890 MHz
EFT/B immunity (IEC 61000-4-4)
+2 kV @ 5 kHz on communication ports
Surge transient immunity (IEC61000-4-5)
Channel 0: ±2 kV line-earth (CM) on shielded ports
Channel 1: ±1 kV line-earth (CM) on shielded ports
Conducted RF immunity (IEC61000-4-6)
10Vrms with 1 kHz sine-wave 80% AM from 150 kHz to 80 MHz
(1)
Use this Conductor Category information for planning conductor routing. See Industrial Automation Wiring and Grounding Guidelines, publication 1770-4.1.
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
CompactLogix Controllers Specifications
1769-L32C and 1769-L35CR
CompactLogix Controllers
97
These are the specifications for the 1769-L32c and 1769-L35CR
CompactLogix controllers.
Attribute
Value
1769-L32C
1769-L35CR
Communication ports
RS-232, NAP, ControlNet
channel A
RS-232, NAP, ControlNet channels A and B
User memory
750 KB
1.5 MB
Nonvolatile memory
1784-CF64 CompactFlash
Maximum number of I/O modules
16 I/O modules
30 I/O modules
Maximum number of I/O banks
3 banks
3 banks
Backplane current(1)
650 mA @ 5V dc
680 mA @ 5V dc
40 mA @ 24V dc
40 mA @ 24V dc
Power dissipation
4.21 W
4.36 W
Power supply distance rating
4 (The controller must be within four slot positions of the power supply.)
Replacement battery
1769-BA
Weight, Approx.
0.32 kg (0.70 lb)
Programming cable
1747-CP3 or 1756-CP3
Panel mounting screw torque
(using M4 or #8 screws)
10...16 in-lb (1.1...1.8 Nm)
Wiring
Connectors
1 BNC connector
2 BNC connectors for redundant media operation
1 NAP (1786-CP cable)
1 NAP (1786-CP cable)
Category
2 – On communication ports(2)
2 – On communication ports(2)
Isolation voltage
(continuous-voltage withstand
rating)
30V dc
Tested to withstand 710V dc for 60 seconds
Environmental conditions
Operational temperature
IEC 60068-2-1 (test Ad, operating cold),
IEC 60068-2-2 (test Bd, operating dry heat),
IEC 60068-2-14 (test Nb, operating thermal shock):
0...60 °C (32...140 °F)
Storage temperature
IEC 60068-2-1 (test Ab, unpackaged nonoperating cold),
IEC 60068-2-2 (test Bb, unpackaged nonoperating dry heat),
IEC 60068-2-14 (test Na, unpackaged nonoperating thermal shock):
-40...85 °C (-40...185 °F)
Relative humidity
IEC 60068-2-30 (test Db, unpackaged nonoperating damp heat):
5...95% noncondensing
Vibration
IEC 60068-2-6 (test Fc, operating):
5g @ 10-500Hz
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CompactLogix Controllers Specifications
Attribute
Value
1769-L32C
1769-L35CR
Operating shock
IEC 60068-2-27 (test Ea, unpackaged shock):
DIN mount - operating: 20 g
Panel mount - operating: 30 g
Nonoperating shock
IEC 60068-2-27 (test Ea, unpackaged shock):
DIN mount - nonoperating: 30 g
Panel mount - nonoperating: 40 g
Emissions
CISPR 11:
Group 1, class A
ESD immunity
IEC 61000-4-2:
4 kV contact discharges
8 kV air discharges
Radiated RF immunity
IEC 61000-4-3:
10V/m with 1 kHz sine-wave 80%AM from 80...2000 MHz
10V/m with 200 Hz 50% Pulse 100%AM @ 900 MHz
10V/m with 200 Hz 50% Pulse 100%AM @ 1890 MHz
EFT/B immunity
IEC 61000-4-4:
±2 kV @ 5 kHz on communications ports
Surge transient immunity
IEC 61000-4-5:
±2 kV line-earth (CM) on communications ports
Conducted RF immunity
IEC 61000-4-6:
10Vrms with 1 kHz sine-wave 80%AM from 150 kHz...80 MHz
Enclosure type rating
None (open-style)
(1)
This specification is also known as Power Consumption.
(2)
Use this Conductor Category information for planning conductor routing. See Industrial Automation Wiring and Grounding Guidelines, publication
1770-4.1.
1769-L32E and 1769-L35E
CompactLogix Controllers
Attribute
These are the specifications for the 1769-L32E and 1769-L35E
CompactLogix controllers.
Value
1769-L32E
1769-L35E
Communication ports
CH0 - RS-232
RS-232
DF1
38.4 KB/s maximum1
EtherNet/IP
RJ-45 or 10BaseT
EtherNet/IP
0/100 MB/sec
User memory
750 KB
1.5 MB
Nonvolatile memory
1784-CF64 CompactFlash
Maximum number of I/O modules
16 I/O modules
30 I/O modules
Maximum number of I/O banks
3 banks
3 banks
Backplane current
660 mA @ 5V dc
90 mA @ 24V dc
660 mA @ 5V dc
90 mA @ 24V dc
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CompactLogix Controllers Specifications
Attribute
99
Value
1769-L32E
1769-L35E
Power dissipation
4.74 W
4.74 W
Power supply distance rating
4 (Controller must be within 4 slot positions of power supply.)
Battery
1769-BA
Weight
0.32 kg (0.70 lb.)
Programming cable
1747-CP3 or 1756-CP3
Panel mounting screw torque
(using M4 or #8 screws)
10...16 in-lb (1.1...1.8 Nm)
Enclosure type rating
None (open style)
Wiring category
2 on communication ports(1)
Isolation voltage (continuous-voltage withstand rating)
30V dc continuous
0.32 kg (0.70 lb.)
Tested to withstand 710V dc for 60 sec
Operational temperature
0...60 °C (32...140 °F)
IEC 60068-2-1 (test Ad, operating cold)
IEC 60068-2-2 (test Bd, operating dry heat)
IEC 60068-2-14 (test Nb, operating thermal shock)
Storage temperature
-40...85 °C (-40...185 °F)
IEC 60068-2-1 (test Ab, unpackaged nonoperating cold)
IEC 60068-2-2 (test Bb, unpackaged nonoperating dry heat)
IEC 60068-2-14 (test Na, unpackaged nonoperating thermal shock)
Relative humidity
5...95% noncondensing
IEC 60068-2-30 (test Db, unpackaged nonoperating damp heat)
Vibration
Operating: 5 g @ 10...500Hz
IEC 60068-2-6 (test Fc, operating)
Shock
IEC 60068-2-27 (test Ea, unpackaged shock)
DIN mount
Operating: 20 g; nonoperating: 30 g
Panel mount
Operating: 30 g; nonoperating: 40 g
Emissions
CISPR 11: group 1, class A
ESD immunity (IEC61000-4-2)
4 kV contact discharges, 8 kV air discharges
Radiated RF immunity (IEC61000-4-3)
10V/M with 1 kHz sine-wave 80%AM from 80...2000 MHz
10V/M with 200 Hz 50% Pulse 100%AM @ 900 MHz
10V/M with 200 Hz 50% Pulse 100%AM @ 1890 MHz
EFT/B immunity (IEC 61000-4-4)
+2 kV @ 5 kHz on communication ports
Surge transient immunity (IEC61000-4-5)
+2 kV line-earth (CM) on shielded ports
Conducted RF immunity (IEC61000-4-6)
10V rms with 1 kHz sine-wave 80% AM from 150 kHz...80 MHz
(1)
Use this Conductor Category information for planning conductor routing. See Industrial Automation Wiring and Grounding Guidelines, publication 1770-4.1.
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
100
CompactLogix Controllers Specifications
Real-Time Clock Accuracy
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
These are the real-time clock accuracy specifications for
CompactLogix controllers.
Ambient ° C (° F)
Accuracy
0 ° C (32 ° F)
54...-56 s/month
25 ° C (77 ° F)
9...-124 s/month
40 ° C (104 ° F)
-84...-234 s/month
55 ° C (131 ° F)
-228...-394 s/month
60 ° C (140 ° F)
-287...-459 s/month
CompactLogix Controllers Specifications
101
Notes:
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
102
CompactLogix Controllers Specifications
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
Appendix
B
LED Indicators
Introduction
This appendix explains how to interpret the LED indicators on your
CompactLogix controllers.
1769-L3xx Controllers LED
Indicators
Topic
Page
1769-L3xx Controllers LED Indicators
103
RS-232 Serial Port LED Indicators
105
ControlNet LED Indicators
106
EtherNet/IP LED Indicators
109
These are the 1769-L3xx CompactLogix controller LED indicators.
Indicator
Condition
Interpretation
RUN
Off
The controller is in program or test mode.
Steady green
The controller is in run mode.
FORCE
Off
• No tags contain I/O force values.
• I/O forces are inactive (disabled).
Steady amber
• I/O forces are active (enabled).
• I/O force values may or may not exist.
BAT
Flashing amber
One or more input or output addresses have been forced to an On or Off condition, but
the forces have not been enabled.
Off
The battery supports memory.
Steady red
The battery is:
• not installed.
• 95% discharged and should be replaced.
I/O
Off
• There are no devices in the I/O configuration of the controller.
• The controller does not contain a project.
Steady green
The controller is communicating with all the devices in its I/O configuration.
Flashing green
One or more devices in the I/O configuration of the controller are not responding.
Flashing red
• The controller is not communicating with any devices.
• The controller is faulted.
103
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104
LED Indicators
Indicator
Condition
Interpretation
OK
Off
No power is applied.
Flashing red
• The controller requires a firmware update.
• A major recoverable fault occurred on the controller. To clear the fault, perform this
procedure.
1. Turn the controller keyswitch from PROG to RUN to PROG.
2. Go online with RSLogix 5000.
• A nonrecoverable major fault occurred on the controller. In this case, the controller:
1. initially displays a steady red LED.
2. resets itself.
3. clears the project from its memory.
4. sets the LED to flashing red.
5. produces a major recoverable fault.
6. generates a fault code in the RSLogix 5000 project.
The fault code displayed in RSLogix 5000, and the subsequent fault recovery
method, depends on whether you have installed a CompactFlash card in the
controller.
Code
Condition
Fault recovery method
60
CompactFlash
card is not
installed.
A. Clear the fault.
B. Download the project.
C. Change to Remote Run/Run mode.
If the problem persists:
A. Before you cycle power to the controller, record
the state of the OK and RS232 LED indicators.
B. Contact Rockwell Automation support. See the
back of this publication.
61
CompactFlash
is installed.
A. Clear the fault.
B. Download the project.
C. Change to Remote Run/Run mode.
If the problem persists, contact Rockwell Automation
support. See the back of this publication.
Steady red
The controller detected a nonrecoverable major fault, so it cleared the project from
memory. To recover from a major fault, perform this procedure.
1. Cycle power to the chassis.
2. Download the project.
3. Change to Run mode.
If the OK LED remains steady red, contact your Rockwell Automation representative or
local distributor.
Steady green
Controller is OK.
Flashing green
The controller is storing or loading a project to or from nonvolatile memory.
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
LED Indicators
105
CompactFlash LED Indicator
ATTENTION
Do not remove the CompactFlash card while the controller is
reading from or writing to the card, as indicated by a flashing
green CF LED. This could corrupt the data on the card or in the
controller, as well as corrupt the latest firmware in
the controller.
This is the CompactFlash card LED indicator present on all
CompactLogix controllers.
RS-232 Serial Port LED
Indicators
Indicator
Condition
Interpretation
CF
Off
There is no activity.
Flashing green
The controller is reading from or writing to the
CompactFlash card.
Flashing red
CompactFlash card does not have a valid file system.
These are the RS-232 serial port LED indicators present on all
CompactLogix controllers.
Indicator
Condition
Interpretation
DCH0
Off
Channel 0 configuration differs from the default serial
configuration.
Steady green
Channel 0 has the default serial configuration.
Off
No RS-232 activity.
CH0
Flashing green RS-232 activity.
CH1
(1769-L31
only)
Off
No RS-232 activity.
Flashing green RS-232 activity.
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106
LED Indicators
ControlNet LED Indicators
The ControlNet LED indicators are only on the 1769-L32C and
1769-L35CR controllers.
Interpret ControlNet Network LED Indicators
Use these LED indicators to determine how your CompactLogix
1769-L32C or 1769-L35CR controller is operating on the ControlNet
network:
• Module Status
• Network Status
These LED indicators provide information about the controller and
network when the controller is connected to ControlNet via the BNC
connectors.
ControlNet Network LED States
LED State
Interpretation
Steady
The indicator is on continuously in the defined state.
Alternating
When viewed together, two indicators alternate between two
defined states; the two indicators are always in opposite
states, out of phase.
Flashing
When viewed independent of another, an indicator alternates
between the two defined states; if both indicators are
flashing, they flash together, in phase.
IMPORTANT
Keep in mind that the Module Status LED indicator reflects the
module state (for example, self-test, firmware update, normal
operation but no connection established). The network LED
indicators, A and B, reflect network status. Remember that the
host is able to engage in local messaging with the card
although it is detached from the network. Therefore, the
Module Status LED indicator is flashing green if the host has
successfully started the card. Note, however, that until the host
removes reset, all communication port LEDs.
When you view the indicators, always view the Module Status
LED indicator first to determine the state of the communication
port. This information may help you to interpret the network
LED indicators. As a general practice, view all LED indicators
(Module Status and Network Status) together to gain a full
understanding of the daughtercard’s status.
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
LED Indicators
107
Module Status (MS) LED Indicator
These are the ControlNet module LED indicators.
Indicator
Condition
Recommended Action
Off
The controller has no power.
Apply power.
The controller is faulted.
Make sure that the controller is firmly seated in the slot.
A major fault has occurred on the controller.
1. Cycle power.
Steady red
2. If the problem persists, replace the controller.
Flashing red
A minor fault has occurred because a firmware update is
in progress.
Normal operation - No action is required.
A node address switch change has occurred. The
controller’s node address switches may have been
changed since power-up.
Change the node address switches back to the original
setting. The module will continue to operate properly.
The controller uses invalid firmware.
Update the controller firmware with the ControlFlash
Update utility.
The controller’s node address duplicates that of another
device.
1. Remove power.
2. Change the node address to a unique setting.
3. Reapply power.
Steady green
Connections are established.
Normal operation - No action is required.
Flashing green
No connections are established.
Establish connections, if necessary.
Flashing
red/green
The controller is diagnosing a problem.
Wait briefly to see if problem corrects itself.
If problem persists, check the host. If the daughtercard
cannot communicate with the host, the card may remain
in self-test mode.
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108
LED Indicators
Network Channel LED Indicators
These are the ControlNet network channel LED indicators.
Channel B is only labelled on the 1769-L35CR controller. The
1769-L32C controller only has channel A but uses the second indicator
in some LED patterns as described below.
Indicator
Condition
Recommended Action
Off
A channel is disabled.
Program network for redundant media, if necessary.
Steady green
Normal operation is occurring.
Normal operation - No action is required.
Flashing green/off
Temporary network errors have occurred.
1. Check media for broken cables, loose connectors,
and missing terminators.
2. If condition persists, refer to the ControlNet Planning
and Installation Manual, publication 1786-6.2.1.
Flashing red/off
The node is not configured to go online.
Make sure the network keeper is present and working
and the selected address is less or equal to the
UMAX(1).
Media fault has occurred.
1. Check media for broken cables, loose connectors,
and missing terminators.
2. If condition persists, refer to the ControlNet Planning
and Installation Manual, publication 1786-6.2.1.
No other nodes are present on the network.
Add other nodes to the network.
Flashing red/green
The network is configured incorrectly.
Reconfigure the ControlNet network so that UMAX is
greater than or equal to the card’s node address.
Off
You should check the MS indicators.
Check the MS indicators.
Steady red
The controller is faulted.
1. Cycle power.
2. If the fault persists, contact your Rockwell
Automation representative or distributor.
Alternating red/green The controller is performing a self test.
Normal operation - No action is required.
Alternating red/off
Check the card’s network address and other ControlNet
configuration parameters.
(1)
The node is configured incorrectly.
UMAX is the highest node address on a ControlNet network that can transmit data.
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
LED Indicators
EtherNet/IP LED Indicators
109
The EtherNet/IP LED indicators are only on 1769-L32E and 1769-L35E
controllers.
Module Status (MS) LED Indicator
These are the EtherNet/IP module LED indicators.
Indicator
Condition
Recommended Action
Off
The controller does not have power.
Check the controller power supply.
Flashing green
The port is in standby mode; it does not have an IP
address and is operating in BOOTP mode.
Verify that the BOOTP server is running.
Steady green
The port is operating correctly.
Normal operation - No action is required.
Steady red
The controller is holding the port in reset or the controller
has faulted.
1. Clear the controller fault.
2. If the fault will not clear, replace the controller.
The port is performing its power-up self test.
Normal operation - No action is required.
A nonrecoverable fault has occurred.
1. Cycle power to the controller.
2. If the fault will not clear, replace the controller.
Flashing red
The port firmware is being updated.
Normal operation - No action is required.
Network Status (NS) LED Indicator
These are the EtherNet/IP network LED indicators.
Indicator
Condition
Recommended Action
Off
The port is not initialized; it does not have an IP address
and is operating in BOOTP mode.
Verify that the BOOTP server is running.
Flashing green
The port has an IP address, but no CIP connections are
established.
• If no connections are configured, no action is required.
• If connections are configured, check connection
originator for connection error code.
Steady green
The port has an IP address and CIP connections (Class 1 or Normal operation - No action is required.
Class 3) are established.
Steady red
The port has detected that the assigned IP address is
already in use.
Verify that all IP addresses are unique.
Flashing
red/green
The port is performing its power-up self test.
Normal operation - No action is required.
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
110
LED Indicators
Link Status (LNK) LED Indicator
Indicator
Condition
Recommended Action
Off
The port is not connected to a powered Ethernet device.
Therefore, the port cannot communicate on Ethernet.
1. Verify that all Ethernet cables are connected.
2. Verify that Ethernet switch is powered.
Flashing green
The port is performing its power-up self-test.
The port is communicating on Ethernet.
Steady green
The port is connected to a powered Ethernet device.
Therefore, the port can communicate on Ethernet.
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
Normal operation - No action is required.
Appendix
C
Dynamic Memory Allocation in
CompactLogix Controllers
Introduction
This appendix explains the dynamic allocation of memory in
CompactLogix controllers.
Topic
Page
Messages
112
RSLinx Tag Optimization
112
Trends
113
DDE/OPC Topics
113
Certain operations cause the controller to dynamically allocate and
remove user-available memory, affecting the space available for
program logic. As these functions become active, memory is allocated.
Memory is then removed when these functions become inactive.
Operations that dynamically allocate memory are:
• messages.
• connections to processors with RSLogix 5000 programming
software.
• RSLinx tag optimization.
• trends.
• DDE/OPC topics.
111
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
112
Dynamic Memory Allocation in CompactLogix Controllers
Messages
Messages come in and go out of the controller via the Ethernet,
ControlNet, and serial ports, causing memory allocation. The memory
allocations for messages destined to I/O are accounted for in these
allocations. To prevent message instructions from using too much
memory, do not send messages simultaneously.
Message Types
Message
Path
Connection Established?
Memory
Allocated
ControlNet Port Incoming
Yes - The message is connected.
1200 bytes
No - The message is unconnected.
1200 bytes
Outgoing
All outgoing messages whether
connected or unconnnected
1200 bytes
Incoming
Yes - The message is connected.
1200 bytes
No - The message is unconnected.
1200 bytes
Outgoing
All outgoing messages whether
connected or unconnnected
1200 bytes
Incoming
All incoming messages whether
connected or unconnected
1200 bytes
Outgoing
All outgoing messages whether
connected or unconnected
1200 bytes
Ethernet Port
Serial Port
RSLinx Tag Optimization
With tag optimization, trend objects, trend drivers, and connections
allocate memory.
Tag Functions
Item
Description
Memory Allocated
Trend Object
Object is created in the controller to group
the requested tags. One trend object can
handle approximately 100 tags.
80 bytes
Trend Driver
Drive is created to communicate with the
trend object.
36 bytes
Connection
Connection is created between the
controller and RSLinx.
1200 bytes
EXAMPLE
To monitor 100 points:
100 points x 36 bytes = 3600 bytes (Trend Driver)
3600 (Trend Driver) + 80 (Trend Object) + 1200 (Connection)
= approximately 4000 bytes
We estimate that one tag consumes about 40 bytes of memory.
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
Dynamic Memory Allocation in CompactLogix Controllers
Trends
113
Each trend created in a controller creates a trend object and allocates
a buffer for logging.
Controller Trends
DDE/OPC Topics
Item
Memory Allocated
Trend Object
80 bytes
Log Buffer
4000 bytes
A DDE/OPC topic uses connections based on these variables:
• Maximum number of messaging connections per PLC configured
in RSLinx
• Number of connections needed to optimize throughput
• Configuration of RSLinx to use connections for writing to a
ControlLogix processor
IMPORTANT
These variables are per path. For example, if you set up two
different DDE/OPC topics, with different paths to the same
controller, the variables limit the connections for each path.
Therefore, if you have a limit of 5 connections, it is possible to
have 10 connections, with 5 over each path.
Specify Connections per PLC
To specify the maximum messaging connections per PLC, perform this
procedure.
1. In RSLinx programming software, from the Communications
pull-down menu, choose Configure CIP Options.
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
114
Dynamic Memory Allocation in CompactLogix Controllers
The Configure CIP Options dialog appears.
2. In the Max. Messaging Connections per PLC field, enter the
maximum number of read connections you want a particular
workstation to make to a ControlLogix controller.
3. Click OK.
Specify Number of Connections Needed to Optimize Throughput
To specify the number of connections needed to optimize throughput,
perform this procedure.
1. Repeat step 1 from the previous procedure.
2. In the Configure CIP Options dialog, click the Use Connections
for Writes to ControlLogix processor check box.
IMPORTANT
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
Once you have selected this feature, you cannot limit the
number of connections established.
Dynamic Memory Allocation in CompactLogix Controllers
115
Number of Connections Needed to Optimize Throughput
RSLinx software only opens the number of connections required to
optimize throughput. For example, if you have one tag on scan, but
have configured RSLinx software to allow five connections as the
maximum number of connections, RSLinx software only opens one
connection for the tag. Conversely, if you have thousands of tags on
scan and limit the maximum number of CIP connections to five,
RSLinx software cannot establish more than five connections to the
CompactLogix controller. RSLinx software then funnels all of the tags
through those five available connections.
View the Number of Open Connections
To view the number of open connections made from your workstation
to the CompactLogix controller, perform this procedure.
1. In RSLinx programming software, from the Communications
pull-down menu, choose CIP Diagnostics.
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
116
Dynamic Memory Allocation in CompactLogix Controllers
The CIP Diagnostics dialog appears.
2. Click the Connections tab.
Here you see an itemized list of open connections.
3. Click the Dispatching tab.
In the Connections Established box you see the total number of
connections open to the CompactLogix controller.
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
Index
Numerics
1769-L31 CompactLogix controller
specifications 95
1769-L32C CompactLogix controller
LED indicators 106
specifications 97
1769-L32E CompactLogix controller
LED indicators 109
specifications 98
1769-L35CR CompactLogix controller
LED indicators 106
specifications 97
1769-L35E CompactLogix controller
specifications 98
1769-L3xx controllers
status indicators 103
A
additional information 9
add-on instructions 72
address data 60
AOI 72
applications
develop 65
architecture 11
ASCII devices
serial communication 35
B
battery
life 94
maintenance 93
storage 94
C
cables
1769 expansion 54
serial 16
cache messages 45
calculate
system power consumption 51
total connections 46
change
equipment states 86
change of state 56
check
low battery 93
communicate
over networks 21
117
communications
ControlNet network 25
determine timeout with any device 76
determine timeout with I/O module 77
DeviceNet network 28
DH-485 network 39
format 56
CompactFlash
reader 92
reader LED indicator 105
CompactLogix
address I/O data 60
applications development 65
battery maintenance 93
configure I/O 55
connections example 47
controller LED indicators 103
controllers’ LED indicators 105
ControlNet network communications 25
ControlNet software combinations 25
COS 56
define programs 69
define routines 69
define tasks 67
design a system 13
DeviceNet network communications 28
DeviceNet software combinations 29
DH-485 network communications 39
display I/O fault data 62
estimate battery life 94
EtherNet/IP network communications 22
EtherNet/IP software combinations 22
I/O communication format 56
I/O connections 56
I/O electronic keying 56
install controller hardware 14
Logix5000 connections 45
maintain nonvolatile memory 91
manage controller communications 43
manage tasks 65
monitor connections 75
monitor controller status 74
monitor I/O modules 62
network communications 21
organize tags 71
overview 11
place local I/O modules 54
prevent major fault 92
real-time clock accuracy 100
RPI 56
select I/O modules 49
select programming language 72
serial communications 31
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
118
Index
serial DF1 communication 34
serial modbus support 38
serial port configuration 31
use CompactFlash reader 92
validate I/O layout 50
CompactLogix controllers
dynamic memory allocation 111
specifications 95
start 11
configure
distributed I/O on ControlNet 58
distributed I/O on DeviceNet 59
distributed I/O on EtherNet 57
I/O 49, 55
PhaseManager 83
serial driver 17
connect
to controller via serial port 15
connections 45
consume data 43
ControlNet network 27
determine timeout with any device 76
determine timeout with I/O module 77
EtherNet/IP network 23
example 47
monitor 75
number needed to optimize throughput
115
produce data 43
view number of open 115
connections per PLC
specify 113
consume data
connection use 43
controller
communications management 43
design 13
fault handler 78
install 14
path selection 19
status monitoring 74
ControlNet network
communications 25
configure distributed I/O 58
connections 27
example configuration 26
interpret LED indicators 106
LED indicators 106
module status LED indicator 107
network channel LED indicators 108
software combinations 25
COS 56
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
D
data
update 61
DDE/OPC topics 113
define
programs 69
routines 69
tasks 67
design 13
CompactLogix system 13
develop
applications 65
develop application
fault handler 78
DeviceNet network
communications 28
configure distributed I/O 59
example configuration 30
software combinations 29
DF1 configuration 31
DF1 devices
serial communication 34
DH-485 network
communications 39
display
fault data 62
dynamic memory allocation 111
CompactLogix controllers 111
messages 112
RSLinx tag optimization 112
E
electronic keying 56
end cap 63
equipment states
change 86
estimate
battery life 94
requested packet interval 50
EtherNet/IP network
communications 22
configure distributed I/O 57
connections 23
example configuration 23
LED indicators 109
link status LED indicator 110
module LED indicator 109
network LED indicators 109
software combinations 22
example system 11
Index
expansion cables
configuration 54
F
fault data
display 62
fault handler 78
FBD 72
function block diagram 72
H
hardware installation 14
I
I/O
address data 60
communication format 56
configure 49, 55
connections 56
COS 56
electronic keying 56
layout validation 50
monitor 49
monitor connection 77
place 49
I/O modules
display fault data 62
end cap detection 63
monitor 62
reconfigure 63
select 49
install
hardware 14
interpret
ControlNet LED indicators 106
L
ladder diagram 72
LED indicators 103
1769-L32C CompactLogix controller 106
1769-L32E CompactLogix controller 109
1769-L35CR CompactLogix controller 106
1769-L3xx controllers 103
CompactFlash reader 105
ControlNet network 106
EtherNet/IP network 109
RS-232 serial port 105
link status LED indicator
EtherNet/IP network 110
119
local I/O modules
place 54
low battery 93
M
maintain
battery 93
nonvolatile memory 91
major fault
prevent during load 92
manage
controller communications 43
tasks 65
manual state changes 88
master mode 31
messages 112
cache 45
receive 44
reconfigure I/O module 64
send 44
modbus support
serial communications 38
module LED indicator
EtherNet/IP network 109
module status LED indicator
ControlNet network 107
monitor
connections 75
controller status 74
I/O 49
I/O modules 62
N
network channel LED indicators
ControlNet network 108
network communication 21
network LED indicators
EtherNet/IP network 109
nonvolatile memory
maintain 91
O
organize
tags 71
P
PhaseManager
configure 83
terms 83
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
120
Index
place
I/O 49
local I/O modules 54
point-to-point 31
port configuration
serial 31
prevent
major fault during load 92
produce data
connection use 43
program definition 69
programming language
select 72
programs
define 69
R
real-time clock accuracy 100
receive
messages 44
reconfigure
I/O module 63
requested packet interval
description 56
estimate 50
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
routines
define 69
RS-232 serial port
LED indicators 105
RSLinx tag optimization 112
S
select
controller path 19
I/O modules 49
programming language 72
send
messages 44
sequential function chart 72
serial
cable 16
communications 31
port configuration 31
serial communications 31
DF1 devices 34
modbus support 38
with ASCII devices 35
serial driver
configure 17
Index
serial port
direct connection to controller 15
SFC 72
slave mode 31
software combinations
ControlNet network 25
DeviceNet network 29
specifications
1769-L31 CompactLogix controller 95
1769-L32C CompactLogix controller 97
1769-L32E CompactLogix controller 98
1769-L35CR CompactLogix controller 97
1769-L35E CompactLogix controller 98
CompactLogix controllers 95
specify
connections per PLC 113
ST 72
state model 85
comparisons 88
states
manually change 88
store batteries 94
structured text 72
system layout 11
system power consumption
estimate 51
121
T
tags
organize 71
tasks
define 67
manage 65
management 65
total connections
calculate 46
trends 113
U
update
data 61
use
CompactFlash reader 92
V
validate
I/O layout 50
view
number of open connections 115
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
122
Index
Publication 1769-UM011F-EN-P - January 2007
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SECTION 9.3 PROCESS,
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROLS
Section 9.3 Process, Instrumentation & Controls
9.3.21 Apollo Double Check Backflow Preventer
Model # 4SG-10A-02
Tag # BFP-100
SECTION 9.3 PROCESS,
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROLS
Section 9.3 Process, Instrumentation & Controls
9.3.21 APCO Check Valve
Model # 304.1 Silent Check Valve (Wafer)
Tag # CV-100, 200, 300
2000
B
U
L
L
E
®
6 4 0
T
I
N
Millennium
Edition
SERIES 600
Wafer and Globe Styles
SILENT CHECK VALVES
GLOBE STYLE
SIZES 3 THROUGH 42 INCHES
SERIES 300
VALVE & PRIMER CORPORATION
1420 S. WRIGHT BLVD. •
SCHAUMBURG, IL 60193-4599
847.524.9000
•
FAX:847.524.9007
•
800.323.6969
website: www.apcovalves.com • e-mail: factory@apcovalves.com
CHECK VALVES
WAFER STYLE
SIZE 1 THROUGH 10 INCHES
Return to Previous Menu
11
. . . WHY MORE ENGINEERS ARE
Hydraulics engineers are concerned in increasing numbers with the problem of water hammer. At best it is a noise nuisance while in its most virulent form it can tear the finest pumping system apart.
What Causes Water Hammer?
The conditions responsible for this phenomenon are well
known; they occur when a quantity of energy is suddenly
released in a confined space. Energy is a function of mass
times velocity and relating this to practical hydraulics
engineering means that water hammer occurs when a
body of water in motion in a pipe is suddenly stopped.
One of the circumstances under which this phenomenon
most commonly occurs is when a pump is shut down and
the forward flow of water reverses under the influence of
gravity and commence to run the opposite way until stopped
by a check valve.
Recognizing this, it becomes obvious that one secret to
preventing water hammer due to flow reversal in a system is
to provide a check valve which will close before this reversal
of flow can take place. APCO Silent Check Valves perform
excellently in these applications.
The following briefly outlines the characteristics of various
types of check valves:
Swing Checks
The common Swing Check Valve is so designed that it
often sees the reversal of flow before closing. This means
that the body of water is already in motion and has to be
stopped abruptly as the Swing Check Valve closes.
Silent Check Valves
It was to meet this steadily growing problem that the Silent
Check Valve evolved. In designing this valve all other characteristics were subordinated to the principal need that it must
positively close before a reversal of flow takes place, silently.
The Silent Check Valve was designed to open at approximately 1/4 to 1/2 psi, which means that when a pump is shut
down, a Silent Check Valve will completely close while there
is still positive head on the inlet side of approximately 1/2 psi.
This compromise is higher head loss than Swing Check type
valves. The attached graph shows the relative head losses for
three popular types of check valves. It can be clearly seen
that Silent Check Valves do not suffer badly in comparison,
especially when it is recognized the slightly higher head loss
in the Silent Check Valves means a little more electrical power
is used during pumping operation. When comparison is made
with prevailing rates for commercial power, this head loss
may become an academic rather than a practical concern.
These facts show why more engineers are specifying APCO
Silent Check Valves for their customer’s protection.
Typical Silent Check Valve Installation
On Vertical Turbine Pumps
In this simple manner reverse flow, which is a major cause
of water hammer, never gets a chance to start (in contrast
to the swing check).
Experienced engineers know that it is only possible to achieve
perfection in one characteristic in a design at the expense or
compromise with other characteristics. We feel that we would
be remiss if we did not draw the engineer’s attention to the
compromise that has been made in perfecting the silent
virtues of the Silent Check Valve and elaborate to some extent
on the significance of this compromise.
12
LOS ANGELES COUNTY SANITARY DISTRICT
LOS
COYOTES
PLANT
Return
to Previous
Menu
2-16” 125# CLASS SILENT CHECK VALVES
6 4 0
T
I
N
Water Hammer can be both destructive and annoying. It is
caused when a pump is shut down and the forward flow of
water is allowed to reverse and is suddenly stopped by the
check valve.
L
B
U
Install SILENT CHECK VALVES on Discharge Side of the Pump!
STOPS REVERSE FLOW / STOPS WATER HAMMER before it Starts!
L
E
SPECIFYING SILENT CHECK VALVES.
By positioning a Silent Check Valve on the discharge side of the
pump, the reverse flow (which is the cause of Water Hammer)
never has a chance to start. This is because APCO Silent Check
Valves are designed to open at approximately 1/4 to 1/2 psi and
to completely close before the flow can reverse itself.
CHECK VALVES
COMPARISON
HEAD LOSS
CURVES
VELOCITY INCREASE
APCO PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE RATINGS
Wafer and Globe Styles
HEAD LOSS INCREASE
Typical Silent Check Valve Installation
note: APCO Silent Check Valves can
be installed in any position.
SILENT CHECK VALVES
Short face-to-face dimensions of APCO Silent Check Valves also
contribute to compactness in equipment room piping.
MAXIMUM NON-SHOCK SERVICE PRESSURE, P.S.I.
CLASS 125
DUCTILE IRON
ASTM A536
CLASS 250
CARBON STEEL
ASTM A216 GR WCB
PRESSURE CLASS PRESSURE CLASS
1” - 12” 14” - 24” 30” - UP 1” - 12” 14” - 24” 30” - UP
0 to 150
-20 to 100
-20 to 150
200
250
300
SEAT
TEST
PSI
SHELL
TEST
PSI
BRONZE
ASTM B62
150
300
150
225
300
500
STAINLESS STEEL
ASTM A351 CF 8M
PRESSURE CLASS
PRESSURE CLASS
150
300
400 600
150
300
400 600
740
707
675
665
655
990
945
900
887
875
1480
1415
1350
1332
1315
275
257
240
227
215
720
670
620
590
560
960
892
825
785
745
815
1090 1630
305
795
1060 1585
200
190
175
165
150
135
125
110
150
115
85
50
500
460
415
375
300
280
260
240
300
250
200
150
250
242
235
235
215
640
620
600
582
565
210
195
180
465
425
390
285
272
260
245
230
200
150
150
500
300
300
275
720
300
1000
315
300
230
230
750
450
450
400
975
450
1500
450 1125 1500 2225
1440
1340
1240
1180
1120
425 1100 1450 2175
Return to Previous Menu
CHECK VALVES
CAST IRON
ASTM A126 GR.B
TEMP.
°F
13
WAFE R STYLE
S
E
R
I
E
S
3
0 0
Full flow area approximately 3% greater than Pipe Size
STANDARD CONSTRUCTION
Cast Iron Body
Bronze Trim
Stainless Steel Spring
OPTIONAL CONSTRUCTION
Stainless Steel
Ductile Iron or
Cast Steel Body
with Bronze or
Stainless Steel Trim
Resilient Seating (Buna-N)
USE ONLY
FLAT FACE FLANGE
AND
FULL FACE GASKET
SEAT RING
OD
MATING
FLANGE
ID
SEE FIGURE 1. (OPTIONAL)
NOTE:
ID OF MATING FLANGE (SEAT SIDE ONLY)
SHOULD NEVER BE GREATER THAN SEAT RING OD.
RESILIENT
SEAT DETAIL
125 lb. & 250 lb. A.S.A. Pressure Classes
*
*
*
*
Model
No.
301
3011⁄4
3011⁄2
302
3021⁄2
303
304
305
306
Valve
Size
1”
11⁄4”
11⁄2”
2”
21⁄2”
3”
4”
5”
6”
Face to
Face
21⁄16”
21⁄16”
23⁄8”
25⁄8”
27⁄8”
31⁄8”
4”
45⁄8”
51⁄2”
308
310
8”
10”
61⁄2”
81⁄4”
358
360
8”
10”
61⁄2”
81⁄4”
No. of Bolts
125# 250#
4”
4”
4”
4”
4”
4”
4”
4”
4”
4”
4”
4”
8”
8”
8”
8”
12”
8”
Bolt Circle
125# 250#
31⁄8”
31⁄2”
31⁄2”
37⁄8”
37⁄8”
41⁄2”
43⁄4”
5”
57⁄8”
51⁄2”
6”
65⁄8”
71⁄2”
77⁄8”
81⁄2”
91⁄4”
91⁄2”
105⁄8”
Bolt Size
125#
250#
1
5
⁄2” x 4 ⁄4”
⁄8” x 41⁄2”
1
5
⁄2” x 41⁄4”
⁄8” x 41⁄2”
1
3
⁄2” x 4 3⁄4”
⁄4” x 51⁄4”
5
5
⁄8” x 5 1⁄4”
⁄8” x 5 1⁄2”
5
3
⁄8” x 5 3⁄4”
⁄4” x 61⁄2”
5
3
⁄8” x 61⁄4”
⁄4” x 7”
5
3
⁄8” x 7”
⁄4” x 8”
3
3
⁄4” x 7 3⁄4”
⁄4” x 9”
3
3
⁄4” x 8 3⁄4”
⁄4” x 10”
1
125 lb. A.S.A. Pressure Class
8”
12”
113⁄4”
141⁄4”
3
⁄4” x 10”
⁄8” x 12 1⁄2”
7
250 lb. A.S.A. Pressure Class
12”
16”
13”
151⁄4”
⁄8” x 111⁄4”
1” x 133⁄4”
7
OPERATING PRESSURE TO 1500 LB. CLASS IS AVAILABLE
PLEASE CONTACT FACTORY FOR HIGHER PRESSURE CLASSES.
14
125 LB. CLASS
150 LB. CLASS
BOLT CIRCLE
250 LB. CLASS
300 LB. CLASS
BOLT CIRCLE
FIGURE 1
optional for both
wafer or globe
styles
PRESSURE JOINT
IS EFFECTED
AFTER
INSTALLATION
APPLIES
TO BOTH
WAFER
AND
GLOBE
STYLES.
SCREW RETAINS
SEAT DURING
HANDLING
AND
SHIPPING.
➫
CHECK THESE 3 VITAL FEATURES
THAT
MAKEMenu
Return
to Previous
APCO SILENT CHECK VALVES YOUR BEST CHOICE
R
I
E
S
6
0 0
E
E
B
STANDARD CONSTRUCTION
Cast Iron Body
Bronze Trim
Stainless Steel Spring
U
L
Full flow area approximately 10% greater than Pipe Size
L
S
6 4 0
N
T
I
G LOB E STYLE
OPTIONAL CONSTRUCTION
Stainless Steel
Ductile Iron or
Cast Steel Body
with Bronze or
Stainless Steel Trim
Resilient Seating (Buna-N)
COMPRESSION MOLDED (NOT GLUED OR CHEMICALLY
BONDED) ONTO THE SEAT ALLOWING METAL TO METAL
RESILIENT
SEAT DETAIL
125 lb. & 150 lb.
A.S.A. Pressure Classes
Model
No.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
603
604
605
606
608
610
612
614
616
618
620
624
630
636
642
Valve
Size
3”
4”
5”
6”
8”
10”
12”
14”
16”
18”
20”
24”
30”
36”
42”
Flange
Diam.
71⁄2”
9”
10”
11”
131⁄2”
16”
19”
21”
231⁄2”
25”
271⁄2”
32”
383⁄4”
46”
53”
Face
to
Face
Bolt
Circle
Diam.
* Max.
Bolts No. of Mating
Size Bolts Flange ID
5
6”
6”
⁄8”
71⁄4”
71⁄2” 5⁄8”
81⁄2”
81⁄2” 3⁄4”
9”
91⁄2” 3⁄4”
101⁄8” 113⁄4” 3⁄4”
12” 141⁄4” 7⁄8”
141⁄4” 17” 7⁄8”
153⁄4” 183⁄4” 1”
175⁄8” 211⁄4” 1”
183⁄4” 223⁄4” 11⁄8”
205⁄8” 25” 11⁄8”
24” 291⁄2” 11⁄4”
291⁄4” 36” 11⁄4”
45” 423⁄4” 11⁄2”
50” 491⁄2” 11⁄2”
OPERATING PRESSURE TO
250 lb. & 300 lb.
A.S.A. Pressure Classes
4
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
20
20
28
32
36
33⁄8
43⁄4
51⁄2
61⁄2
81⁄2
103⁄4
127⁄8
143⁄4
161⁄2
183⁄4
205⁄8
243⁄4
291⁄2
36
42
1500 LB. CLASS IS AVAILABLE.
Model
No.
Valve
Size
Flange
Diam.
653
654
655
656
658
660
662
664
666
668
670
674
680
686
692
3”
4”
5”
6”
8”
10”
12”
14”
16”
18”
20”
24”
30”
36”
42”
81⁄4”
10”
11”
121⁄2”
15”
171⁄2”
201⁄2’
23”
251⁄2”
28”
301⁄2”
36”
43”
50”
57”
Face
to
Face
Bolt
Circle
Diam.
* Max.
Bolts No. of Mating
Size Bolts Flange ID
6”
71⁄4”
81⁄2”
9”
101⁄8”
12”
141⁄4”
153⁄4”
175⁄8”
183⁄4”
205⁄8”
24”
291⁄4”
45”
50”
65⁄8”
77⁄8”
91⁄4”
105⁄8”
13”
151⁄4”
173⁄4”
201⁄4”
221⁄2”
243⁄4”
27”
32”
391⁄4”
46”
523⁄4”
⁄4”
⁄4”
3
⁄4”
3
⁄4”
7
⁄8”
1”
11⁄8”
11⁄8”
11⁄4”
11⁄4”
11⁄4”
11⁄2”
13⁄4”
21⁄8”
21⁄4”
3
3
8
8
8
12
12
16
16
20
20
24
24
24
28
32
36
33⁄8
43⁄4
51⁄2
61⁄2
81⁄2
103⁄4
127⁄8
143⁄4
161⁄2
183⁄4
205⁄8
243⁄4
291⁄2
36
42
PLEASE CONTACT FACTORY FOR HIGHER PRESSURE CLASSES.
• WORKS EQUALLY WELL IN ANY POSITION
• SELF-CLEANING SPRING GUARANTEES NO STICKING
Return to Previous Menu
• CAREFULLY SELECTED STAINLESS STEEL SPRING ENSURES SMOOTH SILENT CLOSING
Wafer and Globe Styles
USE ONLY
FLAT FACE FLANGE
AND
FULL FACE GASKET
CHECK VALVES
NOTE:
If special mating flanges are used,
ID of mating flange (seat side only) should
never be greater than seat ring OD.
SILENT CHECK VALVES
CONTACT WITH DROP TIGHT RESILIENT SHUT-OFF.
15
What makes the APCO Silent
Performance Guarantee
The graph below shows the comparative head loss through different manufacturers’ Silent Check Valves. The figures
used to construct this graph were obtained from certified independent laboratory tests for the APCO valves and compared against other available published data.
The lower losses of APCO Silent Check Valve as indicated by this graph frequently gives rise to the question “How does
APCO manage to keep its losses below those of the other valves examined?”
Superior performance is never accidental and this question is best answered by the following details.
First, every APCO valve is designed with the initial premise that the minimum cross-sectional area shall exceed that of
the pipe it serves. In every APCO valve the full cross-sectional area of the most critical points, is greater than the crosssectional area of the pipe. This is clearly illustrated on the valve drawing of a 5” APCO Silent Check Valve on the adjacent page.
Secondly, APCO has designed many types of valves for hydraulic service for over sixty years and our engineers are especially conscious of the importance of good hydraulic flow lines. Again, an examination of the drawing on the next page
will show how very carefully the contours have been worked out to give the best possible hydraulic flow results.
Even small details such as streamlining the spokes have been given due consideration. This devotion to design detail
makes it readily obvious why the APCO Silent Check Valve can reasonably be expected to have the most favorable flow
characteristics of any Silent Check Valve.
PRESSURE LOSS CURVE COMPARISON BETWEEN APCO SILENT CHECK VALVES AND OTHER SIMILAR MAKES
(ACTUAL TESTS SHOWN FOR A PARTICULAR SIZE)
Construction
A simple loose guide bushing for the shaft is provided made
of the same material as the shaft. This bushing is held in place
by the spring, so that in the event it is considered necessary
to take the valve apart in the field, the bushings can be easily
removed by hand.
16
PRESSURE LOSS
( I N F E E T O F WAT E R )
Electrolytic action is eliminated by having the shaft of the plug
ride in bushings made of the same material as the shaft itself.
VALVE
M
3
VALVE
W
VALVE
C
2
( I N P. S. I . )
The seat is held by stainless steel screws so that it can be
taken apart after years of service as easily as the day it was
made.
4
RANGE OF MOST COMMON
OPERATING VELOCITY FLOWS
1
APCO
VALVE
VELO CITY IN PIPE (F.P. S . )
Return to Previous Menu
PRESSURE LOSS
The superior performance characteristics of the APCO Silent
Check Valve are matched by its equally superior quality of
construction as the following design details will show.
6 4 0
N
I
T
L
U
B
APCO Silent Check Valves have been thoroughly tested by Factory Mutual Research Corp. As a
result, the 300 Series and 600 Series Valves can be used on hazardous fire fighting equipment and
fire protection systems with assurance of performance. For such applications, insist on the Factory
Mutual Guarantee Label of Approval on your Silent Check Valve. Available on sizes as indicated.
L
E
Check Valve so outstanding?
Materials of Construction
All the materials used in APCO valves are clearly referred to by their appropriate ASTM numbers.
APCO offers Ductile Iron as an alternate to the conventional cast iron.
A brief technical explanation of the qualities is given below.
The Advantages of Ductile Iron
Ductile Iron, contrary to its name, is not really a cast iron at all but an alloy developed by the International Nickel Company.
Cast Iron has graphite present in lenticular flakes which causes it to be brittle and have a relatively low tensile strength.
The graphite in Ductile Iron is present in spheroidal shape making it ductile with a much higher tensile strength.
COMPARE FLOW AREA OF PIPE BELOW WITH THOSE SHOWN AT DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF THE VALVE
Area of 5” Pipe = 20.1 Sq. In.
FLOW AREA OF
VALVE AT CROSS
SECTION LINES
SHOWN BELOW
E
27.1 SQ. IN.
Bronze Bushing
protects against
Electrolytic action
D
29.1 SQ. IN.
Wafer and Globe Styles
5” APCO SERIES 600 SILENT CHECK VALVE WITH MINIMUM
10% GREATER FLOW AREA.
SILENT CHECK VALVES
Various types of Ductile Iron are available and we use the one especially recommended for valves. This is
Type 65-45-12 Ductile Iron ASTM A536 strength of 65 to 80,000 psi and a yield strength of 45 to 60,000 psi,
equivalent to carbon steels, yet retaining the anti-corrosion properties of iron.
Smooth flow
Body Contour
guarantees
minimum loss
B
22.1 SQ. IN.
STROKE
Stainless
Steel Spring
(Also available
in Monel
for critical
water condition)
A
23.1 SQ. IN.
ALL APCO
SILENT CHECK VALVES
100% HYDROSTATICALLY
TESTED TO ANSI STANDARDS
CHECK VALVES
C
27.2 SQ. IN.
Stainless Steel Ball & Seat Retaining Screws.
Return to Previous Menu
17
SPECIFICATIONS
HEAD LOSS CHARACTERISTICS FOR
SILENT CHECK VALVES SERIES 300 (CHECK STYLE)
11⁄4”
1”
10
9
8
7
6
5
11⁄2”
21⁄2”
2”
3”
4”
5” 6”
8”
HEAD LOSS CHARACTERISTICS FOR
SILENT CHECK VALVES SERIES 600 (GLOBE STYLE)
100,000
9
8
7
6
3
50,000
4
2
3
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
42”
36”
2
FLOW IN GALLONS PER MINUTE
HEAD LOSS IN FEET
4
30”
24”
10,000
9
8
7
6
5,000
4
.3
.2
.1
2
3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2
3
4
5 6 7 8 9100
2
3
4 5 6 7 8 9 1,000
2
3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10,000
FLOW IN GALLONS PER MINUTE
●
For dynamic performance testing results
(the relationship of pressure rise to valve closure), please see Bulletin #769.
At left:
Typical Silent
Check Valve
application
on vertical
turbine
pumps (30”).
”
20
18”
16”
14”
3
12”
2
10”
8”
1,000
9
8
7
6
500
4
6”
5”
3
4”
2
3”
100
.1
Utah Valley
Water
Treatment
Plant, Orem,
Utah.
.2
.3
.4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1
2
3
4
5 6 7 8 9 10
HEAD LOSS IN FEET
S E R I E S 3 0 0 W A F E R S T Y L E S I L E N T C H E C K V A LV E
Wafer Style Silent Check Valves shall be designed with cast iron bodies, bronze seat, bronze plug and stainless steel
spring. The valve plug must be center guided at both ends with a through integral shaft and spring loaded for guaranteed silent shut-off operation.
The spring must be helical or conical. Seat and plug shall be hand replaceable in the field for ease of maintenance.
The flow area through the body shall be equal to or greater than the cross-section area of the equivalent pipe size.
Check Valve must be capable of silent operation when installed in vertical or horizontal position - flow up or down.
All materials of construction shall be certified in writing to conform to A.S.T.M. specifications as follows:
Body
Cast iron
ASTM A126 Gr.B
Plug & seat
Bronze
ASTM B584 C83600
Spring
Stainless steel
ASTM A276 T316
Exterior paint
Universal Metal Primer
FDA approved for potable water contact
Valve to be APCO Series 300 - 1” through 10” Silent Check Valve - Wafer Style, Factory Mutual Approved - sizes 4”, 6”, 8” and 10”
(125 Lb. Class), sizes 4”, 6”, (250 Lb. Class), as manufactured by Valve and Primer Corporation, Schaumburg, Illinois, U.S.A.
S E R I E S 6 0 0 G L O B E S T Y L E S I L E N T C H E C K V A LV E
Globe Style Silent Check Valve shall be designed with semi-steel bodies, bronze seat, bronze plug and stainless
steel spring. The valve plug must be center guided at both ends with a through integral shaft and spring loaded for
guaranteed silent shut-off operation.
The spring must be helical or conical. The seat and plug shall be hand replaceable in the field for ease of maintenance.
The flow area through the body shall be equal to or greater than the cross-sectional are of the equivalent pipe size.
All materials of construction shall be certified in writing to conform to A.S.T.M. specifications as follows:
Body
Cast iron
ASTM A126 Gr.B
Plug & seat
Bronze
ASTM B584 C83600
Spring
Stainless steel
ASTM A276 T316
Exterior paint
Universal Metal Primer
FDA approved for potable water contact
Valve to be APCO Series 600 - 3” through 42” Silent Check Valves - Factory Mutual Approved - sizes 4”, 6”, 8”, 10”, 12” and
18”, as manufactured by Valve & Primer Corporation, Schaumburg, Illinois, U.S.A.
18
VALVE & PRIMER CORPORATION
1420 S. WRIGHT BLVD. •
SCHAUMBURG, IL 60193-4599
847.524.9000
•
FAX:847.524.9007
•
800.323.6969
website: www.apcovalves.com • e-mail: factory@apcovalves.com
Return
to Previous Menu
&
VALVE
PRIMER CORPORATION HEREBY RESERVES THE RIGHT TO CHANGE ANY
COMPONENT PARTS WHICH, IN THE OPINION OF ITS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,
WILL IMPROVE THE PRODUCT OR INCREASE ITS SERVICEABILITY.
SILENT CHECK VAL
VE - WAFER STYLE
ALVE
BRONZE ASTM 584
BRONZE ASTM 584
BRONZE ASTM 584
DATE
09-01-03
DRWG. NO.
S-300
SPECIFICATIONS OTHER SIDE
September 1, 2003
SPECIFICA
TIONS
SPECIFICATIONS
SERIES 300 WAFER STYLE SILENT CHECK VALVE
Wafer Style Silent Check Valve shall be designed with 3% greater flow area than standard wall schedule 40
pipe to reduce head loss. The manufacturer must provide certified test curves to verify head loss.
The Body shall be cast iron, Seat and Plug bronze for high strength. The valve Plug must have a central shaft
- guided at each end - spring loaded to guarantee silent shut-off operation.
The Seat and Plug shall be hand replaceable in the field for easy maintenance. The seating surfaces shall be
metal to metal or resilient (Buna-N) to metal. Engineer to specify.
The Spring must be T316 stainless steel. The spring shall be helical or conical in form.
All materials of construction shall be certified in writing to conform to A.S.T.M. specifications as follows:
Body
Seat & plug
Seat w/ Buna-N seal
Spring
Exterior Paint
Cast iron
Bronze
Bronze
Stainless steel
Universal Primer
ASTM A126 Gr. B
ASTM 584
Buna-N
ASTM A313 T316
FDA Approved for
Potable Water
Valve to be APCO Series 300 - 1" thru 10" Silent Check Valves. FACTORY MUTUAL Tested
and Approved - 125# - 4", 6", 8", 10". 250# - 4" and 6" as manufactured by Valve & Primer
Corporation, Schaumburg, Illinois, U.S.A.
1420 S. Wright BLVD. Schaumburg, IL 60193-4599
847-524-9000
FAX 847-524-9007
800-323-6969
WEBSITE: www.apcovalves.com EMAIL: factory@apcovalves.com
SECTION 9.4 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 9.4
Section
Laboratory Equipment
Manufacturer & Description
9.4.1
Hach 2100P Portable Turbidimeter
9.4.2
Hach Pocket Chlorine Analyzer
9.4.3
Real Tech UVT meter
Make/Model
Tag #
Hach - Model-2100P
NA
Hach - Cat # 58700-00
NA
Real UVT-07
NA
Page
SECTION 9.4 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
Section 9.4 Laboratory Equipment
9.4.1 Hach 2100P Portable Turbidimeter
Model # 2100P
Tag # NA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................ 3
CERTIFICATION ............................................................................ 5
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ............................................................. 7
SPECIFICATIONS .......................................................................... 9
OPERATION ....................................................................................11
SECTION 1 DESCRIPTION ....................................................... 13
1.1 General Description....................................................................... 13
1.2 Accessories .................................................................................... 14
1.3 Principle of Operation ................................................................... 14
1.4 Preparation for Use........................................................................ 15
1.4.1 Unpacking ............................................................................ 15
1.4.2 Battery Installation............................................................... 16
1.4.3 Using the Battery Eliminator and Rechargeable Batteries... 16
1.4.4 Calibration............................................................................ 16
SECTION 2 TURBIDITY MEASUREMENT ........................ 19
2.1 Operating Controls and Indicators................................................. 19
2.2 Turbidity Measurement ................................................................. 19
2.2.1 Turbidity Measurement Procedure....................................... 20
2.2.2 Measurement Notes ............................................................. 22
2.3 Measurement Techniques .............................................................. 22
2.3.1 Cleaning Sample Cells ......................................................... 23
2.3.2 Oiling the Sample Cell......................................................... 23
2.3.3 Orienting Sample Cells ........................................................ 24
2.3.4 Matching multiple sample cells ........................................... 26
2.3.5 Removing Bubbles (Degassing) .......................................... 28
2.3.6 Measuring Overrange Samples ............................................ 31
2.3.7 Condensation (fogging) ....................................................... 31
2.3.8 Calibration............................................................................ 31
2.3.9 Representative Sampling ..................................................... 32
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS, continued
SECTION 3 OPERATION .......................................................... 33
3.1 Operational Controls and Indicators .............................................
3.2 Using the Read Key ......................................................................
3.2.1 Continuous Reading ............................................................
3.3 Using the Signal Averaging Key ..................................................
3.4 Using the Range Selection Key ....................................................
3.5 Restoring the Default Calibration .................................................
3.6 Calibration ....................................................................................
3.6.1 StablCal Stabilized Formazin Standards .............................
3.6.2 Formazin Primary Standards ...............................................
3.6.3 Calibrating the Turbidimeter ...............................................
3.6.4 Using Gelex® Secondary Turbidity Standards....................
33
35
35
35
36
36
37
37
40
44
54
MAINTENANCE ............................................................................ 57
SECTION 4 MAINTENANCE ................................................... 59
4.1 Cleaning ........................................................................................ 59
4.2 Battery Replacement..................................................................... 59
4.3 Lamp Replacement ....................................................................... 59
SECTION 5 TROUBLESHOOTING .......................................
5.1 Using the Diagnostic Functions Key ............................................
5.1.1 Basic Diagnostic Codes.......................................................
5.2 The Diagnostic Procedure.............................................................
5.3 Other Instrument Diagnostics .......................................................
5.3.1 Display Test.........................................................................
5.4 Error Messages .............................................................................
5.4.1 Flashing Numeric Display...................................................
5.4.2 E Messages..........................................................................
5.4.3 CAL? ...................................................................................
67
67
67
68
70
70
70
70
70
70
GENERAL INFORMATION....................................................... 73
Replacement Parts & Accessories .............................................. 74
HOW TO ORDER ......................................................................... 76
REPAIR SERVICE ........................................................................ 77
WARRANTY ................................................................................... 78
4
CERTIFICATION
Hach Company certifies this instrument was tested thoroughly,
inspected and found to meet its published specifications when it was
shipped from the factory.
The Model 2100P Portable Turbidimeter has been tested and is certified
as indicated to the following instrumentation standards:
Product Safety
Battery/Eliminator Power Supply Only:
120 Vac, 60 Hz, UL Listed & CSA Certified, Class 2
230 Vac, 50 Hz, VDE Approved, GS & CE marked
Immunity
2100P Turbidimeter Tested with external Battery/Eliminator
Power Supply:
EN 50082-1 (European Generic Immunity Standard) per 89/336/EEC
EMC: Supporting test records with Dash Straus and Goodhue, Inc.
(now Intertek Testing Services), certified compliance by
Hach Company.
Standards include:
IEC 801-2 Electro-Static Discharge
IEC 801-3 Radiated RF Electro-Magnetic Fields
IEC 801-4 Electrical Fast Transients/Burst
Emissions
2100P Turbidimeter Tested with external Battery/Eliminator
Power Supply:
EN 50081-1 (Emissions) per 89/336/EEC EMC: Supporting test
records by Amador Corp. (now TUV Product Services), certified
compliance by Hach Company
Standards include:
EN 55022 (CISPR 22) Emissions, Class B Limits
Canadian Radio Interference-Causing Regulation, Chapter 1374,
Class A: Supporting test records by Amador Corp. (now TUV Product
Services), certified compliance by Hach Company
This Class A digital apparatus meets all requirements of the Canadian
Interference-Causing Equipment Regulations.
Cet appareil numérique de la classe A respecte toutes les exigences du
Règlement sur le matériel brouilleur du Canada.
5
CERTIFICATION, continued
FCC Part 15, Class “A” Limits: Supporting test records by Amador
Corp. (now TUV Product Services), certified compliance by
Hach Company.
This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is
subject to the following two conditions:
1. this device may not cause harmful interference, and
2. this device must accept any interference received, including
interference that may cause undesired operation.
Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly approved by the
party responsible for compliance could void the user’s authority to
operate the equipment.
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits
for a Class A digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules.
These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against
harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial
environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio
frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with
the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio
communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area may
cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to
correct the interference at his own expense.
The following techniques of reducing interference problems are
applied easily:
1. Disconnect the battery eliminator from it’s power source and
from the 2100P Portable Turbidimeter to verify if it is the source
of the interference
2. If the battery eliminator for the 2100P Portable Turbidimeter is
plugged into the same outlet as the device with which it is
interfering, try another outlet.
3. Move the 2100P Portable Turbidimeter away from the device
receiving the interference.
4. Reposition the receiving antenna for the device receiving
the interference.
5. Try combinations of the above.
6
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Please read this entire manual before unpacking, setting up, or
operating this instrument. Pay particular attention to all danger and
caution statements. Failure to do so could result in serious injury to the
operator or damage to the equipment.
To ensure the protection provided by this equipment is not impaired, do
not use or install this equipment in any manner other than that which is
specified in this manual.
Use of Hazard Information
If multiple hazards exist, this manual will use the signal word (Danger,
Caution, Note) corresponding to the greatest hazard.
DANGER
Indicates a potentially or imminently hazardous situation which,
if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury.
CAUTION
Indicates a potentially hazardous situation that may result in minor
or moderate injury.
NOTE
Information that requires special emphasis.
Precautionary Labels
Read all labels and tags attached to the instrument. Personal injury or
damage to the instrument could occur if not observed.
This symbol, if noted on the instrument, references the instruction
manual for operational and/or safety information.
7
8
SPECIFICATIONS
Specifications subject to change without notice.
Operating specifications applicable at 25 °C unless noted.
Program software copyrighted by Hach Company, 1991.
Measurement Method: Ratio Nephelometric signal (90°) scatter light
ratio to transmitted light
Range: 0-1000 NTU with automatic decimal point placement or
manual range selection of 0-9.99, 0-99.9 and 0-1000 NTU
Accuracy: ± 2% of reading plus stray light from 0-1000 NTU
Resolution: 0.01 NTU on lowest range
Repeatability: ±1% of reading or 0.01 NTU, whichever is greater (with
Gelex standards)
Response Time: 6 seconds for full step change without signal
averaging in constant reading mode
Stray Light: <0.02 NTU
Standardization: StablCal® Stabilized Formazin primary standards or
Formazin primary standards
Secondary Standards: Gelex® Secondary Standards
Display: Four-digit liquid crystal; 10.16 mm (0.4 in) high digits with
custom icons
Light Source: Tungsten filament lamp; lamp life typically greater than
100,000 readings
Detectors: Silicon photovoltaic
Signal Averaging: Operator selectable on or off
Sample Cells: (Height X width) 60.0 X 25 mm (2.36 X 1 in)
Borosilicate glass with screw caps, marking band and fill line
Sample Required: 15 mL (0.5 oz.)
Storage Temperature: -40 to 60 °C (-40 to 140 °F) (instrument only)
9
SPECIFICATIONS, continued
Operating Temperature: 0 to 50 °C (32 to 122 °F) (instrument only)
Operating Humidity Range: 0 to 90% RH noncondensing at 30 °C;
0 to 80% RH noncondensing at 40 °C;
0 to 70% RH noncondensing at 50 °C
Power Requirements: Four AA Alkaline cells or optional
battery eliminator
Battery Life: Typically 300 tests with signal average mode off;
180 tests with signal average mode on
Battery Eliminator (optional):
For 120 V eliminator: CSA and UL approved for 120 VAC ±10%,
60 Hz, 6 V at 800 mA DC output
For 230 V eliminator: CE (VDE) approval pending for 230 VAC
±10%, 50 Hz, 6 V at 900 mA DC output
Enclosure: High impact ABS plastic
Dimensions: 22.2 X 9.5 X 7.9 cm (8.75 X 3.75 X 3.12 in)
Instrument Weight: 520 kg (1 lb 2.5 oz)
Shipping Weight: 3.1 kg (6 lbs 8.5 oz)
10
OPERATION
DANGER
Handling chemical samples, standards, and reagents can be dangerous.
Review the necessary Material Safety Data Sheets and become familiar with
all safety procedures before handling any chemicals.
DANGER
La manipulation des échantillons chimiques, étalons et réactifs peut être
dangereuse. Lire les Fiches de Données de Sécurité des Produits (FDSP) et
se familiariser avec toutes les procédures de sécurité avant de manipuler tous
les produits chimiques.
PELIGRO
La manipulación de muestras químicas, estándares y reactivos puede ser
peligrosa. Revise las fichas de seguridad de materiales y familiarícese con
los procedimientos de seguridad antes de manipular productos químicos.
GEFAHR
Das Arbeiten mit chemischen Proben, Standards und Reagenzien ist mit
Gefahren verbunden. Es wird dem Benutzer dieser Produkte empfohlen, sich
vor der Arbeit mit sicheren Verfahrensweisen und dem richtigen Gebrauch
der Chemikalien vertraut zu machen und alle entsprechenden
Materialsicherheitsdatenblätter aufmerksam zu lesen.
PERIGO
A manipulação de amostras, padrões e reagentes químicos pode ser perigosa.
Reveja a folha dos dados de segurança do material e familiarize-se com
todos os procedimentos de segurança antes de manipular quaisquer produtos
químicos.
PERICOLO
La manipolazione di campioni, standard e reattivi chimici può essere
pericolosa. La preghiamo di prendere conoscenza delle Schede Techniche
necessarie legate alla Sicurezza dei Materiali e di abituarsi con tutte
le procedure di sicurezza prima di manipolare ogni prodotto chimico.
11
12
SECTION 1 DESCRIPTION
1.1 General Description
The Hach Model 2100P Portable Turbidimeter (Figure 1) measures
turbidity from 0.01 to 1000 NTU in automatic range mode with
automatic decimal point placement. The manual range mode measures
turbidity in three ranges: 0.01 to 9.99, 10 to 99.9 and 100 to 1000 NTU.
Designed primarily for field use, the microprocessor-based Model
2100P has the range, accuracy, and resolution of many laboratory
instruments. The instrument operates on four AA batteries or with an
optional battery eliminator. Rechargeable nickel-cadmium cells may
be used, but cannot be recharged in the instrument. The instrument
automatically shuts off after 5.5 minutes if no keystrokes occur
(does not influence operation). If this occurs, simply turn the instrument
on – the 2100P will resume operation as if the power had not been
interrupted. The instrument, all standard accessories, and the optional
battery eliminator may be conveniently stored in the carrying case.
Figure 1
2100P Turbidimeter and Accessories
Note: Avoid prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light and sunlight.
Note: Do not hold the instrument during measurements; place the instrument on a flat,
steady surface.
13
SECTION 1, continued
1.2 Accessories
Accessories supplied with the turbidimeter include nine sample
cells; three Gelex® Secondary Standards (included with 4650000 only);
one sealed vial each of:
<0.1-NTU, 20-NTU, 100-NTU, and 800-NTU StablCal® Stabilized
Formazin Standards; 4 AA alkaline batteries; 15 mL of silicone oil;
oiling cloth; carrying case; instrument manual; and quick reference card.
1.3 Principle of Operation
The Model 2100P Portable Turbidimeter operates on the nephelometric
principle of turbidity measurement. This instrument meets the design
criteria specified by the United States Environmental Protection
Agency, Method 180.1.
The optical system* (Figure 2) includes a tungsten-filament lamp, a 90°
detector to monitor scattered light and a transmitted light detector. The
instrument's microprocessor calculates the ratio of the signals from the
90° and transmitted light detectors. This ratio technique corrects for
interferences from color and/or light absorbing materials (such as
activated carbon) and compensates for fluctuations in lamp intensity,
providing long-term calibration stability. The optical design also
minimizes stray light, increasing measurement accuracy.
Figure 2
Ratio Optical System
90°
Detector
Transmitted
Light
Detector
Lamp
Lens
Sample
Cell
* Patent number 4,198,161; other patents pending.
14
SECTION 1, continued
1.4 Preparation for Use
1.4.1
Unpacking
Remove the instrument and accessories from the shipping box and
inspect them for damage that may have occurred due to rough handling
or extreme weather conditions. Verify the following are present:
•
Model 2100P Portable Turbidimeter
•
Instrument Manual (with quick reference card)
•
Set of StablCal Primary Standards in sealed vials, one each of:
<0.1 NTU*
20 NTU
100 NTU
800 NTU
•
Standardization Kit containing Gelex Secondary Standards
(0-10, 0-100 and 0-1000 ranges) (included with 4650000 only) plus
nine sample cells with caps.
•
Silicone Oil, 15-mL (0.5 oz) dropping bottle
•
Oiling Cloth
•
Carrying Case
•
Four AA alkaline batteries
If any of the items are missing or damaged, please contact the Customer
Service Department, Hach Company, Loveland, Colorado. The toll-free
number in the United States is 800-227-4224. International customers
should contact the Hach office or authorized distributor serving your
area. Refer to REPAIR SERVICE on page 77. Please do not return the
instrument without prior authorization from Hach.
* Used in place of the dilution water standard when performing a
calibration.
15
SECTION 1, continued
1.4.2
Battery Installation
The instrument is shipped completely assembled without the batteries
installed. Before use, install the four AA alkaline batteries or connect
the battery eliminator (Figure 3). For battery operation, remove the
battery compartment cover on the instrument bottom and install the
batteries. Correct battery polarity is shown on the battery holder. The
instrument will not function if the batteries are not installed correctly.
Reinstall the battery compartment cover.
Figure 3
1.4.3
Battery Installation
Using the Battery Eliminator and
Rechargeable Batteries
For operation with the optional battery eliminator, plug the eliminator
jack into the connector on the turbidimeter side. The battery eliminator
may be used with or without the batteries installed. The eliminator will
not charge batteries. Rechargeable batteries may be used in the
instrument, but must be removed for recharging. See HOW TO ORDER
on page 76 for ordering information. To prolong battery life,
the instrument lamp turns on temporarily when the READ key
is depressed. Batteries are not necessary for battery
eliminator operation.
1.4.4
Calibration
The 2100P Portable Turbidimeter is calibrated with Formazin Primary
Standard at the factory. However, the instrument should be calibrated
upon receipt for best results. Hach recommends recalibration with
16
SECTION 1, continued
formazin once every three months, or more often as experience dictates.
The Gelex Secondary Standards supplied with the instrument (included
with 4650000 only) are labelled with general ranges for application, but
must be assigned values before use from formazin calibration. See
Section 3.6 on page 37 for calibration instructions.
17
18
SECTION 2 TURBIDITY MEASUREMENT
2.1 Operating Controls and Indicators
Figure 4 shows the 2100P controls and indicators. Refer to SECTION 3
for a detailed description of each control and indicator.
Figure 4
Keyboard and Display with Descriptions
Displayed when instrument
is in diagnostic mode
Indicates instrument is
in calibration mode
Four digit display
Indicates which
standard should be
measured when “S” is
displayed, and which
diagnostic code is
functional when
“DIAG” is displayed
Indicates
recalibration may
be necessary
2100P TURBIDIMETER
DIAG
Prompting indicator for
calibration sequence
Indicates
measurement unit
is Nephelometric
Turbidity Unit
CAL?
NTU
Negative sign for
some diagnostic values
AUTO RNG
Displayed when
instrument is in
automatic range
mode
EDIT
Flashes when battery
voltage level drops
below 4.4 volts
Constant display
indicates lamp is on;
flashing indicates
low light level
Displayed when
Signal Averaging
is on
SIG AVG
MODE
Used to edit displayed
values and display
lamp-on values in
diagnostic mode
CAL
DIAG
SIGNAL
AVERAGE
Used to scroll
through diagnostic
and calibration
modes. Also scrolls
through numbers.
POWER
RANGE
Turns signal
averaging function
on and off
READ
Used to access and
exit calibration mode
Power switch to
turn instrument
on and off
Selects auto range or one of
three manual range modes
Used to access and exit
diagnostic mode
Pressed to start measurement
2.2 Turbidity Measurement
Measurements may be made with the signal average mode on or off and
in manual or automatic range selection mode. Using automatic range
selection is recommended. Signal averaging uses more power and
should be used only when the sample causes an unstable reading. Signal
averaging measures and averages ten measurements while displaying
19
SECTION 2, continued
intermediate results. The initial value is displayed after about
11 seconds and the display is updated every 1.2 seconds until all ten
measurements are taken (about 20 seconds). After this, the lamp turns
off, but the final measured turbidity value continues to be displayed
until another key is pressed.
When not in signal average mode, the final value is displayed after
about 13 seconds.
Accurate turbidity measurement depends on good measurement
technique by the analyst, such as using clean sample cells in
good condition and removing air bubbles (degassing).
Refer to Section 2.3 on page 22 for a detailed discussion
of measurement techniques.
2.2.1
Turbidity Measurement Procedure
1. Collect a representa- 2. Wipe the cell with
3. Apply a thin film of
tive sample in a clean
a soft, lint-free cloth to
container. Fill a sample remove water spots and
cell to the line (about
fingerprints.
15 mL), taking care to
handle the sample cell by
the top. Cap the cell. (See
Section 2.3 on page 22
for more information
about collecting a
representative sample).
silicone oil. Wipe with a
soft cloth to obtain an
even film over the entire
surface.
Note: The instrument automatically shuts off after
5.5 minutes if no keystrokes
occur. To resume operation,
press I/O.
20
SECTION 2, continued
I
O
4. Press: I/O.
The instrument will turn
on. Place the instrument
on a flat, sturdy surface.
Do not hold the
instrument while
making measurements.
SIGNAL
AVERAGE
7. Select signal
averaging mode by
pressing the SIGNAL
AVERAGE key. The
display will show
SIG AVG when the
instrument is using signal
averaging. Use signal
average mode if the
sample causes a noisy
signal (display changes
constantly).
5. Insert the sample cell 6. Select manual
in the instrument cell
compartment so the
diamond or orientation
mark aligns with the
raised orientation mark
in front of the cell
compartment.
Close the lid.
or automatic range
selection by pressing the
RANGE key. The display
will show AUTO RNG
when the instrument is
in automatic range
selection.
READ
8. Press: READ
The display will show
- - - - NTU, then the
turbidity in NTU. Record
the turbidity after the
lamp symbol turns off.
Note: The instrument defaults to the last operating mode selected. If automatic range mode
and signal averaging were used on the previous measurements, these options will
automatically be selected for subsequent samples.
21
SECTION 2, continued
2.2.2
Measurement Notes
•
Always cap the sample cell to prevent spillage of sample into
the instrument.
•
When taking a reading, place the instrument on a level, stationary
surface. It should not be held in the hand during measurement.
•
Always close the sample compartment lid during measurement
and storage.
•
Always use clean sample cells in good condition. Dirty, scratched,
or damaged cells can cause inaccurate readings.
•
Do not leave a sample cell in the cell compartment for extended
periods of time. This may compress the spring in the cell holder.
•
Remove sample cell and batteries from instrument if the instrument
is stored for extended time period (more than a month).
•
Avoid operating in direct sunlight.
•
Make certain cold samples do not “fog” the sample cell.
•
Avoid settling of sample prior to measurement.
•
Keep sample compartment lid closed to prevent dust and dirt
from entering.
2.3 Measurement Techniques
Proper measurement techniques are important in minimizing
the effects of instrument variation, stray light and air bubbles.
Regardless of the instrument used, measurements are more accurate,
precise and repeatable if the analyst pays close attention to proper
measurement techniques.
Measure samples immediately to prevent temperature changes and
settling. Avoid sample dilution when possible. Particles suspended in
the original sample may dissolve or otherwise change characteristics
when the sample temperature changes or when the sample is diluted,
resulting in a non-representative sample measurement.
22
SECTION 2, continued
2.3.1
Cleaning Sample Cells
Cells must be extremely clean and free from significant scratches. The
glass used to make cells is easily scratched – manufacturing cells free of
minor scratches and other imperfections is difficult. However, minor
imperfections are effectively masked by applying silicone oil as
outlined in Section 2.3.2.
Clean the inside and outside of the cells by washing with laboratory
detergent. Follow with multiple rinses of distilled or deionized water.
Allow cells to air dry. Handle cells only by the top to minimize dirt,
scratches and fingerprints in the light path.
2.3.2
Oiling the Sample Cell
Applying a thin coat of silicone oil will mask minor imperfections and
scratches which may contribute to turbidity or stray light. Use silicone
oil equivalent to Hach Cat. No. 1269-36. This silicone oil has the same
refractive index as glass. When applied in a thin, uniform coat, the oil
fills in and masks minor scratches and other imperfections in the glass.
Apply the oil uniformly by wiping with a soft, lint-free cloth.
Avoid application of excess oil. Applying excess oil may retain
dirt and contaminate the instrument's cell compartment.
1. Thoroughly clean the 2. Apply a small bead
3. Using a soft, lint-free
sample cell.
cloth, spread the oil
uniformly, then wipe off
the excess so that only a
thin coat of oil is left.
The cell should appear
nearly dry with little or
no visible oil.
of silicone oil from the
top to the bottom of the
cell-- just enough to coat
the cell with a thin layer
of oil.
23
SECTION 2, continued
Note: Soft, lint-free cloth (velvet) works well for oiling. Store the oiling cloth with the sample
cells and keep it free of dirt. After a few applications of oil, the cloth will contain enough
residual oil that simply wiping the cell with the oiled cloth will provide a sufficient oil coat
on the sample cell. Periodically, add a small amount of oil to the sample cell surface to
replenish the oil in the cloth.
Note: Only a thin coat of oil on the sample cells is necessary. Avoid using excessive amounts
of oil.
2.3.3
Orienting Sample Cells
Note: When orienting and matching cells, it may be more efficient to use the continuous
reading mode. The instrument performs continuous readings if the READ key is
pressed and held. As long as the key is held, the lamp remains on and the display is
updated every 1.2 seconds. The instrument cannot be used in continuous read mode
if the Signal Averaging mode is on.
Precise measurements for very low turbidity samples require using a
single cell for all measurements or optically matching the cells. Using
one cell provides the best precision and repeatability. When one cell is
used, an orientation mark (other than the factory-placed diamond) can
be placed on the cell so it’s inserted into the instrument with the same
orientation each time.
2.3.3.1 Orienting a single cell
When using a single cell, make an index or orientation mark on the cell
as follows:
24
SECTION 2, continued
I
O
1. Fill the clean sample 2. Press: I/O to turn the 3. Insert the sample
cell to the line with
instrument on.
high quality water
(< 0.5 NTU). Cap and
wipe with lint-free cloth.
Apply silicone oil. See
Section 3.6.2.2 on
page 40 for more
information about
high quality water.
cell into the sample
compartment. Close
the cover.
READ
4. Press: READ
5. Remove the cell,
rotate it slightly and
Record the cell's position
reinsert it into the cell
in the cell compartment
compartment. Close the
and the displayed
cover, then press READ.
reading.
Record the cell's position
Note: This procedure may be and the displayed
easier if the user holds the
reading.
READ key through the whole
process. This allows the lamp
to remain on and make
continuous readings.
25
6. Repeat step 5 until
the lowest reading is
displayed. Place an
orientation mark on the
cell's marking band near
the top of the cell so the
cell can be consistently
inserted in the position
that yields the lowest
reading. When using the
cell, always place it in
the instrument so the
orientation mark aligns
with the raised mark on
the instrument.
SECTION 2, continued
2.3.4
Matching multiple sample cells
Precise measurements of very low turbidity samples require the cells be
optically matched or a single cell be used for all measurements. If more
than one cell is used, follow this procedure to match (index) the cells:
I
O
1. Clean and oil
2. Fill the clean sample
the sample cells
cells to the line with the
as instructed in
same sample.
Section 2.3.1 on page 23
and Section 2.3.2 on
page 23.
3. Press: I/O to turn the
instrument on.
READ
4. Insert the first
5. Press: READ
6. Insert the second
sample cell into the
sample cell into the cell
Record the cell's position
sample compartment and
compartment and close
in the cell compartment
close the cover.
the cover.
and the displayed
reading. Place an
orientation mark on the
cell’s marking band.
Note: This procedure may be
easier if the user holds the
READ key through the whole
process. This allows the lamp
to remain on and make continuous readings.
26
SECTION 2, continued
READ
7. Press: READ
8. Remove the cell,
rotate it slightly and
Record the cell’s position
reinsert into the cell
in the cell compartment
compartment. Close the
and the displayed
cover, then press READ
reading.
again. Record the cell’s
position and the
displayed reading.
9. Repeat step 8 until
the value displayed for
the second cell is within
0.01 NTU (or 1%) of the
value obtained for the
first cell. Place an
orientation mark on the
second cell's marking
band so it is consistently
inserted in this position.
Note: Due to variability
in glass, it may not be
possible to match all cells.
10. Repeat step 6
through step 9 if
matching other
sample cells.
27
SECTION 2, continued
2.3.5
Removing Bubbles (Degassing)
Before measurement, removing air and other trapped gasses from the
sample is strongly recommended, even if bubbles are not visible. Four
degassing methods are commonly used:
1. applying a partial vacuum
2. adding a surfactant
3. using an ultrasonic bath
4. heating the sample
In some cases, more than one method may be necessary for effective
bubble removal. For example, use of both a surfactant and ultrasonic
bath may be necessary for some severe conditions. Use care with these
techniques. If misused, sample turbidity can be altered.
Removing air bubbles by letting the sample stand for a period of time is
not recommended. Particulates that cause turbidity may settle and the
sample temperature may change. Both conditions may alter sample
turbidity, resulting in measurements not representative of the original
turbidity.
2.3.5.1 Application of vacuum
Apply a vacuum with any convenient, clean, oil-free vacuum source.
The vacuum lowers the atmospheric pressure, allowing trapped bubbles
to escape into the air above the sample. Vacuum works well with nonviscous samples (such as water) that don’t contain volatile components.
Applying vacuum to viscous, volatile-containing samples (paint resins)
may cause the volatile components to come out of solution and
aggravate the bubble problem.
To apply a vacuum, use a sample degassing kit equivalent to Cat No.
43975-00 (Degassing Kit) or 43975-10 (Degassing and Filtration Kit).
These kits contain a syringe and rubber stopper for vacuum degassing.
An electric or hand-operated pump equivalent to Cat No. 14283-00 or
14697-00, respectively, may also be used.
28
SECTION 2, continued
1. Fill a sample cell to
2. Slowly apply the
the mark with sample.
Insert a #2 single-hole
rubber stopper and
syringe into the cell.
If using a pump, insert
a piece of glass tubing
into the stopper.
vacuum by carefully
pulling the plunger
upward, then holding it.
If using a hand or electric
pump, connect the tubing
to the vacuum pump with
vacuum hose. Apply
vacuum until visible gas
bubbles disappear.
Slowly release the
vacuum. Remove the
vacuum apparatus and
cap the cell.
2.3.5.2 Adding a surfactant
Surfactants should be limited to severe problems when other degassing
methods are ineffective. Surfactants change the surface tension of the
water, which releases trapped gases. Hach recommends a surfactant
such as Triton X-100 or the equivalent, Hach Cat No. 14096-37. Put
one drop of Triton X-100 in the sample cell before adding sample.
Note: Any turbidity contributed by surfactant addition is negligible.
This technique is very effective when the water is super-saturated with
air. However, changing the surface tension may accelerate settling of
turbidity-causing particles. Mix the sample gently, but thoroughly, and
analyze as soon as possible after adding the surfactant. Avoid vigorous
mixing as the surfactant may foam. Rinse the sample cells thoroughly
between samples to prevent surfactant accumulation.
29
SECTION 2, continued
2.3.5.3
Using an ultrasonic bath
Note: The time necessary to expel bubbles may vary from a few seconds to a minute or
more. To avoid excessive application of ultrasound, a simple procedure can be
followed. First, apply ultrasound until all visible bubbles are absent. Then measure
the sample turbidity. Apply ultrasound for a short time period and again measure
turbidity. Continue for several repetitions, noting the treatment time and turbidity
readings. If turbidity begins to increase instead of decrease, the ultrasound waves
have probably started to alter the suspended particles. Note the time it
takes for this to occur and record it as the maximum time limit for
ultrasonic treatment.
Ultrasonic baths effectively remove gas bubbles from most samples,
especially viscous liquids. However, the ultrasonic waves which cause
degassing may also alter the characteristics of the particles causing the
turbidity. Turbidity depends on the size, shape, composition and
refractive index of the suspended particles. Excessive ultrasound
application may alter particle size and shape, thus changing sample
turbidity. In some cases, ultrasound may aggravate air bubble removal
by fracturing the bubbles, making degassing more difficult.
1. Fill a clean sample cell to the line with sample. Leave uncapped.
2. Immerse the cell (1/2 to 2/3 immersed) in an ultrasonic bath and
allow it to stand until visible bubbles are expelled.
3. Remove the cell, cap, then thoroughly dry the cell. Apply silicone
oil as directed.
2.3.5.4 Application of heat
Whenever possible, avoid using heat to degas samples because heat
may change the characteristics of the suspended particles and cause
volatile components to come out of solution. Gentle heating may be
helpful for degassing some very viscous samples when combined with
application of vacuum or ultrasound. If heat is necessary, heat the
sample only until degassing occurs. The simplest technique is to
prepare a warm water bath and partially immerse the filled sample cell.
Use the shortest time necessary for expelling visible bubbles. Cool
sample to original sample temperature before taking measurements.
30
SECTION 2, continued
2.3.6
Measuring Overrange Samples
Nephelometric turbidity measurement depends on detection of light
scattered from particles suspended in the liquid. If the turbidity is very
high, a significant amount of light is blocked or absorbed by the
particles and only a small amount of light reaches the detector.
This results in a negative interference – the measured turbidity is
lower than the actual turbidity. This condition is called “going blind”.
A multidetector ratioing instrument, such as the Hach 2100P
Turbidimeter, minimizes this effect and extends the instrument range.
Highly turbid samples may also be diluted, but this should be avoided
when possible since it may alter the characteristics of the suspended
particles and produce erroneous results.
Light absorbing particles such as activated carbon and highly colored
samples may also cause an instrument to “go blind”. Dilution may not
correct for these interferences. A ratioing instrument will correct for the
presence of light absorbing particles and color.
2.3.7
Condensation (fogging)
Condensation may occur on the outside of the sample cell
when measuring a cold sample in a warm, humid environment.
Condensation interferes with turbidity measurement, so all moisture
must be thoroughly wiped off the sample cell before measurement.
If fogging recurs, let the sample warm slightly by standing at room
temperature or immersing it in a warm bath for a short period. After
warming, mix the sample thoroughly before measurement. Allowing
samples to warm can alter sample turbidity, so it is best to avoid
warming samples before measurement when possible.
2.3.8
Calibration
Turbidimeters must be properly calibrated with a primary standard.
Hach recommends formazin or StablCal Stabilized Formazin for
calibration. For U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
reporting, calibrate at least as often as required by the appropriate
regulatory agencies. The frequency of calibration depends on
environmental conditions (humidity, temperature) and use. If necessary,
calibrate more frequently.
31
SECTION 2, continued
Use secondary standards for periodic calibration checks. Please note
that Gelex® standards must be assigned values after StablCal Stabilized
Formazin calibration or formazin calibration and before use as
secondary standards. Gelex standards must be recalibrated (values
assigned) each time the instrument is calibrated with StablCal
Stabilized Formazin or formazin. See Section 3.6 on page 37 for
detailed information on the use of StablCal Stabilized Formazin,
formazin, and Gelex standards.
2.3.9
Representative Sampling
A representative sample accurately reflects the true condition of
the water source from which the sample was taken. To ensure a
representative sample, gently, but thoroughly, mix every sample
before aliquots are taken. Do not allow the sample to settle.
When sampling from a tap in a distribution system or treatment plant,
allow the water to run for at least five minutes before sampling.
When sampling from a stream, reservoir, clarifier, or storage tank,
collect at least one liter (l quart) and thoroughly mix before
measurement. If the water source is not uniform, it may be necessary
to sample several locations at varying depths and combine the samples
into a single, well-mixed composite sample before measurement.
32
SECTION 3 OPERATION
3.1 Operational Controls and Indicators
2100P TURBIDIMETER
DIAG
CAL?
NTU
AUTO RNG
SIG AVG
EDIT
MODE
CAL
DIAG
SIGNAL
AVERAGE
POWER
RANGE
Key
READ
Description
I
O
READ
CAL
Power key to turn instrument on and off. If no keys are pressed for
5.5 minutes, the instrument turns off automatically.
Depressed to perform a measurement. To conserve battery power,
the lamp turns on only when READ is depressed. A reading is
displayed about 12 seconds after the key is depressed. During the
delay, a flashing NTU is displayed. After the reading is displayed,
the lamp turns off and the reading continues to be displayed.
Continuous readings may be done by holding this key if not in the
Signal Averaging mode. After the initial delay, the reading is
updated every 1.2 seconds.
Used to perform a calibration or review calibration data. Also
terminates a calibration or calibration review and returns to the
2100P measurement mode.
33
SECTION 3, continued
Key
Description
Edits a flashing digit in the calibration mode or sequences through
the calibration standards (S0,S1, S2, S3) or diagnostic menu.
Used to move the editing cursor to the digits being edited in the
calibration mode or initiate editing of a standard value.
SIGNAL
AVERAGE
DIAG
Turns the signal averaging function on or off.
Selects the diagnostic mode.
Selects Auto Range or Manual Range (one of three manual modes).
Display Icon
Description
DIAG
Turns on after the DIAG is pressed to access the diagnostic mode. A
number displayed under the DIAG icon (1-9) indicates which
diagnostic function is active. See Section 5.1 on page 67 for more
information on diagnostic codes.
CAL
Turns on after the CAL key is pressed to access the calibration mode
and remains on during the calibration.
CAL?
Appears after calibration if a value entered during calibration is
outside an acceptable range. May indicate an operator error or
possible instrument malfunction. Flashing CAL? indicates the
default calibration coefficients are being used (even after a usercalibration has been done) or that no calibration data is currently
stored.
S__
Displayed during calibration. The S is followed by a number to indicate which standard value is currently being edited or displayed.
Flashing number is prompting user for measurement of S0, S1, S2
or S3 to establish a calibration. Steady number identifies which
standard's value is being displayed.
Flashes when the battery voltage drops to 4.4 volts as an indication
to change batteries. At <4.0 volts, the instrument automatically shuts
off.
The lamp symbol is constantly on when the lamp is on and flashes
after a reading if a marginal light level reaches the transmitted light
detector. A flashing icon indicates the sample may be too turbid (not
within measurement range) and needs dilution or the lamp needs
replacing.
SIGNAL
AVERAGE
Indicates the signal averaging mode is on. The icon turns off if
signal averaging is not selected.
34
SECTION 3, continued
Display Icon
Description
AUTO
RNG
Indicates instrument is in automatic range mode. The icon turns off
when manual range mode is selected.
8888
The 4-digit display is active when the instrument is on
(measurements are displayed to three digits). After the READ key is
pressed - - - - is displayed during wait periods.
NTU
Identifies the measurement units- Nephelometric Turbidity Units.
This icon is active during measurements and in the calibration mode.
3.2 Using the Read Key
To preserve battery power and prolong lamp life, the lamp turns on only
after the READ key is pressed. Pressing the key turns the instrument
lamp on; after about 12 seconds, the lamp turns off, but the
measurement value continues to be displayed. After the first
measurement, a four-second recovery time occurs before another
measurement can be started. If READ is pressed during the recovery
time, the display will begin flashing, but the lamp will not turn on until
the full four seconds have passed. If no other key strokes occur within
5.5 minutes, the instrument turns off.
3.2.1
Continuous Reading
The instrument cannot be used in continuous read mode if the Signal
Averaging mode is on.
The instrument will perform continuous readings if the READ key is
pressed and held. As long as the key is held, the lamp remains on and
the display is updated every 1.2 seconds.
3.3 Using the Signal Averaging Key
The signal averaging mode compensates for reading fluctuations caused
by drifting of sample particles through the light path. Signal averaging
is turned on or off by pressing the SIGNAL AVERAGE key. The SIG AVG
icon is displayed when signal averaging is on.
Signal averaging measures and averages ten measurements while
displaying intermediate results. The initial value is displayed after about
11 seconds and the display is updated every 1.2 seconds until all ten
measurements are taken (about 22 seconds). After 22 seconds, the lamp
35
SECTION 3, continued
turns off, but the final measured turbidity value continues to be
displayed until another key is pressed.
When signal averaging is off, the instrument takes three measurements,
the microprocessor averages them, then displays the average. If the
READ key is held during measurement, the initial value is displayed
in 12 seconds and is updated every 1.2 seconds as long as the READ
key is held.
When the instrument is turned on, the instrument defaults to the signal
averaging mode which was used during the last measurement.
3.4 Using the Range Selection Key
As shipped, the instrument defaults to automatic range mode. The first
time the RANGE key is pressed, the instrument goes into manual range
mode. The second, third, and fourth key strokes put the instrument in
the 0.00-9.99, 10 to 99.9 or 100-1000 NTU range, respectively. Another
key stroke brings the selection back to automatic range mode. When the
automatic range mode is selected, the AUTO RNG icon is displayed.
Range selection can be done any time except when a measurement or
calibration is in progress.
When the instrument is turned on, the instrument defaults to the range
mode and measurement range which was used during the last
measurement.
3.5 Restoring the Default Calibration
To restore and use the default calibration, turn the instrument off.
Press and hold DIAG, then press and release I/O. Release DIAG when the
software version number disappears from the display. (For models with
serial number less than 920300000800, 2100 disappears). This clears
any user-entered calibration from memory; the 2100P will use the
default calibration for measurement. CAL? will appear and continue to
flash until a user-entered calibration is successfully completed.
For best results, a user-entered calibration should be done every three
months.
36
SECTION 3, continued
3.6 Calibration
Calibration of the 2100P Turbidimeter is based on formazin, the
primary standard for turbidity. The instrument's electronic and optical
design provide long-term stability and minimize the need for frequent
calibration. The two-detector ratioing system compensates for most
fluctuations in lamp output. A formazin recalibration should be
performed at least once every three months, more often if experience
indicates the need. When calibration is necessary, use a primary
standard such as StablCal™ Stabilized Standards or formazin standards.
Hach Company only recommends the use of StablCal® Stabilized
Formazin or formazin standards for the calibration of Hach
turbidimeters. Hach Company cannot guarantee the performance
of the turbidimeter if calibrated with co-polymer styrene
divinylbenzene beads or other suspensions.
Important Note: DO NOT calibrate with Gelex® Secondary Standards. Gelex
standards are designed for instrument verification, not calibration.
3.6.1
StablCal Stabilized Formazin Standards*
Most consistent results will be achieved with the use of StablCal
Stabilized Formazin Standards for calibration. Refer to Section 3.6.1.2
and Section 3.6.1.3 for information on preparing the standards for use.
Note: Hach StablCal Stabilized Formazin in 20-, 100-, and 800-NTU values is
packaged in convenient sets for calibration of the 2100P Turbidimeter. The set may be
ordered in 500-mL size bottles by specifying Cat. No. 26594-00, in
100-mL size bottles by specifying Cat. No. 26594-10 or in sealed vials by ordering Cat.
No. 26594-05. (See OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES AND REAGENTS on page 74.)
3.6.1.1 Storing and Handling StablCal Stabilized Standards
For optimum results when using StablCal Stabilized Standards, adhere
to the following recommendations:
* StablCal Stabilized Formazin is cited as a primary standard in Hach Method
8195, an acceptable version of USEPA Method 180.1.
37
SECTION 3, continued
•
Do not transfer the standard to another container for storage.
•
Do not return standard from the sample cell back into the its
original container. Standard contamination will result.
•
Store standards between 0 and 25 °C.
•
For long-term storage, refrigeration at 5 °c is recommended. Do not
store above 25 °C.
•
Allow the standard to acclimate to ambient instrument conditions
before use (not to exceed 40 °C).
•
Store away from direct sunlight. Store vials in their respective kit or
shipping box with the cover in place.
3.6.1.2 Preparing Bulk StablCal Stabilized Standards
Bulk standards that have been sitting undisturbed for longer than a
month must be shaken to break the condensed suspension into its
original particle size. Start at step 1 for these standards. If the standards
are used on at least a weekly interval, start at step 3.
Important Note: These instructions do not apply to <0.1-NTU* StablCal Standards;
<0.1NTU StablCal Standards should not be shaken or inverted.
1. Shake the standard vigorously for 2-3 minutes to resuspend
any particles.
2. Allow the standard to stand undisturbed for 5 minutes.
3. Gently invert the bottle of StablCal 5 to 7 times.
4. Prepare the sample cell for measurement using traditional
preparation techniques. This usually consists of oiling the sample
cell (seeSection 2.3.2 on page 23) and marking the cell to maintain
the same orientation in the sample cell compartment (see
Section 2.3.3 on page 24). This step will eliminate any optical
variations in the sample cell.
* Used in place of the dilution water standard when performing a calibration.
38
SECTION 3, continued
5. Rinse the sample cell at least one time with the standard and discard
the rinse.
6. Immediately fill the sample cell with the standard. Cap the sample
cell and let it stand for one minute. The standard is now ready for
use in the calibration procedure, Section 3.6.3.
3.6.1.3 Preparing StablCal Stabilized Standards in Sealed Vials
Sealed vials that have been sitting undisturbed for longer than a month
must be shaken to break the condensed suspension into its original
particle size. Start at step 1 for these standards. If the standards are used
on at least a weekly interval, start at step 3
Important Note: These instructions do not apply to <0.1-NTU* StablCal Standards;
<0.1NTU StablCal Standards should not be shaken or inverted.
1. Shake the standard vigorously for 2-3 minutes to resuspend
any particles.
2. Allow the standard to stand undisturbed for 5 minutes.
3. Gently invert the vial of StablCal 5 to 7 times.
4. Prepare the vial for measurement using traditional preparation
techniques. This usually consists of oiling the vial (see
Section 2.3.2 on page 23) and marking the vial to maintain the same
orientation in the sample cell compartment (see Section 2.3.3 on
page 24). This step will eliminate any optical variations in the
sample vial.
5. Let the vial stand for one minute. The standard is now ready for use
in the calibration procedure, Section 3.6.3.
39
SECTION 3, continued
3.6.2
Formazin Primary Standards
Perform the procedure in Section 3.6.2.1 to prepare a 4000-NTU
standard. Alternately, order a 4000-NTU stock solution from Hach by
specifying Cat. 2461-49. Prepare the dilutions from the 4000-NTU
stock solution by following the instructions in Section 3.6.2.4.
3.6.2.1 Preparing Formazin Stock Solution
Dilute formazin standard solutions from a 4000 NTU stock solution
equivalent to Hach Cat. No. 2461-49. The prepared stock solution is
stable for up to one year when properly prepared. An alternative to
purchasing the 4000 NTU stock solution is preparing a stock solution
as follows:
1. Dissolve 5.000 grams of reagent grade hydrazine sulfate
(N2H4•H2SO4) in 400 mL of distilled water.
2. Dissolve 50.000 grams of pure hexamethylenetetramine in 400 mL
of distilled water.
3. Pour the two solutions into a 1000-mL volumetric flask and dilute
to the mark with distilled water.
4. Let the solution stand for 48 hours at 25 °C (77 °F) to develop the
4000-NTU stock suspension. The standing temperature is critical
for correct formation of formazin polymers.
5. Mix the 4000 NTU suspension for at least ten minutes before use.
Then it can be diluted with distilled or demineralized water to
achieve a solution of the desired NTU value.
Instead of diluting a formazin stock solution, StablCal Stabilized
Formazin Standards may be used. Order the StablCal Calibration Set
for the 2100P Turbidimeter, Cat.No. 26594-00 (500-mL bottles),
Cat. No. 26594-10 (100 mL bottles), or Cat. No. 26594-05 (sealed
vials). (See OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES AND REAGENTS on page 74.)
3.6.2.2 Correcting for Turbidity of Dilution Water
The 2100P Turbidimeter automatically compensates for turbidity
contributed by dilution water when calculating the true value of the
lowest formazin standard. Use high quality distilled or deionized water
less than 0.5 NTU. The instrument will display E 1 after calibration if
40
SECTION 3, continued
the dilution water turbidity is greater than 0.5 NTU. In this case, prepare
the water as directed below.
The value of the dilution water can be arbitrarily forced to zero (see
calibration procedure). This is not recommended for most applications
and, if done, should be done only if the dilution water turbidity is less
than 0.2 NTU.
3.6.2.3
Preparing Dilution Water
Note: Use the same dilution water for all dilutions and the sample blank.
Collect at least 1000 mL of high quality dilution water (distilled or
deionized water). The 2100P Turbidimeter, as received from the
factory, is precalibrated and may be used to check the dilution water
turbidity. If the turbidity is greater than 0.5 NTU, filter the water with
the Sample Filtration and Degassing Kit (Cat. No. 43975-10) or
equivalent. When measuring low range turbidity, clean all glassware
with 1:1 hydrochloric acid and rinse several times with dilution water. If
the glassware is not used immediately, use stoppers to prevent
contamination from small particles.
41
SECTION 3, continued
1. Attach the syringe
2. Fill a beaker or
3. Draw about 50 mL of
to the 3-way valve by
gently twisting the
square end into the
syringe tip. Attach the
connector, tubing and a
0.2 micron filter (clear
part faces syringe) as
shown. Be sure the
connections are tight.
container with the water
to be filtered. Insert the
tubing into the container.
Slowly draw the water
into the syringe by
pulling up on the
syringe plunger.
sample into the syringe.
Slowly push on the
plunger to force the
water through the filter
and into a graduated
cylinder or volumetric
flask. Repeat Steps 2
and 3 until the desired
amount of water is
obtained.
Note: As the filter clogs, it
gets more difficult to push
water through it. At this point,
discard the filter and attach a
new filter. Replacement filters
are available in packages
of 10 (Cat. No. 23238-10).
3.6.2.4 Preparing Formazin Dilutions (Factory recommended)
Hach Company recommends using 20, 100, and 800 NTU formazin
standards for calibrating the 2100P Turbidimeter. Dilutions with other
NTU values can be prepared and used (see Section 3.6.3.1 on page 48).
If problems occur when using alternate solutions, use the dilutions
specified here.
Prepare all formazin dilutions immediately before use and discard after
calibration. The 4000 NTU solution is stable for up to a year, but
dilutions deteriorate more rapidly. Use the same high quality water
(turbidity <0.5 NTU) for the dilutions and the blank.
42
SECTION 3, continued
Preparing the 20, 100 and 800 NTU standards
Table 1 Formazin Standard Preparation
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
20 NTU
Add 100 mL of
dilution water to a
clean 200-mL class A
volumetric flask.
With a TenSette*
pipet, add 1.00 mL of
well-mixed 4000 NTU
Formazin stock
solution to the 200-mL
flask.
Dilute to the mark
with dilution water.
Stopper and mix.
100 NTU
Add 100 mL of
dilution water to a
clean 200-mL class A
volumetric flask.
With a TenSette pipet,
add 5.00 mL of wellmixed 4000 NTU
Formazin stock
solution to the 200-mL
flask.
Dilute to the mark
with dilution water.
Stopper and mix.
800 NTU
Add 50 mL of
dilution water to a
clean 100-mL class A
volumetric flask.
With a TenSette pipet,
add 20.00 mL of wellmixed 4000 NTU
Formazin stock
solution to the 100-mL
flask.
Dilute to the mark
with dilution water.
Stopper and mix.
Standards
* A class A volumetric pipet may be used in place of a TenSette Pipet.
43
SECTION 3, continued
3.6.3
Calibrating the Turbidimeter
Note: For best accuracy use the same sample cell or four matched sample cells for all
measurements during calibration. Always insert the cell so the orientation mark
placed on the cell during the matching procedure is correctly aligned. (See
Section 2.3.4 on page 26 for matching sample cells).
CAL
NTU
1. Rinse a clean sample 2. Insert the sample cell 3. Press: CAL
cell with dilution water
several times. Then fill
the cell to the line (about
15 mL) with dilution
water or use StablCal
<0.1 NTU standard.
in the cell compartment
by aligning the
orientation mark on
the cell with the mark
on the front of the cell
compartment. Close the
lid. Press I/O.
The CAL and S0 icons
will be displayed (the 0
will flash). The 4-digit
display will show the
value of the S0 standard
for the previous
Note: The same dilution
calibration. If the blank
water used for preparing the Note: Choose signal average value was forced to 0.0,
standards must be used in this mode option (on or off) before the display will be blank
step.
pressing CAL – the SIGNAL (as shown). Press → to
AVERAGE key is not
get a numerical display.
functional in calibration
mode.
Hach Company only recommends the use of StablCal®
Stabilized Formazin or formazin standards for the
calibration of Hach turbidimeters. Hach Company
cannot guarantee the performance of the turbidimeter
if calibrated with co-polymer styrene divinylbenzene
beads or other suspensions. DO NOT calibrate with
Gelex® Secondary Standards.
44
SECTION 3, continued
CAL
READ
NTU
4. Press: READ
5. The display will
show the S1 (with the
The instrument will
1 flashing) and 20 NTU
count from 60 to 0, (67 to
or the value of the S1
0 if signal average is on),
standard for the previous
read the blank and use it
calibration. If the value is
to calculate a correction
incorrect, edit the value
factor for the 20 NTU
by pressing the → key
standard measurement.
until the number that
If the dilution water is
needs editing flashes.
≥ 0.5 NTU, E 1
Use the ↑ key to scroll
will appear when the
to the correct number.
calibration is calculated
After editing, fill a clean
(See Section 3.6.2.3 on
sample cell to the line
page 41 for more dilution
with well mixed 20 NTU
water information).
StablCal Standard or
The display will
20 NTU formazin
automatically increment
standard. Insert the
to the next standard.
sample cell into the
Remove the sample
cell compartment by
cell from the cell
aligning the orientation
compartment.
mark on the cell with the
Note: The turbidity of
mark on the front of the
the dilution water can be
cell compartment. Close
“forced” to zero by pressing the lid.
→ rather than reading the
dilution water. The display
will show S0 NTU and the ↑
key must be pressed to
continue with the next
standard.
45
READ
6. Press: READ
The instrument will
count from 60 to 0
(67 to 0 if signal average
is on), measure the
turbidity and store the
value. The display will
automatically increment
to the next standard.
Remove the sample
cell from the cell
compartment.
Note: For potable water
applications with low
turbidity values the
instrument calibration may
be stopped after the 20 NTU
StablCal Standard has been
read. Press CAL after
reading the 20 NTU
standard. The instrument
calibration is now complete
for the range of 0-20 NTU
only. The instrument will
continue to read turbidity
values above 20 NTU.
These values were not
updated during the 0-20
NTU calibration.
SECTION 3, continued
CAL
CAL
NTU
7. The display will
show the S2 (with the
2 flashing) and 100 NTU
or the value of the S2
standard for the previous
calibration. If the value is
incorrect, edit the value
by pressing the → key
until the number that
needs editing flashes.
Use the ↑ key to scroll to
the correct number. After
editing, fill a clean
sample cell to the line
with well mixed
100 NTU StablCal
Standard or 100 NTU
formazin standard. Insert
the sample cell into the
cell compartment by
aligning the orientation
mark on the cell with the
mark on the front of the
cell compartment. Close
the lid.
READ
8. Press: READ
The instrument will
count from 60 to 0
(67 to 0 if signal average
is on), measure the
turbidity and store the
value. Then, the display
will automatically
increment to the next
standard. Remove the
sample cell from the cell
compartment.
46
NTU
9. The display will
show the S3 (with the
3 flashing) and 800 NTU
or the value of the S3
standard for the previous
calibration. If the value is
incorrect, edit the value
by pressing the → key
until the number that
needs editing flashes.
Use the ↑ key to scroll
to the correct number.
After editing, fill a clean
sample cell to the line
with well mixed
800 NTU StablCal
Standard or 800 NTU
formazin standard. Insert
the sample cell into the
cell compartment by
aligning the orientation
mark on the cell with the
mark on the front of the
cell compartment. Close
the lid.
SECTION 3, continued
READ
CAL
10. Press: READ
11. Press: CAL to
accept the calibration.
The instrument will
The instrument will
count from 60 to 0
return to measurement
(67 to 0 if signal average
mode automatically.
is on), measure the
Note: Pressing CAL
turbidity and store the
value. Then the display completes the calculation of
the calibration coefficients. If
will increment back to
calibration errors occurred
the S0 display. Remove
during calibration, error
the sample cell from the messages will appear after
cell compartment.
CAL is pressed. If E 1 or E 2
appear, check the standard
preparation and review the
calibration; repeat the
calibration if necessary. If
CAL? appears, an error
may have occurred during
calibration. If CAL? is
flashing, the instrument
is using the default
calibration.
47
SECTION 3, continued
NOTES
•
If the I/O key is pressed during calibration, the new calibration data
is lost and the old calibration will be used for measurements. Once
in calibration mode, only the READ, I/O, ↑, and → keys function.
Signal averaging and range mode must be selected before entering
the calibration mode.
•
If E 1 or E 2 are displayed, an error occurred during calibration.
Check the standard preparation and review the calibration; repeat
the calibration if necessary. Press DIAG to cancel the error message
(E 1 or E 2). To continue without repeating the calibration, press I/O
twice to restore the previous calibration. If CAL? is displayed, an
error may have occurred during calibration. The previous
calibration may not be restored. Either recalibrate or use the
calibration as is.
•
To review a calibration, press CAL and then ↑ to view the
calibration standard values. As long as READ is never pressed and
CAL is not flashing, the calibration will not be updated. Press CAL
again to return to the measurement mode.
3.6.3.1 Preparing User-selected Formazin Dilutions
The formazin solutions should span the entire range of the instrument.
Hach recommends preparing three standards:
1. 10 to 30 NTU
2. 90 to 110 NTU
3. 700 to 900 NTU
The standards must have a difference of at least 60 NTU.
In addition, a blank made from the dilution water should be prepared.
Prepare the formazin standard solutions from the well mixed 4000 NTU
stock solution as specified in Section 3.6.2.4 on page 42 and dilution
water as specified in Section 3.6.2.2 and Section 3.6.2.3 on page 41.
Make the standards immediately before use and discard them after
calibration is done.
48
SECTION 3, continued
3.6.3.2
Calibrating with User-selected Standards
Note: For best accuracy use the same sample cell or four matched sample cells for all
measurements during calibration. Always insert the sample cell with the same
orientation.
CAL
1. Fill a clean sample
2. Insert the sample
cell to the line (about
15 mL) with dilution
water.
cell into the cell
compartment and
close the lid. Press I/O.
3. Press: CAL.
The CAL and S0 icons
will appear (the 0 will
flash). The 4-digit
Note: The same dilution
Note: Choose signal average display will show the
water used for preparing the mode option (on or off) before value of the S0 standard
standards must be used in this pressing CAL – the SIGNAL for the previous
step.
AVERAGE key is not
calibration.
functional in calibration
mode.
49
SECTION 3, continued
CAL
READ
4. Press: READ.
NTU
5. Thoroughly mix the
10 to 30 NTU range
The instrument will
standard, then fill a clean
count from 60 to 0
sample cell to the line
(67 to 0 if signal average
with the standard. Insert
is on), measure the blank
the sample cell into the
and use it to calculate a
cell compartment
correction factor for the
lowest standard. If the
dilution water is
≥0.5 NTU, E 1
will appear (see
Section 3.6.2.3 on
page 41 for more dilution
water information).
The display will
automatically increment
to the next standard.
Remove the sample
cell from the cell
compartment.
50
6. The display will
show the S1 icon (with
the 1 flashing) and
20 NTU or the value of
the S1 standard for the
previous calibration.
SECTION 3, continued
READ
7. Edit the standard
8. When all the digits
9. Thoroughly mix the
concentration by
pressing →. The 1 will
stop flashing and the left
digit in the display will
flash. Press ↑ to scroll
the digit up to the
appropriate number.
Press → again to move
the cursor to the next
digit and edit it in the
same manner.
show the appropriate
value, press READ.
The instrument will
count from 60 to 0
(67 to 0 if signal average
is on), measure the
turbidity and store the
value. The display will
automatically increment
to the next standard.
Remove the sample
cell from the cell
compartment.
90 to 110 NTU standard,
then fill a clean sample
cell to the line with the
standard. Insert the
cell into the cell
compartment.
51
SECTION 3, continued
CAL
READ
NTU
10. The display will
show the S2 icon (with
the 2 flashing) and
100 NTU or the value
of the S2 standard for the
previous calibration.
11. Edit the standard
concentration by
pressing →. The 2 will
stop flashing and the left
digit in the display will
flash. Press ↑ to scroll
the digit up to the
appropriate number.
Press → again to move
the cursor to the next
digit and edit it in the
same manner.
12. When all the digits
show the appropriate
value, press READ.
The instrument will
count from 60 to 0
(67 to 0 if signal average
is on), measure the
turbidity and store the
value. Remove the
sample cell from the
cell compartment.
CAL
NTU
13. Thoroughly mix the 14. The display will
15. Edit the standard
700 to 900 NTU
standard, then fill a clean
sample cell to the line
with the standard. Insert
the cell into the cell
compartment.
concentration by
pressing →. The 3 will
stop flashing and the left
digit in the display will
flash. Press ↑ to scroll
the digit up to the
appropriate number.
Press → again to move
the cursor to the next
digit and edit it in the
same manner.
show the S3 icon (with
the 3 flashing) and
800 NTU or the value
of the S3 standard for the
previous
52
SECTION 3, continued
READ
CAL
16. When all the digits 17. Press: CAL.
show the appropriate
value, press READ.
The instrument will
count from 60 to 0
(67 to 0 if signal average
is on), measure the
turbidity and store the
value. The instrument
will increment back to
S0. Remove the sample
cell from the cell
compartment.
The instrument will store
the new calibration data
and return the instrument
to the measurement
mode. It will use the new
calibration to calculate
turbidity for subsequent
measurements.
Note: Pressing CAL
completes the calculation of
the calibration coefficients.
If calibration errors occurred
during calibration, error
messages will appear after
CAL is pressed. If E 1 or E 2
appear, check the standard
preparation and review the
calibration; repeat the
calibration if necessary.
If CAL? appears, an error
may have occurred during
calibration. If CAL? is
flashing, the instrument
is using the default
calibration.
53
SECTION 3, continued
NOTES
•
If the I/O key is pressed during calibration, the new calibration data
is lost and the old calibration will be used for measurements. Once
in calibration mode, only the READ, I/O, ↑, and → keys function.
Signal averaging and range mode must be selected before entering
the calibration mode.
•
If E 1 or E 2 are displayed, an error occurred during calibration.
Check the standard preparation and review the calibration; repeat
the calibration if necessary. If the error messages recur, calibrate
using the factory specified standards, Section 3.6.2.4 on page 42
and Section 3.6.3 on page 44. Press DIAG to cancel the error
message (E 1 or E 2). To continue without repeating the calibration,
press I/O twice to restore the previous calibration. If CAL? is
displayed, an error may have occurred during calibration. The
previous calibration may not be restored. Either recalibrate or use
the calibration as is.
•
To review a calibration, press CAL and then only ↑ to view the
calibration standard values. As long as READ is never pressed and
CAL isn’t flashing, the calibration will not be updated. Press CAL
again to return to the measurement mode.
3.6.4
Using Gelex® Secondary Turbidity Standards
Note: Store Gelex standards at room temperature. Do not allow to freeze or exceed 50
°C.
Gelex Secondary Standards (included with 4650000 only) are
particulate suspensions similar to formazin primary standards in light
scattering characteristics. NTU values on the Gelex standards indicate
the range for which they should be used. Due to minor variations in
glass and individual instrument optical systems, the true value of the
Gelex standards must be determined against formazin in the same
instrument they will be used with for later calibration checks.
54
SECTION 3, continued
3.6.4.1
Assigning Values to Gelex Standards
Calibrate
2100P with
formazin
1. Calibrate the
2. Select automatic
3. Thoroughly clean the
instrument with
formazin.
range mode using the
RANGE key.
outside of the Gelex vials
and apply a thin coating
of silicone oil.
READ
4. Place the 0-10 NTU
5. Press: READ.
Gelex standard in the cell
compartment so the
diamond on the vial
aligns with the
orientation mark on
the instrument. Close
the sample lid.
Record the displayed
value, remove the vial
from the instrument and
mark the value on the
band near the top of
the vial.
Note: Correct cell orientation
is essential to obtain accurate
Gelex values. Always orient
the cell so the diamond mark
aligns with the orientation
mark on the instrument.
55
6. Repeat step 3 through
step 5 for the other Gelex
standards, being careful
to orient the cells
properly.
SECTION 3, continued
Re-assign
with every
formazin
calibration
7. Re-assign values to
the Gelex standards each
time the instrument is
calibrated with formazin.
3.6.4.2 Routine Calibration Check With Gelex Standards
The 2100P Turbidimeter does not require standardization before every
measurement as some turbidimeters do. Periodically, as experience
dictates, check the instrument calibration using the appropriate Gelex
Secondary Standard. Be sure the Gelex standards are aligned correctly
when inserting them (diamond aligns with orientation mark). If the
reading is not within 5% of the previously established value, recalibrate
the instrument with StablCal Stabilized Formazin Primary Standard or
formazin primary standard (Section 3.6.3 on page 44).
Important Note: DO NOT calibrate with Gelex® Secondary Standards. Gelex
standards are designed for instrument verification, not calibration.
56
MAINTENANCE
Some of the following manual sections contain information in the form
of warnings, cautions and notes that require special attention. Read and follow
these instructions carefully to avoid personal injury and damage to the instrument.
Only personnel qualified to do so, should conduct the maintenance tasks described
in this portion of the manual.
Certains des chapitres suivants de ce mode d’emploi contiennent des informations
sous la forme d’avertissements, messages de prudence et notes qui demandent une
attention particulière. Lire et suivre ces instructions attentivement pour éviter les
risques de blessures des personnes et de détoriation de l’appareil. Les tâches
d’entretien décrites dans cette partie du mode d’emploi doivent être seulement
effectuées par le personnel qualifié pour le faire.
Algunos de los capítulos del manual que presentamos contienen muy importante
información en forma de alertas, notas y precauciones a tomar. Lea y siga
cuidadosamente estas instrucciones a fin de evitar accidentes personales y daños
al instrumento. Las tareas de mantenimiento descritas en la presente sección
deberán ser efectuadas únicamente por personas debidamente cualificadas.
Einige der folgenden Abschnitte dieses Handbuchs enthalten Informationen in
Form von Warnungen, Vorsichtsmaßnahmen oder Anmerkungen, die besonders
beachtet werden müssen. Lesen und befolgen Sie diese Instruktionen aufmerksam,
um Verletzungen von Personen oder Schäden am Gerät zu vyyyermeiden. In
diesem Abschnitt beschriebene Wartungsaufgaben dürfen nur von qualifiziertem
Personal durchgeführt werden.
Algumas das seguintes secções do manual contêm informações em forma de
advertências, precauções e notas que requerem especial atenção. Leia e siga atentamente as presentes instruções para evitar ferimentos pessoais e não danificar
o instrumento. As tarefas de manutenção descritas nesta parte do manual só
poderão ser executadas por pessoal qualificado.
57
58
SECTION 4 MAINTENANCE
4.1 Cleaning
Keep the turbidimeter and accessories as clean as possible and store
the instrument in the carrying case when not in use. Avoid prolonged
exposure to sunlight and ultraviolet light. Wipe spills up promptly.
Wash sample cells with non-abrasive laboratory detergent, rinse with
distilled or demineralized water, and air dry. Avoid scratching the cells
and wipe all moisture and fingerprints off the cells before inserting
them into the instrument. Failure to do so can give inaccurate readings.
See Section 2.3.1 on page 23 for more information about sample
cell care.
4.2 Battery Replacement
AA alkaline cells typically last for about 300 tests with the signal
averaging mode off, about 180 tests if signal averaging is used.
The “battery” icon flashes when battery replacement is needed. Refer
to Section 1.4.2 on page 16 for battery installation instructions. If the
batteries are changed within 30 seconds, the instrument retains the latest
range and signal average selections. If it takes more than 30 seconds,
the instrument uses the default settings.
If, after changing batteries, the instrument will not turn off or on and
the batteries are good, remove the batteries and reinstall them. If the
instrument still won't function, contact Hach Service or the nearest
authorized dealer.
4.3 Lamp Replacement
The procedure below explains lamp installation and electrical
connections. Use a small screwdriver to remove and install the lamp
leads in the terminal block. The instrument requires calibration after
lamp replacement.
59
SECTION 4, continued
1. Orient the instrument so it is upside down and the top faces away
from you. Remove the battery cover and at least one battery.
2. Remove the lamp assembly by grasping the tab on the left side of
the assembly. Firmly, but gently, slide the assembly towards the rear
of the instrument.
60
SECTION 4, continued
3. Rotate the tab towards the nearest outside edge. The assembly
should release and slip out easily.
4. Back the terminal block screws partially out (1 to 2 turns) and
remove the old lamp leads.
61
SECTION 4, continued
5. Gently bend the wires of the new lamp assembly into an “L” shape
so they fit easily into the housing. Insert the leads into the terminal
screws and tighten with clockwise turns. Gently tug on the wires to
make sure they are connected to the terminal block.
6. Hold the new lamp assembly by the tab with the lamp facing the
tope (keyboard) of the instrument. Slide the small catch on the other
side of the assembly into the black plastic slot (towards the nearest
edge of the instrument).
62
SECTION 4, continued
7. Snap the U-shaped bottom of the tab into the slot on the left side of
the black plastic that holds the lamp assembly.
8. With your thumb, firmly slide the assembly forward until it stops.
Again, push firmly against the tab to make sure the lamp is seated
correctly.
63
SECTION 4, continued
9. Replace the battery(s) and battery cover.
10. Insert the 800 NTU formazin standard into the sample cell. Press
and hold READ. Then press I/O. Release the READ key after the
software version number disappears from the display (for models
with serial numbers less than 920300000800, 2100 disappears).
READ
I
O
64
SECTION 4, continued
11. Adjust the scattered light amplifier output by inserting a small
flat-bladed screwdriver into the trimpot hole (located on bottom).
Adjust the display to read 2.5 ± 0.3 volts (2.0 volts for models that
display 2100 when turned on).
12. Press I/O to exit gain adjust mode.
13. Perform a formazin calibration according to Section 3.6.3 on
page 44 or Section 3.6.3.1 on page 48.
65
66
SECTION 5 TROUBLESHOOTING
5.1 Using the Diagnostic Functions Key
Enter the diagnostic mode by pressing the DIAG key. Exit this mode at
any time by pressing the key again. The diagnostic mode allows access
to information about instrument function which may be useful for
servicing and troubleshooting.
5.1.1
Basic Diagnostic Codes
The diagnostic codes are:
Code
Description
1
Checks the battery voltage with the lamp on, then with the lamp off.
This is a dual diagnostic code.
2
Displays calibration coefficient ao
3
Displays calibration coefficient a1
4
Displays calibration coefficient bo
5
Displays calibration coefficient b1
6
Displays the lamp voltage (about 3 volts)
7
Displays the dark voltage of the transmitted light detector amplifier
with the lamp off and the detector amplifier voltage with the lamp on.
8
Displays the high gain dark voltage of the 90° detector amplifier with
the lamp off and the detector amplifier voltage with the lamp on.*
9
Displays the low gain dark voltage of the 90° detector amplifier with
the lamp off and the detector amplifier voltage with the lamp on.
* Samples with turbidity >10 NTU may display - - - for the lamp-on amplifier voltage.
67
SECTION 5, continued
5.2 The Diagnostic Procedure
DIAG
DIAG
1. Fill a clean sample
cell to the line with clear
water, cap the cell and
place it in the cell
compartment. Press the
READ key and wait until
the reading is finished.
2. Press: DIAG
The DIAG icon will
turn on and 1 will be
displayed below the icon.
The instrument will
measure the battery
voltage with the lamp off
and display the result in
volts (V). Then the lamp
icon will turn on and the
instrument will measure
the voltage with the lamp
on. The value is briefly
displayed before
defaulting to the
lamp-off reading. To
repeat the measurement,
press READ.
68
3. To continuously
display the lamp-on
voltage, press →. The
lamp icon will flash.
Press → to turn the lamp
icon off (the lamp is not
on during this display).
SECTION 5, continued
4. Press the ↑ key to
scroll through the other
diagnostics. Each press
of the key increments the
digit in the small
numerical display below
the DIAG icon and the
result of the diagnostic
measurement is then
displayed. Each press of
the READ key updates
the value. For
measurements made with
the lamp off and again
with the lamp on, the
measurement with the
lamp off is displayed
when the diagnostic is
entered. To see the
second measurement
with the lamp on, press
the → key (only works
with diagnostic codes
1, 7, 8, & 9). The lamp
icon will flash and the
lamp-on measurement
will be displayed in
volts. Press → to turn the
lamp icon off.
Note: DIAG 8 will display
---- for the lamp-on voltage if
a of >10 NTU is placed in the
cell compartment.
69
SECTION 5, continued
5.3 Other Instrument Diagnostics
5.3.1
Display Test
Pressing and holding the I/O key turns on all the display icons and
elements so you can determine if all the elements and icons are
functioning. The display test sequence will cycle as long as the key
is held down.
5.4 Error Messages
Error messages indicate sample interferences and/or
instrument malfunction.
5.4.1
Flashing Numeric Display
If the highest value in the range selected is flashing in the display, the
sample is too turbid (or overrange) for the selected range. In automatic
or manual range, 1000 flashes if the sample is over the instrument's
range. In manual range mode, select the next higher range mode if 9.99
or 99.9 flashes. See Section 2.3.6 on page 31 for measuring overrange
samples. The display will stop flashing if a sample within range is
inserted and read.
5.4.2
E Messages
An error message indicates either an instrument failure or an operation
cannot be performed. An error message can be cleared by pressing
DIAG (display will return to previous measurement or calibration
value). The meter continues to operate as best it can. If the message
occurs during a calibration, calibration can continue. If the error
message occurs when a calibration is being calculated, the instrument
will discard the new calibration and retain the old calibration. Error
messages and corrective actions are listed below.
5.4.3
CAL?
A flashing CAL? appears when the instrument is using the default
calibration programmed at the factory. It will appear if the analyst has
erased the user-entered calibration using the procedure to restore the
default calibration or after and E 4 error is cleared by pressing DIAG.
Recalibrate as soon as possible when CAL? appears. CAL? (not
flashing) appears when a calibration has questionable validity.
70
SECTION 5, continued
Message*
Probable Cause
Corrective Action
E1
Dilution water is ≥ 0.5 NTU.
Start calibration over with better
quality dilution water or use a
membrane filter to filter the water
before use.
E2
Two standards have the same
value or their difference is less
than 60 NTU.
Recheck preparation of standards
and repeat calibration.
Not all standards were read
during the calibration.
Standard 1 is too low (<10 NTU).
E3
Low light error.
Re-read measurement.
Check lamp**
Check for obstructed light path.
Dilution may be necessary.
E4
EEPROM malfunction.
Check sum failed. Press I/O. If E
4 reappears, call Hach service. If
CAL? appears, recalibrate.
E5
A/D overrange.
Check for obstructed light path.
E6
A/D underrange.
Check for open lid during reading
and re-read. Check for obstructed
light path. If persists, call Hach
Service.
E7
Light Leak.
Close lid before pressing READ
key.
E8
Bad lamp circuit.
Reinsert lamp leads at terminal
block-make sure the lead ends are
not touching each other.If this
fails, call Hach Service.
Call Hach Service.
* Error messages 4, 5, and 6 may indicate a failure in the internal electronics.
** Check lamp by inserting a pencil or piece of paper into the cell compartment and
pressing READ. Light should be visible on the inserted object.
71
72
GENERAL INFORMATION
At Hach Company, customer service is an important part
of every product we make.
With that in mind, we have compiled the
following information for your convenience.
73
Replacement Parts & Accessories
REPLACEMENT PARTS
Description
Cat. No.
StablCal Calibration Set for 2100P, Sealed Vials:
<0.1 NTU, 20 NTU, 100 NTU, and 800 NTU ...................... 26594-05
AA Batteries, 4/pkg .................................................................. 19380-04
Battery Door ............................................................................. 46005-00
Carrying Case ........................................................................... 46506-00
Gelex® Standards, set (includes standards and 3 sample cells) 24641-05
Instrument Manual.................................................................... 46500-88
Lamp Assembly, with leads ...................................................... 46539-00
Oiling Cloth .............................................................................. 47076-00
Sample Cells, 1 inch, with cap, 6/pkg....................................... 24347-06
Silicone Oil, 15 mL..................................................................... 1269-36
OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES AND REAGENTS
Deionized Water, 3.78 L ............................................................... 272-17
Bath, Ultrasonic, 2.8 L (0.75-gal), w/heater ............................. 24895-00
Battery Eliminator, 120 V......................................................... 46079-00
Battery Eliminator, 230 V......................................................... 46080-00
Filter, 0.2 micron, 10/pkg ......................................................... 23238-10
Formazin, 4000 NTU, 500 mL ................................................... 2461-49
Formazin, 4000 NTU,100 mL .................................................... 2461-42
Hexamethylenetetramine, 500 g ................................................. 1878-34
Hydrazine Sulfate, 100 g .............................................................. 742-26
NiCad Rechargeable Battery (4 required) ................................ 16077-00
74
Replacement Parts & Accessories, continued
OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES AND REAGENTS, continued
Description
Cat. No.
Pipet, TenSette®*, 1-10 mL...................................................... 19700-10
Pipet Tips, for 1-10 mL TenSette Pipet, 50/pkg ....................... 21997-96
Pipet Tips, for 1-10 mL TenSette Pipet, 1000/pkg ................... 21997-28
Pipet, Volumetric, Class A, 1.00 mL ........................................ 14515-35
Pipet, Volumetric, Class A, 5.00 mL ........................................ 14515-37
Pump, Vacuum, Hand-Operated ............................................... 14283-00
Sample Degassing Kit .............................................................. 43975-00
Sample Filtration and Degassing Kit........................................ 43975-10
StablCal® Calibration Set for 2100P Turbidimeter
<0.1, 20, 100, 800 NTU, 500 mL each ................................. 26594-00
<0.1, 20, 100, 800 NTU, 100 mL each ................................. 26594-10
<0.1 NTU** StablCal®*** Stabilized
Formazin Standard,100 mL................................................... 26597-42
20 NTU StablCal® Stabilized Formazin Standard, 100 mL..... 26601-42
100 NTU StablCal® Stabilized Formazin Standard, 100 mL... 26602-42
800 NTU StablCal® Stabilized Formazin Standard, 100 mL... 26605-42
Triton-X Solution, 118 mL (4 oz)............................................. 14096-32
Volumetric Flask, 100 mL ........................................................ 14574-42
Volumetric Flask, 200 mL ........................................................ 14574-45
* TenSette™ is a Hach Company trademark.
** <0.1 NTU StablCal® Standard is used in place of dilution water
standard when performing a calibration.
*** StablCal® is a registered trademark of Hach Company.
75
HOW TO ORDER
By Telephone:
By Mail:
6:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. MST
Monday through Friday
(800) 227-HACH
(800-227-4224)
By FAX: (970) 669-2932
Hach Company
P.O. Box 389
Loveland, CO 80539-0389
U.S.A.
Ordering information by E-mail: orders@hach.com
Information Required
•
Hach account number (if available)
•
Billing address
•
Your name and phone number
•
Shipping address
•
Purchase order number
•
Catalog number
•
Brief description or model number
•
Quantity
Technical and Customer Service (U.S.A. only)
Hach Technical and Customer Service Department personnel are eager
to answer questions about our products and their use. Specialists in
analytical methods, they are happy to put their talents to work for you.
Call 1-800-227-4224 or E-mail techhelp@hach.com.
International Customers
Hach maintains a worldwide network of dealers and distributors. To
locate the representative nearest you, send E-mail to intl@hach. com
or contact:
In Canada, Latin America, Africa, Asia, Pacific Rim:
Telephone: (970) 669-3050; FAX: (970) 669-2932
In Europe, the Middle East, or Mediterranean Africa:
HACH Company, c/o
Dr. Bruno Lange GmbH
Willstätterstr. 11
D-40549 Düsseldorf
Germany
Telephone: +49/[0]211.52.88.0
Fax: +49/[0]211.52.88.231
76
REPAIR SERVICE
Authorization must be obtained from Hach Company before sending
any items for repair. Please contact the HACH Service Center serving
your location.
In the United States:
Hach Company
100 Dayton Avenue
Ames, Iowa 50010
(800) 227-4224 (U.S.A. only)
Telephone: (515) 232-2533
FAX: (515) 232-1276
In Canada:
Hach Sales & Service Canada Ltd.
1313 Border Street, Unit 34
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3H 0X4
(800) 665-7635 (Canada only)
Telephone: (204) 632-5598
FAX: (204) 694-5134
E-mail: canada@hach.com
In Latin America, the Caribbean, the Far East, the
Indian Subcontinent, Africa, Europe, or the Middle East:
Hach Company World Headquarters
P.O. Box 389
Loveland, Colorado, 80539-0389
U.S.A.
Telephone: (970) 669-3050
FAX: (970) 669-2932
E-mail: intl@hach.com
77
WARRANTY
Hach warrants most products against defective materials or
workmanship for at least one year from the date of shipment; longer
warranties may apply to some items.
HACH WARRANTS TO THE ORIGINAL BUYER THAT HACH
PRODUCTS WILL CONFORM TO ANY EXPRESS WRITTEN
WARRANTY GIVEN BY HACH TO THE BUYER. EXCEPT AS
EXPRESSLY SET FORTH IN THE PRECEDING SENTENCE, HACH
MAKES NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND WHATSOEVER WITH
RESPECT TO ANY PRODUCTS. HACH EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS
ANY WARRANTIES IMPLIED BY LAW, INCLUDING BUT NOT
BINDING TO ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
LIMITATION OF REMEDIES: Hach shall, at its option, replace or
repair nonconforming products or refund all amounts paid by the buyer.
THIS IS THE EXCLUSIVE REMEDY FOR ANY BREACH OF
WARRANTY.
LIMITATION OF DAMAGES: IN NO EVENT SHALL HACH BE
LIABLE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
OF ANY KIND FOR BREACH OF ANY WARRANTY, NEGLIGENCE,
ON THE BASIS OF STRICT LIABILITY, OR OTHERWISE.
This warranty applies only to Hach products purchased and delivered in
the United States.
Catalog descriptions, pictures and specification, although accurate to
the best of our knowledge, are not a guarantee or warranty.
For a complete description of Hach Company’s warranty policy, request
a copy of our Terms and Conditions of Sale for U.S. Sales from our
Customer Service Department.
78
SECTION 9.4 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
Section 9.4 Laboratory Equipment
9.4.2 Hach Pocket Chlorine Analyzer
Model # Cat # 58700-00
Tag # NA
Important Note
This manual is intended for use with the following Pocket Colorimeter™ II
instrument:
Chlorine (Cl2)
Cat. No. 59530-00
1—2
Table of Contents
Safety Precautions ............................................................................................... 1—7
Laboratory Safety ............................................................................................... 1—7
Use of Hazard Information................................................................................ 1—7
Precautionary Labels.......................................................................................... 1—8
Specifications ......................................................................................................... 1—9
Instrument Keys and Display .......................................................................... 1—13
Instrument Cap Cord ......................................................................................... 1—14
Chlorine, Free and Total, LR ........................................................................... 1—17
Measuring Hints ............................................................................................... 1—17
Accuracy Check ................................................................................................ 1—29
Interferences...................................................................................................... 1—31
Method Performance........................................................................................ 1—32
Chlorine, Free and Total, HR .......................................................................... 1—33
Measuring Hints ............................................................................................... 1—33
............................................................................................................................ 1—40
Accuracy Check ................................................................................................ 1—41
Interferences...................................................................................................... 1—43
1—3
Table of Contents,
continued
Method Performance ........................................................................................1—44
Spec√™ Secondary Standards for DPD Chlorine.....................................1—45
Using the Spec√ Standards..............................................................................1—46
Summary of Method ..........................................................................................1—47
Replacement Parts ..............................................................................................1—48
Instrument Operation ..........................................................................................2—3
Key Functions......................................................................................................2—3
Menu Selections ..................................................................................................2—4
Switching Ranges................................................................................................2—4
Setting the Time ..................................................................................................2—4
Recalling Stored Measurements ........................................................................2—5
Battery Installation .............................................................................................2—6
Error Codes ..............................................................................................................2—9
Error Messages ....................................................................................................2—9
1—4
Table of Contents, continued
Standard Calibration Adjust .......................................................................... 2—13
User-Entered Calibration ................................................................................ 2—15
Overview............................................................................................................ 2—15
Calibration Procedure Using Prepared Standards ........................................ 2—17
Entering a Predetermined Calibration Curve ................................................ 2—20
Editing a User-entered or Factory Calibration Curve .................................. 2—22
Exiting the Calibration Routine...................................................................... 2—24
Deleting Calibration Points ............................................................................. 2—24
Retrieving the Factory Calibration................................................................. 2—25
Maximum/Minimum Displayed Value........................................................... 2—26
Certification .......................................................................................................... 2—29
How to Order ........................................................................................................ 2—35
Repair Service ...................................................................................................... 2—37
Warranty ................................................................................................................ 2—38
1—5
1—6
Safety Precautions
Please read this entire manual before unpacking, setting up, or operating this
instrument. Pay particular attention to all danger and caution statements. Failure
to do so could result in serious injury to the operator or damage to the equipment.
To ensure the protection provided by this equipment is not impaired, do not use or
install this equipment in any manner other than that which is specified in
this manual.
Laboratory Safety
As part of good laboratory practice, please familiarize yourself with the reagents
used in these procedures. Read all product labels and the material safety data
sheets (MSDS) before using them. It is always good practice to wear safety glasses
when handling chemicals. Follow instructions carefully. Rinse thoroughly if
contact occurs. If you have questions about reagents or procedures, please contact
the manufacturer or distributor.
Use of Hazard Information
If multiple hazards exist, this manual will use the signal word (Danger, Caution,
Note) corresponding to the greatest hazard.
1—7
Safety Precautions, continued
DANGER
Indicates a potentially or imminently hazardous situation which, if not
avoided, could result in death or serious injury.
CAUTION
Indicates a potentially hazardous situation that may result in minor or
moderate injury.
NOTE
Information that requires special emphasis.
Precautionary Labels
Please pay particular attention to labels and tags attached to the instrument.
Personal injury or damage to the instrument could occur if not observed.
This symbol, if noted on the instrument, references the instruction manual
for operational and/or safety information.
1—8
Specifications
Lamp: Light emitting diode (LED)
Detector: Silicon photodiode
Photometric precision: ± 0.0015 Abs
Filter bandwidth: 15 nm
Wavelength: 528 nm
Absorbance range: 0–2.5 Abs
Dimensions: 3.2 x 6.1 x 15.2 cm (1.25 x 2.4 x 6 inches)
Weight: 0.2 kg (0.43 lbs)
Sample cells: 1 cm (10 mL), 25 mm (10 mL)
Operating conditions: 0 to 50 °C (32 to 122 °F); 0 to 90% relative humidity
(noncondensing)
Power supply: Four AAA alkaline batteries; approximate life is 2000 tests*
* Backlight usage will decrease battery life.
1—9
1—10
OPERATION
DANGER
Handling chemical samples, standards, and reagents can be dangerous. Review the necessary
Material Safety Data Sheets and become familiar with all safety procedures before handling
any chemicals.
DANGER
La manipulation des échantillons chimiques, étalons et réactifs peut être dangereuse. Lire les Fiches
de Données de Sécurité des Produits (FDSP) et se familiariser avec toutes les procédures de sécurité
avant de manipuler tous les produits chimiques.
PELIGRO
La manipulación de muestras químicas, estándares y reactivos puede ser peligrosa. Revise las fichas
de seguridad de materiales y familiarícese con los procedimientos de seguridad antes de manipular
productos químicos.
GEFAHR
Das Arbeiten mit chemischen Proben, Standards und Reagenzien ist mit Gefahren verbunden. Es
wird dem Benutzer dieser Produkte empfohlen, sich vor der Arbeit mit sicheren Verfahrensweisen
und dem richtigen Gebrauch der Chemikalien vertraut zu machen und alle entsprechenden
Materialsicherheitsdatenblätter aufmerksam zu lesen.
PERIGO
A manipulação de amostras, padrões e reagentes químicos pode ser perigosa. Reveja a folha dos
dados de segurança do material e familiarize-se com todos os procedimentos de segurança antes
de manipular quaisquer produtos químicos.
PERICOLO
La manipolazione di campioni, standard e reattivi chimici può essere pericolosa. La preghiamo di
prendere conoscenza delle Schede Techniche necessarie legate alla Sicurezza dei Materiali e di
abituarsi con tutte le procedure di sicurezza prima di manipolare ogni prodotto chimico.
1—11
1—12
Instrument Keys and Display
Item
Description
1
POWER/BACKLIGHT
2
ZERO/SCROLL
3
MENU
4
Numeric Display
5
Range Indicator
6
Range Indicator
7
Menu Indicator
8
Calibration Adjusted Indicator
9
Battery Low Indicator
10
READ/ENTER
1—13
Key
Key
Key
Key
Instrument Cap Cord
The instrument cap for the Pocket Colorimeter™ II doubles as a light shield.
Accurate measurements cannot be obtained unless the sample or blank is covered
with the cap. Use the instrument cap cord to secure the cap to the body of the
colorimeter and prevent loss of the cap. See Figure 1 on page 1—15.
1. Loop the instrument cap cord through the ring on the cap.
2. Remove the battery compartment cover. Press the knotted end of the cord into
the hole indicated by the arrow.
3. Slide the cord into the slot on the battery compartment cover. Snap the cover
into place.
1—14
Instrument Cap Cord, continued
Figure 1
Attaching the Instrument Cap Cord
1—15
1—16
Chlorine, Free and Total, LR
(0.02 to 2.00 mg/L Cl2)
Method 8021 (Free)
For water, treated water, estuary water, and sea water
Method 8167 (Total)
For water, treated water, wastewater, estuary water, and sea water
DPD Method*
USEPA accepted for reporting drinking water analyses**
(free and total chlorine) and wastewater analyses** (total chlorine only)
Measuring Hints
•
Analyze samples immediately. Do not use plastic containers to collect samples.
•
For best results, dedicate a set of cells to each free chlorine and total chlorine test.
Note: The Pocket Colorimeter II is designed to measure solutions contained in sample cells.
DO NOT
dip the meter in the sample or pour the sample directly into the cell holder.
* Adapted from Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.
** Procedure is equivalent to USEPA method 330.5 for wastewater and Standard Method
4500-Cl G for drinking water.
1—17
Chlorine, Free and Total, LR,
continued
Using Powder Pillows (USEPA accepted for reporting)
1. Fill a 10-mL cell with
sample (the blank). Cap.
Note: Samples must be
analyzed immediately and
cannot be preserved for
later analysis.
2. Press the POWER key to
turn the meter on.
The arrow should indicate
the low range channel (LR).
Note: See page 2—4 for
information on selecting
the correct range channel.
3. Remove the meter cap.
Place the blank in the cell
holder with the diamond
mark facing the keypad.
Fit the meter cap over the
cell compartment to cover
the cell.
Note: Wipe excess liquid
and finger prints off
sample cells.
1—18
Chlorine, Free and Total, LR, continued
4. Press ZERO/SCROLL.
The display will show
“- - - -” then “0.00”.
Remove the blank from the
cell holder.
5. Fill a second 10-mL cell
to the 10-mL line with
sample.
Note: Do not use the same
sample cells for free and
total chlorine analysis
without thoroughly rinsing
the cells with sample
between free and total
tests.
1—19
6. Add the contents of one
DPD Free Chlorine Powder
Pillow or one DPD Total
Chlorine Powder Pillow to
the sample cell (the prepared
sample).
Note: SwifTest™
Dispensers for Free or Total
Chlorine can be used in
place of powder pillows.
See Using the SwifTest™
Dispenser (USEPA accepted
for reporting) on page 1—
25.
Chlorine, Free and Total, LR,
7. Cap and shake gently for
20 seconds.
Note: Shaking dissipates
bubbles that may form in
samples with dissolved
gases.
Note: A pink color will
develop if chlorine is
present.
continued
8. For free chlorine, place
the prepared sample cell in
the cell holder. Cover with
the instrument cap and
proceed to step 10 within
one minute after adding the
DPD Free Pillow.
Note: Accuracy is not
affected by undissolved
powder.
Note: Wipe off sample
cells.
1—20
9. For total chlorine, place
the prepared sample in the
cell holder and cover the cell
with the instrument cap.
Wait three to six minutes
after adding the DPD Total
Pillow.
Proceed to step 10.
Chlorine, Free and Total, LR, continued
10. Press READ/ENTER.
The instrument will show
“- - - -” followed by the
results in mg/L chlorine.
Note: If the sample temporarily turns yellow after reagent
addition, or if the display shows overrange (page 2—12) dilute
a fresh sample and repeat the test. A slight loss of chlorine
may occur because of the dilution. Multiply the result by the
appropriate dilution factor.
1—21
Chlorine, Free and Total, LR,
continued
Using AccuVac® Ampuls (USEPA accepted for reporting)
1. Fill a 10-mL sample cell
with sample (the blank).
Cap. Collect at least 40 mL
of sample in a 50-mL
beaker.
Note: Empty AccuVac
Ampuls are available for
use as blanks. See
OPTIONAL REAGENTS on
page 1—49.
2. Press the POWER key to
turn on the meter.
The arrow in the display
should indicate the low
range channel (LR).
See page 2—4 for
information on selecting the
correct range channel.
1—22
3. Remove the instrument
cap. Place the blank in the
cell holder, with the diamond
mark facing the keypad.
Cover the cell with the
instrument cap.
Note: Wipe liquid and
finger prints off sample
cells.
Chlorine, Free and Total, LR, continued
4. Press ZERO/SCROLL.
The display will show
“- - - -” then “0.00”.
Remove the blank.
5. Fill a DPD Free Chlorine
Reagent AccuVac® Ampul or
a DPD Total Chlorine
Reagent AccuVac Ampul
with sample.
Note: Keep the tip
6. Quickly invert the ampule
several times to mix. Wipe
off any liquid or fingerprints.
Note: A pink color will
immersed until the ampule
fills completely.
affected by undissolved
powder.
1—23
form if chlorine is present.
Note: Accuracy is not
Chlorine, Free and Total, LR,
continued
7. For free chlorine, place
the prepared sample in the
cell holder. Cover the ampule
with the instrument cap and
proceed to step 9 within one
minute after filling the
AccuVac Ampul.
Note: Wipe liquid off the
8. For total chlorine, insert
the ampule into the cell
holder, then cover with the
instrument cap. Wait three
to six minutes after filling
the AccuVac Ampul. Proceed
to step 9.
Note: Wipe liquid off the
AccuVac Ampul.
AccuVac Ampul.
9. Press READ/ENTER. The
instrument will show
- - - - followed by the results
in mg/L chlorine.
Note: If the sample temporarily turns yellow after reagent addition, or if the display shows
overrange (page 2—12) dilute a fresh sample and repeat the test. A slight loss of chlorine may
occur because of the dilution. Multiply the result by the appropriate dilution factor.
1—24
Chlorine, Free and Total, LR, continued
Using the SwifTest™ Dispenser (USEPA accepted for reporting)
1. Fill a 10-mL cell with
sample (the blank). Cap.
Note: Samples must be
analyzed immediately and
cannot be preserved for
later analysis.
2. Press the POWER key to
turn the meter on.
The arrow should indicate
the low range channel (LR).
Note: See page 2—4 for
information on selecting
the correct range channel.
3. Remove the meter cap.
Place the blank in the cell
holder with the diamond
mark facing the keypad.
Fit the meter cap over the
cell compartment to cover
the cell.
Note: Wipe excess liquid
and finger prints off
sample cells.
1—25
Chlorine, Free and Total, LR,
4. Press ZERO/SCROLL.
The display will show
“- - - -” then “0.00”.
Remove the blank from the
cell holder.
continued
5. Fill a second 10-mL cell
to the 10-mL line with
sample.
Note: Do not use the same
sample cells for free and
total chlorine analysis
without thoroughly rinsing
the cells with sample
between free and total
tests.
1—26
6. Use the SwifTest™
Dispenser to add one
dispensation of DPD Free
Chlorine reagent or one
dispensation of DPD Total
Chlorine reagent to the
sample cell (the prepared
sample).
Chlorine, Free and Total, LR, continued
7. Cap and shake gently for
20 seconds.
Note: Shaking dissipates
bubbles that may form in
samples with dissolved
gases.
Note: A pink color will
develop if chlorine is
present.
8. For free chlorine, place
the prepared sample cell in
the cell holder and cover
with the instrument cap.
Proceed to step 10 within
one minute after adding the
DPD Free Pillow.
Note: Accuracy is not
affected by undissolved
powder.
Note: Wipe off sample
cells.
1—27
9. For total chlorine,
place the prepared sample
in the cell holder and cover
with the instrument cap.
Wait three to six minutes
after adding the DPD Total
Pillow.
Proceed to step 10.
Chlorine, Free and Total, LR,
10. Press READ/ENTER.
The instrument will show - - - followed by the results in
mg/L chlorine.
continued
Note: If the sample temporarily turns yellow after reagent
addition, or if the display shows overrange (page 2—12) dilute
a fresh sample and repeat the test. A slight loss of chlorine
may occur because of the dilution. Multiply the result by the
appropriate dilution factor.
1—28
Chlorine, Free and Total, LR, continued
Accuracy Check
Standard Additions Method
1. Use the ampule breaker to snap the neck off a low range Chlorine Standard
Solution Ampule, 20–30 mg/L Cl2.
2. Use a TenSette® pipet to add 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mL of standard to three 10-mL
samples. Swirl gently to mix. (For AccuVac Ampuls, use 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mL
of standard and a 25-mL sample in a 50-mL beaker.)
3. Analyze a 10-mL aliquot of each sample as described in the procedure. Each
0.1 mL of standard will cause an incremental increase in chlorine. The exact
value depends on the concentration of the ampule standard. Check the
certificate enclosed with the ampules for the chlorine concentration and
calculation of the expected chlorine increase.
Standard Solution Method
Standard solutions for chlorine are difficult and time-consuming to prepare. Errors
can occur if attention to detail is not addressed during preparation of the
standards. The calibration curve is prepared under rigorous analytical laboratory
conditions. Use the factory calibration for most normal testing.
1—29
Chlorine, Free and Total, LR,
continued
A user calibration or a user-prepared chlorine standard may be required by a
regulatory official or agency. Two options are available on the
Pocket Colorimeter II to meet this requirement.
A chlorine standard may be prepared and used to validate the calibration curve
using the Standard Calibration Adjust feature (see page 2—13 for more
information). The concentration of the prepared standard must be determined with
an alternate instrument such as a spectrophotometer, colorimeter, or by using an
alternate method such as amperometric titration. The concentration of the chlorine
standard for the LR procedure must be between 0.50 and 1.50 mg/L chlorine.
In addition, a user-generated calibration curve can be programmed into the
Pocket Colorimeter™ II. See User-Entered Calibration on page 2—15 for more
information.
1—30
Chlorine, Free and Total, LR, continued
Interferences
Interfering Substance Interference Levels and Treatments
Acidity
Greater than 150 mg/L CaCO3. May not develop full color or
color may fade instantly. Neutralize to pH 6–7 with 1 N Sodium
Hydroxide. Determine amount to be added on a separate 10-mL
sample, then add the same amount to the sample being tested.
Correct for the additional volume.
Alkalinity
Greater than 250 mg/L CaCO3. May not develop full color or
color may fade instantly. Neutralize to pH 6–7 with 1 N Sulfuric
Acid. Determine amount to be added on a separate 10-mL
sample, then add the same amount to the sample being tested.
Correct for the additional volume.
Bromine, Br2
Interferes at all levels
Hardness
No effect at less than 1,000 mg/L as CaCO3
Iodine, I2
Interferes at all levels
1—31
Chlorine, Free and Total, LR,
continued
Interfering Substance Interference Levels and Treatments
Manganese, Oxidized
(Mn4+, Mn7+) or Chromium,
Oxidized (Cr6+)
1. Adjust sample pH to 6–7.
2. Add 3 drops Potassium Iodide (30-g/L) (Cat. No. 343-32) to a
10-mL sample.
3. Mix and wait one minute.
4. Add 3 drops Sodium Arsenite (5-g/L) (Cat. No. 1047-32) and
mix.
5. Analyze 10 mL of the treated sample as described in the
procedure.
6. Subtract the result from this test from the original analysis
to obtain the correct chlorine concentration.
Monochloramine, LR
method
Causes a gradual drift to higher readings. When read within
1 minute after reagent addition, 3 mg/L monochloramine causes
less than a 0.1 mg/L increase in the reading.
Ozone
Interferes at all levels.
Method Performance
Estimated Detection Limit (EDL) = 0.02 mg/L
Typical precision (95% confindence interval) = 1.00 ± 0.05 mg/L
1—32
Chlorine, Free and Total, HR (0.1 to 8.0 mg/L Cl2)
For water, treated water, estuary water, and seawater (Free Chlorine)
For water, treated waters, wastewater, estuary water, and seawater
(Total Chlorine)
DPD Method*
USEPA accepted for reporting drinking water analyses (free and total chlorine)
and wastewater analyses (total chlorine).
Measuring Hints
•
If the chlorine concentration is typically less than 2 mg/L, use the low range
procedure.
•
Analyze samples immediately. Do not use plastic containers to collect samples.
For best results, dedicate a set of sample cells to each test (free and total).
•
If the sample temporarily turns yellow after reagent addition or shows
overrange (page 2—12), dilute a fresh sample and repeat the test. A slight loss
of chlorine may occur. Multiply the result by the dilution factor.
* Adapted from Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.
1—33
Chlorine, Free and Total, HR,
•
continued
High range free chlorine determinations are subject to variable levels of
interferences from monochloramine. See Interferences on page 1—43.
Note: The Pocket Colorimeter II is designed to measure solutions contained in sample cells.
DO NOT
dip the meter in the sample or pour the sample directly into the cell holder.
1—34
Chlorine, Free and Total, HR, continued
Using Powder Pillows
1. Fill a 1-cm/10-mL cell
with sample (the blank). Cap.
Note: Samples must be
analyzed immediately and
cannot be preserved for later
analysis.
2. Press the POWER key to
turn the meter on.
The arrow should indicate the
high range channel (HR).
Note: See page 2—4 for
information on selecting the
correct range channel.
1—35
3. Remove the meter cap.
Place the blank into the
cell holder, with the
diamond mark facing the
back of the cell holder.
Cover the cell with the cap.
Note: Wipe liquid off
sample cells.
Chlorine, Free and Total, HR,
4. Press: ZERO/SCROLL
The display will show
“- - - -” followed by “0.0”.
Remove the blank.
continued
5. Fill another 1-cm/10-mL
sample cell to the 5-mL line
with sample. Cap.
Note: Do not use the same
sample cells for free and total
chlorine without thoroughly
rinsing the cells between the
free and total tests.
6. Add the contents of two
DPD Free Chlorine or two
DPD Total Chlorine Powder
Pillows to the sample cell
(the prepared sample).
Cap the cell and shake gently
for 20 seconds.
Note: Gentle shaking
dissipates bubbles which may
form in samples containing
dissolved gases.
1—36
Chlorine, Free and Total, HR, continued
7. For free chlorine, place the
prepared sample cell in the cell
holder and cover with the
instrument cap within one
minute after adding the DPD
Free Pillow.
Proceed immediately to
step 9.
Note: The SwifTest™ Dispenser
8. For total chlorine, place the
prepared sample in the cell
holder and cover with the
instrument cap. Wait three to
six minutes after adding the
DPD Total Pillows. Proceed to
step 9.
Note: Wipe off sample cells.
can be used in place of the
powder pillow (see page 1—38).
1—37
9. Press READ/ENTER.
The instrument will
show “- - - -” followed by
the results in mg/L chlorine
(Cl2).
Chlorine, Free and Total, HR,
continued
Using the SwifTest™ Dispenser
1. Fill a 1-cm/10-mL cell
with sample (the blank). Cap.
Note: Samples must be
analyzed immediately and
cannot be preserved for later
analysis.
2. Press the POWER key to
turn the meter on.
The arrow should indicate the
high range channel (HR).
Note: See page 2—4 for
information on selecting the
correct range channel.
1—38
3. Remove the meter cap.
Place the blank into the cell
holder, with the diamond
mark facing the back of the
cell holder. Cover the cell
with the cap.
Note: Wipe liquid off sample
cells.
Chlorine, Free and Total, HR, continued
4. Press: ZERO/SCROLL
The display will show
“- - - -” followed by “0.0”.
Remove the blank.
5. Fill another 1-cm/10-mL
sample cell to the 5-mL line
with sample. Cap.
Note: Do not use the same
sample cells for free and total
chlorine without thoroughly
rinsing the cells between the
free and total tests.
6. Use the SwifTest™
Dispenser to add two
dispensations of DPD Free
Chlorine reagent or DPD
Total Chlorine reagent to
the sample cell
(the prepared sample).
Cap the cell and shake
gently for 20 seconds.
Note: Gentle shaking
dissipates bubbles.
1—39
Chlorine, Free and Total, HR,
7. For free chlorine, place the
prepared sample cell in the cell
holder and cover with the
instrument cap within one
minute after adding the DPD
Free Pillow.
Proceed immediately to
step 9.
Note: Wipe liquid off sample
continued
8. For total chlorine, place the
prepared sample in the cell
holder and cover with the
instrument cap. Wait three to
six minutes after adding the
DPD Total Pillows. Proceed to
step 9.
Note: Wipe liquid off sample
cells.
cells.
1—40
9. Press READ/ENTER.
The instrument will show
“- - - -” followed by the
results in mg/L chlorine (Cl2).
Chlorine, Free and Total, HR, continued
Accuracy Check
Standard Additions Method
a. Use the ampule breaker to snap the neck off a high range Chlorine
Standard Solution Ampule, 50–70 mg/L Cl2.
b. Use a TenSette® pipet to add 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mL of standard to three 5-mL
samples. Swirl gently to mix.
c. Analyze each sample as described in the procedure. Each 0.1 mL of
standard will cause an incremental increase in chlorine. The exact value
depends on the concentration of the ampule standard. Check the certificate
enclosed with the ampules for calculation of the expected increase in the
chlorine concentration.
Standard Solution Method
Standard solutions for chlorine are difficult and time-consuming to prepare. Errors
can occur if attention to detail is not addressed during preparation of the
standards. The calibration curve is prepared under rigorous analytical laboratory
conditions. Use the factory calibration for most normal testing.
1—41
Chlorine, Free and Total, HR,
continued
A user calibration or a user-prepared chlorine standard may be required by a
regulatory official or agency. Two options are available on the
Pocket Colorimeter™ II to meet this requirement.
A chlorine standard may be prepared and used to validate the calibration curve
using the Standard Calibration Adjust feature (see page 2—13 for more
information). The concentration of the prepared standard must be determined with
an alternate instrument such as a spectrophotometer, colorimeter, or by using an
alternate method such as amperometric titration. The concentration of the chlorine
standard for the HR procedure must be between 4.5 and 7.0 mg/L chlorine.
In addition, a user-generated calibration curve can be programmed into the
Pocket Colorimeter™ II. See User-Entered Calibration on page 2—15 for more
information.
1—42
Chlorine, Free and Total, HR, continued
Interferences
Interfering Substance Interference Levels and Treatments
Monochloramine
For conventional free chlorine disinfection (beyond the
breakpoint), monochloramine concentrations are very low. If
monochloramine is present in the sample, its interference in the
free chlorine test varies with the temperature, the relative
amount of monochloramine to free ammonia, and the time
required to do the analysis. Approximate interference levels of
monochloramine in the free chlorine test are listed below (as
mg/L Cl2).
NH2Cl
(as Cl2)
1.2
2.5
3.5
Sample Temperature °C (°F)
5 (40)
0.2
0.4
0.5
See additional Interferences on page 1—31.
1—43
10 (50)
0.2
0.5
0.6
20 (68)
0.3
0.6
0.7
30 (83)
0.3
0.6
0.8
Chlorine, Free and Total, HR,
continued
Method Performance
Estimated Detection Limit (EDL) = 0.1 mg/L
Typical precision (95% confidence interval) = 5.0 ± 0.2 mg/L
1—44
Specê Secondary Standards for DPD Chlorine
Note: Due to improvements in the optical system of the Pocket Colorimeter™ II, the tolerance
ranges and values on the Certificate of Analysis of previously purchased Spec √ standards
may no longer be valid. Obtain a new set of standards, or use the Pocket Colorimeter II to
assign new values to existing standards.
The DPD Chlorine Spec√ Secondary Standards are available to quickly check the
repeatability of the Pocket Colorimeter™ II instrument (see OPTIONAL REAGENTS
on page 1—49).
After initial measurements for the Spec√ standards are collected in the low range
(LR) channel, the standards can be re-checked as often as desired to ensure the
instrument is working consistently.
The standards do not ensure reagent quality nor do they ensure the accuracy of the
test results. Analysis of real standard solutions using the kit reagents is required to
verify the accuracy of the entire Pocket Colorimeter system. The Spec√ Standards
should NEVER be used to calibrate the instrument. The certificate of analysis lists
the expected value and tolerance for each Spec√ Standard.
Note: Before proceeding, make sure the instrument is in the low (LR) range channel. See
Switching Ranges on page 2—4.
1—45
Specê Secondary Standards for DPD Chlorine, continued
Using the Spec√ Standards
1. Place the colorless Spec√ blank into the cell holder with the alignment mark
facing the keypad. Tightly cover the cell with the instrument cap.
2. Press ZERO. The display will show “0.00”.
3. Place the STD 1 cell into the cell holder. Tightly cover the cell with the
instrument cap.
4. Press READ/ENTER. Record the concentration measurement.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 with cells labeled STD 2 and STD 3.
6. Compare these measurements with previous measurements to verify the
instrument is performing consistently. (If these are the first measurements,
record them for comparison with later measurements.)
Note: If the instrument is user-calibrated, initial standard measurements of the Spec √
Standards will need to be performed again for the user calibration.
1—46
Summary of Method
Chlorine can be present in water as free chlorine and as combined chlorine. Both
forms can coexist in the same solution and can be determined together as total
chlorine. Free chlorine is present as hypochlorous acid or hypochlorite ion.
Combined chlorine represents a combination of chlorine-containing compunds
including but not limited to monochloramine, dichloramine, nitrogen trichloride,
and other chloro derivatives. The combined chlorine oxidizes triiodide ion (I3–) to
iodine (I2). The iodine and free chlorine reacts with DPD
(N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine) to form a red solution. The color intensity is
proportional to the total chlorine concentration. To determine the concentration of
combined chlorine, run a free chlorine test and a total chlorine test. Subtract the
results of the free chlorine test from the total chlorine test to obtain the combined
chlorine concentration.
The range of analysis using the DPD method for chlorine can be extended by
adding more indicator in proportion to sample volume. For example, two powder
pillows of DPD Chlorine Reagent are added to a 5-mL sample portion to extend the
range of analysis.
1—47
Replacement Parts
REQUIRED REAGENTS
Description
Unit
Cat. No.
Free Chlorine Tests
DPD Free Chlorine Reagent Powder Pillows ..............................100/pkg .....21055-69
or
DPD Free Chlorine Reagent AccuVac® Ampuls
(low range test only) .................................................................. 25/pkg .... 25020-25
SwifTest™ DPD Free Chlorine Reagent with dispenser ..........250* tests .... 28023-00
Total Chlorine Tests
DPD Total Chlorine Reagent Powder Pillows.............................100/pkg .....21056-69
or
DPD Total Chlorine Reagent AccuVac® Ampuls
(low range test only) .................................................................. 25/pkg .... 25030-25
SwifTest™ DPD Total Chlorine Reagent with dispenser.........250* tests .... 28024-00
REQUIRED APPARATUS (AccuVac® Ampuls)
Beaker, 50 mL ......................................................................................each ...... 500-41H
* 125 tests when performing the high range test
1—48
Replacement Parts, continued
OPTIONAL REAGENTS
Description
Unit
Cat. No.
Chlorine Standard Solution, 25–30 mg/L, 2-mL ........................ 20/pkg .....26300-20
Chlorine Standard Solution, 50–75 mg/L, 2-mL ........................ 20/pkg .....14268-20
Chlorine Standards, secondary, Specê,
0.0, 0.2, 0.8 and 1.5 mg/L ............................................................ 4/pkg .....26353-00
Empty AccuVac® Ampuls (for reading blanks) ........................... 25/pkg .....26779-25
Potassium Iodide Solution, 30 g/L....................................100 mL MDB* ......... 343-32
Spec√ Secondary Standards, Chlorine ............................................. each .....26353-00
Sodium Arsenite Solution, 5 g/L........................................ 100 mL MDB ....... 1047-32
Sodium Hydroxide Standard Solution, 1 N...................... 100 mL MDB ....... 1045-32
Sulfuric Acid Standard Solution, 1 N................................ 100 mL MDB ....... 1270-32
SwifTest™ DPD Free Reagent Replacement Vial ...................250** tests ..... 21055-60
SwifTest™ DPD Total Reagent Replacement Vial ..................250** tests ..... 21056-60
Water, deionized.....................................................................................4 L ......... 272-56
* Marked Dropper Bottle
** 125 tests when performing the high range test
1—49
Replacement Parts, continued
OPTIONAL APPARATUS
Description
Unit
Cat. No.
AccuVac® Snapper Kit.........................................................................each .... 24052-00
Ampule Breaker Kit .............................................................................each .... 24846-00
Batteries, AAA, alkaline ...................................................................4/pkg .... 46743-00
Caps for 10-mL sample cells ......................................................... 12/pkg .... 24018-12
Cylinder, graduated, 25 mL. glass .....................................................each ........ 508-40
Cylinder, graduated, 100 mL, glass ...................................................each ........ 508-42
sension™1 Basic Portable pH Meter, with electrode ......................each .....51700-10
Pipet, TenSette®, 0.1 to 1.0 mL ..........................................................each .....19700-01
Pipet Tips, For 19700-01 TenSette® Pipet .................................... 50/pkg .... 21856-96
Sample Cells, 10-mL with screw caps.............................................6/pkg .... 24276-06
REPLACEMENT PARTS
Cap for 1-cm/10 mL sample cell .......................................................each .... 52626-00
Instrument Cap/light shield................................................................each .... 59548-00
Instrument Manual..............................................................................each .... 59570-88
Sample Cells, 1-cm/10-mL ...............................................................2/pkg .... 48643-02
1—50
Section 2
Instrument Manual
2—1
2—2
Instrument Operation
Key Functions
Key
Description
Function
POWER
On/Off/Backlight
To turn on the backlight, turn on the instrument, then
press and hold the power key until the backlight turns
on. Press and hold again to turn off the backlight. This
key functions the same in all instrument modes and
ranges.
ZERO/SCROLL
In measurement mode, sets the instrument to zero.
In menu mode, scrolls through menu options. Also
scrolls numbers when entering or editing a value.
READ/ENTER
In measurement mode, initiates sample measurement.
In menu mode, selects a menu option. When entering
numbers, moves one space to the right and executes
the function when the entry is complete.
2—3
Instrument Operation, continued
Key
Description
Function
MENU
Enter/Exit the menu mode
Press and hold for approximately 5 seconds to enter
user-entered method mode.
Menu Selections
Press the MENU key to access the menu selections.
Switching Ranges
1. Press the MENU key. The display will show “SEL”. A flashing arrow indicates
the current range.
2. Press the READ/ENTER key to toggle between ranges.
3. Press MENU again to accept and exit back to the measurement screen.
Setting the Time
1. Press the MENU key, then press the ZERO/SCROLL key until the display shows
a time in the “00:00” format.
2—4
Instrument Operation, continued
2. Press READ/ENTER. The digit to be edited will flash.
3. Use the ZERO/SCROLL key to change the entry, then press READ/ENTER to
accept and advance to the next digit. The time is entered in 24-hour format.
Recalling Stored Measurements
1. Press the MENU key, then press the ZERO/SCROLL key until the display shows
RCL. The instrument automatically stores the last 10 measurements.
2. In RCL, press READ/ENTER to recall the stored measurements, beginning with
the most recent measurement taken. The meter stores the measurement
number as 01 (most recent) through 10 (oldest), the time the measurement was
taken, and the measurement value. The ZERO/SCROLL key allows for selection
of a specific measurement by number. The READ/ENTER key scrolls through all
stored data points.
2—5
Instrument Operation, continued
Battery Installation
Figure 1 on page 2—7 provides an exploded view of battery installation.
1. Unhook the latch and remove the battery compartment cover. The polarities
are shown on the battery holder.
2. Place the four batteries provided with the instrument in the holder as indicated
and replace the battery compartment cover. The display will show the software
version number (e.g., “P 1.6”) after correct battery installation.
When replacing discharged batteries, always replace the complete set of four
alkaline batteries. Rechargeable batteries are not recommended and cannot be
recharged in the instrument.
Note: The Low Battery icon will appear on the display when the batteries have 10% battery life
remaining. The battery icon will flash when the batteries are too low to complete
measurements. See Instrument Keys and Display on page 1—13.
2—6
Instrument Operation, continued
Figure 1
Battery Installation
2—7
2—8
Error Codes
When the instrument cannot perform the function initiated by the operator, an
error message will appear in the display. Refer to the appropriate message
information below to determine what the problem is and how it can be corrected.
Resolve error messages in the order that they appear on the display. Service Centers
are listed in page 2—37.
Error Messages
1. E-0 No Zero (User mode)
Error occurs when trying to read a standard in the user calibration mode
before setting the meter to zero.
•
Zero the instrument on an appropriate blank.
2. E-1 Ambient Light Error
There is too much light present to take a valid measurement.
•
•
Verify instrument cap is correctly seated.
If the problem persists, contact a Service Center (page 2—37).
2—9
Error Codes, continued
3. E-2 LED Error
The LED (light source) is out of regulation.
•
•
Replace batteries.
Verify LED lights up (inside the cell holder) when the READ/ENTER or
ZERO/SCROLL key is pressed.
• If the problem persists, contact a Service Center (page 2—37).
Note: When an E-1 or E-2 error occurs on a measurement, the display will show “_.__”. (The
decimal place is determined by the chemistry.) If the E-1 or E-2 error occurs while
zeroing the meter, the meter will require the user to re-zero.
4. E-3 Standard Adjust Error
The value obtained on the prepared standard exceeds the adjustment limits
allowed for the standard concentration, or the concentration of the standard is
outside the concentration range allowed for standard calibration adjust.
•
•
•
Prepare the standard and rerun according to the procedure.
Prepare a standard at or near the recommended concentrations given in the
procedure.
Verify that the concentration of the standard has been entered correctly.
2—10
Error Codes, continued
•
If the problem persists, contact a Service Center (page 2—37).
5. E-6 Abs Error (User mode)
Indicates that the absorbance value is invalid, or indicates an attempt to make
a curve with less than two points.
•
•
Enter or measure the absorbance value again.
If the problem persists, contact a Service Center (page 2—37).
6. E-7 Standard Value Error (User mode)
Standard concentration is equal to another standard concentration that is
already entered.
•
•
Enter the correct standard concentration.
If the problem persists, contact a Service Center (page 2—37).
7. E-9 Flash Error
The meter is unable to save data.
•
If the problem persists, contact a Service Center (page 2—37).
2—11
Error Codes, continued
8. Underrange—flashing number below stated test range
• Verify instrument cap is correctly seated.
• Check zero by measuring a blank. If error recurs, re-zero the instrument.
• If the problem persists, contact a Service Center (page 2—37).
Note: See Maximum/Minimum Displayed Value on page 2—26 for more information.
9. Overrange—flashing number above stated test range
Note: Flashing value will be 10% over the upper test limit.
•
•
Check for light blockage.
Dilute and retest sample.
Note: See Maximum/Minimum Displayed Value on page 2—26 for more information.
2—12
Standard Calibration Adjust
The Pocket Colorimeter™ II instrument is factory-calibrated and ready for use
without user calibration. Use of the factory calibration is recommended unless the
user is required to generate a calibration. The Standard Calibration Adjust can be
used to meet regulatory requirements.
This feature allows the factory default calibration curve to be adjusted with a
known standard. Use the standard described in the procedure.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Place a blank in the meter (in measurement mode). Press ZERO/SCROLL.
Place the reacted standard in the meter. Press READ/ENTER.
Press MENU, then press ZERO/SCROLL until the display shows “SCA”.
Press READ/ENTER to display the standard calibration adjust value.
Press READ/ENTER to adjust the curve to the displayed value. The meter will
return to the measurement mode and the Calibration Adjusted icon will appear
in the display window.
If an alternate concentration is used, or if a standard concentration is not given:
6. Repeat steps 1–4.
2—13
Standard Calibration Adjust, continued
7. Press ZERO/SCROLL to access the Edit function, then press READ/ENTER to
begin editing. The digit to be edited will flash. Use the ZERO/SCROLL key to
change the entry, then press READ/ENTER to accept and advance to the
next digit.
When the last digit is entered, press READ/ENTER and the meter will adjust the
curve to the value entered. The meter will return to measurement mode and the
Calibration Adjusted icon will appear in the display window.
To turn off Standard Calibration Adjust (SCA):
1.
2.
3.
4.
Press MENU.
Press ZERO/SCROLL until “SCA” appears in the display.
Press READ/ENTER, then press ZERO/SCROLL until “Off” appears in the display.
Press READ/ENTER to turn off SCA.
Note: Perform another standard calibration adjust to turn SCA on again.
Note: For meters with factory-calibrated ranges or methods, Standard Calibration Adjust
(SCA) will be disabled when a user-entered method is programmed into the meter. To
turn SCA back on, restore the meter to factory default calibration. See Retrieving the
Factory Calibration on page 2—25.
2—14
User-Entered Calibration
Overview
The Pocket Colorimeter™ II will accept a user-prepared calibration curve. The curve
can extend from 0 to 2.5 absorbance. A user-prepared calibration curve may be
entered into any channel that does not contain a factory-programmed curve. These
channels are labeled “abs” on instruments having a single factory calibration or
are labeled “1” and “2” on the uncalibrated single wavelength instruments. Any
chemistry that can be run at the instrument wavelength may be user-entered in
these channels.
Using prepared standard solutions that cover the range of interest, the meter
generates a calibration curve by calculating the straight-line segments between
each standard entered. A calibration curve may be entered using the keypad.
Factory-entered calibration curves may also be recalculated or adjusted using the
same procedure.
To enter the user-entered calibration mode, press the MENU key and hold it down
until the display shows “USER” (about 5 seconds), followed by “CAL”. Press
ZERO/SCROLL to scroll through the options.
Note: If the meter does not display USER followed by CAL after pressing the MENU key, the
factory calibration cannot be modified on this channel.
2—15