Work Posture
Work Posture
A. INTRODUCTION
In industry, human role as the source of power is dominant in the production process,
especially in manual activity (such as manual material handling). This kind of human
activity can cause ergonomic problem that is happen in work place, especially related
with human power and endurance in doing their job or biomechanics that is called
Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSD) in labor that doing the same movement repetition.
Symptom in MSD that is often happening in industry labor that is back pain, neck
pain, pain in wrist, elbow and foot. Four factors can increase MSD that is unnatural
posture, exceeded power, repetition, and duration of working time. Therefore, we need
some effort to prevent and minimize MSD in working environment. This effort can be
achieved by doing working posture analysis. The result of working posture analysis can
become consideration in correction recommendation.
Practicum Objectives
a. Students able to do work measurement and understand working posture.
b. Students know the quantity of working load while doing certain job.
c. Students able to implement the method using NBM questionnaire, REBA, and RULA
to decrease work risk.
d. Students able to give recomendation based on analysis result.
B. INPUT AND OUTPUT
Input :
1. Operator’s data
2. Nordic Body Map Questionnaire
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 1
Work Posture
3. Video of manual material handling process
4. Video screencapture
Output :
1. Result of Nordic Body Map Questionnaire
2. REBA/RULA Score
3. Load and working posture analysis
4. Improvement of working system plan
5. Working posture recommendation
C. REFERENSI
Chaffin, D.B. et al., 1991. Occupational Biomechanics, Wiley New York.
Corlett, E.N., (1992), Static Muscle Loading and the Evaluation of Posture. Edited by
Wilson. J.R. & Corlett, E.N. 1992. Evaluation of Human Work a Practical
Ergonomics Methodology. London :Tailor & Francis.
Hignett, S., & McAtamney, L. (2000). Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Applied
Ergonomics, 31(2), 201–206.
Kroemer, K.H.E, H.B. Kroemer, dan K.E. Kroemer-Elbert. 2001. Ergonomics How To
Design For Ease And Efficiency. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
McAtamney, L., Corlett, EN., 1993, RULA : Survey Method for The Investigation
of Work Related Upper Limb Disorder, Applied Ergonomi. Journal of Human
Ergonomics. 24(2), 91-99.
Nurmianto, E., 1996. Ergonomi: Konsep Dasar dan Aplikasinya Tinjauan Anatomi,
Fisiologi, Antropometri, Psikologi, dan Komputasi untuk Perancangan, Kerja dan
Produk, Jakarta: PT Guna Widya.
Sukania, I. W., Widodo, L., & Natalia, D. (2003). Identifikasi Keluhan Biomekanik dan
Kebutuhan Operator Proses Packing. Jurnal Energi dan Manufaktur Vol.6, No.1,,
19-24.
Sutalaksana, I.Z., Anggawisastra, R. & Tjakraatmadja, J.H., 1979. Teknik Tata Cara
Kerja. ITB, Bandung.
Tayyari, F. & Smith, J.L., 1997. Occupational ergonomics: Principles and applications,
Chapman & Hall.
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 2
Work Posture
Waters, T., 1994. Applications manual for the revised NIOSH lifting equation, DHHS
(NIOSH) Publication No. 94-110, 32.
Winter, D.A., 1979. Biomechanics of human movement, Wiley New York.
D. LANDASAN TEORI
1.
Nordic Body Map
Sceletal muscle complaints related to the size of the human body is caused by the
absence of equilibrium structure in order to receive a load, both weight of the body and
other additional loads. For example the body that are prone to high compressive loads
and bending, and therefore have a higher risk of the occurrence of skeletal muscle
complaints.
Through a subjective approach, skeletal muscle complaints can be measured and
analyzed properly. The usage of subjective value have included some of the phenomena
that occur in the psychological, biomechanical and measurement techniques, and being
the easiest way to assess and is interpreted (Kroemer, 2001).
Nordic Body Map is a subjective measurement tools used to determine the parts of
muscle experiencing symptoms ranging from discomfort to very discomfort (Corlett,
1992). This questionnaire (Table 1.1 and 1.2) using the image of the human body which
is divided into 9 main body part that is the neck, shoulders, upper back, elbows, lower
back, hips, knees and ankles. From 9 body parts are then broken down into 28 parts of
the body such as in Figure 1.1.
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 3
Work Posture
Figure 1.1 Details of Body Parts Nordic Body Map (Source: Kroemer, 2011)
Table 1.1 Level of Employees Pain
A
B
C
D
Keterangan
No Pain
Tidak terasa sakit
Moderately Pain Cukup Sakit
Painful
Menyakitkan
Very Painful
Sangat Menyakitkan
Table 1.2 Nordic Body Map Questionnaire
No
Level of Complaints
Location
A
0
Upper neck/Atas leher
1
Lower neck/Bawah leher
2
Left shoulder/Kiri bahu
3
Right shoulder/Kanan bahu
4
Left upper arm/Kiri atas lengan
5
Back /Punggung
6
Right upper arm/Kanan atas lengan
7
Waist/Pinggang
8
Buttock/Pantat
9
Bottom/Bagian bawah pantat
10
Left elbow/Kiri siku
11
Right elbow/Kanan siku
B
C
D
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 4
Work Posture
No
Level of Complaints
Location
A
12
Left lower arm/Kiri lengan bawah
13
Right lower arm /Kanan lengan bawah
14
Left wrist/ Pergelangan tangan Kiri
15
Right wrist/ Pergelangan tangan Kanan
16
Left hand/ Tangan Kiri
17
Right hand/ Tangan Kanan
18
Left thigh/ Paha Kiri
19
Right thigh/ Paha Kanan
20
Left knee/ Lutut Kiri
21
Right knee/ Lutut Kanan
22
Left calf/ Betis Kiri
23
Right calf/ Betis Kanan
24
Left ankle/ Pergelangan kaki Kiri
25
Right ankle/ Pergelangan kaki Kanan
26
Left foot/kaki kiri
27
Right foot/kaki kanan
B
C
D
Data processing using nordic body map questionnaire can be processed by many
ways. But in this lab is restricted by various regulations and measures as follows
(Sukania, Widodo, and Natalia, 2003):
a. Fill out the questionnaire of NBM with some respondents that the same type of
work.
b. Make a percentage of each indicator.
c. Analyzing the percentage who have high levels of complaints by workers
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 5
Work Posture
2. Postur Kerja
The movement of the organs of the body at work determines good work posture.
The movement can be as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, pronation, and
supination as shown in the figure below.
Figure 1.2 Kinds of Motion Body
.
Ergonomic considerations relating to the work posture can help to get a comfortable
working posture for workers, working posture standing, sitting and so on. In several
types of work is working posture unnatural and takes place in the long term. This will
lead to pains in the body, or often called CTDs (Cumulative Trauma Disorders).
Cumulative Trauma Disorders (may be referred as Repetitive Motion injuries or
Musculoskeletal Disorders) is an injury to the skeletal system muscles that grew
gradually as a result of minor trauma are constantly. It caused by worst design that the
design of the tool / work systems that require body movements in position unnormal and
the use of tools / handtools or other device that is too often (Tayyari & Smith, 1997).
There are four factors that most often the causes of CTDs are:
a.
The usage of excessive force during normal movement.
b.
Unnormal position movement of stiff joints. For example, the shoulders that are
too elevated, back bending, and so on.
c.
Repetition the same movement.
d.
Lack of adequate rest to heal the trauma of the joint.
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 6
Work Posture
A. Work Posture Method
Work attitude (posture) plays an important
role in the world of work, especially in manual
material handling (MMH). By having the correct
working posture, the worker / operator would
need a little break, faster, and more efficient in
work, work postures otherwise false and in the
long term will lead to a wide range of health
problems that can be worst. In working posture analysis, there are several methods used
in analyzing scores of positioning posture. Existing methods for analyzing posture can
be seen in the following figure.
REBA (Rapid Entire
Body Assessment)
RULA (Rapid Upper
Limb Assessment)
OWAS (Owako Work
Posture Analysis)
Metode Analisa
Postur Kerja
PEI (Posture Evaluation
Index)
QEC (Quick Exposure
Check)
PLIBEL
Figure 1.3 Methods Posture Analysis
Based on methods exist in the measurement work postures, only two method that
will be used in the practicum.
1. Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA)
In 1995, McAtamney and Hignett introduce Rapid method Entery Body Assessment
(REBA). The method can be used to quickly assess the posture of a worker and this
method is also influenced by coupling, external load supported by the body and the
activity of workers (Hignett & McAtamney, 2000). The input method REBA namely:
1.
Collecting data using the camcorder posture workers
2.
Determination of the angle of the torso, neck, legs, upper arms, forearms and wrists.
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 7
Work Posture
Process of REBA method shown as Figure 1.4 as follows:
Figure 1.4 REBA Scoring
REBA output contained in Table 1.3 is a grouping of the action levels should be
based on the results of the total value in the assessment of REBA, as shown in the
following table:
Table 1.3 Action Level REBA Method
Action Level
0
1
2
3
4
REBA Score
1
2–3
4–7
8 – 10
11 – 15
Risk Level
Can be ignored
Low
Moderate
High
Very High
Corrective Action
Not necessary
Maybe necessary
Necessary
Need fast
Need immediately
a. Steps of Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA)
1. Retrieving data posture workers use video or photos.
To get an idea of the attitude (posture) workers and neck, back, arm, wrist to toe in
detail is done by recording or photographing posture workers. It is done so that
researchers get the data posture in detail (valid), resulting from the recording and the
images can be obtained accurate data for the calculation stage and subsequent analysis.
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 8
Work Posture
2. Determination the angle of the worker's body parts
Having obtained the recordings and photographs posture of workers carried out the
calculations of the angles of each body segment that includes the back (torso), neck,
upper arms, forearms, wrists, and feet. In the REBA method segment - a segment of the
body is divided into two groups, namely group A and B. Group A includes the back
(torso), neck, and legs. While Group B includes of the upper arm, forearm and wrist.
From the data on each corner of the body segments - each group can know the score,
then the score is used to view the table A (Table 1.10) for group A and Table B (Table
1.11) for group B in order to obtain a score for each table.
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 9
Work Posture
a. Back
Scores movement back (torso) and range of movement can be seen in Table 1.4 and
Figure 1.5.
Table 1.4 Score movement back (torso)
Movement
Upright / natural
Score
1
Score Change
00 - 200flexion
00 - 200extension
200 - 600 flexion
> 200 extension
> 600 flexion
2
+1 if rotate or
tilted to the side
3
4
Figure 1.5 Range of back movement (a) natural posture, (b) 0 – 20oflexion posture, (c) 20 –
60oflexion posture, (d) 60o or more flexion posture.
b. Neck
Scores neck movement and range of movement can be seen in Table 1.5 and Figure
1.6.
Table 1.5 Neck movement score
Movement
00 - 200flexion
>200 flexion atau extension
Score
1
Score Change
+1 if rotate or
2
tilted to the side
Figure 1.6 Neck movement range (a) 20o or more flexion posture, (b) extension posture
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 10
Work Posture
c. Leg
Scores leg movement and range of movement can be seen in Table 1.6 and Figure
1.7.
Table 1.6 Foot position score
Movement
Feet propped up, the weight is spread
evenly, walk or sit
Legs are not propped up, the weight is
not distributed evenly / posture is not
stable
Score
Score Change
1
+1 if knee between 300 and 600flexion
2
+2 if knee >600 flexion (not when sitting)
Figure 1.7 Range movement of the foot (a) foot propped up, the weight is spread evenly,
(b) leg was not propped up, the weight is not distributed evenly, (c) between 300 and
600flexion knee, and (d) knee> 600 flexion (not when sitting)
d. Upper arm
Scores movement of the upper arm and the range of movement can be seen in Table
1.7 and Figure 1.8.
Table 1.7 Scores movement of the upper arm
Movement
20 extension to 200flexion
0
Score
1
0
>20 extension
200 - 450flexion
2
>450 - 900flexion
3
> 900flexion
4
Score Change
+1 if arm position:
- abducted
- rotated
+1 if the shoulder elevated
-1 if lean, arm weights
supported or corresponding
gravity
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 11
Work Posture
Figure 1.8 Range movement of the upper arm (a) posture 20oflexion and extension, (b)
20o or more extension posture and posture 20 - 45oflexion, (c) posture 45 - 90oflexion,
(d) posture 90o or more flexion
e. Forearm
Scores movement of the forearm and the range of movement can be seen in Table 1.8
and Figure 1.9.
Table 1.8 Forearm movement score
Movement
Score
600- 1000flexion
1
<600 flexion or >1000flexion
2
Figure 1.9 Range movement of the forearm (a) posture 60 - 100oflexion, (b) or less
flexion postures 60o and 100o or more flexion
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 12
Work Posture
f. Wrist
Wrist movement scores and range of movement can be seen in Table 1.9 and Figure
1.10.
Table 1.9 Wrist movement scores
Movement
0 - 15 flexion / extension
0
Score
1
0
0
>15 flexion / extension
2
Score Change
+1 if the wrist deviated or
spun
Figure 1:10 Range wrist movements (a) natural posture, (b) posture 0 - 15oflexion and
extension, (c) 15 degrees or more flexion postures, (d) posture 15o or more extensions
Table 1.10 Table A
Neck = 1
Neck = 2
Neck = 3
Foot
1
2
3
4
Foot
1
2
3
4
Foot
1
2
3
4
1
2
Back
3
1
2
3
4
2
3
4
5
2
4
5
6
3
5
6
7
4
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
3
4
5
6
4
5
6
7
5
6
7
8
6
7
8
9
3
3
5
6
4
5
6
7
5
6
7
8
6
7
8
9
7
8
9
9
4
5
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 13
Work Posture
Table 1.11 Table B
Wrist
1
2
3
Wrist
1
2
3
Forearm =
1
Forearm =
2
1
2
Upper Arm
3
4
1
2
3
1
2
3
3
4
5
4
5
5
6
7
8
7
8
8
1
2
3
2
3
4
4
5
5
5
6
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
5
6
Scores the results obtained from Table A and Table B is used to view the table C to
obtain a score of table C as in Table 1.12.
Table 1.12 Table C
Score
B
3.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
4
5
6
7
7
7
2
1
2
2
3
4
4
5
6
6
7
7
8
3
2
3
3
3
4
5
6
7
7
8
8
8
4
3
4
4
4
5
6
7
8
8
9
9
9
5
4
4
4
5
6
7
8
8
9
9
9
9
Score A
6
7
6
7
6
7
6
7
7
8
8
9
8
9
9
9
9
10
10 10
10 11
10 11
10 11
8
8
8
8
9
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
12
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
Determination of the weight of the object is lifted, coupling, and the activity of
workers
In addition to scoring on each body segment, another factor to be included is the
weight lifted (Table 1:13), coupling (Table 1:14 and 1.15), and the activity of workers
(Table 1.15). Each of these factors also have a score category.
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 14
Work Posture
Table 1.13 Scores heavy burden is lifted
0
1
2
< 5Kg 5 - 10 Kg > 10 Kg
+1
Addition of the load
suddenly or quckly
Table 1.14 Coupling Table
0
1
2
Good
Fair
Poor
Handrail fitting and Grip acceptable but Grip
cannot
right in the middle, not ideal or coupling accepted
even
strong grip.
is suitable for use by possible.
other parts of the
body.
3
Unacceptable
be Forced, grip unsafe,
if without handles.
Coupling
is
not
suitable for use by
other parts of the
body.
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 15
Work Posture
Object Lifted
Container
(Keranjang)
Container
(Keranjang)
Optimal?
Loose Object
(Benda Bebas)
NO
YES
Bulky Object?
(Benda Besar)?
NO
YES
POOR
Tungkai (Handle)
Optimal?
Genggaman (Grid)
Optimal?
NO
NO
Jari - Jari
memebentuk
sudut 90 derajat
NO
YES
FAIR
YES
YES
Good
Figure 1.11 Flowchart Decision Tree Classification Clutch (Waters et al, 1994)
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 16
Work Posture
Table 1.15 Activity Score
+1
+1
+1
- 1 or more parts of the body status, detained for more than 1
minute.
- repetition of movements within a short time span, repeated
more than 4 times per minute (excluding walking)
- Movement causes changes or shifts in posture that is faster
than the initial posture
4. REBA posture value calculation
Having obtained a score of table A then calculated with the score for the heavy load
lifted so that the obtained value portion of A. While scores of tables and calcilated with a
score of table coupling to obtain value from the value of B. Part A and Part B can be
used to find the value section C that can be seen on table C.
REBA value obtained from the sum of the value of part C with the value of labor
activity. REBA value can be found in musculoskeletal risk level and the actions that need
to be done to reduce risk as well as the repair work. For more details, plot ways of
working by using REBA method as well as the level of risk that occurred can be seen in
Figure 1.12 and Table 1.16.
REBA : SCORING
L
R
Trunk
Upper Arms
L
GROUP A
R
Neck
GROUP B
+
+
Lower Arms
L
Legs
Load/ Force
Coupling
R
Wrists
SCORE A
Use
Table C
SCORE C
+
Activity
Score
Date:
Task:
REBA Score
Analysts:
Figure 1.12 Step - step calculation method of REBA (Source: Hignett and McAtamney)
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 17
Work Posture
Table 1:16 Table Level Risks and Actions
Action Level REBA Score
Risk Level
Corrective Action
0
1
Can be ignored
Not necessary
1
2-3
Low
Maybe necessary
2
4-7
Moderate
Nnecessary
3
8 - 10
High
Need fast
4
11 - 15
Very high
Need immediately
From the table above risks can be determined by REBA value obtained from the
previous calculation result can know the level of risk that occurred and whether or not
the measures taken for improvement. Repair work may be carried out which include the
redesign of work equipment based on the principle - the principle of ergonomics.
2. Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA)
RULA or Rapid Upper Limb Assessment developed by Dr. And Dr. Lynn McAtamney
Nigel Corlett that is ergonom of universities in Nottingham (University of Nottingham's
Institute of Occupational Ergonomics). He was describe in the journal form ergonomic
applications in 1993 (Lueder, 1996).
Rapid Upper Limb Assessment is a method developed in the field of ergonomic
investigating and assessing that work done by the position of the upper body. This
method is used to retrieve the value of work posture in taking sample posture of the work
cycle, which have hazardous risks to the health of the workers, then do assessment /
scoring. Having obtained the results of the assessment, we can know the posture of the
worker in accordance with the principles of ergonomics or not, if not then necessary
remedial measures. This method uses diagrams of body postures and three assessment
tables (tables A, B, and C) are provided for evaluating the hazardous working posture in
the work cycle. Through this method will get the maximum limit value and the various
postures of workers, the limit values ranging between grades 1-7.
a. RULA method objective:
1. Provides fast protection at work.
2. Identify the necessary business-related muscle posture while working.
3. Provide the results that can be included in the assessment of extensive ergonomics.
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 18
Work Posture
4. Documenting posture at work, with the following provisions:
Body divided into two groups, A (arm and forearm and wrist) and B (neck, spine,
and feet).
5. Distance movement of any part of the body is numbered.
6. Scoring is done on sides, right and left.
RULA method was designed for ease without requiring tools are difficult to use. Using
the worksheet RULA, the evaluator will assign a score to each of the following body
regions: the upper arm, forearm, wrist, neck, trunk, and legs. Once the data for each
region is collected and scored, tables on the form then used to construct variable risk
factors, produces a single score that represents the level of risk of MSD as outlined
below:
Table 1.17 on assessing the level of risk RULA
Score
Tingkat Resiko
1-2
Negligible risk, no action required
3-4
Low risk, a change is needed
5-6
Intermediate risk, further investigation, change soon
6+
Very risk, implement change now
b. Steps and examples using RULA
RULA worksheet is divided into two parts, part A (Arm and wrist) and B (neck, back,
legs). This division is required to ensure that each posture is restricted from the neck,
back and legs that may affect the arm and wrist postures are included in the assessment of
RULA.
Researchers have to give value to the group A (Arm and wrist) first, then the value for
the group B (neck, back and legs) to the left and right. For each part of the body, there is
the scale of values penyesu posture and no provisions as described in the worksheet to be
considered and taken into account in the scoring.
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 19
Work Posture
1. Steps 1-4: Right Arm & Wrist Analysis
Figure 1.13 Arm and wrist analysis in RULA
In step 1, a +3 score was used for upper arm position (45+ degrees). For step 2, a +2 score
was given for the lower arm position (<60 degrees). The step 3 wrist score was +3 for wrist
flexion (>15 degrees), and +1 was added for ulnar deviation. The step 4 wrist score is +2
because the wrist is twisted near the end range. Each score should be marked on Table A.
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 20
Work Posture
2. Steps 5-8: Calculate the score for Group A as outlined below:
Figure 1.14 Group A score in RULA
a. Step 5: Using values from steps 1-4, locate the score for this step in table A.
b. Step 6: Add the muscle use score to this box. In this example, the posture is not
sustained for more than 10 minutes, and not repeated 4x per minute. Therefore, the score
is 0.
c. Step 7: In this example, the load is greater than 4.4 lbs. and repeated. Therefore, the
score is +2.
d. Step 8: Add the values in steps 5-7 to obtain the Wrist / Arm Score.
e. Steps 9-11: Neck, Trunk and Leg Analysis.
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 21
Work Posture
3. Steps 9-11: Neck, Trunk and Leg Analysis
Figure 1.15 Neck, trunk and leg analysis in RULA
In step 9, a +3 score was used for the neck position (>20 degrees). The step 10 score is +1
due to a trunk position of 0-20 degrees. Each score should then be circled on Table B.
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 22
Work Posture
4. Steps 12-15: Calculate the total score for Group B as outlined below
Figure 1.16 Group B score in RULA
f. Step 12: Using values from steps 9-11, locate the score for this step in table B.
g. Step 13: Add the muscle use score to this box. In this example, the posture is not
sustained for more than 10 minutes, and not repeated 4x per minute. Therefore, the
score is 0.
h. Step 14: In this example, the load is greater than 4.4 lbs. and repeated. Therefore, the
score is +2.
i. Step 15: Add the values in steps 12-14 to obtain the Neck, Trunk, & Leg Group B
Score.
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 23
Work Posture
Determine Final RULA Score:
Use Table C to determine the final RULA score as shown below.
Figure 1.17 Final score table C in RULA
Final RULA Score = 7
In this example, the final RULA score of 7 indicates high risk and calls for engineering
and/or work method changes to reduce or eliminate MSD risk as outlined in the chart on page
1.
3. CTDs Prevention
By doing the above calculations it is expected that workers can minimize the risk of
CTDs impact itself. Prevention of CTDs can be grouped into three categories:
engineering controls, administrative controls and personal protective equipment (PPE) as
contained in Figure 1.17 as follows:
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 24
Work Posture
Avoid CTD
Engineering
Controls
Administrative
Controls
Job Redesign
Penjadwalan
Waktu Istirahat
Workplace
Redesign
Rotasi kerja
Tool Redesign
Training
Automation
Exercise
Workplace
Accessories
Job/career
changes
APD
Figure 1.17 CTDs prevention steps (Source : Tayyari, 1997)
E. PROBLEMS
a) Nordic Body Map
A look into the company that its employees working in the sector of packaging
(packaging). In a sector that there are 30 employee want to analyze which part is the
complaint of workers at work, which will be calculated and analyzed further.
From these results, the researchers could get results like the following table:
Level of Complaints
B
C
A
%
Total
%
Total
%
Total
Location
Total
No
D
%
0
Upper neck/Atas leher
9 30.0
5 16.7
16 53.3
0
0
1
Lower neck/Bawah leher
7 23.3
5 16.7
18 60.0
0
0
2
Left shoulder/Kiri bahu
15 50.0
6 20.0
9 30.0
0
0
3
Right shoulder/Kanan bahu
13 43.3
13 43.3
4 13.3
0
0
4
Left upper arm/Kiri atas lengan
15 50.0
12 40.0
3 10.0
0
0
5
Back /Punggung
7 23.3
11 36.7
9 30.0
3
10
6
Right upper arm/Kanan atas lengan
6 20.0
4 13.3
20 66.7
0
0
7
Waist/Pinggang
10 33.3
9 30.0
9 30.0
2 6.67
8
Buttock/Pantat
14 46.7
11 36.7
5 16.7
0
0
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 25
Work Posture
Level of Complaints
B
C
A
%
Total
%
Total
%
Total
Location
Total
No
D
%
9
Bottom/Bagian bawah pantat
17 56.7
9 30.0
4 13.3
0
0
10
Left elbow/Kiri siku
19 63.3
7 23.3
3 10.0
1
3.3
11
Right elbow/Kanan siku
16 53.3
12 40.0
1
3.3
1
3.3
12
Left lower arm/Kiri lengan bawah
17 56.7
12 40.0
1
3.3
0
0
13
Right lower arm /Kanan lengan bawah
20 66.7
10 33.3
0
0.0
0
0
14
Left wrist/ Pergelangan tangan Kiri
16 53.3
14 46.7
0
0.0
0
0
15
Right wrist/ Pergelangan tangan Kanan
18 60.0
11 36.7
1
3.3
0
0
In these results, it can be seen that the pains (C) that exceeds 50% is the upper right arm,
neck and upper neck. Thus, it needs further analysis and recommendations.
b) Posture
Torso on the work process at 35o bend (forward), to the position of the operator's neck
form an angle of 34o, with normal foot position / balance. For weight carried is less than
10 kg and need rapid strength to carry the load. The movement of the upper arm while
lifting a box is 20o and the arm is in a bent position. Forearm in this process allows the
50o movement, as well as a large angle to the wrist> 15o. In this case the object is lifted in
the form of a box so that there are no handrails found on the side of the box, so it can be
said to be poor. This activity requires a change in the posture of a relatively fast motion.
As an expert in ergonomics, analyze work postures that occur on this operator. Determine
the level of action and solutions.
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 26
Work Posture
L
R
Trunk
GROUP A
Neck
5
2
+
+
1
Load/Force
Coupling
2
Upper Arms
L
R
GROUP B
Lower arms
L
R
Legs
Wrists
6
SCORE A
4
Use
Table C
SCORE
C
7
+
Activit
y
Score
REBA
Score
1
8
Conclusions:
REBA score 8 Action Level 3, the level of risk is very high and the necessary corrective
actions immediately.
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 27
Work Posture
F. PRACTICUM
Practicum groove as described in the following flowchart:
Start
Theory
· Delivering Material
· Post test
Place Decision
Data collection
·
·
·
Respondent do the work
Take a video
Fill out NBQ
Data collected
Data Processing
Data Analysis
Conclusion
Consultation
ACC
Assistant
Report
submitted
Work System Design & Ergonomic Laboratory | 28