1940s and 1950s
Melissa Wilm
Module 11
1940s and 1950s Fashion
Turban – A
decorative
head wrap or
scarf popular
during the
1940s because
it was a lowcost way to
add fashion to
an outfit. It was
an especially
common style
for working
women.
Source: Metropolitan Museum of Art
Artist: Weegee
Uniform - This
man, perhaps
preparing to
depart for his
military duties,
wears the
outerwear of
his military
uniform.
Title: Soldier’s Farewell
Date: 1942
1940s and 1950s Fashion
Bar Suit – The
original Bar Suit was
of Dior’s creation,
but this designer also
plays with the
shapes of the Bar
Suit and the popular
silhouette for the
period. Like Dior’s
Bar Suit, this one has
sloping shoulders, a
small waist and a
peplum-like hem on
the jacket.
Source: Victoria and Albert Museum
Artist: Marjorie Field
Title: None
Pencil Skirt – A straight,
fitted skirt that would
become especially
popular later in the ’50s.
This example shows the
popular skirt length of the
decade that hit past the
knees.
Date: 1940’s
Details: Fashion design for Field, Rhoades, London
1940s and 1950s Fashion
Uniform – This man
wears his World
War II military
uniform even in a
civilian setting.
Stockings – Nylon leg
coverings. As seen
here, the stockings
are two separate
pieces and have not
yet been connected
into pantyhose in this
decade. During the
war, women would
paint their legs with
leg makeup instead
of wearing stockings
in order to reserve
nylon for the war
effort.
Source: Metropolitan Museum of Art
Artist: Weegee
Title: G.I. and Woman at Carnival
Date: 1942
1940s and 1950s Fashion
!950’s Silhouette – This
ensemble shows one of the
common silhouettes popular in
the 1950s. First, it has a cinched
waist likely formed by a laced
waspie waist cincher at the
waist only, or the full-torso
strapless corselet called the
Merry Widow. This design also
shows a knee-length full skirt
that would be supported by
stiff crinoline underskirts.
Source: Victoria and Albert Museum
Artist: Marcel Fromenti
Title: None
Date: 1953-1954
Details: Fashion illustration for The Lady magazine
1940s and 1950s Fashion
Wide Brimmed Hat – Hats
were worn for most
occasions except for very
casual gatherings.
1950’s Silhouette – A cinched
waist created by a waspie or
Merry Widow, round shoulder,s
and a full skirt held up by stiff
crinoline underskirts.
Source: Victoria and Albert Museum
Artist: John French
Title: None
Date: 1950s
Details: John French was a fashion photographer
for magazines and newspapers.
1940s and 1950s Fashion
Bar Suit –
Another
designer’s
interpretation
of Dior’s Bar
Suit. It includes
sloping
shoulders and
a fitted waist.
Instead of a full
skirt, this
example shows
a pencil skirt.
Source: Victoria and Albert Museum of Art
Artist: Marjorie Field
Title: None
Pencil Skirt – A
straight, fitted
skirt. This
example hits
just below the
knee – a
common
length for the
period.
Date: 1948-1949
Details: A pencil, pen, ink and watercolor
advertisement for Vogue.
1940s and 1950s Fashion
Y-Line Dress – In the 1950s, Dior
named his collections after the
shape of their silhouettes. This
dress comes from the Y line
because the neck creates the
pointed top of the letter Y. The
tight column skirt is the vertical
stem of the Y.
Source: Victoria and Albert Museum
Artist: Richard Avedon
Title: Dovima with the Elephants
Date: August 1955
Details: Dress by Christian Dior
1940s and 1950s Fashion
Homburg Hat –
A hat with two
dents on the
top and a stiff
brim. Hats were
commonly
worn outside.
Turban – A
scarf tied
decoratively
around the
head as a
headband or
head wrap. It
was especially
common in the
1940s during
the war.
Lounge Suit – A
version of the
suit and jacket.
It would not be
worn with a
vest or
waistcoat as
these garments
had
disappeared in
the decade
past.
Source: Victoria and Albert Museum
Artist: Unknown
1950’s
silhouette –
Rounded
shoulders, a
fitted waist with
a straight, tight
fitting pencil
skirt.
Title: None
Date: 1952
Modern 1940s and 1950s Fashion
A common
1950’s
silhouette with
round
shoulders, a
tapered waist
accented by a
peplum at the
hips, and a slim
fitting kneelength pencil
skirt.
SOURCE: Style.com
Designer: Fendi
Collection: Spring 2011Ready-to-Wear
Modern 1940s and 1950s Fashion
Bar Suit – A modern version of
Dior’s famous suit that was part
of the iconic New Look
following World War II. This
modern example has
especially pronounced sloping
shoulders. It shows a slim,
belted waist and a full skirt.
SOURCE: Style.com
Designer: Christian Dior
Collection: Spring 2012 Couture
Modern 1940s and 1950s Fashion
Waspie – A modern take on
the laced waist cincher used
in the 1940s and 1950s to
create the ideal small waist
and hourglass figure.
SOURCE: Style.com
Designer: Dolce & Gabbana
Collection: Fall 2007 Ready-to-Wear
Modern 1940s and 1950s Fashion
Bar Suit– This ensemble channels
the elements of the Bar Suit
created by Dior in 1947
following the end of World War
II. A tightly belted waist
emulates the small waists
created by the waspie waist
cincher. The full peplum skirt on
this example mirrors the full skirts
of Dior’s creations . The skirt
were so full in fact that the Bar
Suit used 12 yards of fabric.
Similarities can also be seen with
the gloves and hat.
SOURCE: Style.com
Designer: Milly
Collection: Fall 2012 Ready-to-Wear
Modern 1940s and 1950s Trend
Fishtail Skirts
In the 1950s, Jacques Fath was known for
creating tight evening dresses that fanned
into fishtail trains resembling fins.
Today, fishtail skirts are glamorous
additions to eveningwear. They are not
common for everyday dress, but can
often be found on the red carpet and in
bridal styles.
SOURCE: Style.com
Designer: Marchesa
Collection: Fall 2013 Ready-To-Wear
SOURCE: Victoria and Albert Museum
Artist: Jean Dessès
Title: None
Date: 1948 Modern 1940s and 1950s Trend
Pencil Skirts
In the 1950s, pencil skirts were a common garment for women. They would be
simple, fitted skirts that ended below the knee with a cinched waist.
The pencil skirt remains popular today for women’s wear. It is especially prevalent
for business wear, but can also be worn for slightly dressier casual wear as see in
these L’Wren Scott examples. The modern skirt has also greatly shortened since the
1950s.
SOURCE: Style.com
Designer: L’Wren Scott
Collection: Resort 2013
SOURCE: Victoria and Albert Museum
Artist: Marcel Fromenti
Title: None
Date: 1953-1954 Norman Hartnell
Basic Information:
•  Born in 1901 in London.
•  Died in June 1979.
•  He worked with the Madame Desiree, Lucile
and Esther designers before starting his own
salon.
•  He was the first couturier to be knighted.
Influence on Fashion:
•  He designed Queen Elizabeth’s wedding and
coronation gowns.
•  He was appointed as the dressmaker to the
royal family in England.
•  Norman Hartnell also designed for theater and
film productions.
•  The house of Hartnell continues to create
wedding dresses and evening gowns today.
Jacques Fath
Basic Information:
•  Born in 1912.
•  Died on November 12th, 1954.
•  His fashion and design skills were
self-taught.
Influence on Fashion:
•  Along with Dior and Balmain, Fath
was one of the three most
dominant forces in couture
following the war.
•  His designs were known for
hourglass shapes, deep necklines,
cinched waists and full skirts.
•  He designed the wedding dress of
Rita Hayward.
•  He introduced stockings with
Chantilly lace tops.
Sources
http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG3361532/Norman-Hartnell-masterof-the-royal-wardrobe.html
http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/designers/norman-hartnell/
http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/designers/jacques-fath/
http://www.designerindex.net/designers/jacquesfath.html
1960s and 1970s
Melissa Wilm
Module 12
1960s and 1970s Fashion
Sheath MiniskirtThe straight, boxy
style of a sheath
dress with the short
length of a mini
skirt. Notice also
that the woman’s
hair has a
geometric style
made popular by
Vidal Sassoon.
Seen in this photo
is Barbara
Hulanicki’s Biba
store known for its
fashionable
clothing and
eccentric interior.
Source: Victoria and Albert Museum
Artist: Philip Townsend
Title: Biba
Date: 1942
Details: Photo of the Biba, High Street Kensington
shop in London.
1960s and 1970s Fashion
Miniskirt – A
very short skirt
that hit at the
thighs.
Tights – Tight
fitting leg
coverings
joined together
and held up by
a waistband.
Source: Victoria and Albert Museum
Artist: Mary Quant
Title: None
Date: Mid 1960’s
Details: Fashion illustration.
1960s and 1970s Fashion
Printed Shirt –
This colorful
patterned shirt
shows the
movement of
the “Peacock
Revolution”
that aimed to
bring color and
variety into
men’s clothing.
Vest – The vest
as part of the 3piece suit was
beginning to
make a
comeback,
especially later
into the 1970s.
Source: Victoria and Albert Museum
Artist: John French
Title: None
Cravats – All
the men wear
cravats, or
neckties. These
were long
lengths of
fabric knotted
around the
neck.
Suit – A typical
style of suit for
‘60s with a slim
fit and high
buttoning.
Date: 1960s
Details: John French was a fashion photographer
for magazines and newspapers.
1960s and 1970s Fashion
Maxi Dress – A floor length
dress. This example shows
the popularity of ethnic
influences on fashion
because of its Oriental
design and tassels.
Source: Victoria and Albert Museum
Artist: John Bates
Title: None
Date: 1974
Details: Fashion illustration.
1960s and 1970s Fashion
Sweater – A
popular knitted
top in the 1970’s
that drew
inspiration from
the sweaters of
the 1930s and
1940s.
Jeans – Stiff
pants made of
denim and made
popular by the
brand Levi
Strauss. It was
fashionable to
have flared jeans
with interesting
washes.
Source: Victoria and Albert Museum
Artist: Al Vanderberg
Title: Untitled
Date: 1975
Details: Vanderberg was a photographer for
editorials, fashion and advertising.
1960s and 1970s Fashion
Ethnic Pattern –
The hooded
coat shows an
ornate pattern
with cultural
and ethnic
influences – a
trend common
the 1970s.
Source: Victoria and Albert Museum
Artist: Bill Gibb
Title: None
Midi skirt – A
skirt hitting the
leg between
the knee and
the ankle. This
example show
the style of skirts
and pants at
the natural
waist.
Date: 1978
Details: Fashion illustration
1960s and 1970s Fashion
Sweaters – The
women in this
image show
the range of
sweater styles
during the
1960s that
found
inspiration from
the sweaters of
the ‘30s and
‘40s.
Source: Victoria and Albert Museum
Artist: John French
Title: None
Date: 1960s
Details: John French was a fashion photographer
for magazines and newspapers.
1960s and 1970s Fashion
Collarless
Jacket – A
jacket fastened
with a single
button. It did
not have lapels
or a collar.
Bracelet
Sleeves- Seveneighths length
sleeves that
end just above
the wrist. The
name comes
from the
sleeves’ ability
to showcase
bracelets.
Source: Victoria and Albert Museum
Artist: Marjorie Field
Title: None
Sheath – A
popular dress
with a boxy,
shape and a
skirt similar to
loose pencil
skirt. At the
beginning of
the 1960s, it
had a defined
waist that
slowly loosened
as the decade
progressed.
Date: 1960
Details: Fashion illustration for the haute couture
house Fild Rhoades.
1960s and 1970s Modern Fashion
Nehru Jacket –
A man’s jacket
that had
buttons from
the neck to the
hem. It had a
standing collar
called a
mandarin collar
that extended
up the neck
about an inch.
The Nehru
jacket was
named after a
prime minister
of India.
Safari
Inspiration – This
ensemble
mirrors the
safari suits
created by
Yves Saint
Laurent. They
had a tied
waist, buttons
and neutral
tones of fabric.
SOURCE: Style.com
Designer: Marc Jacobs
Collection: Spring 2011 Ready-to-Wear
1960s and 1970s Modern Fashion
Ethnic
Inspiration – This
poncho-like
garment
channels the
ethnic motifs
popular in the
the ‘60s and
’70s with its
tassels and
printed fabrics.
SOURCE: Style.com
Designer: Nicholas K
Collection: Spring 2013 Ready-to-Wear
1960s and 1970s Modern Fashion
Le Smoking – Yves St. Laurent
introduced a tuxedo for
women, and this menswear
inspired suit takes inspiration
from that creation of Saint
Laurent.
Peacock Revolution – The
colorful and patterned suit
shows the increased color
and ornamentation on
menswear in the ‘60s and
‘70s in an effort called the
Peacock Revolution to
enhance men’s clothing.
Platform Shoes - Shoes with
high stacked heels and soles
for both men and women.
These gleaned inspiration
from the platforms of
Ferragamo’s creation in the
1930s.
SOURCE: Style.com
Designer: Marni
Collection: 2013 Pre-Fall
1960s and 1970s Modern Fashion
Beehive Hair –
A tall hairstyle
created by
teasing the hair
or using wigs
and fake
hairpieces such
as braids.
PVC – (Polyvinyl
chloride) A
glossy, smooth
material
promoted by
Mary Quant for
use in clothing
design.
Tights- With
mini skirts at an
all-time
shortness during
the ‘60s, these
tight fitting leg
coverings
became
common.
SOURCE: Style.com
Designer: Prada
Collection: Fall 2010 Ready-to-Wear
1960s and 1970s Modern Trend
Mini Skirts
Skirts reached their shortest lengths ever in the
1960s and 1970s with hems up to the thighs.
Both Mary Quant and André Courrèges are
credited with being the “mother” and
“father” of the mini skirt as they simultaneously
introduced styles in their collections. When
midi and maxi style skirts became popular in
the ‘70s, many women resisted the style
fearing it was a hindrance on the expansion
of women’s rights and freedom of expression.
In modern times, the mini skirt remains
popular. Common in everyday wear and
evening party attire, the mini skirt could be a
jean skirt, a body con style, or even a dressier
satin sheath like these in the recent Wayne
collection.
SOURCE: Style.com
Designer: Wayne
Collection: Resort 2014
SOURCE: Victoria and Albert Museum
Artist: André Courrèges
Title: Mini-Dress
Date: 1966 Modern 1940s and 1950s Trend
Trapeze Silhouettes
In the late ‘50s and into the ‘60s, Ives
Saint Laurent’s trapeze silhouette was
popular for women. It also
encompassed the miniskirt styles of the
period. The trapeze silhouette had a
triangular or conical shape with a
tapered point at the shoulders that
expanded into a large, loose circular
hem.
Many women today continue to wear
the trapeze silhouette. It is common in
casual summer or beach apparel, as
seen in the Missoni collection from the
spring of 2013. Some women may
choose to belt a trapeze dress to
achieve a more structured style.
SOURCE: Style.com
Designer: Missoni
Collection: Spring 2013 Ready-To-Wear
SOURCE: Metropolitan Museum of Art
Artist: Yves Saint Laurent
Title: L’Eléphant Blanc
Date: 1958 Cristobal Balenciaga
Basic Information:
•  Born on January 21, 1895.
•  Died on March 24th, 1972.
•  As a child, Balenciaga worked with his mother
who was a seamstress.
•  He later had formal training in tailoring in
Madrid, Spain.
Influence on Fashion:
•  Unlike other couturiers, Balenciaga knew how
to cut, drape and fit toiles.
•  He introduced the balloon jacket, the balloon
skirt, a high-waisted baby doll dress and a
draped cocoon coat.
•  Balenciaga and a Swiss fabric house created
silk gazar.
•  He was known for stand away collars and
bracelet sleeves.
Yves Saint Laurent
Basic Information:
•  Born on August 1, 1936.
•  Died on June 1, 2008.
Influence on Fashion:
•  His designs were published in Vogue when he
was just 17 years old.
•  He was the first living designer to have an
exhibition in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
•  Saint Laurent began his career working with
Christian Dior and he later took over as the
head designer for the house of Dior.
•  Saint Laurent lost his position at Dior when he
was called to his home in Algeria to fight in
the war for independence.
•  Saint Laurent started his own fashion house
when he returned from war.
•  He is famous for le Smoking, the reefer jacket,
the pea coat, the sheer blouse and the
jumpsuit.
Sources
http://www.biography.com/people/cristóbal-balenciaga-38780
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/bale/hd_bale.htm
http://www.biography.com/people/yves-saint-laurent-9469669?page=1
http://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/yves-saint-laurent-biography
1980s and 1990s
Melissa Wilm
Module 12
1980s and 1990s Fashion
Jean Jacket – A
jacket especially
popular in the 1980s
made of denim. This
example appears to
be acid washed
because of its light
color. A variety of
washes of denim was
popular in the
decade. It was also
common to pair light
and dark washed
items as shown here
with the dark jeans
and light jacket.
Source: Victoria and Albert Museum
Artist: Stephen Linard
Title: None
Date: 1986
Details: Part of the Levi Strauss and Co. “BLITZ”
collection with designer-customized jackets.
1980s and 1990s Fashion
T-Shirt – Simple,
t-shaped tops
with a round
collar and short
sleeves were
popular
casualwear in
the ‘80s and
‘90s. Shirts with
slogans and
designs were
especially in
style.
Source: Victoria and Albert Museum
Artist: Anita Corbin
Title: The Cloth Summit
Torn Jeans –
Denim jeans
with rips,
tears and
frays. Denim
came in a
variety of
washes, like
the lighter
wash of
these
examples.
Date: 1985
Details: A photo of designs by The Cloth.
1980s and 1990s Fashion
Oversized
Shoulders –
Broad,
oversized and
heavily
structured
shoulders that
were often
supported with
shoulder pads.
These shoulders
created the
common
silhouette of
the time that
had a bulky
upper body
and thin lower
body.
Source: Victoria and Albert Museum
Artist: Oleg Cassini
Title: None
Natural Waist –
Waistlines just
above the hips at
the natural
waistline were
most common
during this period.
Date: 1988
Details: Fashion illustration.
1980s and 1990s Fashion
Hip-Hop Culture – The
styling of these women
references hip-hop culture
that includes athletic wear
like sneakers, sweatpants
and athletic jackets.
Source: Victoria and Albert Museum
Artist: Normski
Title: She Rockers
Date: 1988
Details: Photo of a London rap and dance group.
1980s and 1990s Fashion
Slogan T-Shirt – A
casual, t-shaped top
with an image and
text.
Tennis Shoes
without Laces – A
popular hip-hop
style inspired by
prison clothing
where laces were
not allowed,
Source: Victoria and Albert Museum
Artist: Normski
Title: Islam B-Boys
Date: 1987
Details: Photo from London.
1980s and 1990s Fashion
Power Suit - A 1990’s
interpretation of the 1980’s
“Power Suit.” This menswear
inspired business suit for
women had strong, padded
shoulders in the ‘80s. This ‘90s
version has a less-structured
silhouette, but it no doubt
gleans inspiration from the
soft fabrics and light colors of
Armani’s power suits.
Source: The Vogue Archive
Artist: Arthur Elgort
Title: None
Date: August 1995
Details: Alpaca and wool suit by Jil Sander.
1980s and 1990s Fashion
Baseball Cap – A fitted
cap with a bill-like brim. It
illustrates the presence of
sportswear and active
wear in everyday dress in
the ‘80s and ‘90s.
Gold Chains- Metal
jewelry taking
inspiration from hip-hop
culture.
T-Shirt – A t-shaped top with
a round neck and short
sleeves.
Stone Wash Jeans
– Denim pants with
a slightly worn light
blue coloring.
Source: The Vogue Archive
Artist: Patrick Demarchelier
Title: None
Date: August 1991
Details: Scaasi jacket, J. Crew cap, Chanel
necklace and belt, Guess jeans and Gap t-shirt.
1980s and 1990s Fashion
Denim Dress – Denim clothing like
this dress was popular in the ‘80s
in a variety styles and washes. This
dress is also an example of the
work of the ‘80s designer
Azzedine Alaïa. He was known for
his figure-hugging styles as shown
by the tight hips of this example.
Source: The Vogue Archive
Artist: Steven Meisel
Title: None
Date: April 1986
Details: Azzedine Alaïa dress.
1980s and 1990s Modern Fashion
Printed T-Shirt –
Grunge ensembles
often included tshirts printed with a
band’s name or
logo.
Grunge – This
ensemble finds
inspiration from the
grunge subculture
of the 1990s.
Flannel Shirt- A
long-sleeved shirt
made of a soft
material and often
made in a plaid
pattern.
SOURCE: Style.com
Designer: 3.1 Phillip Lim
Collection: Spring 2013 Ready-to-Wear
1980s and 1990s Modern Fashion
Candy Ravers Subculture
Those whose style reflected
the Candy Ravers
subculture of the 1990s
wore very bright colors,
sucked pacifiers and
carried toys. This ensemble
shows bright colors and a
stuffed animal accessory
that resemble the outfits of
candy ravers.
SOURCE: Style.com
Designer: Jeremy Scott
Collection: Fall 2012 Ready-to-Wear
1980s and 1990s Modern Fashion
Jean Jacket – A denim
jacket popular in the
’80s. Denim during the
decade came in a
variety of washes for
many types of garments.
SOURCE: Style.com
Designer: Christopher Kane
Collection: Resort 2014
1980s and 1990s Modern Fashion
Leather Jacket –
After the release of
Michael Jackson’s
“Thriller” music
video in which
Jackson wore a
red leather jacket,
similar jacket styles
like this example
became popular
in the 1980’s. The
fedora and single
glove is also a
reference to
Michael Jackson,
Conical Bra – In
this modern
example, Gaultier
references the
pointed cone
bustier he created
for Madonna’s
Blonde Ambition
tour of the 1990s.
SOURCE: Style.com
Designer: Jean Paul Gaultier
Collection: Spring 2013 Ready-to-Wear
1980s and 1990s Trend
Slogan T-Shirts
In the 1980’s and 1990’s, it was
popular to promote a band, a
cause or an idea on a t-shirt with
graphics and text. For example,
Franco Moschino relays the
message of “No to Racism!” on his
‘90s creation. Grunge styles in
particular embraced the bandpromoting t-shirt.
Similar t-shirts remain popular today
and will often promote a band, a
designer, a brand, a cause or an
idea via the same means of image
and text. Moschino’s Fall 2007 tshirts proclaim, “Ready, set, love.”
SOURCE: Style.com
Designer: Moschino
Collection: Fall 2007 Ready-To-Wear
SOURCE: Victoria and Albert Museum
Artist: Franco Moschino
Title: None
Date: 1994 1980s and 1990s Trend
Power Suit
As more and more women
were entering the workforce
in the 1980s, many women
chose to dress in “power
suits” inspired by men’s
business attire. It was
especially popular in the ‘80s
for women to wear
structured oversized
shoulders. Giorgio Armani
was a key designer in these
tailored suits of the decade
for both men and women.
Women today continue to
choose to wear menswearinspired suits and business
attire in their workplaces.
Even the oversized shoulders
of the ‘80s are making a
comeback as seen in this
2008 Armani ensemble.
SOURCE: Style.com
Designer: Emporio Armani
Collection: Fall 2008 Ready-To-Wear
SOURCE: The Vogue Archive
Artist: Oliviero Toscani (photographer)
Title: None
Date: March 1984 Donna Karan
Basic Information:
•  Born on October 2nd, 1948.
•  Her mother was a model and her stepfather was
a suit designer.
•  She studied at the Parsons School of Design.
•  She began working for Anne Klein and was
named head designer when she was 26 years
old.
•  She later left the label to start her own
collection.
Influence on Fashion:
•  She aimed to “design modern clothes for
modern people.”
•  Her Donna Karan New York (DKNY) label
catered to needs of consumers for more
affordable clothing.
•  She creates durable, wearable and practical
clothing exemplified by her Essentials line of
several mix-and-match pieces.
Vivienne Westwood
Basic Information:
•  Born on April 8th, 1941.
•  Westwood was named the British designer of the
year twice.
Influence on Fashion:
•  Her designs greatly influenced the punk
movement of the 1970s.
•  She designed the costumes of the Sex Pistols.
•  Her well known styles include her Pirate collection,
the mini-crini in the ‘80s and the frayed suit of tulle
and tweed in the ‘90s.
•  In 1981, her first catwalk collection – Pirates –
featured unisex garments.
•  Future collections found inspiration from National
Geographic, witches, Western films and historical
garments.
Sources
http://www.biography.com/people/donna-karan-9360373?page=1
http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/donna-karan.html
http://www.biography.com/people/vivienne-westwood-20624587?page=1
http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/v/vivienne-westwood-designs/