STAAR
STAAR CHEMISTRY
REFERENCE MATERIALS
TM
State of Texas
Assessments of
Academic Readiness
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Speed of light = (frequency)(wavelength)
c = fλ
Energy = (Planck’s constant)(frequency)
Energy =
E photon = hf
(Planck’s constant)(speed of light)
E photon =
(wavelength)
BEHAVIOR OF GASES
Total pressure of a gas =
(
sum of the partial pressures
of the component gases
)
PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + . . .
(Pressure)(volume) = (moles)(ideal gas constant)(temperature)
(Initial pressure)(initial volume)
s )(initial temperature)
(Initial moles
(Initial pressure)(initial volume)
(Initial volume)
(Initial temperature)
(Initial volume)
(Initial moles)
=
=
(final pressure)(final volume)
=
hc
λ
(final moles)(final temperature)
= (final pressure)(final volume)
PV = nRT
PV
1 1
n1T1
=
1 1
T1
(final temperature)
(final volume)
V1
n1
(final moles)
n2T2
PV = P V
V1
(final vo l ume)
P2V2
2 2
=
=
V2
T2
V2
n2
SOLUTIONS
Molarity =
moles of solute
liter of solution
M =
Ionization constant of water =
(
Volume of
solution 1
pH =
)(
) (
molarity of
solution 1 =
(
hydrogen ion
concentration
volume of
solution 2
)(
)(
hydroxide ion
concentration
molarity of
solution 2
−logarithm (hydrogen ion concentration)
)
)
mol
L
K w = [H+][OH−]
V1M1 = V2M2
pH = −log[H+]
THERMOCHEMISTRY
(
Heat gained or lost = (mass)
(
specific
heat
) (
enthalpy
Enthalpy of
reaction = of products
)(
change in
temperature
enthalpy
− of reactants
)
)
Q = mcp∆T
∆H = ∆H of (products) − ∆H of (reactants)
STAAR CHEMISTRY
REFERENCE MATERIALS
OTHER FORMULAS
Density =
mass
volume (
(
Percenterror=
Percentyield=
D =
accepted value − experimental value
accepted value
actual yield
theoretical yield
)
)
(100)
(100)
CONSTANTS AND CONVERSIONS
23
Avogadro’s number = 6.02 × 10
particles per mole
−34
h = Planck’s constant = 6.63 × 10
8
c = speed of light = 3.00 × 10
K
J ⋅s
m
s
−14
w
= ionization constant of water = 1.00 × 10
alpha particle (α) =
4
He
2
beta particle (β) =
0
e
−1
( )
mol
2
L
neutron =
1
n
0
standardtemperatureandpressure(STP)=0°Cand1atm
0°C=273K
volume of ideal gas at STP = 22.4
L
mol
3
1 cm = 1 mL = 1 cc
1atm=760mmHg=101.3kPa
R = ideal gas constant = 0.0821
L ⋅ atm
mol ⋅ K
= 8.31
L ⋅ kPa
mol ⋅ K
= 62.4
L ⋅ mm Hg
mol ⋅ K
1calorie(cal)=4.18joules(J)
1000calories(cal)=1Calorie(Cal)=1kilocalorie(kcal)
RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
1. Non-zerodigitsandzerosbetweennon-zerodigitsarealwayssignificant.
2. Leadingzerosarenotsignificant.
3. Zerostotherightofallnon-zerodigitsareonlysignificantifadecimalpointisshown.
4. Forvalueswritteninscientificnotation,thedigitsinthecoefficientaresignificant.
5. Inacommonlogarithm,thereareasmanydigitsafterthedecimalpointasthereare
significantfiguresintheoriginalnumber.
m
V
Compoundsof NH+ andthealkalimetalcations
Compoundsof NH+ andthealkalimetalcations
Compoundsof NH4+ ,thealkalimetalcations,
SO2−
4
Insoluble
compounds contain
CrO2−
4
Cr2O2−
7
OH−
ClO3−
ClO2−
CrO2−
4
CN−
Cr2O2−
7
HCO3−
OH−
ClO−
NO3−
NO2−
ClO4−
MnO−
4
PO3−
4
SO2−
4
SO2−
3
Chlorate
Chlorite
Chromate
Cyanide
Dichromate
Hydrogencarbonate
Hydroxide
Hypochlorite
Nitrate
Nitrite
Perchlorate
Permanganate
Phosphate
Sulfate
Sulfite
None
ClO3−
ClO4−
−
S2−
PO3−
4
CO2−
3
I−
Cl−
Br
None
ClO2−
Ca2+,Sr
2+
2+
,and Ba2+
,and Ba2+
Compoundsof NH4+ ,thealkalimetalcations,
Ca2+,Sr
4
4
4
Compoundsof NH+ andthealkalimetalcations
4
Compoundsof NH+ andthealkalimetalcations
Common exceptions
Compoundsof Sr 2+ ,Ba2+ , Pb2+ ,and Hg2+
2
Compoundsof Ag+ , Pb2+ ,and Hg2+
2
Compoundsof Ag+ , Pb2+ ,and Hg2+
2
Compoundsof Ag+ , Pb2+ ,and Hg2+
2
None
None
None
CN−
ClO−
None
NO3−
None
CO2−
3
None
Carbonate
C2H3O2− , CH COO−
3
NH4+
Gold
Platinum
Silver
Mercury
Copper
(Hydrogen)
Lead
Tin
Nickel
Cobalt
Iron
Chromium
Zinc
Manganese
Aluminum
Magnesium
Sodium
Calcium
Barium
Potassium
Lithium
Metal
Common exceptions
Soluble
compounds contain
NH4+
C2H3O2− , CH3COO−
ACTIvITY
SERIES
SOLubILITY Of COMMON
IONIC COMPOuNdS IN WATER
Ammonium
Acetate
POLYATOMIC
IONS
STAAR CHEMISTRY
REfERENCE MATERIALS
Increasing Activity
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
3
104
103
88
(262)
(226)
Radium
(223)
Francium
(267)
Rf
7
7B
Actinide Series
Lanthanide Series
60
231.036
Protactinium
232.038
Thorium
(227)
Actinium
91
Pa
Ac
Th
89
90
140.908
Cerium
144.242
(145)
61
Pm
Hassium
(270)
108
Hs
190.23
Osmium
Os
76
Ruthenium
101.07
44
Ru
Iron
55.845
Fe
26
8
Silicon
28.086
Si
Uranium
238.029
U
92
Neptunium
(237)
93
Np
Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium
140.116
138.905
Nd
59
Lanthanum
La
Pr
58
Bohrium
(271)
Seaborgium
(272)
107
Bh
(268)
Sg
106
Rhenium
186.207
Re
75
Dubnium
105
183.84
Tungsten
180.948
Tantalum
74
W
Db
(98)
43
Tc
Manganese
54.938
Mn
25
Molybdenum Technetium
95.96
42
Mo
Chromium
51.996
Cr
24
6
6B
Ta
73
Niobium
92.906
41
Nb
Vanadium
50.942
V
23
5
5B
Atomic mass
Symbol
Ce
57
Lawrencium Rutherfordium
Lr
Ra
87
Fr
178.49
Hafnium
Lutetium
Barium
Cesium
174.967
137.328
132.905
Hf
Ba
Lu
72
71
Cs
56
55
Zirconium
91.224
40
Zr
Yttrium
88.906
87.62
Strontium
85.468
Rubidium
Y
39
Sr
38
Rb
37
47.867
Titanium
44.956
Scandium
40.078
Calcium
39.098
Potassium
22
Ti
21
4
4B
Sc
19
3
3B
Ca
20
Sodium
K
24.305
Magnesium
22.990
Mg
12
11
Na
9.012
Beryllium
6.941
Lithium
Li
Be
4
Hydrogen
1.008
2
2A
H
Name
10
11
1B
12
2B
13
3A
14
4A
15
5A
16
6A
17
7A
(281)
Ds
110
Platinum
195.085
Pt
78
Palladium
106.42
46
Pd
Nickel
58.693
Ni
28
(280)
111
Rg
Gold
196.967
Au
79
Silver
107.868
47
Ag
Copper
63.546
Cu
29
Plutonium
(244)
94
Pu
Samarium
150.36
62
Sm
(247)
Curium
(243)
96
Cm
Americium
95
Am
157.25
Gadolinium
151.964
64
Gd
Europium
63
Eu
Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium
(276)
Mt
109
Iridium
192.217
Ir
77
Rhodium
102.906
45
Rh
Cobalt
58.933
Co
27
9
8B
Thallium
204.383
Tl
81
Indium
114.818
49
In
Gallium
69.723
Ga
31
Lead
207.2
Pb
82
Tin
118.711
50
Sn
Germanium
72.64
Ge
32
Silicon
28.086
Si
14
Carbon
12.011
C
6
Bismuth
208.980
Bi
83
Antimony
121.760
51
Sb
Arsenic
74.922
As
33
30.974
Phosphorus
P
15
Nitrogen
14.007
N
7
Berkelium
(247)
97
Bk
Terbium
158.925
65
Tb
Californium
(251)
98
Cf
Dysprosium
162.500
66
Dy
Einsteinium
(252)
99
Es
Holmium
164.930
67
Ho
Fermium
(257)
100
Fm
Erbium
167.259
68
Er
Mass numbers in parentheses are those of
the most stable or most common isotope.
Mercury
200.59
Hg
80
Cadmium
112.412
48
Cd
Zinc
65.38
Zn
30
Aluminum
26.982
Al
13
Boron
10.812
B
5
Mendelevium
(258)
101
Md
Thulium
168.934
69
Tm
Polonium
(209)
Po
84
Tellurium
127.60
52
Te
Selenium
78.96
Se
34
Sulfur
32.066
S
16
Oxygen
15.999
O
8
Radon
(222)
86
Rn
Xenon
131.294
54
Xe
Krypton
83.798
36
Kr
Argon
39.948
18
Ar
Neon
20.180
10
Ne
Helium
Updated Spring 2011
Nobelium
(259)
102
No
Ytterbium
173.055
70
Yb
Astatine
(210)
At
85
Iodine
126.904
I
53
Bromine
79.904
Br
35
Chlorine
35.453
Cl
17
Fluorine
18.998
F
9
4.003
He
2
14
1
Atomic number
18
8A
1
1A
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
STAAR CHEMISTRY
REFERENCE MATERIALS