A&P I
Chapter 10 Worksheet
p1/7
Name:___________________________________________
Chapter 10
1)
Motion results from alternating ____________________ and relaxation of muscles; the
skeletal system provides leverage and a supportive framework for this movement.
2)
The scientific study of muscles is known as __________________.
3)
Skeletal muscle tissue is primarily attached to bones. It is
____________________ and________________________.
A. action potentials
B. body movements
Cardiac muscle tissue forms the wall of the heart. It is striated
and___________________________.
C. body positions
5)
Smooth (visceral) muscle tissue is located in viscera. It is
_____________________________(smooth) and involuntary.
E. Elasticity
6)
Muscle functions are production of________________________,
stabilizing______________________, ____________________
substances within the body, and generating_________________.
4)
D. Contraction
F. endomysium
G. Epimysium
H. Extensibility
7)
Electrical excitability is the ability to respond to certain stimuli by
producing electrical signals such as _________________(impulse).
I. Fascia (3x)
8)
Contractility is the ability to shorten and thicken (contract),
generating _____________________to do work.
K. force
9)
In an __________________________contraction, the muscle
develops tension but does not shorten.
J. Fibers
L. heat
M. Involuntary
10) In an __________________________contraction, the tension
remains constant while the muscle shortens.
N. isometric
11) _______________________________is the ability to be extended
(stretched) without damaging the tissue.
P. moving
O. isotonic
12) ___________________________is the ability to return to original
shape after contraction or extension.
Q. Mycology
13) Each skeletal muscle is a separate organ composed of cells
called___________________________.
S. Perimysium
14) ________________________________is a sheet or band of
fibrous connective tissue that is deep to the skin and surrounds
muscles and other organs of the body.
U. Voluntary
R. Nonstraited
T. Striated
15) Superficial ______________________(or subcutaneous layer) separates muscle from
skin and functions to provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels, stores fat,
insulates, and protects muscles from trauma.
16) Deep_______________________, which lines the body wall and limbs and holds
muscles with similar functions together, allows free movement of muscles, carries
nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, and fills spaces between muscles.
17) Other connective tissue components are ___________________, covering the entire
muscle;____________________, covering fasciculi; and______________________,
covering individual muscle fibers; all are extensions of deep fascia.
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Chapter 10 Worksheet
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Name:___________________________________________
18) Tendons and aponeuroses are extensions of ________________
tissue beyond muscle cells that attach muscle to bone or other
muscle.
19) A _______________________ is a cord of dense connective tissue
that attaches a muscle to the periosteum of a bone.
20) An __________________________is a tendon that extends as a
broad, flat layer.
21) ____________________convey impulses for muscular contraction.
22) _________________provides nutrients and oxygen for contraction.
23) During embryonic development, skeletal muscle fibers arise from
___________________________.
24) A few myoblasts persist in mature skeletal muscle as
________________________cells.
25) Skeletal muscle consists of fibers (cells) covered by a
___________________________.
26) The fibers contain T tubules and _______________________
27) _____________________________are tiny invaginations of the
sarcolemma that quickly spread the muscle action potential to all
parts of the muscle fiber.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
Q.
R.
S.
T.
U.
V.
A band
Aponeurosis
atrophy
Blood
calcium ions
Connective
Cytoplasm
Glycogen
H zone
hypertrophy
I bands
Myoblasts
Myofibrils
Myoglobin
Nerves
Sarcolemma
sarcomeres (2x)
Sarcoplasm
Satellite
T tubules
Tendon
Z disc
28) Sarcoplasm is the muscle cell ________________________and
contains a large amount of ______________________for energy production and
________________________for oxygen storage.
29) Each fiber contains _______________________that consist of thin and thick filaments.
30) The sarcoplasmic reticulum encircles each myofibril. It is similar to smooth endoplasmic
reticulum in nonmuscle cells and in the relaxed muscle
stores_______________________________.
31) Muscular _____________________is a wasting away of muscles, whereas muscular
_______________________________is an increase in the diameter of muscle fibers.
32) Myofibrils are composed of thick and thin filaments arranged in units
called______________________________.
33) ___________________________are the basic functional units of a myofibril and show
distinct dark (A band) and light (I band) areas.
34) The darker middle portion is the __________________consisting primarily of the thick
filaments with some thin filaments overlapping the thick ones.
35) The lighter sides are the _____________________that consist of thin filaments only.
36) A _________________________________passes through the center of the I band.
37) A narrow ______________________in the center of each A band contains thick but no
thin filaments.
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Chapter 10 Worksheet
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Name:___________________________________________
38) _________________________can result in torn sarcolemma,
damaged myofibrils, and disrupted Z discs.
A. Actin
39) Contractile _________________generate force during contraction.
C. cross bridges
40) __________________________, the main component of thick
filaments, functions as a motor protein.
D. cytosol
41) Motor proteins push or pull their cargo to achieve movement by
converting energy from ATP into _______________________
energy of motion or force.
F. Exercise
B. calcium ions
E. Dystrophin
G. M line
42) ______________________, the main component of thin filaments,
connects to the myosin for the sliding together of the filaments.
H. Mechanical
43) Regulatory _______________________help switch the
contractions on and off.
J. myosin-binding
I. Myosin
44) The regulatory proteins _____________________________and
____________________________are a part of the thin filament.
K. Proteins(2x)
45) In relaxed muscle, tropomysium, which in held in place by troponin,
blocks the ________________________sites on actin preventing
myosin from binding to actin.
M. slide
46) ________________________helps a sarcomere return to its
resting length after a muscle has contracted or been stretched.
47) Myomesin forms the________________________.
L. sarcomere
N. sliding filament
O. Titin
P. Tropomyosin
Q. Troponin
48) ________________________reinforces the sarcolemma and helps
transmit the tension generated by the sarcomeres to the tendons.
49) During muscle contraction, myosin _____________________pull on thin filaments,
causing them to slide inward toward the H zone
50)
Z discs come toward each other and the ____________________ shortens, but the
thick and thin filaments do not change in length.
51)
The sliding of filaments and shortening of sarcomeres causes the shortening of the
whole muscle fiber and ultimately the entire muscle. This is called the
_______________________mechanism.
52) At the beginning of contraction, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases _______________
which bind to troponin and cause the troponin-tropomysium complex to uncover the
myosin-binding sites on actin. When the binding sites are “free”, the contraction cycle
begins.
53) The contraction cycle is a repeating sequence of events that causes the filaments to
___________________________. It consists of ATP hydrolysis, attachment of myosin
to actin to form cross bridges, the power stroke, and detachment of myosin from actin.
54) An increase in calcium ion concentration in the ___________________________starts
muscle contraction; a decrease, stops it.
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Chapter 10 Worksheet
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Name:___________________________________________
55) The muscle action potential releases ________________________
from the _____________________________that combine
with_______________________, causing it to pull on
__________________________to change its orientation, thus
exposing myosin-binding sites on __________________ and
allowing the actin and myosin to bind together.
56) Calcium ion active transport _________________________return
calcium ions to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
A. Acetylcholine
B. actin
C. action potential
D. Aerobic
E. Anaerobic
57) ___________________________, a state of muscular rigidity
following death, results from a lack of ATP to split myosin-actin
cross bridges.
F. calcium ions
58) The forcefulness of muscle contraction depends on the length of
the ___________________________within a muscle before
contraction begins.
H. Diffusion
59) Muscle action potentials arise at the ________________________
(NMJ), the synapse between a somatic motor neuron and a
skeletal muscle fiber.
G. Creatine
phosphate
I. Muscle fibers
J. Myoglobin
K. neuromuscular
junction
60) A _________________________is a region of communication
between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell.
L. Neurotransmitters
61) ________________________________________bridge that gap.
N. pumps
62) The neurotransmitter at a NMJ is ___________________(ACh).
O. Rigor mortis
63) A nerve action potential elicits a muscle ____________________
through the release of acetylcholine.
P. Sarcomeres
64) ______________________________and ATP can power maximal
muscle contraction for about 15 seconds and is used for maximal
short bursts of energy.
M. oxygen
Q. sarcoplasmic
reticulum
R. synapse
65) Creatine phosphate is unique to __________________________.
S. tropomyosin
66) The partial catabolism of glucose to generate ATP occurs in
______________________________cellular respiration. This
system can provide enough energy for about 30-40 seconds of
maximal muscle activity.
T. troponin
67) Muscular activity lasting more than 30 seconds depends increasingly on
______________________________cellular respiration (reactions requiring oxygen).
This system of ATP production involves the complete oxidation of glucose via cellular
respiration (biological oxidation).
68) Muscle tissue has two sources of oxygen: ______________________from blood and
release by __________________________inside muscle fibers.
69) The aerobic system will provide enough ATP for prolonged activity so long as sufficient
____________________________and nutrients are available.
A&P I
Chapter 10 Worksheet
p5/7
Name:___________________________________________
70) The inability of a muscle to maintain its strength of contraction or
tension is called muscle_______________________; it occurs
when a muscle cannot produce enough ATP to meet its needs.
71) When considering the contraction of a whole muscle, the tension it
can generate depends on the number of ____________________
that are contracting in unison.
A. endurance
B. Fatigue
C. Fibers
D. Isometric
E. Isotonic
72) A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it stimulates form a
_______________________.
F. long
73) A single motor unit may innervate as few as 10 or as many as
2,000 muscle fibers, with an average of 150 fibers being innervated
by each______________________________.
H. motor unit
74) A __________________________contraction is a brief contraction
of all the muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action
potential.
75) A record of a muscle contraction is called a __________________
and includes three periods: latent, contraction, and relaxation
G. motor neuron
I. myogram
J. recruitment
K. Red muscle
L. refractory period
M. short
76) The _______________________is the time when a muscle has
temporarily lost excitability.
N. strength
77) skeletal muscles having a __________________refractory period
and cardiac muscle having a ________________refractory period.
P. tetanus
78) Wave ______________________is the increased strength of a
contraction resulting from the application of a second stimulus
before the muscle has completely relaxed after a previous stimulus.
R. twitch
O. summation
Q. tone
79) A sustained contraction that lacks even partial relaxation between
stimuli is called complete (fused)___________________.
80) The process of increasing the number of active motor units is called
________________________ (multiple motor unit summation).
81) Aerobic training builds _______________________and anaerobic training builds
muscle________________________.
82) A sustained partial contraction of portions of a relaxed skeletal muscle results in a
firmness known as muscle_______________.
83) ______________________contractions occur when a constant load is moved through
the range of motions possible at a joint and include concentric contractions and
eccentric contractions;
84) In an _______________________contraction, the muscle does not shorten but tension
increases.
85) __________________________fibers have a high myoglobin content while the
myoglobin content of white muscle fibers is low.
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Chapter 10 Worksheet
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Name:___________________________________________
86) Fiber diameter varies as do the cell’s allocations of_____________,
blood capillaries, and sarcoplasmic reticulum.
A. anabolic steroids
87) Most ______________________ contain a mixture of all three fiber
types, their proportions varying with the usual action of the muscle.
B. autorhythmic
88) Although the number of different skeletal muscle fibers does not
change, the characteristics of those present can be altered by
various types of________________________.
D. Cardiac (2x)
89) The use of ________________________________by athletes to
increase muscle size, strength, and endurance has been shown to
have very serious side effects, some of which are life-threatening.
F. Exercise
90) ___________________muscle tissue is found only in the heart wall
91) Cardiac muscle fibers connect to adjacent fibers by
________________________which contain desmosomes and gap
junctions
C. calmodulin
E. dense bodies
G. fibrosis
H. intercalated discs
I. Mitochondria
J. Multiunit
K. Sarcomeres
92) _______________________muscle contractions last longer than
the skeletal muscle twitch due to the prolonged delivery of calcium
ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the extracellular fluid.
L. Skeletal
93) Cardiac muscle fibers contract when stimulated by their own
_______________________________fibers.
N. Smooth
M. Skeletal muscles
O. Visceral
94) ___________________________muscle tissue is nonstriated and
involuntary and is classified into two types: visceral (single unit)
smooth muscle and multiunit smooth muscle.
95) ________________________________ (single unit) smooth muscle is found in the
walls of hollow viscera and small blood vessels; the fibers are arranged in a network.
96) __________________________________smooth muscle is found in large blood
vessels, large airways, arrector pili muscles, and the iris of the eye. The fibers operate
singly rather than as a unit.
97) Sarcoplasm of smooth muscle fibers contains both thick and thin filaments which are
not organized into______________________.
98) Smooth muscle fibers contain intermediate filaments which are attached
to_____________________________.
99) In smooth muscle, the regulator protein that binds calcium ions in the cytosol is
_______________________(in place of the role of troponin in striated muscle.
100) ______________________muscle fibers cannot divide and have limited powers of
regeneration; growth after the first year is due to enlargement of existing cells, rather
than an increase in the number of fibers
101) Extensive repair results in_______________________, the replacement of muscle
fibers by scar tissue.
A&P I
Chapter 10 Worksheet
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Name:___________________________________________
102) ________________________muscle fibers have limited capacity
for division and regeneration.
103) With few exceptions, muscles develop from ________________
104) Beginning at about 30 years of age, there is a progressive loss of
skeletal muscle, which is replaced by_____________________.
A. Contractions
B. Fat
C. Fibromyalgia
D. Mesoderm
105) There is also a decrease in maximal ___________________and
a slowing of muscle______________________.
E. Muscular
dystrophies
106) Neuromuscular disease involves problems involving somatic
motor neurons, neuromuscular junctions, or muscle fibers.
______________________________signifies a disease or disorder
of the skeletal muscle tissue itself.
F. Myasthenia
gravis
107) _______________________________is an autoimmune disorder
characterized by great muscular weakness and caused by
antibodies directed against ACh receptors at the neuromuscular
junction; more ACh receptors are affected as the disease
progresses, making the muscle increasingly weaker.
G. Myopathy
H. Reflexes
I. Smooth
J. Strength
108) ____________________are inherited muscle-destroying diseases that are
characterized by degeneration of individual muscle fibers, leading to progressive
atrophy of the skeletal muscle.
109) _______________________is a painful, non articular rheumatic disorder that usually
appears between the ages of 25 and 50.
110) Abnormal _____________________of skeletal muscle include spasm, cramp, tremor,
fasciculation, and fibrillation.