GREECE
Influential People
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3000BC - 100BC
Homer (poems-700BC)
Socrates (d.399BC) (critical reasoning, inquiry, moral concepts)
Plato (metaphysics)
Euclid (mathematician)
Archimedes (scientist)
Aristotle (logic, metaphysics)
Helen of Troy
Alexander the Great
Events/ Dates
3000-1184BC (alleged date-Trojan War)
Cretan-Mycenaean
1100-480BC--- Archaic Greek 480-400BC---"Golden Age"/ Classical
400-320BC---Fourth Century
Discus Thrower - circa 460 B.C.
300-100BC---Hellenistic
Athens (controlled an empire of 200 cities), Sparta and Corinth--major cities
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Philosophy
Exalted the human body—search for the ideal
Searched for the meaning of life
Encouraged the personal search for happiness
Believed in the rational powers of man
Believed in MYTHOLOGY
Most
Representative Statement of Period
•  Considered to be the core of Western thinking
•  Believed in simplicity and purity of form
Discoveries/ Inventions
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Governmental Form (Athens)
Forum
Trial by Jury
Literary Form
Tragedy & Comedy
Running Water
Flushing toilets
The Olympics (Sparta)
Everyday Life/ Society
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Individually governed City/States
Upper Classes
Men ran the government
Women ran the home and had little freedom outside the home (no
involvement in affairs of men ).
Hetaerae- (literally means comrades-in-arms ), the "Geisha" of
Greece
Bisexuality common
Lower Classes
Poor Citizens
Slaves
Excerpt from:
Let There Be Clothes by Lynn Schnurnberger (1991)
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during Archaic-
Helen of Troy
Homeric poems committed to writing (Odyssey Iliad)
Drama developed
Greek mythology crystallized
during Golden Age-
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End of Persian domination
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Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Socrates
(philosopher) wrote
during 4th century-
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Plato's philosophies
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Alexander the Great (dominated 2nd half)
during Hellenistic-
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Political power faded
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Culture spread
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Euclid, Archimedes, Aristotle (philosopher) wrote
VISUAL STYLE
•  Harmony
•  Rhythm
•  Balance
Architecture
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The Parthenon (Doric)
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The Acropolis (Ionic)
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Colors (mentioned in Homer)
Yellow, Indigo, Green, Violet, Dark Red, Purple, earth colors
Motifs
-- Fret or Key
–  Egg and Dart
–  Waves and meander
–  Many nature motifs (like the rosette)
Greek
Columns
sp07art110.wikispaces.com
Didyma, Turkey ruins
Column at the Temple of Apollo
Didyma, Turkey
Not sure of origin, but probably “revival” Greek Painting of Dionysus
Holding a Thyrse and a Leopard
Side view of figure with detached diploidion
From “Costumes of the greeks and romans”
by Thomas Hope
Contemporary uses of the Greek key / fret
The Acropolis Parthenon
Athens, Greece
Architectual mounument in Western Asia
Theater of Apollo
Influenced by Greek culture
Delphi, Greece
Pediment above the entrance of the Academy of Athens
Based on elements from the eastern side of the Erechtheion
Sculpted by L. Drosis
Athens, Greece
The US Treasury Building
The White House
US Governmental Buildings that reference Greek and Greek Revival architecture
Did they wear white or Colors?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PfccgYU7MKo
From Stanford University regarding the use of colors on statuary
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/true-colors.html
From the Smithsonian / Smithsonian.com True Colors From the White-ground calyx-krater
c.a. 440-435 B.C., the Phiale Painter
Georgian Etruscan Museum, Vatican City
Athenian Oil-Flask
c.a. Late 5th Century B.C.
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Venus de Milo
Alexandros of Antioch
The Lourve Museum, Paris
Peplos Kore
c.a. 530 BCE
Acropolis Museum Athens
Reconstruction
Dress front
detail coloring
Stele of Aristion
National Museum, Athens
Items from
Temple Aphaia, Greece
Paris
The Trojan Archer
Aphaiatemplet
Aigina
c.a. 505-500 BCE
Athena Lemnia
c.a. 450 B.C.
On the Athenian Acropolis
Attisk Gravlekythos
How the Parthenon would have originally looked
AESTHETICS
The Greeks were masters of draping and weighting; how well you draped
your garments was a symbol of social status and good breeding.
The Greeks (particularly early) admired the human body and liked to
show it freely. Athletes often practiced and performed in the nude.
The Greeks were great admirers of gold and were experts at
intricate jewelry making such as filigree.
The Greeks were border-oriented people, and loved to use
them in multiples. FABRICS
–  Linen and wool most common fabric.
–  Some evidence of silk (later in the period).
Detail of Hermes Statue
c.a. 400 B.C.
Greek Clothing
Rectangles and “Safety Pins”
Fibula Late 8th century BCE
Bronze
Fibula = “Safety pin”
Fibula circa 700BC
Fibula with leaf-shaped arch, c. 850 BC.
Berlin, Antikenmuseum. Despini,
Aikaterini. Ekdotike Athenon S.A. Greece. 4 Basic Rectangles
(not particularly “Gender Specific”) •  Doric Chiton
•  Ionic Chiton
•  Chlamys
•  Himation
DORIC CHITON
(Also called peplos)
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Started with a rectangle twice the width of the wearer and slightly longer than the
length. •
The garment was draped so that one side was open and the extra length, called the
KOLPOS, was folded over to the outside and used decoratively. The fullness
below the waist is called the PEPLOS, which is the root word for the modern term
peplum which means a small skirt or ruffle attached to the waist of a jacket or
blouse. •
The garment was then clasped at the shoulder (one or both) and girdled in a variety
of ways. Often some of the fullness would be caught up below the waist and girdled
as decorative draping variety. This fullness was called the APOTGYMA. •
This garment was worn by both men women. It could be bordered on all sides. www.vroma.org
http://canukeepup.wordpress.com/
blog.daum.net
APOTGYMA
KOLPOS
From History of Costume
By Katherine Morris Lester and Rose Netzorg Kerr
Caryatid c.a. 420 B.C.
from the Erechtheion, Athens
From „Die Frauenkleidung und ihre
natürliche Entwicklung‘‘
by Dr. Carl Heinrich Stratz
Wounded Amazon
by Polycleitus, c.a. 440-430 B.C.
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Young man wearing a chiton
Centrale Montemartini
Capitoline Museums
PEPLUM
Eirene and Ploutos
By Kephisodotos, c.a. 380-370 B.C.
State Museum, Munich
Votive relief of Athena, believed to have been related to a sports competition
c.a. 460 B.C.
The Porch of the Maidens
Erechtheion, Athens
Caryatids from the Porch of
the Maidens
Erechtheion Acropolis Athens
1940 s peplum
Simplicity Dress Pattern
2012 peplums
Peplum Jacket
All That Jazz
IONIC CHITON
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Started with a rectangle that was twice the width of the wearer and had
no overfold, but when wrapped around the wearer leaving one side and
the top open, small fibulae were used to connect the front and back down
the top of the arm forming natural sleeves. •
This chiton could also be girdled in a variety of ways. •
It was worn short by men and long by women. •
It was often pleated like the column from which it derives its name
FIBULAE
http://canukeepup.wordpress.com/
www.vroma.org
Charioteer of Delphi
c.a. 470 B.C., 1.80 cm tall (5' 11")
Cast in Bronze (also copper, silver, and
onyx are present)
The "Charioteer of Delphi" is one of the
best known ancient Greek statues, and one
of the best preserved examples of classical
bronze casts. It is considered a fine
example of the "Severe" style.
Charioteer of Delphi
c.a. 470 B.C.
Charioteer of Delphi
c.a. 470 B.C.
Europa and the Bull, by Asteas, ca 340 BC Getty Museum
Aphrodite, by Asteas, ca 340 BC
Getty Museum
CHLAMYS
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A small (6 or 7ft.x 31/2) rectangle that was draped across one shoulder and
clasped on the other. •
Shawl-like and worn mostly by travelers as outer wear and by soldiers as
their only wear in addition to their armor.
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Generally-- Men Only.
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A rectangle worn like a cloak; it could be worn singularly, in combination
with other garments, or as an outer garment. •
A medium sized one was 7 or 8 feet long and the length varied. It could
have borders on all sides. •
Mostly worn by men as a single garment and women as outer wear (would
drape over their heads as hood)
The boy of the layer
Tralles, Asia Minor
hetairoi.de
Hera, attributed to Sabouroff painter,
Ca 470-460 BC
Antikensammlungen, Munich
HIMATION •  A rectangle worn like a cloak. It could be worn singularly, in
combination with other garments, or as an outer garment. •  A medium sized one was 7 or 8ft. long and the length varied. It
could have borders on all sides. •  Commonly worn by men as a single garment and women as outer
wear (would drape over their heads as hood)
Demosthenes
By Polyeuktos, c.a. 280 B.C.
NY Carlsberg Glyptothek
Aeschines
National Museum of Naples
HAIR
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Men wore long, eventually became coiffed
Men could wear beards, no moustache (later)
Cut off hair for mourning (gave to dead)
Women wore long and coiffed up
Women would wear in psyche knot (believed perfect
balance to nose)
•  Women would fill with bands, fillets , wreaths, and diadems
Charioteer of Delphi
c.a. 470 B.C.
Attis
Head of Aristaeus
c.a. 50-100 B.C.
Greek, Hellenistic period;
Marble DIA Galleries
Phrygian Caps
HATS and HEADDRESSES
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FABRIC CAPS PETASOS (square straw)
PHRYGIAN CAP (had a knob on top)
BANDS, FILLETS, WREATHS and
DIADEMS
The Diadoumenos by
Polykleitos of Argos
Found on Delphos, dates from circa 1000BC
Athens National Museum
Hermes (detail)
Ca 470-460 BC
MFA, Boston
Oidipous and the Sphinx
Berry-bearing myrtle wreath, c.a.
320 B.C. Thessaloniki, Archaeological
Museum. Despini, Aikaterini.
Ekdotike Athenon S.A. Greece. Hermes (detail), 360-340 BC, attributed to Python
Louvre
Diadem with embossed representations of Dionysos, Ariadne and Muses, last quarter of 4th century BC. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Despini, Aikaterini. Ekdotike Athenon S.A. Greece.
Diadem 16th cent BC
Diadem, Statue of Liberty JEWELRY
FIBULAE (considered the 1st safety pin) were used to
hold garments together at crucial points. These could be quite
elaborate and appear as jewelry. They were often crafted of gold or
ivory (the original ones were made from small animal bones (thus, the
name). The most common types were annular (circular or cyclic) penannular
(almost circular) and 3rd type with no name but more like a safety pin
with a skewer. Other elaborate types of gold jewelry were worn by
both men and women.
Gold Pibyulra
Vatican Museum
20,000 Years of Fashion
by Francois Boucher
Boat-shaped earrings
with siren and cockleshell pendants, late 5th
century BC. London, British
Museum. Despini, Aikaterini.
Ekdotike Athenon S.A.
Greece
Necklace with two chains, bezel-set
stones and lynx heads, second half
of 2nd century BC. Saint Petersburg, Hermitage State
Museum. Despini, Aikaterini. Ekdotike
Athenon S.A. Greece ACCESSORIES
SHOES
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Bare feet most common
Some leather sandals (men carry names of their wives on bottom)
Some leather boots
OTHER
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Evidence of parasols
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Evidence of fans
Undergarments: Bandolette -Zone (like a tube-top)
Shoed foot of a marble equestrian statue
c.a. 400 B.C.
Shoemaker with an arbelos cutting leather for shoes
The Cambridge Illustrated History of ancient Greece
Paul Cartledge
Artemis’ footwear
From a Pergamum sculpture
From Great Ages of Man: Classical Greece
A rotating arc, a favorite sport
Athenian
National Archaeological Museum
From Classical Greece
From Classical Greece
Flute player at a symposium
An Athenian feast
Painting of Dionysus
Boy having his shoes made
From a Kleophrades Vase
Athenian black-figure pelike
c.a. 520-510 B.C.
Profile of Artemis with her hair
bound as if ready for the hunt.
In this relief she is depicted
pulling her chiton which seems
to be slipping off her shoulder.
A late Hellenistic statue known as 'Nike', or 'Winged
Victory . The date of the statue has been disputed but
usually placed between 250 and 180 BC. Discovered
in 1863 on the island of Samothrace it is now in the
Louvre, Paris.
Funerary Stele for a woman late 5th century B.C. Athens, National Museum
Nike adjusting her sandal, from the
balustrade of the Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis Acropolis Museum c.a. 410 B.C.
Relief with the gods
Venus Genetrix
1st century A.D.; Roman copy of late 5th
century B.C. original Marble; height 153.7 cm (60 1/2 in.) Toward the end of the 5th century B. C. a
famous Greek statue of Aphrodite, the goddess
of love, was created, probably to decorate a
temple in Athens. It was such a popular image
that it was later copied many times. The type
became known throughout the Greco-Roman
world and was associated with the Roman
goddess Venus
Old Market woman Metropolitan Museum, New York
Peplos Kore (c.a. 530 B.C.)
polychromed marble Acropolis Museum, Athens
Kore (maiden) refers to statues depicting
female figures, always of a young age, which
were created during the Archaic period (600 –
480 BCE) either as votive or commemorative
statues.
Ionian Kore
Polychromed marble
Acropolis Museum, Athens
Kore
Acropolis Museum, Athens
Kore from Chios c.a. 510 B.C. polychromed marble Acropolis Museum, Athens
The Parthenon s main function was to
provide shelter for the monumental
chryselephantine (made of gold and ivory)
statue of Athena that was created by Pheidias
and dedicated in 438 BCE. The statue stood
approximately 9 or 11 meters (around 40 ft.)
tall. It has not survived to our day, but we
have enough accounts of its existence along
with a number of smaller marble copies,
including the one on exhibit at the National
Museum of Athens.
Ancientgreece.org
http://
www.mlahanas.d
e/Greeks/Arts/
Images/
I found these groupings on a Website. The author was
ManEv.jpg
showing the progression of
: 1) c. 600 BC, 2) c. 575-550 BC, 3) c. 560 BC, 4) c. 530-520 BC , Greek art. The final figures of
5) c. 515-500 BC, 6) c. 485 BC, 7) c. 320 BC each indicate the ultimate
delicate grace and perfection of
Greek art.
The Evolution of Greek Art
Michael Lahanas 1) c. 650 BC, 2) c. 630 BC 3) c. 550 BC 4) c.
530 BC 5) c. 490 BC 6) c. 320 BC
http://
www.mlahanas.d
e/Greeks/Arts/
Images/
ManEv.jpg
American iconic symbols that
reference ancient Greek style
http://
www.mlahanas.d
e/Greeks/Arts/
Images/
ManEv.jpg
Troy
Clash of the
Titans
Greece
ART Rome
Original
Ideal Body Revealed
Imitative
Realistic
Body Covered
CLOTHING Lighter weight
Less fabric Heavier
More fabric
ROME 753BC-330AD
Romulus and Remus--mythical founders of Rome.
Etruscan rule--was directly prior
(aka….how a small community of shepherds grew to become the most decadent and powerful
country in the world)
Many historians believe that the Romans did not necessarily set out to create an empire, but with
each threat and subsequently each conquest, their domain grew.
At its peak, Rome ruled 50-70 million people in an
area that covered almost half of Europe, much of the
Middle East, and the northern coast of Africa
Roman Empire c117 AD
The Century Atlas of the World Growth of the Roman Empire
INFLUENTIAL PEOPLE
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Horatio (Military Hero)
Plautus (Playwright)
Terrence (Playwright)
Cicero (Orator and Statesman)
Jesus Christ (supposed birth date 4AD)
Julius Caesar (Politician)
Caesar Augustus
Nero (persecuted Christians)
Horace (Writer)
Ovid (Poet)
Virgil (Writer)
Constantine (the Great) (Emperor, Conqueror)
EVENTS / DATES
•  Rule of Kings 753 - 500BC
•  The Republic 500 - 31BC
•  The Empire 31BC - 330AD
•  450BC - Ban on gold (excepting Royalty, for whom it
was heavily taxed.)
During early Roman Rule of Kings-
End of Etruscan rule 650,000 slaves in the city of Rome.
During the Empire-
Caesar Augustus ruled until 14AD- considered "Golden Age"
Augustus tired to keep things in hand, he was into moral reforms,
even banished his own daughter Julia for sexual misconduct,
but after his death...
Vomitoriums.
Bizarre entertainment (child raping, drowning of virgins).
prostitute ravaged by bull, young girls eaten by crocodiles,etc.
Professional gluttons.
Nero persecuted Christians.
Had to LIMIT the number of Holidays to 135 per year.
Horace ,Ovid ,Virgil, writing of Seneca's tragedies.
Destruction of Pompeii.
Constantine.
Colosseum - 50,000 spectators per week.
Baths - could accommodate 32,000 patrons at one time.
Philosophy
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***MORE IS BETTER
Numerous gods
135 legal holidays per year
Nude = crude
Most Representative Statement of Period •  how a small community of shepherds in central Italy
grows to become one of the most powerful countries in
the world. . . (by appropriating from overthrown
cultures). •  ***Considered one of the most decadent periods in
history.
Discoveries/ Inventions
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Legal System
Basis for Romance languages
The Arch and Vault
Concrete
Roads, bridges, aqueducts
Lead pipes
Excellent sanitation
Dentistry (crowns)
Felt (St. Clement)
400BC- first scarf (Roman soldiers)
215BC- Great Wall of China is built
71BC- Spartacus leads slave uprising
23BC- first wrestling match (Japan)
43AD- London founded
Everyday Life/ Society
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Upper Classes
Patricians (Rich were very rich)
Lower Classes
Plebeians (poor, but could vote)
Slaves
INTERESTING FACTS
•  Rome became a very extreme place in terms of class distinctionvery rich and very poor lived in close proximity (evidence exists
that one individual owned as many as 40,000 slaves) 1st time in
history that an individual could be so rich.
•  Women faired relatively well in terms of their place in society.
•  Rome was filled with foreigners because it was the link between Greece and Northern Europe, therefore the line
was becoming less pure.
•  Christianity began to play a part in Roman Art – (whereas Greek
art was more mythological in subject matter). REASONS FOR DECLINE
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Decadence
Barbarism/Christianity
Lead pipes
Plague
Racial mixing
Instead of inquiring why the Roman Empire was destroyed . . we should rather be surprised that it had subsisted so long
VISUAL STYLE
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Improvements on Greek models
Architecture
•  The Colesseum (45,000 seats)
•  Circus Maximus (250,00 seats)
•  Bathhouses- (most famous-Diocletian-could accommodate
32,00 at one time)
Colors •  Gold, purple, white, earth tones
Motifs
•  Busts of leaders
•  Coins
Colosseum 70-82CE
Colosseum, looking
through an arch
Pont du Gard Aqueduct, near Nimes, France, c.20-10BCE
The Arch of Constantine
Roman Bath
(both in UK)
House with
Mosaic
atrium,
Pompeii
Cubiculum (bedroom) from the Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor at
Boscoreale, with second style cityscape murals, ca. 40-30 B.C.E. MMA
Garden Fresco . Painted plaster.
Pompeii, House of the Gold Bracelet
Cubiculum (bedroom) from the Villa of
Publius Fannius Synistor at Boscoreale:
detail of Second-style cityscape mural,
ca. 40-30 B.C.E.
MMA Example of fabric dye-ing
Wall painting from a dye shop
Pompeii
AESTHETICS
•  Roman taste was much more opulent and heavier than
the Greeks.
•  The Romans copied Greek models and made
improvements . They thought the Greeks were
effeminate.
•  Nudity ( nudus ) was considered crude by the Romans.
•  Physical activity was encouraged for warfare rather
than exercise.
Colossal statue of Constantine as Cosmocrator
from the Basilica of Constantine on the Roman Forum Rome, Museo Conservatori
Clothing was distinctive and class oriented. Colors and borders known as CLAVI served to distinguish
class and rank.
FABRICS
Linen
Wool
(Felt was discovered by St. Clement)
(later) Silk
Fresco from the Villa of Mysteries
Pompeii, mid 1st century C.E.
Europa and the Bull
Fresco in Pompeii, 1st century C.E.
Augustus of Prima Porta
The TOGA
It is not a garment, it is a burden Tertulian
•  The main garment of the Roman people, worn by both men and
women, but predominantly by men. The toga had one straight side, and
one curved side, (half an ellipse). There is a very specific way to wrap
a toga, always starting with the point over the left instep. ( No point, no
toga. ) A correctly draped toga could leave one arm completely
restrained. The toga might have CLAVI as a border. Originally the
color, type, size, color and placement of the clavi had very specific
meaning which communicated information about the wearer, such as
position or class. Ultimately, the clavi became merely decorative. The
toga could be worn by itself, or in combination with a tunica.
In the Aeneid, Virgil has the god Jupiter characterize the Romans as masters of the earth, the race that wears the toga (from Barbara McManus website)
TYPES OF TOGAS
•  Toga Pura or Virilis - ordinary dress of citizens- was usually cream
or white and was slightly shorter than some togas.
•  Toga Praetexta - worn by anyone holding a public office - had a
purple clavi.
•  Toga Candida - worn by citizens running for public office- very
white.
•  Toga Pulla - worn for mourning-grey or brownish black.
•  Toga Picta - triumphal robe worn by generals - solid purple with gold
border.
•  Toga Trabea - color of toga revealed status of wearer.
•  Toga Gabiana - One fold thrown over the head.
•  Toga Consular - Has underlayers cut away leaving only a front panel.
cafe.daum.ne
Secondary Drawing of
young man in the toga
pura
Scene of an adoption
Parthian Monument of Ephesus
Secondary Drawing of a curule magistrate in the toga praetexta
Hermes: Portrait carrying Dionysus as a babe
By Praxiteles c.a. 330-320 B.C. Greece
Marriage relief
Ara Pacis
Augustus Pontifex
Nero as a child
Toga of Augustus Sculpture Term Museum, Rome
Anonymous Female Benefactress
3rd
Century C.E., National Museum, Rome
Relief from era of Domitian
recut in Flavian period
John Belushi in “Animal
House”
Frescoe from building outside Pompeii Showing CLAVI
Roman partial torso, btwn 1-50 AD
National Archeological Museum of Spain
Female athletes
Villa Romana del
Casale
Piazza Armerina
4th Cent CE
mosaic
Undergarments
(indutus, strophium, subligaculum)
Mosaic from villa at Nennig, Germany
2-3rd century CE
Mosaic from villa Borghese
320 AD
HAIRSTYLE and MAKEUP
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Men wore their hair short-ish and curly.
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Beards went in and out of popularity. The first barbers made them out of
fashion.
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Women s hairstyle became quite extreme with crimping, coiling, frizzing.
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The Romans were proud of their thick eyebrows and considered it
beautiful if their eyebrows met.
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Makeup was worn by women in the home, and generally worn in public
only by courtesans.
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For a time after the conquer of the Gauls (around 1AD), blonde hair
became popular. For a time in 40AD, prostitutes were required to bleach
their hair. For a time, wealthy citizens dusted their coiffure with a fine
powder of pure gold.
HATS and HEADWEAR
•  Men and Women both wore bands and fillets in their hair.
•  Men wore versions of the Greek wreaths and Petasos.
•  Women wore small versions of Petasos with veils.
Roman Coin
With Constantine I the Great
Painted Portrait of Septimius Severus and His Family Egypt c.a. 193 -235 C.E.
Ancient Roman fresco woman
holding a stylus and book
In the Fourth Style, c.a. 60-63 C.E.
Pompeii Mosaic Tile
Herm, long marble column.
Marble. Pompeii
Antinous, a youth of Claudiopolis in
Bithynia (Asia Minor)
ca. 130-138 C.E.
Archeological Museum, Delphi
Bust with removable hairstyle
Portrait bust of a Flavian Lady:
[rear view, detail of coiffure],
ca. 90 C.E.
Museo Capitolini, Rome Julia Domna
Bust of elite Roman woman
from the Flavian era
Roman mummy portrait
Fayum, Egypt
ACCESSORIES
•  JEWELRY was very desirable, but quite hard to get, therefore only
worn by extremely wealthy.
•  SANDALS worn by both men and women, some could go up
the leg- quite boot-like (extant pairs exist- one belonging to a
courtesan which has the words "follow me" written on the sole so that
when she walked it would leave that message.)
•  OTHER - Senators - red shoes
Equestrians - Tall Boots
Funerary bust of a woman
Palmyra, Mid-Late 2nd century C.E.
Earrings, from the House of Menander,
Pompeii, 1st century BC. Museo
Mazionale, Naples. Gregorietti, Guido. Jewelry Through the Ages.
Crescent Books, New York. MCMLXIX.
114. Cameo with portrait of Julia, daughter of Titus, Roman. The mounting is of much
later date, Bibliothéque Nationale, Cabinet des Médailles, Paris Gregorietti, Guido. Jewelry Through the Ages. Crescent Books
Gold bracelet with sections decorated with opus interassile, from Tartus, Syria, Roman,
4th century. Staatliche Museen, Berlin. Gregorietti, Guido. Jewelry Through the Ages. Crescent Books, New York
Gold mesh necklace with
emeralds and mother-ofpearl, from Pompeii, Roman,
1st century BC. Museo
Nazionale, Naples. Gregorietti, Guido. Jewelry
Through the Ages. Crescent
Books, New York. Polychrome necklace, Roman, 2nd-3rd
century. Victoria and Albert Museum,
London.
Gregorietti, Guido. Jewelry Through the
Ages. Crescent Books, New York. Gladiator
300
Spartacus
GREEK vs ROMAN
OTHER ROMAN GARMENTS
•  OUTER WEAR
•  Lacerna- rectangular cloak which falls about 6 inches below the hip
and is rounded over one shoulder.
•  Sagum- a cloak, usually dark or red which clasps on the right shoulder.
•  Palludamentum- very large cloak which was white scarlet or purple.
•  Pallium- like a himation- worn by philosophers, teachers or religious
teachers.
•  Paenula- semi-circular cloak- could have hood.
•  WOMEN (some women wore leather foundation garments).
•  Stola - like chiton(tunica interior from Republic period).
•  Palla - like himation.
Loricate Torso
Marble, late 2nd century C.E.
Detroit Institute of Arts
The Emperor Trajan
98 – 117 C.E.
Lenos (tub shaped sarcophagus)
with Satyrs and Maenads
Vatican Museums
House of Venus, Pompeii
Large funeral statue of a mature
woman (over 6 tall). Marble. Pompeii, Porta Nocera Cemetery
Fortuna on her throne.
Bronze. Pompeii
Statue of the Emperor Octavian Augustus
Rome
First quarter of the 1st century
Sculptural portrait of Philip the
Arab
C. mid-3rd century
Marble
Roman Silver Coins
Early Century