PBS Unit 6 Study Guide
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Name_____________________
KNOW ALL CONCLUSION QUESTIONS!!!
Lesson 6.1: Bacteria
Key Terms
Antibiotic
Antibiotic resistance
Bacillus
Coccus
Gram stain
Zone of inhibition
A substance produced by or derived from a microorganism and able in
dilute solution to inhibit or kill another microorganism.
Resistance to one or more antibiotics, usually due to additional genetic
information.
A cylindrical or rod-shaped bacterium.
A spherical bacterium.
A method for the differential staining of bacteria that involves fixing the
bacterial cells to a slide and staining with crystal violet and iodine, then
washing with alcohol, and counterstaining with safranin. Results in
gram-positive bacteria retaining the purple dye and gram-negative
organisms having it decolorized so that the red counterstain shows up.
Region around a chemical saturated disc, where bacteria are unable to
grow due to adverse effects of the compound in the disc.
1. Draw and label the three different shapes of bacteria:
Cocci
bacilli
Spirochete/spirillum
2. Fill out the following table regarding Gram positive and gram negative bacteria:
Describe membrane
structure
Color of gram stain
Examples – name one
bacteria for each
Gram Positive
High peptidoglycan (thick cell
wall) and low lipid content
Purple
Bacillus cereus
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Gram Negative
Two membranes and thin cell
wall of peptidoglycan
Pink
Escherichia coli
3. How do bacteria reproduce?
Binary fission (divide into two)
4. Complete the table below regarding the gram staining process:
Step Name
Function
1. Crystal Violet
Colors all cells purple
2. Gram’s Iodine
Mordant – sets the dye
3. Ethanol/alcohol
Washes excess stain away – leaves some
cells without any color
4. Safranin
Counterstain- will restain gram negatives
pink
5. How can a sore throat become a larger problem if left untreated? Name at least two other
diseases it can cause in your response.
If left untreated it can lead to heart problems and joint pain. Diseases that it can lead to are
Rheumatic fever, bacterial endocarditis, and atherosclerosis.
6. What is a zone of inhibition?
Region around a chemical saturated disc, where bacteria are unable to grow due to adverse effects of the
compound in the disc.
7. How do antibiotics work?
Each antibiotic has a different mechanism of action to kill the bacteria. Some antibiotics act by
inhibiting the formation of the peptidoglycan linkages found in the cell walls of Gram positive
bacteria. Some antibiotics act by binding to the 16S subunit of the ribosome and inhibiting
protein production in the bacteria.
8. Describe the difference between a limited spectrum and a broad spectrum antibiotic?
A limited spectrum bacteria will only work on either Gram + or Gram – bacteria. A broad
spectrum will work against both Gram + and Gram -.
Lesson 6.2: Viruses
Key Terms
Antiviral drugs
Capsid
Electron microscope
Envelope
Host cell
Lysis
Virion
Virus
Drugs that act, are effective, or are directed against viruses.
The protein shell that encloses a viral genome. It may be rod-shaped,
polyhedral, or more complex in shape.
A microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen,
resulting in resolving power a thousand-fold greater than that of a light
microscope.
A double layer of lipid surrounding the viral capsid.
Cell on or in which smaller organisms or viruses live, feed, and
reproduce.
A process of disintegration or dissolution, as of cells.
A complete virus particle that consists of an RNA or DNA core with a
protein coat sometimes with an external envelope and that is the
extracellular infective form of a virus.
Any of a large group of submicroscopic infective agents that are
regarded either as extremely simple microorganisms or as extremely
complex molecules, that typically contain a protein coat surrounding an
RNA or DNA core of genetic material but no cell membrane, that are
capable of growth and multiplication only in living cells, and that cause
various important diseases in humans, animals, or plants.
9. Name three ways that bacteria are different than viruses:
Bacteria
Viruses
1. Living
1. Non-living
2. Reproduce by binary fission
2. Needs a host to reproduce
3. Larger than viruses
3. Smaller than bacteria
4. Contains DNA, cell wall,
4. Only contains genetic material and
cytoplasm
protein (capsid)
5. Shape: cocci, bacilli, spirillum
5. Shape: helical, polyhedral, complex
10. How does a virus reproduce?
Attaches to a host cell with protein keys and then inserts its DNA or RNA into the host cell
where it will replicate.
11. Draw a typical virus. Include the following: nucleic acid, capsid, protein key
archives.microbeworld.org
12. How can you prevent a bacterial and/or viral infection? How can you treat a bacterial infection
and a viral infection?
Ways to prevent:
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Vaccines
Frequent and thorough hand-washing
Avoiding people that are sick
Cover your mouth when you sneeze or cough
Don’t share personal items
Thoroughly cook food
Treatments
 Bacterial infections:
– Antibiotics
 Viral infections:
– Drugs that block attachment of the virus to cell
– Drugs that block production of viral particles
13. Be able to compare and contrast the viruses that were presented in class.
Lesson 6.3: Public Health Campaign
Key Terms
Antibiotic
Antiseptic
Contagious
Epidemic
Immunity
Infectious
Pandemic
Pathogenic
Quarantine
Sanitation
Sterile
Vaccination
Virulent
A substance produced by or derived from a microorganism and able in
dilute solution to inhibit or kill another microorganism.
A substance (as hydrogen peroxide) that inhibits the growth or action of
microorganisms especially in or on living tissue.
An infectious disease communicable by contact with one who has it,
with a bodily discharge of such a patient, or with an object touched by
such a patient.
Affecting or tending to affect an atypically large number of individuals
within a population, community, or region at the same time.
A condition of being able to resist a particular disease especially
through preventing reproduction of a pathogenic microorganism or by
counteracting the effects of its products.
Capable of causing infection.
Occurring over a wide geographic area and affecting an exceptionally
high proportion of the population.
Causing or capable of causing disease.
A restraint upon the activities or travels of persons or the transport of
goods that is designed to prevent the spread of disease or pests.
The promotion of hygiene and prevention of disease by maintenance of
clean conditions.
Free from living organisms and especially microorganisms.
The introduction into humans or domestic animals of microorganisms
that have previously been treated to make them harmless for the
purpose of inducing the development of immunity.
Able to overcome bodily defense mechanisms to cause infection or
disease.
14. What is the difference between sterile and clean?
Sterilization means that bacteria and viruses are killed and the surface is free from living
organisms. Clean means limiting the growth of organisms.
15. Are all infectious diseases spread the same way? What are examples of ways to prevent
infectious diseases?
Infectious diseases spread differently. Some infectious diseases can be passed from person to
person. Some, however, are transmitted via bites from insects or animals. Others are acquired
by ingesting contaminated food or water or other exposures in the environment.
Ways to prevent infectious disease:
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Vaccines
Frequent and thorough hand-washing
Avoiding people that are sick
Cover your mouth when you sneeze or cough
Don’t share personal items
Thoroughly cook food