Anatomy & Physiology
Model Guide Book
Last Updated: August 8, 2013
ii
Table of Contents
Tissues ........................................................................................................................................................... 7
The Bone (Somso QS 61) ........................................................................................................................... 7
Section of Skin (Somso KS 3 & KS4) .......................................................................................................... 8
Model of the Lymphatic System in the Human Body ............................................................................. 11
Bone Structure ........................................................................................................................................ 12
Skeletal System ........................................................................................................................................... 13
The Skull .................................................................................................................................................. 13
Artificial Exploded Human Skull (Somso QS 9)........................................................................................ 14
Skull ......................................................................................................................................................... 15
Auditory Ossicles ..................................................................................................................................... 16
Thorax ..................................................................................................................................................... 17
Vertebral Column .................................................................................................................................... 17
Vertebrae ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Scapula & Humerus ................................................................................................................................. 20
Radius, Ulna, & Hand .............................................................................................................................. 21
Clavicle & Pelvis ...................................................................................................................................... 22
Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Patella .................................................................................................................... 23
Foot ......................................................................................................................................................... 24
Human Skeleton ...................................................................................................................................... 25
Muscular System ......................................................................................................................................... 27
Muscular Arm with Hand ........................................................................................................................ 27
Leg Muscle .............................................................................................................................................. 28
Cartilages of the Larynx (Somso GS 6) .................................................................................................... 30
Functional Model of the Knee Joint ........................................................................................................ 31
Functional Model of the Shoulder Joint.................................................................................................. 32
Functional Model of the Elbow Joint ...................................................................................................... 33
Functional Model of the Hip Joint........................................................................................................... 34
Muscles of the Arm with Shoulder Blade (Somo NS 15) ......................................................................... 35
Muscles of the Leg with Base of Pelvis (Somso NS 10) ........................................................................... 38
iii
Male Muscle Figure (Somso AS 3) ........................................................................................................... 40
Muscles of the Human Arm (Altay 6000.31) ........................................................................................... 41
Head & Neck Musculature (Altay 6030.10) ............................................................................................ 42
Cardiovascular/Respiratory System ............................................................................................................ 43
Two Section Heart (HE-1010).................................................................................................................. 43
Human Heart & Mediastinum ................................................................................................................. 44
The Heart (Somso HS 26) ........................................................................................................................ 45
Model of Heart (ALS 300)........................................................................................................................ 46
The Heart (HS 4) ...................................................................................................................................... 48
Vascular Arm ........................................................................................................................................... 49
Fine Structure of the Artery & Veins (Somso HS 25) .............................................................................. 50
Respiratory Organs & Heart .................................................................................................................... 51
Lungs, Larynx & Heart (C 243)................................................................................................................. 52
Lungs with Heart, Diaphragm, & Larynx (Somso HS 8) ........................................................................... 53
Lung with Alveoli (Somso HS 23) ............................................................................................................ 54
Lung Apparatus ....................................................................................................................................... 55
Lung (Basic Model) .................................................................................................................................. 57
Nervous System .......................................................................................................................................... 59
Neuron (Somso BS 35) ............................................................................................................................ 59
Model of a Synapse (BS 35/3) ................................................................................................................. 60
Striated Muscle Fiber with Motor End-Plate (Somso BS 36) .................................................................. 61
Transparent Human Brain (BS 25) .......................................................................................................... 62
Transparent Model of the Skull (Somso QS 65/7) .................................................................................. 64
The Human Brain (Somso BS 23) ............................................................................................................ 65
Brain Stem (Somso BS 23/2) ................................................................................................................... 66
The Human Brain (C 15) .......................................................................................................................... 67
Brain with Arteries .................................................................................................................................. 68
Brain (Basic Model) ................................................................................................................................. 69
Fifth Cervical Vertebra with Spinal Cord (Somso BS 30) ......................................................................... 70
Model of Spinal Cord with Spinal Canal (Somso BS 31) .......................................................................... 71
Deluxe Spinal Cord .................................................................................................................................. 72
iv
Spinal Cord with Nerve Branches (Somso BS 33).................................................................................... 73
Neuron (Altay 6160.27)........................................................................................................................... 74
Special Senses ............................................................................................................................................. 75
The Human Eye (Somso CS 20) ............................................................................................................... 75
Eye in Orbit.............................................................................................................................................. 76
Giant Eye ................................................................................................................................................. 77
The Ear (J 515) ......................................................................................................................................... 78
Ear (P-2134)............................................................................................................................................. 79
The Organ of Hearing (Somso DS 3) ........................................................................................................ 80
The Labyrinth (Somso DS 6) .................................................................................................................... 81
Spiral Organ of Corti (Somso DS 10) ....................................................................................................... 82
Nose & Nasal Cavity (Somso FS 6) .......................................................................................................... 83
Urinary System ............................................................................................................................................ 85
Kidney (K 10) ........................................................................................................................................... 85
Kidney & Nephron................................................................................................................................... 86
Kidney (Somso LS 5) ................................................................................................................................ 87
Kidney (Somso K 12) ............................................................................................................................... 88
Glomerulus .............................................................................................................................................. 89
Renal Lobule............................................................................................................................................ 90
Urinary System ........................................................................................................................................ 91
Kidney (Altay 6140.14) ............................................................................................................................ 92
Reproductive System .................................................................................................................................. 93
Male Pelvis (Somso MS 2) ....................................................................................................................... 93
Male Pelvis .............................................................................................................................................. 94
Male Pelvis (H 11) ................................................................................................................................... 95
Female Pelvis .......................................................................................................................................... 98
Female Pelvis (Somso MS 3) ................................................................................................................... 99
Human Female Breast ........................................................................................................................... 100
Female Genital Organs (Somso MS 5)................................................................................................... 101
Uterus (Basic Model)............................................................................................................................. 102
Female Pelvis (H 10) .............................................................................................................................. 103
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Relief Model of the Ovary (Somso MS 51) ............................................................................................ 106
Digestive System ....................................................................................................................................... 107
Molar Tooth (Somso ES 11/5) ............................................................................................................... 107
Models of Teeth .................................................................................................................................... 108
Stomach (Basic Model) ......................................................................................................................... 109
The Stomach (Somso JS 4) .................................................................................................................... 110
Pancreas with Spleen & Part of the Duodenum (Somso JS 11) ............................................................ 111
Intestinal Villi ........................................................................................................................................ 112
Model of a Liver Cell (Somso JS 15) ...................................................................................................... 113
Internal Organs ..................................................................................................................................... 114
Liver & Gallbladder ............................................................................................................................... 115
Liver....................................................................................................................................................... 116
Human Digestive System ...................................................................................................................... 117
Liver/Gallbladder (Basic Model) ........................................................................................................... 119
Colon (Basic Model) .............................................................................................................................. 120
Rectum (Basic Model) ........................................................................................................................... 121
vi
Tissues
The Bone (Somso QS 61)
Somso Model QS 61
Wedge-shaped segment from the compact part of a long bone
1. Periosteum
2. Outer general lamellae
3. Perforating fibers of Sharpey
4. Osteon with Haversian vessel

Presentation of the spiral run of
the collagenous fibrils within
the single lamellae
5. Osteon w/presentation of the
flattened bone cells
6. Bone cell
7. Branch of the bone cell
8. Intermediate lamellae
9. Volkmann’s canals and vessels
10. Endosteum
11. Spongy substance
12. Cavities for the bone cells in the
macerated bone
7|Tissues
Section of Skin (Somso KS 3 & KS4)
Somso Model KS 3
Block model with representation in three sections:
A.The hairy skin; B.The skin of the arm pit; C.The
hairless skin of the sole of the foot.
Somso Model KS 4
Block model showing the skin with hair
in different planes of section.
I. Epidermis
II. Corium (Dermis)
III. Subcutis (Hypodermis)
1. External Horny Layer (Stratum corneum)
1a. Clear Layer (Stratum lucidum) – (KS 3 only)
2. Internal Hornless Germinative Zone (Stratum germinativum)
2a. Granular Layer (Stratum granulosum)
2b. Prickle-cell Layer (Stratum spinosum)
2c. Cylindrical Layer (Stratum basale)
3. Papillae
4. Touch-corpuscles (Meissner’s corpuscles)
5. Adipose Tissue (Panniculus adiposus)
6. Lamellated Corpuscles (Pacinian corpuscles)
7. Sweat Glands (Eccrine glands)
8. Hairs (Pili)
8a. Medullary Substance (Substantia medullaris)
8b. Cortical Substance (Substantia corticalis)
8c. Cuticle of the Hair (Cuticula pili)
8d. Inner Root-Sheath
8e. Outer Root-Sheath
8f. Hyaloid Membrane
8g. Fibrous Layer
9. Hair (Pilus)
8|Tissues
Section of Skin Continued…
10. Hair Shaft (Scapus pili)
11. Hair Root (Radix pili)
11a. Hair Bulb (Bulbus pili)
12. Hair Papilla (Papilla pili)
13. Sebaceous Glands (Glandulae sebaceae)
14. Arrector Pili Muscles (Arrectores pilorum)
15. Sweat Gland of the Arm-Pit (Apocrine gland)
15a. Smooth Muscle Cells
15b. Hyaline Top
15c. Part of the pushed out cell body
Model KS 4 shows additionally…
16. Krause’s end bulbs – with nerve coils in connective tissue cover
17. Ruffini’s corpuscles – plexus of bare nerve fiber in connective tissue cover in the corium (dermis)
and subcutis (hypodermis)
18. Merkel’s touch disks in the epidermis
19. Mechanoreceptors as dendriform fibers in the hair follicle
9|Tissues
Cutaneous Sensory Organs…
a) Free nerve endings - For pain & heat sensitivity
b) Merkel’s touch cells in the epithelium
c) Meissner’s tactile corpuscles - For pressure & touch sensitivity
d) Nerves encircling the root sheath of the hair - For touch sensitivity
e) Vater-Pacini corpuscles - Mechanoreceptors
f) Krause’s end corpuscle - Receptors of frost
Hair Organs…
1-8. Layers of skin
9. Hair shaft
10. Sebaceous gland
11. Hair follicle
12. External root sheath
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Arrector pili muscle
Internal root sheath
Hair shaft inside its root sheathes
Hair bulb
Papilla with blood vessel
Vessels and glands of the skin…
I.
Capillary loops in papilla
II. Principal venous network (blue) with supply arteries (red)
III. Sweat gland outlets
IV. Sweat gland
10 | T i s s u e s
Model of the Lymphatic System in the Human Body
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Occipital lymph nodes
Superficial cervical lymph nodes
Cubital lymph nodes
Deep cervical lymph nodes
Axillary lymph nodes
Right lymphatic duct
Tracheobronchial lymph nodes
Hepatic lymph nodes
Coeliac lymph nodes
Common iliac lymph nodes
Inguinal lymph nodes
Parotid gland lymph nodes
Submandibular lymph nodes
Submental lymph nodes
Jugular trunk
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
Thoracic duct
Subclavian trunk
Bronchial lymph nodes
Cisterna chili
Gastric lymph nodes
Mesenteric lymph nodes
Right venous angle
Right lung
Liver
Gall bladder
Portal vein
Caecum with appendix vermiformis
Bifurcation of trachea
Stomach
Transverse colon
11 | T i s s u e s
Bone Structure
1.
2.
3.
4.
Artery
Vein
Lymph Vessel
Nerve
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Haversian lamellae
Interstitial lamellae
Osteocytes
Lacunae
Canaliculi
These structures all lie in the Haversian canal
12 | T i s s u e s
Skeletal System
The Skull
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
Q.
R.
S.
T.
Coronal suture
Coronoid process
Ethmoid
External acoustic meatus
Frontal
Sphenoid
Lacrimal
Mandible
Mandibular condyle
Mandibular fossa
Maxilla
Mastoid process
Nasal
Parietal
Squamosal suture
Styloid process
Superior orbital fissure
Temporal
Zygomatic
Zygomatic process of temporal
13 | S k e l e t a l S y s t e m
Artificial Exploded Human Skull (Somso QS 9)
Somso Model QS 9
All individual bones on a plastic base, corresponding
to the form of the skull, mounted and removable.
Dissectible in 16 parts.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
Zygomatic bone
Nasal bone
Occipital bone
Maxilla
Vomer
Ethmoidal bone
Sphenoid bone
Mandible
14 | S k e l e t a l S y s t e m
Skull
(Lateral View)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Sphenoidal
Ethmoid
Lacrimal
Nasal
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Mandible
Styloid Process
a. Coronal Suture
b. Squamosal Suture
c. Lambdoidal Suture
15 | S k e l e t a l S y s t e m
Auditory Ossicles
16 | S k e l e t a l S y s t e m
Thorax
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid Process
Costal Cartilage
False Ribs
Vertebrosternal or True Ribs
Vertebrocostal Ribs
Vertebral Column
(Lateral View)
17 | S k e l e t a l S y s t e m
Vertebrae
Atlas (First Cervical Vertebra)
A. Transverse Process
B. Anterior Tubercle
C. Anterior Arch
D. Superior Articular Surface
E. Foramen Transversarium
F. Posterior Arch
G. Posterior Tubercle
Axis (Second Cervical Vertebra)
A. Odontoid Process
B. Body
C. Superior Articular Surface
D. Foramen Transversarium
E. Spinous Process
Cervical Vertebra
A. Body
B. Transverse Process
C. Pedicle
D. Superior Articular Process
E. Inferior Articular Process
F. Lamina
G. Spinous Process
H. Foramen Transversarium
Thoracic Vertebra
A. Transverse Process
B. Superior Articular Process
C. Pedicle
D. Demi-facet for head of rib
E. Body
F. Demi-facet for head of rib
G. Inferior Articular Process
H. Spinous Process
I. Facet for articular part of tubercle of rib
18 | S k e l e t a l S y s t e m
Vertebrae Cont…
Lumbar Vertebra (lateral view)
A. Superior Articular Process
B. Transverse Process
C. Pedicle
D. Body
E. Inferior Articular Process
F. Spinous Process
Lumbar Vertebra (from above and behind)
A. Transverse Process
B. Inferior Articular Process
C. Mammilary Process
D. Accessory Process
E. Superior Articular Process
19 | S k e l e t a l S y s t e m
Scapula & Humerus
Left Scapula (Dorsal View)
A. Acromion
B. Coracoid Process
C. Scapular Notch
D. Superior Border
E. Medial Angle
F. Supraspinatous Fossa
G. Spine
H. Infraspinatous Fossa
I. Vertebral Border
J. Inferior Angle
K. Axillary Border
L. Neck of Scapula
M. Lateral Angle
Left Scapula (Lateral View)
A. Coracoid
B. Supraglenoid Tubercle
C. Acromion
D. Spine
E. Glenoid Cavity
F. Axillary Border
G. Inferior Angle
Left Humerus (Anterior View)
A. Head
B. Greater Tubercle
C. Crest of Greater Tubercle
D. Intertubercular Groove
E. Radial Fossa
F. Lateral Epicondyle
G. Capitulum
H. Coronoid Fossa
I. Trochlea
J. Medial Epicondyle
K. Surgical Neck
20 | S k e l e t a l S y s t e m
Radius, Ulna, & Hand
Left Radius (Anterior Aspect)
A. Head
B. Neck
C. Styloid Process
D. Radial Tuberosity
Left Ulna (Anterior Aspect)
A. Olecranon
B. Semilunar Notch
C. Coronoid Process
D. Radial Notch
E. Articulates with Radius
F. Styloid Process
Left Hand (Dorsal Surface)
A. Navicular
B. Lunate
C. Triangular
D. Pisiform
E. Hamate
F. Capitate
G. Lesser Multangular
H. Greater Multangular
a. Base
b. Body
c. Head
21 | S k e l e t a l S y s t e m
Clavicle & Pelvis
Left Clavicle (Superior Surface)
A. Sternal Extremity
B. Acromial Extremity
Left Clavicle (Inferior Surface)
A. Articulates with cartilage of first rib
B. Articulates with Acromion of Scapula
Pelvis
A. Illium
B. Sacrum
C. Coccyx
D. Pubic Arch
E. Pubis
F. Ischium
Left Innominate
A. Anterior Superior Spine
B. Anterior Inferior Spine
C. Superior Ramus of Pubis
D. Acetabulum
E. Inferior Ramus of Pubis
F. Inferior Ramus of Ischium
G. Acetabular Notch
H. Obturator Foramen
I.
Tuberosity of Ischium
J.
Lesser Sciatic Notch
K. Spine of Ischium
L.
Greater Sciactic Notch
M. Posterior Inferior Spine
N. Posterior Superior Spine
22 | S k e l e t a l S y s t e m
Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Patella
Left Femur (Dorsal View)
A. Head
B. Neck
C. Tubercle
D. Body
E. Adductor Tubercle
F. Medial Epicondyle
G. Medial Condyle
H. Lateral Condyle
I.
(A)
Lateral Epicondyle
Tibia (Anterior View)
A. Intercondyloid
B. Lateral Condyle
C. Medial Condyle
D. Tuberosity
E. Medial Malleolus
(B) Fibula (Anterior View)
a. Lateral Malleolus
b. Styloid Process
Patella (Posterior View)
A. Facet for Medial Condyle
B. Facet for Articulation with lateral condyle of femur
23 | S k e l e t a l S y s t e m
Foot
Left Foot (Dorsal Surface)
A. Calcaneus
B. Talus
C. Navicular
D. First Cuneiform
E. Second Cuneiform
F. Third Cuneiform
G. Cuboid
Left Foot (Lateral Aspect)
A. Second Cuneiform
B. Third Cuneiform
C. Navicular
D. Talus
E. Calcaneus
F. Cuboid
24 | S k e l e t a l S y s t e m
Human Skeleton
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
Frontal
Parietal
Ethmoid
Temporal
Zygomatic
Occipital
Nasal
Maxilla
Mandible
Hyoid
Cervical Vertebra (7)
Manubrium
Clavicle
Coracoid
Scapula
Sternum
Xiphoid Process
Ribs
Thoracic Vertebra (12)
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Lumbar Vertebra (5)
Illium
Sacrum (5)
Coccyx (3-5)
Pubis
Ischium
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Talus
Calcaneus
Tarsals
Metatarsals
25 | S k e l e t a l S y s t e m
26 | S k e l e t a l S y s t e m
Muscular System
Muscular Arm with Hand
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
Clavicle
Acromion
Spine of Scapula
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Metacarpal Bones
Deltoid Muscle
Supraspinatus Muscle
Infraspinatus Muscle
Subclavius Muscle
Teres Minor Muscle
Teres Major Muscle
Latissimus Dorsal Muscle
Triceps Muscle
Biceps (brachii) Muscle
Coraco-brachialis Muscle
Brachialis Muscle
Anconeus Muscle
Brachio-radialis Muscle
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Pronator Teres Muscle
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle
Palmaris Longus Muscle
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
Flexor Digitorum Sublimis
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Abductor Pollicis Longus
Flexor Pollicis Longus
Extensor Pollicis Brevis
Extensor Digitorum Communis
Extensor Digiti Minimi
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Dorsal Interosseous
Extensor Pollicis Longus
Abductor Pollicis Brevis
Flexor Pollicis Brevis
Adductor Pollicis
Lumbricales Muscles
Flexor Digiti Minimi
Abductor Digiti Minimi
Extensor Retinaculum
Flexor Retinaculum
Brachial Artery
Radial Artery
Brachial Vein
Median Nerve
Annular Ligaments of Tendon-Sheath
Cruciate Ligaments of Tendon-Sheath
27 | M u s c u l a r S y s t e m
Leg Muscle
1. Tibia, Shinbone
2. Fibula, Calf bone, Peroneal bone
3. Calcaneum, Heel bone
4. Metatarsal bones
5. Patella
6. Popliteal Space
7. Rectus femoris Muscle
8. Vastus Lateralis Muscle
9. Vastus Medialis Muscle
10. Sartorius Muscle
11. Ilio-psoas Muscle
12. Pectineus Muscle
13. Adductor Longus Muscle
14. Gracilis Muscle
15. Semimembranosus Muscle
16. Semitendinosus Muscle
17. Adductor Magnus Muscle
18. Biceps Femoris Muscle (Long head)
19. Biceps Femoris Muscle (Short head)
20. Gluteus Maximus Muscle
21. Plantaris Muscle
22. Popliteus Muscle
23. Tibialis Anterior Muscle
24. Extensor Digitorum Longus
25. Extensor Hallucis Longus
26. Peroneus Longus
27. Peroneus Brevis
28. Peroneus Tertius
29. Gastrocnemius Muscle
30. Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon
31. Soleus Muscle
32. Flexor Digitorum Longus
33. Flexor Hallucis Longus
28 | M u s c u l a r S y s t e m
Leg Muscle cont…
34. Tibialis Posterior Muscle
35. Abductor Hallucis Muscle
36. Abductor Digiti Minimi Muscle
37. Extensor Hallucis Brevis
38. Extensor Digitorum Brevis
39. Dorsal Interosseous Muscle
40. Superior Extensor Retinaculum
41. Patellae Ligament
42. Femoral Artery
43. Deep Femoral Artery
44. Popliteal Artery
45. Posterior Tibial Artery
46. Peroneal Artery
47. Dorsal Artery
48. Femoral Nerve
49. Tibial Nerve
50. Sural Nerve
29 | M u s c u l a r S y s t e m
Cartilages of the Larynx (Somso GS 6)
Somso Model GS 6 – Functional Model
1. Thyroid cartilage
a. Incisura thyroidea superior
b. Incisura thyroidea inferior
c. Upper long horn (Cornu superior)
d. Lower short horn (Cornu inferius)
2. Cricoid cartilage
3. Cartilage of the epiglottis
4. Arytenoid cartilages
e. Processus vocalis
f.
Processus muscularis
g. Cartilage of Santorini
5. Tracheal cartilage
6. Hyoid bone
h. Corpus
i.
Greater horn (Cornu majus)
j.
Lesser horn (Cornu minus)
30 | M u s c u l a r S y s t e m
Functional Model of the Knee Joint
31 | M u s c u l a r S y s t e m
Functional Model of the Shoulder Joint
Somso Model NS 53 – Functional Model
1. Articular capsule (Capsula articularis)
2. Supplemental ligaments of the articular capsule (Lig. Glenohumeralia)
3. Tendon of the biceps muscle
4. Coracoacromial ligament (Lig. Coracoacromiale)
5. External clavicular ligaments (Lig. Coracoclaviculare)
a. Conoid ligament (Lig. Conoideum)
b. Trapezoid ligament (Lig. Trapezoideum)
6. Transverse ligament of the scapula (Lig. Transversum scapulae)
7. Lig. Acromioclaviculare
I.
Scapula
II.
Clavicle
III.
Humerus
Shoulder-joint model from
the front (ventral)
32 | M u s c u l a r S y s t e m
Functional Model of the Elbow Joint
Somso Model NS 52 – Functional Model
1. Internal or ulnar lateral ligament (Ligamentum collaterale mediale)
2. Radial ligament (Ligamentum radiale)
3. Orbicular ligament (Ligamentum anulare)
4. Bicipital tendon
I.
Humerus
II. Ulna
III. Radius
Elbow-joint model from
the front (ventral)
33 | M u s c u l a r S y s t e m
Functional Model of the Hip Joint
Somso Model NS 51 – Functional Model
1. Ilio-femoral ligament (Ligamentum iliofemorale)
2. Pubo-femoral ligament (Ligamentum pubofemorale)
3. Ishio-capsular ligament (Ligamentum ishiofemorale)
4. Orbicular zone (Zona orbicularis)
5. Teres femoris ligament (Ligamentum capitis femoris)
I.
Hip bone (Os coxae)
II. Femur
III. Head of the femur (Caput femoris)
Hip-joint model from
the front (ventral)
Hip-joint model from
the back (dorsal)
34 | M u s c u l a r S y s t e m
Muscles of the Arm with Shoulder Blade (Somo NS 15)
Muscles, Ligaments, and Tendons
1. Supraspinatus muscle (M. supraspinatus)
2. Infraspinatus muscle (M. infraspinatus)
3. Teres major muscle (M. teres major)
4. Teres minor muscle (M. teres minor)
5. Latissimus dorsi muscle (M. latissimus dorsi)
6. Subscapularis muscle (M. subscapularis)
7. Deltoid muscle (M. deltoideus)
8. Pectoralis major muscle (M. pectoralis major)
9. Biceps brachii (M. biceps brachii)
Somso Model NS 15
10. Brachialis muscle (M. brachialis)
11. Triceps muscle (M. triceps brachii)
12. Pronator teres muscle (M. pronator teres)
13. Flexor carpi radialis (M. flexor carpi radialis)
14. Palmaris longus muscle (M. vestibul longus)
15. Flexor carpi ulnaris (M. flexor carpi ulnaris)
16. Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle (M. extensor carpi ulnaris)
17. Extensor digitorum muscle (M. extensor digitorum)
18. Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle (M. extensor carpi radialis brevis)
19. Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle (M. extensor carpi radialis longus)
20. Brachio-radialis muscle (M. brachioradialis)
21. Tendon of the extensor pollicis longus muscle (Tendon of m. extensoris pollicis longi)
22. Extensor pollicis brevis muscle (M. extensor pollicis brevis)
23. Abductor pollicis longus muscle (M. abductor pollicis longus)
24. Flexor digitorum sublimes (M. flexor digitorum superficialis)
25. Supinator muscle (M. supinator)
26. Volar fascia (Fascia antebrachii)
27. Extensor retinaculum (Retinaculum extensorum)
28. Flexor pollicis brevis (M. flexor pollicis brevis)
29. Abductor pollicis brevis muscle (M. abductor pollicis brevis)
30. Adductor pollicis muscle (M. adductor pollicis)
31. Opponens pollicis muscle (M. opponens pollicis)
32. Opponens digiti minimi muscle (M. opponens digiti minimi)
35 | M u s c u l a r S y s t e m
Muscles of the Arm with Shoulder Blade cont…
Muscles, Ligaments, and Tendons cont…
33. Flexor digiti minimi (M. flexor digiti minimi brevis)
34. Abductor digiti minimi muscle (M. abductor digiti minimi)
35. Lumbrical muscles (Mm. lumbricales)
36. Dorsal interosseous muscles of the hand (Mm. interossei dorsales)
37. Flexor retinaculum of upper limb (Lig. Carpi transversum)
38. Tendon sheath (Vagina fibrosa digitorum manus)
39. Crucial strings of the tendon sheath (Pars cruciformis vaginae fibrosae)
40. Annular strings of the tendon sheath (Pars anularis vaginae fibrosae)
41. Tendon of the flexor pollicis longus (Tendo m. flexoris pollicis longi)
42. Tendons of the flexor digitorum sublimis (Tendines m. flexoris digitoris superficialis)
43. Tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus (Tendines m. flexoris digitoris profundi)
44. Chiasma tendinum
Arteries
45. Axillary arteries (A. axillaries)
46. Subscapular artery (A. subscapularis)
47. Circumflex scapular artery (A. circumflexa scapulae)
48. Posterior circumflex humeral artery (A. circumflexa humeri posterior)
49. Brachial artery (A. brachialis)
50. Profunda brachii artery (A. profunda brachii)
51. Ramus deltoideus
52. Medial collateral artery (A. collateralis media)
53. Radial collateral artery (A. collateralis radialis)
54. Superior ulnar collateral artery (A. collateralis ulnaris superior)
55. Radial artery (A. radialis)
56. Ramus vestibul superficialis
57. Ramus carpeus dorsalis
58. A. metacarpea dorsalis
59. Ulnar artery (A. ulnaris)
60. Common interosseous artery (A. interossea communis)
61. Posterior interosseous artery (A. interossea posterior)
62. Median artery (A. mediana)
63. Arcus vestibul superficialis
64. Palmar digital arteries (A. Digitales palmares communes)
65. Palmar digital arteries (A. Digitales palmares propriae)
66. Dorsal digital arteries (A. Digitales dorsales)
36 | M u s c u l a r S y s t e m
Muscles of the Arm with Shoulder Blade cont…
Nerves
67. Plexus brachialis
68. Axillary nerve (N. axillaris)
69. Medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm (N. cutaneous antebrachii medialis)
70. Musculo-cutaneous nerve (N. musculocutaneous)
71. Median nerve (N. medianus)
72. Anterior interosseous nerve (N. interosseous anterior)
73. Ramus vestibul (N. ulnaris)
74. Ulnar nerve (N. ulnaris)
75. Ramus vestibul (N. ulnaris)
76. Ramus dorsalis (N. ulnaris)
77. Ramus profundus
78. Ramus superficialis
79. N. digitalis vestibul communis
80. Radial nerve (N. radialis)
81. Ramus superficialis (N. radialis)
Bones
82. Scapula
83. Spine of the scapula (Spina scapulae)
84. Coracoid process (Processus coracoideus)
85. Clavicle (Clavicula)
86. Humerus
87. Medial epicondyle of the humerus (Epicondylus medialis)
88. Lateral epicondyle of the humerus (Epicondylus lateralis)
89. Olecranon (tip of the elbow)
90. Ulna
91. Radius
92. Pisiform bone (Os pisiforme)
93. Carpus
94. Metacarpal bone (Ossa metacarpalia)
95. Phalanx I – II – III (Ossa digitorum manus, phalanx proximalis media and distalis)
37 | M u s c u l a r S y s t e m
Muscles of the Leg with Base of Pelvis (Somso NS 10)
Muscles
1. Psoas major muscle
2. Iliacus muscle
3. Gluteus maximus muscle
4. Gluteus medius muscle
5. Piriformis muscle
6. Obturator internus muscle
7. Gemellus muscle
a. Superior gemellus muscle
b. Inferior gemellus muscle
8. Quadratus femoris muscle
9. Tensor fasciae latae muscle
10. Sartorius muscle
11. Quadriceps femoris muscle
a. Rectus femoris muscle
b. Vastus medialis muscle
c. Vastus lateralis muscle
d. Vastus intermedius muscle
e. Common tendon of the muscles
12. Pectineus muscle
13. Adductor longus muscle
14. Adductor magnus muscle
15. Gracilis muscle
16. Semitendinosus muscle
17. Semimembranosus muscle
18. Biceps femoris
a. Caput longum
b. Caput breve
19. Tibialis anterior muscle
20. Extensor hallucis longus muscle
21. Extensor digitorum longus muscle
22. Fibularis longus muscle (peroneus)
23. Fibularis brevis muscle (peroneus)
24. Triceps surae muscle
a-b. Gastrocnemius muscle
a. Caput mediale
b. Caput laterale
c. Soleus muscle
d. Achilles tendon
Somso Model NS 10
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
Plantaris muscle
Popliteus muscle
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior muscle
Flexor hallucis longus
Extensor hallucis brevis muscle
Extensor digitorum brevis muscle
Abductor hallucis muscle
Flexor hallucis brevis
Abductor digiti minimi muscle
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Lumbrical muscles
Dorsal interosseous muscles of the foot
38 | M u s c u l a r S y s t e m
Muscles of the Leg with Base of Pelvis cont.
Vessels
39. External iliac artery
a. External iliac vein
40. Internal iliac artery
41. Obturator artery
42. Superior gluteal artery
43. Inferior gluteal artery
44. Internal pudendal artery
45. Femoral artery
a. Femoral vein
46. Profunda femoris artery
47. Descending branch of the lateral circumflex
artery
48. Ascending branch of the lateral circumflex
artery
49. A. circumflexa femoris medialis ramus
profundus
50. Perforating arteries
51. Popliteal artery
52. Lateral superior genicular artery
53. Medial superior genicular artery
54. Lateral inferior genicular artery
55. Medial inferior genicular artery
56. Posterior tibial artery
57. Anterior tibial artery
58. Peroneal artery
Bones
68. Fifth lumbar vertebra
69. Sacrum
70. Coccyx
71. Iliac crest
72. Anterior superior iliac spine
73. Pubic bone
74. Pubic symphysis
75. Ischial spine
76. Ischial tuberosity
77. Greater trochanter
78. Lesser trochanter
79. Femur
80. Medial epicondyle of the femur
81. Lateral epicondyle of the femur
82. Kneecap (Patella)
83. Shin-bone (Tibia)
84. Medial malleolus
85. Head of fibula
86. Fibula
87. Lateral malleolus
88. Heel bone (Calcaneus)
89. Navicular bone of the foot
90. I. Metatarsal bone
91. V. Metatarsal bone
Nerves
59. Femoral nerve
60. Saphenous nerve
61. Obturator nerve
62. Plenus sacralis
63. Sciatic nerve
64. Medial popliteal nerve & posterior tibial
nerve
65. Common peroneal nerve
66. Deep peroneal nerve
67. Superficial peroneal nerve
39 | M u s c u l a r S y s t e m
Male Muscle Figure (Somso AS 3)
Muscles
1. Frontal ventor of occipito-frontal muscle
2. Orbicularis oculi muscle
3. Nasal muscle
4. Levator muscle of superior lip
5. Greater cygomatic muscle
6. Orbicularis oris muscle
7. Depressor muscle of the mouth
8. Superior auricular muscle
9. Posterior auricular muscle
10. Occipital ventor of occipito-frontal muscle
11. Sternocleidomastoid muscle
12. Scaleni muscles
13. Levator muscle of scapula
14. Trapecial muscle
15. Infraspinous muscle
16. Latissimus dorsi muscle
17. Greatest gluteal muscle
18. Deltoid muscle
19. Serratus anterior muscle
20. Pectoralis major muscle
21. External oblique muscle of abdomen
22. Rectus abdominis muscle
23. Sheath of straight muscle of abdomen
24. Triceps muscle
25. Biceps muscle
26. Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle
27. Extensor digitorum muscle
28. Retinaculum of the extensors
29. Extensor pollicis brevis muscle
30. Brachioradial muscle
31. Sartorius muscle
32. Rectus femoris muscle
33. Pectineal muscle
34. Gracilis muscle
35. Adductor longus muscle
36. Biceps muscle of femur
37. Semitendinous muscle
Somso Model AS 3
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
Semimembranous muscle
Gastrocnemial muscle
Soleus muscle
Calcanean tendon
Extensor digitorum longus muscle
Tibialis anterior muscle
Extensor digitorum brevis muscle
Long peroneal muscle
Inferior retinaculum of extensor muscle
Bones
a. Skull
b. Clavicle
c. Anterior superior iliac spine
d. Popliteal
e. Patella
f. Tibia
g. Medial malleolus
h. Lateral malleolus
i. Calcaneus (heel bone)
40 | M u s c u l a r S y s t e m
Muscles of the Human Arm (Altay 6000.31)
7 Parts
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Clavicle
Scapula
Spine of scapula
Acromion of scapula
Coracoid process
Subscapularis muscle
Subclavius muscle
Latissimus dorsi muscle
Pectoralis minor muscle
Supraspinatus muscle
Infraspinatus muscle
Teres minor muscle
Teres major
Deltoid
Humerus
Biceps brachii muscle
a. Long head
b. Short head
Coracobrachialis muscle
Brachialis muscle
Brachial artery
Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
Triceps brachii muscle
a. Medial head
b. Long head
c. Lateral head
Olecranon
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
Radial nerve
Profunda brachii artery
Medial intermuscular septum
Brachioradialis muscle
Pronator teres muscle
Flexor carpi radialis muscle
Palmaris longus muscle
Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
Flexor digitorum superficialis
m.
Flexor pollicis longus muscle
Flexor digitorum profundus m.
Pronator quadrates muscle
Radial artery
Ulnar artery
Common interosseous artery
Anterior interosseous artery
Anterior interosseous nerve
Superficial palmar branch
Extensor carpi radialis longus
m.
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
m.
Extensor digitorum muscle
Extensor digiti minimi muscle
Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle
Anconeus muscle
Supinator muscle
Abductor pollicis longus
muscle
Extensor pollicis brevis muscle
Extensor pollicis longus muscle
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
Extensor indicis muscle
Ulna
Radius
Recurrent interosseous artery
Posterior interosseous artery
Posterior interosseous nerve
Abductor pollicis brevis muscle
Flexor pollicis brevis muscle
Flexor digitorum superficialis
tendon
Lumbrical muscles
Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle
Abductor digiti minimi muscle
Superficial palmar arch
Deep palmar branch
Deep palmar arch
Common palmar digital artery
Proper palmar digital artery
Common palmar digital nerve
Proper palmar digital nerve
Adductor pollicis muscle
Palmar interosseous muscles
Palmar metacarpal artery
Metacarpal bone (II)
Tendon of extensor digitorum
Dorsal aponeurosis (middle finger)
Dorsal interosseous muscles
Dorsal metacarpal artery
Dorsal digital artery
41 | C i r c u l a t o r y / R e s p i r a t o r y S y s t e m
Head & Neck Musculature (Altay 6030.10)
1. Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis m.
2. Epicranial aponeurosis
3. Occipital belly of
occipitofrontalis muscle
4. Orbicularis oculi muscle
5. Depressor supercilii muscle
6. Procerus muscle
7. Nasalis muscle
8. Orbicularis muscle
9. Levator labii superior
alaeque nasi muscle
10. Levator labii superior muscle
11. Zygomaticus minor muscle
12. Zygomaticus major muscle
13. Risorius muscle
14. Depressor anguli oris muscle
15. Depressor labii inferior
muscle
16. Mentalis muscle
17. Buccinator muscle
18. Auricularis superior muscle
19. Auricularis anterior muscle
20. Auricularis posterior muscle
21. Masseter muscle
22. Temporalis muscle
23. Medial pterygoid muscle
24. Lateral pterygoid muscle
25. Sternocleidomastoid muscle
26. Anterior belly of digastric
muscle
27. Posterior belly of digastric
muscle
28. Stylopharyngeus muscle
29. Mylohyoid muscle
30. Hyoglossus muscle
31. Sternohyoid muscle
32. Superior belly of omohyoid
muscle
33. Inferior belly of omohyoid
muscle
34. Geniohyoid muscle
35. Sternothyroid muscle
36. Thyrohyoid muscle
37. Scalenus anterior muscle
38. Scalenus medius muscle
39. Posterior scalene muscle
40. Levator scapulae muscle
41. Splenius capitis muscle
42. Semispinalis capitis muscle
43. Rhomboid minor muscle
44. Rhomboid major muscle
45. Trapezius muscle
46. Pectoralis major muscle
47. Deltoid muscle
48. Pectoralis minor muscle
49. Supraspinatus muscle
50. Serratus anterior muscle
51. External intercostales
muscles
52. Intercostales interni
muscles
53. Hyoid bone
54. Thyroid cartilage
55. Thyroid gland
56. Common carotid artery
57. Internal carotid artery
58. External carotid artery
59. Superior thyroid artery
60. Lingual artery
61. Facial artery
62. Occipital artery
63. Posterior auricular artery
64. Superficial temporal artery
65. Maxillary artery
66. Subclavian artery
67. Vertebral artery
68. Thyrocervical trunk
69. Inferior thyroid artery
70. Transverse cervical artery
71. Suprascapular artery
72. Internal thoracic artery
73. Axillary artery
74. Superior thoracic artery
75. Thoracoacromial artery
76. Lateral thoracic artery
42 | C i r c u l a t o r y / R e s p i r a t o r y S y s t e m
Cardiovascular/Respiratory System
Two Section Heart (HE-1010)
Model HE-1010
External Anterior Aspect
1. Aorta
2. Brachiocephalic trunk (innominate artery)
3. Left common carotid artery
4. Left subclavian artery
5. Pulmonary trunk
6. Ligamentum arteriosum
7. Left pulmonary artery
8. Right auricle
10. Left auricle
11/12. Left/Right Ventricles (respectively)
13. Right coronary artery
14. Left coronary artery
15. Circumflex branch, left coronary artery
16. Great cardiac vein
17. Small cardiac vein
18. Anterior cardiac veins
19. Anterior interventricular descending branch,
left coronary artery
20. Oblique vein of left atrium
External Posterior Aspect
9. Superior vena cava
21. Marginal branch, right coronary artery
22. Coronary sinus
23. Middle cardiac vein
24. Posterior interventricular descending branch,
right coronary artery
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
Posterior vein of left ventricle
Inferior vena cava
Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Right atrium
Internal Anterior Aspect
1. Mitral valve
2. Aortic valve
3. Orifice left coronary artery
4. Orifice right coronary artery
5. Pulmonary valve
6. Left & right anterior papillary muscle
7. Medial (conal) papillary muscle
8. Moderator band
9. Supraventricular crest
10. Trabeculae carneae
Internal Posterior Aspect
1. Tricuspid valve
2. Muscular interventricular septum
3. Left & right posterior papillary muscle
4. Chordae tendineae
5. Membranous septum
6. Right anterior papillary muscle
7. Pectinate muscle
43 | C i r c u l a t o r y / R e s p i r a t o r y S y s t e m
Human Heart & Mediastinum
Model 56-6818 (5X Magnification)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Aorta
Brachiocephalic (innominate) artery
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
Superficial cardiac plexus
Left vagus nerve
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Ligamentum arteriosus
Right pulmonary artery
Left bronchus
Left bronchial artery
Pulmonary nerve plexus
Intercostal arteries
Thoracic duct
Azygos vein
Esophagus
Right vagus nerve
Right bronchial artery
Trachea
Right main bronchus
Right pulmonary artery
Tracheobronchial lymph nodes
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Left atrium
Right atrium
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
Right auricle
Conus arteriosus
Left auricle
Apex
Pulmonary artery
Aorta
Pericardium
Superior vena cava
Right coronary artery
Anterior cardiac veins
Left coronary artery
Anterior interventricular artery
Circumflex artery
Great cardiac vein
Marginal branch of left coronary artery
Oblique vein of left atrium
Coronary sinus
Dorsal interventricular vein
Left dorsal ventricular vein
Inferior vena cava
Azygos vein
Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary veins
Marginal branch of right coronary artery
Coronary sinus
Anterior interventricular sulcus
44 | C i r c u l a t o r y / R e s p i r a t o r y S y s t e m
The Heart (Somso HS 26)
Somso Model HS 26 (4 parts)
A. Apex
B. Interventricular septum
I. Right auricle
II. Left auricle
a. Right auricular appendage
b. Left auricular appendage
III. Right ventricle
IV. Left ventricle
c. Superior vena cava
d. Inferior vena cava
e. Tricuspid valve
f. Pulmonary artery
g. Pulmonary veins
h. Bicuspid valve
i. Aorta
k. Semilunar valve
A. Tendinous cord
2. Papillary muscles
3. Ascending branch of aorta
4. Right coronary artery
5. Left coronary artery
6. Great heart-vein
7. Arch of aorta
45 | C i r c u l a t o r y / R e s p i r a t o r y S y s t e m
Model of Heart (ALS 300)
46 | C i r c u l a t o r y / R e s p i r a t o r y S y s t e m
Model of Heart Cont...
ALS 300
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Left subclavian artery
Left common carotid artery
Right brachiocephalic artery
Right & left brachiocephalic vein
Superior vena cava
Ascending branch of the aorta
Right atrium
Right coronary artery
Pulmonary valve
Right tricuspid valve
Superior infundibulum
Superior right papillary muscles
Right ventricle
Ventricular septum
Left branch of the pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary veins
Pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Bicuspid valve or mitral valve
Aortic valve
Superior left papillary muscles
Left ventricle
Right auricle of the heart
Left auricle of the heart
Right coronary artery
Superior branch of the left coronary artery
Aortic arch
Coronary sinus
Posterior branch of the left coronary artery
Posterior coronary vein
Azygous vein
Right pulmonary artery
Right pulmonary veins
Inferior vena cava
Posterior branch of the right coronary artery
47 | C i r c u l a t o r y / R e s p i r a t o r y S y s t e m
The Heart (HS 4)
Somso Model HS 4 (2 parts)
A.
B.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Apex
Interventricular septum
Right auricle
Left auricle
a) Right auricular appendage
b) Left auricular appendage
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
c) Superior vena cava
d) Inferior vena cava
e) Tricuspid valve
f) Pulmonary artery
g) Pulmonary vein
h) Bicuspid valve
i) Aorta
k) Semilunar valves
Tendenous cord
Papillary muscles
Ascending branch of aorta
Right coronary artery
Left coronary artery
Coronary Sinus
Arch of aorta
48 | C i r c u l a t o r y / R e s p i r a t o r y S y s t e m
Vascular Arm
Model ZKJ-688-E
Arteries
1. axillary
2. humeral circumflex
3. brachial
4. brachial profunda
5. superior ulnar collateral
6. inferior ulnar collateral
7. anterior ulnar recurrent
8. radial
9. ulnar
10. anterior interosseous
11. posterior interosseous
12. deep palmar arch
13. superficial palmar arch
14. middle collateral
15. radial collateral
Veins
16. median
17. vestibul
18. axillary
19. median cubital
20. cephalic
21. accessory cephalic
49 | C i r c u l a t o r y / R e s p i r a t o r y S y s t e m
Fine Structure of the Artery & Veins (Somso HS 25)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Artery
Artery Exit
Vein
Vein Exit
Intima
a. Endothelium
b. Fenestrated Layer
Membrana Elastica Interna
Media
a. Smooth Muscle Cells
b. Collagenous Fibers
c. Elastic Fibers
Membrana Elastica Externa
Adventitia
a. Collagenous Fibers
b. Elastic Fibers
c. Figure-of-eight turns of the
Collagenous Fibers
Common Connective Tissue Sheath for
Artery & Vein
Valve of the vein, closed
Valvel of the vein, open
Muscular cells in the adventitia
Direction of blood flow in the artery
15. Direction of blood flow in vein
Somso HS 25
50 | C i r c u l a t o r y / R e s p i r a t o r y S y s t e m
Respiratory Organs & Heart
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
Hyoid bone
Greater horn of hyoid bone
Lesser horn of hyoid bone
Median thyrohyoid ligament
Lateral thyrohyoid ligament
Thyrohyoid membrane
Thyrohyoid cartilage
Superior horn of thyroid cartilage
Inferior horn of thyroid cartilage
Epiglottis
Arytenoid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Cricothyroid ligament
Cricotracheal ligament
Cricothyroid muscle
Thyroid gland
Tracheal cartilages
Vocal cords
Esophagus
Trachea
Bifurcation of trachea
Right bronchus
Left bronchus
Right lung
Left lung
Heart
Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Bicuspid valve
Tricuspid valve
Semilunar valve of pulmonary artery
Semilunar valve of aorta
Aorta
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Right coronary artery
Left coronary artery
Model #192, A42
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
Anterior coronary veins
Posterior coronary veins
Coronary sinus
Right innominate vein
Left innominare vein
Right subclavian vein
Right jugular vein
Left subclavian vein
Left jugular vein
Right subclavian artery
Right carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
Left carotid artery
Aortic arch
Thoracic/Descending aorta
Thoracic vertebra
Intervertebral disc
51 | C i r c u l a t o r y / R e s p i r a t o r y S y s t e m
Lungs, Larynx & Heart (C 243)
Model C 243
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Thyroid gland
Median thyroid ligament
I. Lung
a. Upper lobe
b. Right middle lobe
c. Lower lobe
I. Lung
d. Upper lobe
e. Right middle lobe
f. Lower lobe
III. Heart with arteries
1. Right atrium
2. Right ventricle
3. Left atrium
4. Left ventricle
a. Right auricle of the heart
b. Left auricle of the heart
c. Bicuspid valve
d. Tricuspid valve
e. Valve of pulmonary artery
f. Papillary muscle
g. Aortic valve
5. Aorta
6. Common carotid artery
7. Common carotid artery
8. Subclavian artery
9. Thoracic aorta
10. Superior vena cava
11. Internal jugular vein
12. Subclavian vein
13. Pulmonary veins
14. Pulmonary artery
15. Inferior vena cava
16. Great cardiac vein
17. Left coronary artery
18. Esophagus
19. Thoracic vertebrae
52 | C i r c u l a t o r y / R e s p i r a t o r y S y s t e m
Lungs with Heart, Diaphragm, & Larynx (Somso HS 8)
A. Larynx
1. Tongue bone
2. Thyroid cartilage
3. Cricoid cartilage
4. Epiglottis
5. Arytenoid cartilage
B. Thyroid Gland
C. Trachea
6. Right tracheal branch
7. Left tracheal branch
8. Bifurcation
9. Crico-tracheal ligament
D. Esophagus
10. Aorta
E. Lungs
11. Upper lobe (right lung)
12. Middle lobe (right lung)
13. Lower lobe (right lung)
14. Upper lobe (left lung)
15. Lower lobe (left lung)
F. Heart
16. Right auricle
17. Left auricle
18. Right auricular appendage
19. Left auricular appendage
20. Right ventricle
21. Left ventricle
22. Vena cava superior
23. Vena cava inferior
24. Pulmonary artery
25. Tricuspid valve
26. Semilunar valves
27. Pulmonary veins
28. Bicuspid valve
29. Semilunar valves
30. Right coronary artery
31. Left coronary artery
32. Common carotid artery
33. Internal jugular vein
G. Diaphragm
Somso HS 8
53 | C i r c u l a t o r y / R e s p i r a t o r y S y s t e m
Lung with Alveoli (Somso HS 23)
Somso Model HS 23
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Intra-pulmonary bronchi
Non-cartilaginous bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveoli
Mucous membrane
Elastic fibers
Smooth muscle
Pulmonary plexus
Mucous glands of the bronchi
Fibro-cartilaginous layer
Pulmonary pleura
Limiting membranes
Dense capillaries
Collaginous fibers
Elastic fibers
Epithelium
Bronchial vein plexus
Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary artery
Bronchial artery
Anastomosis between bronchial artery & pulmonary vein
Alveolar capillary network
Anastomosis of an obstructed artery with pulmonary vein
Dense capillary network
Anastomosis between pulmonary artery & vein
54 | C i r c u l a t o r y / R e s p i r a t o r y S y s t e m
Lung Apparatus
This apparatus demonstrates how changes in pressure (caused by movement of the diaphragm) are
used for respiration. The unit consists of a plastic bell chamber, a large rubber diaphragm with handle, a
rubber stopper with a Y-shaped glass tube, and two balloons that act as lungs.
THEORY
Breathing in, with the inrush of air through the nostrils or mouth, gives the impression that there exists
some system within the mouth or nose that sucks air in. It was at one time believed that the lungs were
a sort of pump, which moved air in and out of the body. In reality, the lungs are merely passive, flexible
sacks, which provide a large surface area for the absorption of oxygen by the blood. The movement of
air into and out of the lungs is effected by the diaphragm and the muscles of the rib cage. While the
diaphragm and the rib cage are each capable of maintaining air movement independently, the
diaphragm is normally responsible for nearly 75% of the air movement.
Respiration occurs due to pressure changes with the rib cage. The diaphragm is pulled down and the rib
cage is expanded slightly. This causes a slightly lower pressure within the chest cavity, and the lungs
expand; air from the atmosphere rushes into the lungs to equalize the pressure. When the muscles of
the diaphragm and the rib cage are relaxed the pressure is increased in the lungs, and the air rushes out.
The muscle movement and resulting pressure changes are fairly small, the diaphragm moving, on
average, about 2/3 of an inch during quiet breathing and nearly three inches during deep breathing. A
pressure on the chest of about 2 pounds per square inch is sufficient to force the air out of the lungs. It
may be noted that under water this pressure is reached at a depth of about 9 inches, and that below this
depth the muscles of the diaphragm and chest are unable to maintain respiration.
In the movies one occasionally sees the hero slip underwater and breathe through a straw or reed until
the bad guys have gone elsewhere. However, unless the depth of water is less than 9 inches the feat is
impossible. And even at a shallower depth the difficulty or working against the water pressure would
make such an undertaking difficult and very strenuous.
In addition to the modest pressure changes involved, the volume of air is relatively small. At rest the
average adult breathes in 9 to 12 pints of air each minute, at a rate of 10 to 14 breaths per minute. Each
inhalation contains about 1 pint of air. In one day a person breathes in roughly 530 cubic feet of air, or a
cube eight feet on a side!
55 | C i r c u l a t o r y / R e s p i r a t o r y S y s t e m
OPERATION
Before using the demonstration unit, make sure that the balloons; are deflated when the diaphragm is
relaxed. To do this, remove the rubber stopper and pull the diaphragm out, increasing the volume of the
bell jar, while holding the diaphragm, and any air in the balloons will be forced out. To ensure a good
seal for the rubber stopper, twist it slowly while forcing it into the neck.
When the diaphragm is pulled down, the volume in the chamber is increased. While the volume is
larger, the amount of air in the chamber is the same, and the pressure drops. This is shown by
the ideal gas law, PV = nRT where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the
universal gas constant, and T is the pressure and volume, so the equation can be simplified to
PV=constant. It follows that as the volume in increased the pressure must decrease, and as the volume
is decreased the pressure must increase. In this case the only changes are in the pressure and volume,
so the equation can be simplified to PV = constant. It follows that as the volume is increased the
pressure must decrease, and as the volume is decreased the pressure must increase. In this case
pressure and volume are inversely proportional to each other. As one increases the other decreases.
As the pressure within the chamber decreases, a pressure differential is created between the outside
atmosphere and the interior of the chamber. Air is forced into the balloons by atmospheric pressure,
and they expand. When the diaphragm is released, and allowed to return to the initial 'position, the
volume in the chamber is decreased, increasing the pressure, and forcing the air out of the balloons.
As the diaphragm is alternately pulled down and released, the balloons in the chamber will expand and
contract, just as the lungs within the chest cavity expand and contract when breathing.
56 | C i r c u l a t o r y / R e s p i r a t o r y S y s t e m
Lung (Basic Model)
57 | C i r c u l a t o r y / R e s p i r a t o r y S y s t e m
58 | C i r c u l a t o r y / R e s p i r a t o r y S y s t e m
Nervous System
Neuron (Somso BS 35)
Somso Model BS 35
Magnification approx. 2500X
A. Perikaryon of the nerve cell with dendrites
B. Peripheral nerve with sheaths
1. Neurite cone
2. Nucleus of nerve cell nucleolus
3. Endoplasmic reticulum
4. Neurofibrils
5. Synaptic terminals
6. Neuraxon
7. Schwann cell with nucleus
8. Schwann sheath
9. Linked Schwann cells at node of Ranvier
10. Mitochondria
11. Medullary (Myelin) sheath
12. Perineural (Endoneural) sheath of connective tissue
13. Mesaxon
14. Dendrites
15. Lysosomes
16. Neurotubules
17. Golgi apparatus
59 | N e r v o u s S y s t e m
Model of a Synapse (BS 35/3)
(Somso model BS 35/3)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Presynapse
Presynaptic membrane
Neuroplasma
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondrium
Neurotubule
Neurofilament
Presynaptic grid
Vesicle
Vesicle with neurotransmitter
Transmitter release
Transmitter gap products
Endocytic material absorption
Pores for endocytic material absorption
Synaptic gap
Postsynapse
Subsynaptic/postsynaptic membrane
Postsynaptic membrane
Transmitter receptor molecule reaction
60 | N e r v o u s S y s t e m
Striated Muscle Fiber with Motor End-Plate (Somso BS 36)
Somso Model BS 36
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Sarcoplasm cytoplasmic matrix
Nuclei
Myofibrils
Cohnheim’s areas
Sarcolemma
Endomysium
Schwann cell
7a. Node of Ranvier
Axon
End of myelin sheath
Cell membrane of synaptic end bulb
Axonal terminal
Neurofibrils
Unknown
Synaptic end bulb (knob)
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Motor end plate (junctional folds)
**Hot pink line between #17 and #10 represents the Synaptic Cleft
Motor end plate
Synaptic vesicles
61 | N e r v o u s S y s t e m
Transparent Human Brain (BS 25)
Somso Model BS 25
62 | N e r v o u s S y s t e m
Transparent Human Brain Cont…
Somso Model BS 25
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
Left Cerebral Hemisphere (Cortex)
Right Cerebral Hemisphere (Cortex)
Callous Corpus (Corpus Callosum)
Medial and Lateral Longitudinal Stria of Corpus Callosum
Lateral Ventricle
a. Anterior Horn of Lateral Ventricle
b. Inferior Horn of Lateral Ventricle
Posterior Horn of Lateral Ventricle
Third Ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct
Fourth Ventricle
43. Oculomotor Nerve
Body of the Fornix
44. Mamillary Body
Choroid Plexus
45. Trigeminal Nerve
Temporal Lobe
46. Adbucens Nerve
Occipital Lobe
47. Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Pes Hippocampi
48. Glossopharyngeal Nerve, Vagus Nerve
Choroid Plexus
49. Olives
Dentate Gyrus
50. Pons
Fimbria of Hippocampus
51. Pyramids
Gyrus Parahippocampus
52. Hypoglossal Nerve
Frontal Gyrus
53. Pineal Gland
Olfactory Bulb
54. Quadrigeminal Nerve
Olfactory Tract
55. Trochlear Nerve
Cerebellar Hemisphere
56. Rhomboid Fossa
Cerebellar Peduncles
57. Tubercle of Nucleus Gracilis
Flocculus
58. Tubercle of Nucleus Cuneatus
Cerebellar Tonsil
Vermis of the Cerebellum
Left Island of Reil
Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
Openings for Projection Tracts
Projection Fiber Bundle of Internal Capsule
Pallidum
Right Island of Reil
Lentiform Nucleus
Internal Capsule
Striate Body
Thalamus
Optic Chiasma
Crus Cerebri
Optic Tract
Pulvinar of Thalamus
63 | N e r v o u s S y s t e m
Transparent Model of the Skull (Somso QS 65/7)
(Including the Brain and the Cranial Nerves)
Somso Model QS 65/7
Cranial Nerves
I.
Olfactory bulb
II. Optic nerve
III. Oculomotor nerve
IV. Tochlear nerve
V. Trigeminal nerve
VI. Abducens nerve
VII. Facial nerve
VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve
IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve
X. Vagus nerve
XI. Accessory nerve
XII. Hypoglossal nerve
XIII. Intermediate nerve
V. 1.
V. 2.
V. 3.
V. 4.
V. 5.
V. 6.
V. 7.
V. 8.
V. 9.
Opthalmic nerve
Maxillary nerve
Mandibular nerve
Trigeminal ganglion
Buccal nerve
Deep temporal nerve
Lingual nerve
Inferior alveolar nerve
Auricolotemporal nerve
Cortical fields according to Brodmann
a. Motor speech center
b. Frontal visual gaze center
c. Motor center for writing
d. Motor center for walking
e. Precentral gyrus (primary motor cortical fields, area 4)
f. Postcentral gyrus (primary sensory cortical fields, areas 1, 2, & 3)
g. Primary center for taste
h. Sensory fields for object & tactile recognition
i. Sensory fields for taking action
k. Fields for visual-spatial memory
l. Primary auditory cortex (area 41)
m. Secondary auditory cortex (area 42)
n. Sensory center for speech according to Wernicke (area 22)
o. Tertiary auditory cortical fields (comprehension of speech & music) (area 21)
p. Tertiary visual cortical fields (area 19)
s. Secondary visual cortical fields (image comprehension) (area 18)
s. Primary center for vision (visual perception) (calcarine area, area 17)
t. Cingulate gyrus – part of the limbic system (emotional coloration of sensory stimuli)
u. Hippocampal cortex – part of the limbic system
v. Prepiriform area – secondary olfactory centers for smell
64 | N e r v o u s S y s t e m
The Human Brain (Somso BS 23)
Somso Model BS 23
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Cerebrum
F. Frontal lobe
Cerebellum
G. Parietal lobe
Mesencephalon
H. Temporal lobe
Pons
I. Occipital lobe
Medulla oblongata K. Lateral Sulcus
Corpus callosum
Anterior horm of the lateral ventricle
Posterior horn
Inferior horn
Hippocampus major
Interventricular foramen
Arbor vitae
Vermis
Hemispheres
Horizontal fissure
The tonsil
The flocculus
The peduncle of the flocculus
The dorsal tectum of mid-brain
The ventral cerebral peduncles
Median longitudinal groove
The middle cerebellar peduncles
Fourth ventricle
Median longitudinal fissure
The pyramids
The olive
Decussation of pyramids
Posterior longitudinal fissure
Fasciculus gracilis
Tuberculum nuclei gracilis
Posterior intermediate sulcus
Fasciculus cuneatus
Olfactory nerves
Anterior perforated substance
Optic nerve
31. Optic chiasma
32. Oculomotor nerve
33. Trochlear nerve
34. Trigeminal nerve
35. Abducens nerve
36. Facial nerve
37. Vestibulocochlear (auditory) nerve
38. Glossopharyngeal nerve
39. Vagus nerve
40. Accessory nerve
41. Hypoglossal nerve
42. 1st & 2nd cervical nerves
43. Optic tract
44. Internal geniculate body
45. Thalamus
46. Hypophysis (Pituitary gland)
47. Tuber cinereum
48. Mamillary body
49. External geniculate body
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Pons
Spinal cord central canal
Arbor vitae
Fourth ventricle
Aqueduct of mid-brain
Anterior medullary
velum
g. Third ventricle
h. Anterior commisure
i. Tectum of mid-brain
k. Posterior commisure
l. Fornix
m. Mamillary body
n. Interventricular
foramen
o. Corpus callosum
p. Knee of corpus
callosum
q. Rostrum of the corpus
callosum
r. Septum lucidum
s. Splenium of the
corpus callosum
65 | N e r v o u s S y s t e m
Brain Stem (Somso BS 23/2)
Somso Model BS 23/2
C. Mesencephalon
D. Pons
E. Medulla oblongata
6.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
29.
30.
31.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Interventricular foramen
The dorsal tectum of mid-brain
The ventral cerebral peduncles
Median longitudinal groove
Middle cerebellar peduncles
Fourth ventricle
Median longitudinal fissure
The pyramids
The olive
Decussation of pyramids
Posterior longitudinal fissure
Fasciculus gracilis
Tuberculum nuclei gracilis
Posterior intermediate sulcus
Fasciculus cuneatus
Anterior perforated substance
Optic nerve
Optic chiasma
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Trigeminal nerve
Abducens nerve
Facial nerve
Vestibulocochlear) nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Accessory nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
1st & 2nd cervical nerves
Optic tract
Thalamus
Hypophysis (Pituitary gland)
Tuber cinereum
Mamillary body
External geniculate body
Grey substance of the pons
Central canal of the spinal cord
Arbor vitae
Fourth ventricle
Aqueduct of mid-brain
Anterior medullary velum
Third ventricle
66 | N e r v o u s S y s t e m
The Human Brain (C 15)
3B Model C 15
A. Cerebrum
3. Frontal lobe
4. Parietal lobe
5. Occipital lobe
6. Temporal lobe
7. Lateral cerebral fissure
Lateral ventricle
a. Anterior horn
b. Posterior horn
c. Inferior horn
d. Hippocampus
B. Cerebellum
21. Arbor vitae
e. Vermis
f. Hemispheres
g. Tonsil
h. Flocculus
i. Peduncle of flocculus
C. Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
k. Ventral cerebral peduncles
l. Dorsal tectum
D. Pons
m. Median longitudinal fissure
n. Middle cerebellar peduncles
E. Medulla oblongata
o. Anterior median fissure
p. Pyramids
q. Olive
r. Posterior intermediate sulcus
s. Posterior longitudinal fissure
t. Fasciculus gracilis
u. 1st cervical nerve (C1)
v. 2nd cervical nerve (C2)
8. Corpus callosum
a. Knee of corpus callosum
b. Rostrum of corpus callosum
9. Septum pellucidum
10. Fornix
11. Anterior commissure
12. Middle commissure
13. Posterior commissure
14. Thalamus
15. Foramen of Monroe
16. Cerebral aqueduct
17. 4th ventricle
18. Pineal body
19. Tectum
20. Anterior medullary velum
21. Arbor vitae
22. Mamillary body
23. Hypophysis (Pituitary gland)
24. Optic chiasma
The Twelve Cranial Nerves
I.
Olfactory
II.
Optic
III.
Oculomotor
IV.
Trochlear
V.
Trigeminal
VI.
Abducens
VII.
Facial
VIII.
Vestibulocochlear (Auditory)
IX.
Glossopharyngeal
X.
Vagus
XI.
Accessory
XII.
Hypoglossal
67 | N e r v o u s S y s t e m
Brain with Arteries
Altay Model 6160.14
I. Cerebrum
1. Frontal lobe
2. Parietal lobe
3. Temporal lobe
4. Occipital lobe
5. Insula
6. Hippocampus
7. Lateral ventricles
8. Corpus callosum
9. Fornix
10. Internal carotid artery
11. Middle cerebral artery
12. Anterior cerebral artery
13. Posterior cerebral artery
14. Basilar artery
15. Vertebral artery
II. Cerebellum
16. Vermis of cerebellum
17. Hemisphere of cerebellum
18. Superior cerebellar artery
19. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
20. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
III. Diencephalon
21. Thalamus
22. Hypothalamus
23. Hypophysis
24. Optic nerve (II)
25. Pineal body
26. Medial geniculate body
27. Lateral geniculate body
IV. Mesencephalon
28. Superior colliculi
29. Inferior colliculi
30. Trochlear nerve (IV)
31. Oculomotor nerve (III)
V. Pons
32. Trigeminal nerve (V)
33. Abducens nerve (VI)
34. Facial nerve (VII)
35. Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
VI. Medulla oblongata
36. Pyramid
37. Olive
38. Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
39. Vagus nerve (X)
40. Accessory nerve (XI)
41. Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
68 | N e r v o u s S y s t e m
Brain (Basic Model)
69 | N e r v o u s S y s t e m
Fifth Cervical Vertebra with Spinal Cord (Somso BS 30)
Somso Model BS 30
Enlarged approx. 7 times
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Body of the vertebra
Transverse process
Vertebral arch
Spinose process
Yellow ligament
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Vertebral artery
Vertebral vein
Dura mater of the spinal cord
Epidural cavity
Subdural cavity
Arachnoid of the spinal cord
Subarachnoid cavity
Internal vertebral venous plexus
Denticulate ligament
Subarachnoid septum of spinal cord
Ventral root of cervical nerve
Dorsal root of cervical nerve
Spinal ganglion
Anterior ramus of nerve
21. Posterior ramus of nerve
22. Sympatic trunk
23. Ramus communicans between sympathetic
trunk & spinal nerve
24. Pia mater of the spinal cord
25. Anterior median fissure
26. Anterior lateral sulcus
27. Posterior lateral sulcus
28. Posterior median fissure
29. Posterior glial septum
30. Anterior funicle
31. Lateral funicle
32. Posterior funicle
33. White substance
34. Gray substance
35. Central canal
36. Anterior horn
37. Lateral horn
38. Posterior horn
70 | N e r v o u s S y s t e m
Model of Spinal Cord with Spinal Canal (Somso BS 31)
Somso Model BS 31
Bones
a) Temporal bone
b) Occipital bone
c) First cervical vertebra
d) Seventh cervical vertebra
e) First rib
f) Twelfth rib
g) First lumbar vertebra
h) Fifth lumbar vertebra
i) Sacrum
Brain, Cerebrum
A. Frontal lobe
B. Insula
C. Pons
D. Cerebellum
E. Spinal Cord
The Twelve Cerebral Nerves
I. Olfactory nerves
II. Optic nerves
III. Oculomotor nerve
IV. Trochlear nerve
V. Trigeminal nerve
VI. Abducens nerve
VII. Facial nerve
VIII. Auditory nerve
IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve
X. Vagus nerve
XI. Accessory nerve
XII. Hypoglosal nerve
Spinal Cord
8 Cervical nerves
12 Thoracic nerves
5 Lumbar nerves
5 Saccral nerves
1 Coccygeal nerve
1. Cervical region of spinal cord
2. Cervical plexus
3. Brachial plexus
4. Thoracic plexus
5. Anterior tract of spinal cord
6. Anterior median fissure
a) Iliohypogastric nerve
b) Ilioinguinal nerve
c) Genitofemoral nerve
d) Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
7. Anterior root of spinal nerve
8. Posterior root of spinal nerve
9. Nerve ganglion
10. Dura mater of the spinal cord
11. Denticulate ligament
12. Lumbar region of spinal cord
13. Lumbar plexus
e) Femoral nerve
f) Obturator nerve
14. Sacral region of spinal cord
15. Terminal fiber
16. Sacral plexus
71 | N e r v o u s S y s t e m
Deluxe Spinal Cord
Model #165, A65
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Dorsal column, white matter
Lateral column, white matter
Ventral column, white matter
Anterior white commissure
Dorsal gray horn, gray matter
Lateral gray horn, gray matter
Ventral gray horn, gray matter
Gray commissure
Central canal
Dorsal median sulcus
Dorsal intermediate sulcus
Dorsal lateral sulcus
Ventral lateral sulcus
Ventral median fissure
Ventral radicular filaments
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Anterior spinal artery
Sulcal artery
Anterior spinal vein
Dorsal radicular filaments
Left posterolateral spinal vein
Left posterolateral spinal artery
Posterior spinal vein
Dorsal root
Spinal ganglion
Ventral root
Mixed spinal nerve
Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve
Ventral ramus of spinal nerve
Gray ramus communicates
White ramus communicates
72 | N e r v o u s S y s t e m
Spinal Cord with Nerve Branches (Somso BS 33)
Somso BS 33
A. Cross Section of Spinal Cord (10X)
B. Piece of Spinal Cord w/Nerves
1. Gray matter
2. Ventral horn, gray matter
3. Lateral horn, gray matter
4. Gray Commissure
5. Anterior radicular filaments
6. Posterior radicular filaments
7. White matter
8. Anterior median fissure
9. Posterior median sulcus
10. Lateral sulcus
a. Anterior lateral sulcus
b. Posterior lateral sulcus
11. Outlet of nerve bundles
12. Gray matter
13. Radicular filaments
14. Gray commissure
15. Central canal
16. White matter
17. Anterior column, white matter
18. Lateral column, white matter
19. Anterior median fissure
20. Posterior median sulcus
21. Dorsal root ganglion
22. Anterior/Ventral funicle
23. Lateral funicle
24. Posterior/Dorsal funicle
73 | N e r v o u s S y s t e m
Neuron (Altay 6160.27)
Two Parts
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Cell body
Dendrite
Axon
Cell membrane
Nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear pores
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi complex
Mitochondrion
Lipid droplet
Nissl’s body
Synapse
Myelin sheath
Ranvier node
Schwann cell
74 | N e r v o u s S y s t e m
Special Senses
The Human Eye (Somso CS 20)
Somso Model CS 20
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Superior rectus muscle
Inferior rectus muscle
Medial rectus muscle
Lateral rectus muscle
Superior oblique muscle
Inferior oblique muscle
Sclera
Cornea
Choroid
Iris
Retina
Vitreous body
Aqueous humor
The sheath of the optic nerves passes into the sclera
at the
Entrance point of the ciliary nerves
The optic nerve spreads out as retina
Ciliary muscle
Ciliary crown
Venae vorticosae
Short & long ciliary nerves
Macula
Arteries of the retina
Veins of the retina
The Lacrimal Organs with Eyelid
supports
1. Lacrimal gland
2. Upper part of lacrimal gland
3. Lower part of lacrimal gland
4. Tendon of the levator palpebrae
5. Excretory ducts
6. Superior conjunctival fornix
7. Lacrimal papillas
8. Lacrimal canaliculus
9. Lacrimal sac
10. Superior end of lacrimal sac
11. Superior tarsus of eyelid
12. Inferior tarsus of eyelid
13. Sebaceous gland
14. Lateral palpebral ligament
15. Medial palpebral ligament
16. Palpebral conjunctiva
17. Bulbar conjunctiva
18. Inferior conjunctival fornix
75 | S p e c i a l S e n s e s
Eye in Orbit
Model 256-6955
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Superior rectus muscle
Dissectible in seven parts
Orbital fat
Tendon of superior oblique muscle
Lateral rectus muscle
Vorticose vein
Ciliary body
Ora serrata
Central vessels of retina passing into optic nerve
Central vessels of retina on retina
Optic disc
Retina
Choroid
Sclera
Fovea centralis
Cornea
Iris
Lens
Ciliary ganglion
Central artery of retina
Long posterior ciliary arteries
Short posterior ciliary arteries
Ciliary nerves
Inferior rectus muscle
Inferior oblique muscle
Medial rectus muscle
76 | S p e c i a l S e n s e s
Giant Eye
Model 81-1156
Magnification ~ 6X
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Superior rectus muscle
Superior oblique tendon
Medial rectus muscle
Lateral rectus muscle
Inferior oblique muscle
Inferior rectus muscle
Anterior ciliary artery & vein
Pupillary margin of iris
Peripheral margin of iris
Cornea
Limbus of cornea
Choroid
Vorticose vein
Long posterior ciliary artery
Short posterior ciliary artery
Sclera
Optic nerve
Lens
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
Canal of Schlemm
Ciliary body
Ciliary process
Ora serrata
Retina
Choroid (capillary layer)
Choroid (vascular layer)
Optic disk
Superior temporal retinal artery & vein
Superior nasal retinal artery & vein
Inferior temporal retinal artery & vein
Inferior nasal retinal artery & vein
Macula lutea
Lower eyelid
Tarsal gland
Conjunctiva
Suspensory ligament
Orbital fat
77 | S p e c i a l S e n s e s
The Ear (J 515)
Model J 515
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Auricle
External auditory meatus (Auditory canal)
Tympanic membrane (Ear drum)
Fibrocartilaginous ring
Tympanic cavity
Malleus (Hammer)
a. Head
b. Neck
c. Inferior process
d. Anterior process
Incus (Anvil)
a. Body
b. Short process
c. Posterior process
d. Lenticular process
Stapes (Stirrup)
a. Head
b. Anterior leg
c. Posterior leg
d. Base
Eustachian tube
a. Tympanic end
b. Pharyngeal end
Epitympanic recess (Attic)
Vestibule
Oval window
Lateral semicircular canal
Ampule of lateral canal
Superior semicircular canal
Ampule of superior canal
Posterior semicircular canal
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Ampule of posterior canal
Cochlea
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Inner auditory canal
Internal carotid artery
Temple muscle
Styloid process
78 | S p e c i a l S e n s e s
Ear (P-2134)
Model P-2134
A. Temporal bone
1. Petrous portion
B. External ear
2. External auditory meatus
3. Cartilaginous external auditory meatus
4. Auricle of pinna
C. Middle ear
5. Malleus (hammer)
6. Incus (anvil)
7. Stapes (stirrup)
8. Tympanic membrane
9. Tympanic ring
10. Tensor tympani
11. Tendon of tensor tympani
12. Chorda tympani
13. Eustachian (Auditory) tube
14. Tympanic cavity
15. Promontory
D. Internal ear
16. Superior semicircular canal
17. Posterior semicircular canal
18. Lateral semicircular canal
19. Ampulla of superior canal
20. Ampulla of posterior canal
21. Ampulla of lateral canal
22. Common crus
23. Vestibule (simple crus)
24. Utricle
25. Otoconia
26. Saccule
27. Round window (Cochlear opening)
28. Oval window (Vestibular opening)
79 | S p e c i a l S e n s e s
The Organ of Hearing (Somso DS 3)
Somso Model DS 3
A. External Ear
1. External Auditory Canal/Meatus
2. Tympanic Membrane (Ear Drum)
3. Tympanic Ring
B. Middle Ear
4. Tympanum
5. Eustachian Tube
6. Eustachian Tube
7. Malleus (Hammer)
8. Incus (Anvil)
9. Stapes (Stirrup)
10. Lentiform Nodule of Incus
11. Cord of Tympanum
12. Tensor Muscle of Tympanum
C. Inner Ear
13. Vestibule
14. Fenestra Vestibuli
15. Promontory
16. Fenestra Cochlea
17. Lateral Semicircular Canal
a) Ampulla (Lateral)
18. Anterior Semicircular Canal
b) Ampulla (Anterior)
19. Posterior Semicircular Canal
c) Ampulla (Posterior)
20. Cochlea
21. Vestibulocochlear Nerve
22. Scala Vestibuli (Vestibular Canal)
23. Scala Tympani (Tympanic Canal)
24. Cochlea Duct
25. Organ of Corti
80 | S p e c i a l S e n s e s
The Labyrinth (Somso DS 6)
Somso Model DS 6
A. Osseous (bony) labyrinth
B. Membranaceous (membranous) labyrinth
1. Vestibule
a. Fenestra of vestibule
b. Fenestra of cochlea
c. Secondary tympanic membrane
2. Lateral semicircular canal
3. Anterior semicircular canal
4. Posterior semicircular canal
d. Ampulla
5. Cochlea
e. Basal turn
f. Central turn
g. Pointed turn
h. Cupola
i. Modiolus
k. Osseous spiral lamina
l. Spiral hamulus of lamina
6. Anterior semicircular duct
7. Posterior semicircular duct
m. Common crus of anterior & posterior semicircular duct
8. Utricle
9. Saccule
10. Endolymphatic duct
11. Utriculosaccular duct
n. Membranaceus spiral lamina
o. Vestibular wall of cochlear duct
p. Scala vestibule
q. Scala tympani
r. Cochlear duct
12. Vestibulocochlear nerve
13. Cochlear part
14. Vestibular part
81 | S p e c i a l S e n s e s
Spiral Organ of Corti (Somso DS 10)
Somso Model DS 10
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
Cochlea
Scala vestibule
Scala tympani
Vestibular wall of cochlear duct
Osseous spiral lamina
Secondary spiral lamina
Epithelium of internal spiral sulcus
Internal hair cells
External hair cells
Internal pillar cells
External pillar cells
Tunnel of Corti
Deiters’ supporting cells
Cells of Hensen
Claudius’ cells
Nuel’s space
Vestibular lip of limbus
Tectorial membrane
Cochlear duct
Spiral ligament of cochlea
Prominent vessel
Axis (central bony column of cochlea)
Lateral wall of cochlea
Spiral ganglion
Cochlear nerve
Cochlear arteries
Tympanic lip of limbus
82 | S p e c i a l S e n s e s
Nose & Nasal Cavity (Somso FS 6)
Somso Model FS 6 A & B
Triple Magnification
Osseous nasal cavity (left-handed model)
Nasal cavity covered with mucous membrane
(right-handed model)
1. Frontal bone (green-blue)
a. Frontal sinus
10. Nasal septum
2. Ethmoid bone (dark pink)
r. Vomer
b. Crista galli
s. Perpendicular plate
c. Cribriform lamina
11. Superior nasal concha
d. Superior nasal concha
12. Middle nasal concha
e. Middle nasal concha
13. Inferior nasal concha
f. Uncinate process
14. Superior nasal meatus
g. Ethmoidal bulla
15. Middle nasal meatus
h. Entrance to ethmoid cells
16. Inferior nasal meatus
i. Entrance to nasofrontal duct
17. Pharyngeal opening of Eustachian (auditory)
k. Hiatus maxillaris of maxillary sinus
tube
3. Inferior nasal concha (pink)
18. Pharyngeal recess
l. Artificial section of inferior nasal concha
t. Sphenoidal sinus
m. nasolacrimal duct
19. Hard palate
4. Lacrimal bone (pink)
20. Soft palate
5. Nasal bone (yellow)
21. Vestibule of nose
6. Maxilla (yellow)
22. Pharyngeal tonsil
7. Palatine bone (blue)
23. Palatine tonsil
n. Sphenopalatine foramen
24. Olfactory bulb
o. Greater palatine foramen
25. Olfactory nerve
8. Sphenoid bone (pink)
p. Sphenoidal sinus
9. Nasal cartilages (blue)
83 | S p e c i a l S e n s e s
84 | S p e c i a l S e n s e s
Urinary System
Kidney (K 10)
3B Model K 10
A. Renal cortex
B. Medullary substance
1. Renal vein
2. Renal artery
3. Vein arciform of the kidney
4. Artery arciform of the kidney
5. Capillary bed
6. Veins interlobular of the kidney
7. Arteries interlobular of the kidney
8. Afferent vessel
9. Revelent vessel
10. Renal duct
11. Pelvis of ureter
12. Renal calyx
13. Renal papilla
14. Big papillary duct
15. Papillary duct
16. Curvature part of urinary tubules
17. Henle’s loop
18. Curvature part of urinary tubules
19. Renal corpuscles
20. Renal pyramid
85 | U r i n a r y S y s t e m
Kidney & Nephron
3B Model K 10, K 10/1, & K 10/2
K 10 Kidney
A. Cortex of the kidney
B. Medulary substance
1. Renal vein
11. Pelvis of ureter
2. Renal artery
12. Renal calyx
3. Vein arciform of the kidney
13. Renal papilla
4. Artery arciform of the kidney
14. Big papillary ducts
5. Capillary bed
15. Papillary duct
6. Veins interlobular
16. Curvature part of urinary tubules
7. Arteries interlobular
17. Henle’s loop
8. Afferent vessel
18. Curvature part of urinary tubules
9. Revelent (efferent) vessel
19. Renal corpuscles
10. Renal duct
20. Renal pyramid
K 10/1 Nephron
A. Cortex of the kidney
B. Outer medulary substance
C. Inner medulary substance
1. Corpuscles of the kidney
2. Portia vestibule
a. Crus descendens
b. Crus ascendens
c. Henle’s loop
3. Pars intermedia
4. Ramus primaries
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Papillary duct
Vein & artery arciform
Veins & arteries interlobular
Afferent vessel
Revelent (efferent) vessel
Capillary bed
K 10/2 Corpuscle of the Kidney
1. Afferent vessel
2. Glomerulus
3. Efferent vessel
4. Epicyten
5. Bowman’s capsule
6. Collum
86 | U r i n a r y S y s t e m
Kidney (Somso LS 5)
Somso LS 5
A. Marrow of the Kidney
B. Cortex of the Kidney
1. Renal vein
2. Renal artery
3. Ureter
4. Pelvis of the kidney
5. Calyces of the kidney
6. Renal papillae
7. Renal pyramids
8. Collecting duct
9. Contort renal tubule II
10. Loop of Henle
11. Contort renal tubule I
12. Corpuscels of the kidney
13. Interlobular arteries
14. Afferent vessel
15. Efferent vessel
16. Arcuate arteries
17. Interlobular veins
18. Arcuate veins
19. Papillary ducts
20. Suprarenal gland
87 | U r i n a r y S y s t e m
Kidney (Somso K 12)
3B Model K 12
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Cortex
Medulla
Renal artery
Renal vein
Renal pyramid
Interlobar arteries
Interlobar veins
Arcuate arteries
Interlobular arteries
Interlobular veins
Arcuate veins
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Columns of Bertini
Renal pelvis
Renal papilia
Ureter
Suprarenal gland
Suprarenal vein
Inferior suprarenal artery
88 | U r i n a r y S y s t e m
Glomerulus
89 | U r i n a r y S y s t e m
Renal Lobule
90 | U r i n a r y S y s t e m
Urinary System
Model #145, A55
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Abdominal aorta
Celiac trunk
Superior mesenteric artery
Right renal artery
Left renal artery
Inferior vena cava
Right renal vein
Left renal vein
Right testicular vein
Left testicular vein
Right suprarenal (adrenal) gland
Right kidney
Cortex
Medulla
Adipose coat of renal sinus
Renal pelvis
Renal columns
Major calyces
Minor calyces
Ramification of renal artery & vein
Medullary rays of pyramids
Renal pailla
Renal helium
Ureters (yellow tubing)
Right testicular artery
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Left testicular artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
Bifurcation of abdominal aorta
Right common iliac artery
Left common iliac artery
Right common iliac vein
Left common iliac vein
Right femoral artery
Left femoral artery
Right femoral vein
Left femoral vein
Urinary bladder
Plicae mucosae
Trigone
Ureteral orifices
Uvula vesica & internal urethral orifice
Urethral crest
Prostatic utricle
Ejaculatory ducts
Orifices of prostatic ducts
Prostate gland
Muscular layer of bladder
Serous coat of bladder
Ductus deferens
Seminal vesicles
91 | U r i n a r y S y s t e m
Kidney (Altay 6140.14)
Kidney Section with Renal Nephron & Corpuscle
I. Kidney with suprarenal gland
1. Suprarenal gland
2. Cortex of suprarenal gland
a. Zone glomerulosa
b. Zone fasciculata
c. Zone reticularis
3. Medulla of suprarenal gland
4. Kidney
5. Anterior surface
6. Posterior surface
7. Renal cortex
8. Renal columns
9. Renal pyramids
10. Renal papilla
11. Minor renal calices
12. Major renal calices
13. Renal pelvis
14. Renal artery
15. Renal vein
16. Fatty tissue in renal sinus
II. Nephron
17. Renal corpuscle
18. Descending limb
19. Thin segment
20. Ascending limb
21. Collecting tubules
22. Papillary duct
23. Arcuate artery
24. Arcuate vein
25. Interlobar artery
26. Interlobar vein
27. Interlobular artery
28. Interlobular vein
29. Straight arterioles
30. Straight venules
III. Renal Corpuscle
31. Renal capsule
32. Glomerulus
33. Afferent glomerular arteriole
34. Efferent glomerular arteriole
35. Proximal convoluted tubule
36. Distal convoluted tubule
37. Macula densa
38. Juxtaglomerular cell
39. Podocyt
92 | U r i n a r y S y s t e m
Reproductive System
Male Pelvis (Somso MS 2)
Somso Model MS 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Pubis
Sacrum
Coccyx
Urinary bladder
a. Apex of urinary bladder
b. Fundus of bladder
c. Muscular coat of bladder
d. Mucous membrane of bladder
e. Ureter
f. Trigone of urinary bladder
Prostate
Prostatic urethra
a. Urethral crest
Seminal vesicle
Ductus deferens
Ureter
Corpus cavernosum
Penis
Glans penis
External urethral orifice
Ischio-cavernosus muscle
Testicle
a. Superior end
b. Inferior end
16. Epididymis
a. Head of epididymis
b. Pampiniform plexus
17. Testicular artery
18. Cremaster muscle
19. Spermatic Cord
20. Rectum
21. Common iliac artery
22. Common iliac vein
23. Peritoneum
24. Inguinal ligament
25. Pectineal part of the inguinal liagament
26. Femoral canal
27. Lancuna of the vessels
28. Interfoveolar ligament
93 | R e p r o d u c t i v e S y s t e m
Male Pelvis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
Penis
Foreskin
Scrotum
Anus
Crest of ilium
5th lumbar vertebra
Rectus abdominis muscle
Pyramidalis muscle
Internal oblique muscle
Transverse abdominis muscle
Multifidus muscle
Sacrospinalis muscle
Psoas muscle
Iliacus muscle
Spinal cord
Common iliac vein
Common iliac artery
External iliac artery
Internal iliac artery
External iliac vein
External iliac artery
Vesical artery
Lateral umbilical ligament
Obturator artery & vein
Inferior gluteal artery & vein
Internal pudendal artery & vein
Vesicle venous plexus
Prostatic venous plexus
Spermatic artery, vein, & nerve
Femoral nerve
Parietal lymph nodes
Ductus deferens
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
Spermatic cord
Cremaster muscle
External inguinal ring
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Seminal vesicle
Ampulla of ductus deferens
Prostate
Ejaculatory duct
Bulbourethral gland
Urogenital diaphragm
Prostatic urethra
Cavernous urethra
Bulbus penis
Corpus spongiosum
Corpus cavernosum
Glans penis
Bulbocavaernosus muscle
Septum of scrotum
Testis
Epididymis
Deep dorsal vein of penis
Ischiocavernosus muscle
Crus penis
Gracilis muscle
Pubis
Pubic symphysis
Suspensory ligament of penis
Sphincter ani externus muscle
Rectum
Coccyx
Sacrum
94 | R e p r o d u c t i v e S y s t e m
Male Pelvis (H 11)
3B Model H11
95 | R e p r o d u c t i v e S y s t e m
Male Pelvis Cont…
3B Model H11
96 | R e p r o d u c t i v e S y s t e m
Male Pelvis Cont…
3B Model H11
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
Intervertebral disc
Lumbar vertebra
Spinal marrow
Spinous process
Internal iliac artery
Sigmoid colon (pelvic colon)
Muscular coat of bladder
Fundus of bladder
Coccygeal bone
Internal urethral orifice
Prostatic utricle
Anococcygeal ligament
Sphincter ani externus muscle
Sphincter ani internus muscle
Rectal ampulla
Cauda of epididymus
Cremaster muscle
Testis
Head of epididymus
External opening of masculine urethra
Cavernous body of penis
Spongy part of masculine urethra
Spongy part of penis
Masculine urethra, prostatic part
Pubic symphysis
Transverse rectal fold
Apex of urinary bladder
External iliac artery
External iliac vein
Right ureter
Inferior mesenteric artery
Abdominal aorta
Renal artery
Crest of ilium
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
Bladder
Deferent duct (spermatic duct)
Left ureter
Seminal vesicle
Muscular coat of bladder
Prostate
Bulbospongiosus muscle
Head of epididymis
Cauda of epididymis
Scrotum
Testis
Glans of penis
Penis
Spermatic plexus
Testicular artery
Pubic bone
Visceral peritoneum
Rectus abdominis muscle
Bladder
Deferent duct (spermatic duct)
Right ureter
Right testicular artery
Right testicular vein
Rectus abdominis muscle
Aponeurosis of obliquus externus
abdominis muscle
Obliquus internus abdominis muscle
Transverse abdominis muscle
Renal pelvis
Renal cortex
Quadratus lumborum muscle
Latissimus dorsi muscle
Erector spinae muscle
Psoas major muscle
97 | R e p r o d u c t i v e S y s t e m
Female Pelvis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Mons pubis
Anus
Labium majus
Labium minus
Crista iliaca ilium
Lumbar vertebra (5th)
Rectus abdominis muscle
Oblique internus muscle
Transverse abdominis muscle
Sacrospinalis muscle
Multifidus muscle
Psoas major muscle
Iliacus muscle
Iliopsoas muscle
Spinal cord
Round ligament
Uterosacral ligament
Broad ligament
Ovarian ligament
Uterine tube
Ovary
Uterus
Cervix
Tunica serosa
Tunica muscularis
Tunica mucosa
Cavum uterum
Fornix
Vagina
Rectum
Urethra
Urinary bladder
Ureter
Sacrum
Coccyx
Pubic symphysis
Clitoris
Crus of clitoris
Bulbus vestibule (bulb of vestibule)
Greater vestibular gland
Ischiocavernosus muscle
Transverse perinea superficialis muscle
Sphincter ani externus muscle
Piriformis muscle
Coccygeal muscle
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Levator ani muscle
Transversus perinea profundus muscle
Common iliac artery
Common iliac vein
Internal iliac artery
Internal iliac vein
External iliac artery
External iliac vein
Ovarian artery & vein
Obturator artery, vein, & nerve
Vesical artery & vein
Uterine artery & vein
Vaginal artery & vein
Superior gluteal artery & vein
Pudendal artery, vein, & nerve
Parietal lymph node
Middle hypogastric nerve plexus
Sympathetic nerve trunk
First sacral nerve
Second sacral nerve
Third sacral nerve
Fourth sacral nerve
Fifth sacral nerve
Sacral plexus
Lumbosacral nerve trunk
External inguinal ring
Superificial femoral lymph nodes
Inguinal ligament
Great saphenous vein
Pubis
Dorsal clitoral artery, vein, & nerve
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
Inferior epigastric artery & vein
Medial umbilical ligament
Lateral umbilical ligament
98 | R e p r o d u c t i v e S y s t e m
Female Pelvis (Somso MS 3)
Somso Model MS 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Symphysis pubis
Saccrum
Coccyx
Labium majus
Labium minus
Clitoris
Urethra
Urinary bladder
Broad ligament
Vagina
Uterus
Fornix
Cervix
Infundibulum
Ovary
Ovarian ligament
Round ligament
Rectum
Anus
99 | R e p r o d u c t i v e S y s t e m
Human Female Breast
Model 56-6600
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Areola
Areolar Glands
Papilla
Lactiferous Sinus & Duct
Parenchyma or Mammary Gland Proper
Fat
Retinaculum Cutis
100 | R e p r o d u c t i v e S y s t e m
Female Genital Organs (Somso MS 5)
Somso Model MS 5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Labium majus pudendi
Labium minus pudendi
Clitoris
Prepuce
Vagina
Body of uterus
Neck of uterus
Vaginal portion (cervix)
Uterine cavity
Uterine tube
Ovarian fimbria
Ovary
Ligament of the ovary
Round ligament of the uterus
Urinary bladder
Ureter
Rectum
Muscle sphincter ani externus
Muscle sphincter ani internus
101 | R e p r o d u c t i v e S y s t e m
Uterus (Basic Model)
102 | R e p r o d u c t i v e S y s t e m
Female Pelvis (H 10)
3B Model H10
103 | R e p r o d u c t i v e S y s t e m
Female Pelvis Cont...
3B Model H10
104 | R e p r o d u c t i v e S y s t e m
Female Pelvis Cont...
3B Model H10
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
Intervertebral disc
Lumbar vertebra
Spinal marrow
Spinous process
Internal iliac artery
Sigmoid colon (pelvic colon)
Uterine cavity
Supravaginal part of cervix uteri
Transverse rectal fold
Coccygeal bone
Opening of uterus
Rectal ampulla
Anococcygeal ligament
Sphincter ani externus muscle
Sphincter ani internus muscle
Vagina
Lesser pudendal lip
Greater pudendal lip
Cavernous body of clitoris
Feminine urethra
Pubic symphysis
Bladder
Fundus of uterus
External iliac vein
External iliac artery
Ovarian vein
Ovarian artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
Renal artery
Abdominal aorta
Inferior vena cava
Crest of ilium
Ovary
Intestinal surface of uterus
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
Left ureter
Vagina
Sphincter ani externus muscle
Greater vestibular gland
Vestibula of vagina
Clitoris
Pubic bone
Bladder
Round ligament of uterus
External iliac vein
External iliac artery
Visceral peritoneum
Right ureter
Rectus abdominis muscle
Ovarian canal (uterine tube)
Uterus
Ampulla of uterine tube
Ovarian ligament
Round ligament of uterus
Rectus abdominis muscle
Ureter
Obliquus externus abdominis muscle
Obliquus internus abdominis muscle
Transverse abdominis muscle
Renal pelvis
Renal cortex
Latissimus dorsi muscle
Quadratus lumborum muscle
Psoas major muscle
Erector spinae muscle
Psoas minor muscle
Ovarian ligament
Ovary
105 | R e p r o d u c t i v e S y s t e m
Relief Model of the Ovary (Somso MS 51)
Somso Model MS 51
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Mesovary
Germinal epithelium
Peritoneal epithelium
Tunica albuginae
Cortical zone
Medullary zone
Vessels
Smooth muscle cells
Primordial follicle
Follicle epithelium of primordial follicle
Secondary follicle
Atretic follicle
Cavum folliculi with liquor folliculi
Graffian follicle
Another follicle shown in section shortly after ovulation
Radiate corona
Ovum
Oolemma
Intercal theca of the follicle
External theca of the follicle
Corpus rubrum
Corpus luteum
Albicant corpus
Hilus with arterial & venous vascular plexus
106 | R e p r o d u c t i v e S y s t e m
Digestive System
Molar Tooth (Somso ES 11/5)
Somso Model ES 11/5
Molar with three roots
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Corona
Tubercles of the crown
Collum of the tooth
Root
Enamel
Dentin
Cement
Dental pulp
107 | D i g e s t i v e S y s t e m
Models of Teeth
Somso Models
ES 8 – Molar Tooth with carries
ES 8
1. Corona of tooth with carries
2. Tubercles of crown
3. Collum of tooth
4. Root of tooth
5. Enamel
6. Dentin
7. Cement
8. Dental pulp
ES 11/1, 2, 3
ES 11/1, 2, 3
1. Corona of tooth
2. Tubercles of crown
3. Collum of tooth
4. Root of tooth
5. Enamel
6. Dentin
7. Cement
8. Dental pulp
108 | D i g e s t i v e S y s t e m
Stomach (Basic Model)
109 | D i g e s t i v e S y s t e m
The Stomach (Somso JS 4)
Somso Model JS 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Cardiac orifice
Fundus of the stomach
Small curvature
Big curvature
Pylorus
Layer of muscular tissue
Longitudinal muscular fibers
Circular muscular fibers
Oblique muscular fibers
Peritoneum
Left gastric artery
Right gastric artery
Left gastric epiploic artery
Right gastric epiploic artery
Left vagus nerve
Right vagus nerve
Gastric mucous membrane
Gastric folds
Submucous tunica
Section through a fundus gland microscopically enlarged
110 | D i g e s t i v e S y s t e m
Pancreas with Spleen & Part of the Duodenum (Somso JS 11)
Somso Model JS 11
A. Pancreas
B. Spleen
C. Duodenum
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Pancreatic duct
Duct of Santorini
Choledochous duct
Longitudinal fold of the duodenum
Portal vein
Splenic vein
Superior mesenteric vein
Celiac trunk
Hepatic artery
Splenic artery
Gastric artery
Gastroduodenal artery
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
111 | D i g e s t i v e S y s t e m
Intestinal Villi
(Wards Model 81 W 1332)
112 | D i g e s t i v e S y s t e m
Model of a Liver Cell (Somso JS 15)
Somso Model JS 15
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Nucleoli
Chromatin
Nucleus membrane
Glycogen
Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Microvilli
Bile-duct
Plasma membrane
113 | D i g e s t i v e S y s t e m
Internal Organs
Model #146, A56
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Body of pancreas
Head of pancreas
Tail of pancreas
Pancreatic duct
Accessory pancreatic duct
Papilla major of duodenum
Papilla minor of duodenum
Duodenum
Descending portion of duodenum
Inferior portion of duodenum
Ascending portion of duodenum
Right suprarenal gland
Left suprarenal gland
Right kidney
Left kidney
Spleen
Hilus of spleen
Renal surface
Gastric surface
Diaphragmatic surface
Anterior margin
Upper extremity
Lower extremity
Gastrolienal ligament
Portion of inferior surface of liver
Gallbladder
Fundus of gallbladder
Neck of gallbladder
Cystic duct with spiral valve
Hepatic duct
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
Common bile duct
Coeliac artery
Gastroduodenal artery
Superior pancreatico-duodenal artery
Hepatic artery
Superior mesenteric artery
Intestinal arteries
Middle colic artery
Splenic artery
Suprarenal arteries & veins
Portal vein
Superior mesenteric vein
Intestinal veins
Middle colic vein
Splenic vein
Main trunk of portal vein
Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Right renal artery
Right renal vein
Left renal artery
Left renal vein
Hilus of kidney
Right ureter
Left ureter
Branches of portal vein w/in liver
Branches of hepatic veins w/in liver
Branches of hepatic ducts w/in liver
Branches of hepatic artery w/in liver
114 | D i g e s t i v e S y s t e m
Liver & Gallbladder
Model #141, A51
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Right lobe
Left lobe
Quadrate lobe
Caudate (spigelian) lobe
Papillary process
Caudate process
Inferior vena cava
Hepatic veins
Ramification of hepatic veins in liver
Portal vein
Ramification of portal vein
Hepatic artery
Ramification of hepatic artery
Hepatic duct
Ramification of hepatic duct
Cystic duct
Gallbladder
Round ligament
Falciform ligament
Coronary ligament, superior leaf
Coronary ligament, posterior leaf
Ligament of ductus venosus
Hepatic veins, branching off from inferior vena cava
Pyloric impression
Duodenal impression
Renal impression
Colic impression
Esophageal impression
115 | D i g e s t i v e S y s t e m
Liver
Altay Model 6090.06
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Falciform ligament
Round ligament of liver
Gallbladder
Common bile duct
Proper hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein
Inferior vena cava
Lateral-superior area
Lateral-inferior area
Medial-superior area
Medial-inferior area
Anterior-superior area
Anterior-inferior area
Posterior-superior area
Posterior-interior area
Left segment of caudate lobe
Right segment of caudate lobe
116 | D i g e s t i v e S y s t e m
Human Digestive System
Altay Model 6090.01
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
oral lips
hard palate
soft palate
uvula
teeth
tongue
parotid gland
Steno’s duct
submandibular gland
submandibular duct
sublingual gland
sublingual caruncle
nasopharynx
pharyngeal opening - auditory tube
pharyngeal tonsil
oropharynx
palatine tonsil
laryngopharynx
cardia
pylorus
fornix of stomach
body of stomach
pyloric antrum
duodenum
major duodenal papilla
minor duodenal papilla
jejunum
ileum
cecum
ileocecal valve
vermicular appendage
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
anal canal
dentate line
internal anal sphincter
external anal sphincter
falciform ligament
left lobe of liver
right lobe of liver
ligamentum teres
quadrate lobe
caudate lobe
gallbladder
cystic duct
common hepatic duct
common bile duct
proper hepatic artery
portal vein of the liver
head of pancreas
body of pancreas
tail of pancreas
pancreatic duct
accessory pancreatic duct
117 | D i g e s t i v e S y s t e m
118 | N e w M o d e l s - 2 0 1 1
Liver/Gallbladder (Basic Model)
119 | N e w M o d e l s - 2 0 1 1
Colon (Basic Model)
120 | N e w M o d e l s - 2 0 1 1
Rectum (Basic Model)
121 | N e w M o d e l s - 2 0 1 1