G.C.S.E. PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Unit 1
Factors Affecting Participation and Performance
MUSCLES
Name: …………………………………
G.C.S.E. P.E. Teacher: …………………………………….
Winterhill Physical Education Department
By the end of this booklet you should:
 Be able to describe and explain how muscles and their
composition, function and action affect movement and
performance (fast twitch for power and strength activities,
slow twitch for endurance activities).
 Know the location of the major muscle groups (deltoid,
trapezius, pectorals, biceps, tripceps, latissimus dorsi,
abdominals, gluteals, guadriceps, hamstrings and
gastrocnemius) and how activities and exercise affects these
muscles.
 Be able to explain the role of antagonistic pairs, prime movers
and synergist during a range of different physical activities.
 Be able to describe the role and function of tendons during
movement.
 Be able to explain how performance and participation can
improve as the efficiency of the muscle improves.
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MUSCLES
Every movement that takes place in your body depends on muscles.
They work by shortening or contracting.
There are three kinds of muscle:
1.
Involuntary (smooth)
 Bbb
 Bbb
2.
Cardiac Muscle
 Bbb
 Bbb
 Bbb
 Bbb
3.
Voluntary Muscle (skeletal/striped)
 Bbb
 Bbb
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THE MAJOR MUSCLE GROUPS
Complete the worksheet by choosing from the list below, and writing in the
boxes provided, the correct name and functions for the muscles and tendons
illustrated.
Muscles: - Gluteus Maximus – Tripceps – Gastrocnemius – Quadriceps –
Deltoids – Hamstrings – Pectoralis Major – Biceps – Achilles – Rectus
Abdominals.
Action:
Raises the arm away from the side (Abduction)
Bends (flexes) the arm at the elbow joint
Raises the body onto the toes
Bends (flexes) the leg at the knee
Pulls outstretched arms together in front of body
Straightens (extends) the arm at the elbow
Flexes the trunk forward
Straightens (extends) the leg at the knee
Straightens (extends) thigh at the hip joint
Transmits the power of the calf muscle to the
foot
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Complete the worksheet by writing in the names of the muscles shown and give
one example of how that muscle is used in sport. For example the triceps
muscle is used in putting the shot.
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HOW MUSCLES WORK
 Voluntary muscles produce movement by contracting and relaxing.
 Muscles get shorter when they contract and longer when they
relax again.
 All voluntary muscles are attached by tendons to bones. These
points of attachment are called origins and insertions. Some
muscles have more than one attachment at one end (this is an
indication of strength of the muscle) e.g. the ………………………………….
and the …………………………………….
Using page 12 of GCSE PE for OCR, label the diagram below.
Muscles always work in …………………………… because they can only
…………………………… and not …………………………… These pairs are known as
…………………………… muscles. For movement to occur at a joint, one
muscle shortens (……………………………), whilst the other muscle
lengthens (……………………………). The muscle that contracts is known as
the …………………………… or …………………………… muscle. The muscle that
relaxes is known as the…………………………… muscle. Muscles which hold
the bone in place, and also contract to help the prime mover are
known as …………………………….
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Complete the table below to explain what happens as the elbow
bends and straightens when performing a bicep curl.
Movement
Phase
Biceps
Triceps
Prime
Mover
Antagonist
Elbow
bends
Elbow
straightens
Complete the table below identifying the prime mover and the
antagonist muscle for the various actions.
Action
Joint
Kicking a ball
Hip
Bench Press
Elbow
Chin Up
Elbow
Leg Curl
Knee
Sit Ups
Hip
Press Ups
Shoulder
Press Ups
Elbow
Prime Mover
Antagonist
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TENDONS
Tendons attach ………………………………… to …………………………………
Ligaments attach ………………………………… to …………………………………
As a muscle contracts, the tendons at each end of the muscle takes
the strain. Tendons must therefore be strong enough to work under
heavy loads and resist the intense, sudden muscular contractions
involved in sport, e.g. throwing the javelin or cricket ball. The
tendon of origin resists the pull of the muscle whilst the tendon of
insertion exerts the pull on the bone to which it is attached. This
causes the joint to bend or straighten.
Tendons are a connective tissue which has a less efficient blood
supply than skeletal muscle. A thorough warm up will stimulate blood
flow to the tendons and this will reduce the chance of injury to the
issue. One tendon which is prone to injury is the Achilles tendon.
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MUSCLES FOR ENDURANCE AND POWER
Fast and Slow Twitch Muscle Fibres
There are two types of muscle fibre present in voluntary muscles.
 Fast Twitch Fibres
 Slow Twitch Fibres
FAST TWITCH FIBRES
Fast, powerful contractions
Burn up their supply of 02 usually
within 10 seconds. They then
have to use the body’s store of
carbohydrates as a short term
energy source. (Anaerobic
Exercise)
Tire quickly
Used for short term power and
strength activities. (Anaerobic
Activities)
E.g.
 Bb
 Bb
SLOW TWITCH FIBRES
Contract more slowly and with
less power than fast twitch
fibres
Are able to replace their 02
supply while they are working.
(Aerobic Exercise)
Can function for longer periods
of time
Used for longer term endurance
activities. (Aerobic Activities)
E.g.
 Bb
 Bb
The mixture …………..
 The fibre distribution varies from person to person.
 Is inherited. You cannot change the distribution of muscle
fibres, but you can train both types of fibre to make them more
efficient.
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In many sporting events we often use both types of fibres at
different times during the activity. Complete the table below
showing examples of the use of both types of muscle fibres in
different sporting activities.
ACTIVITY
SLOW TWITCH
FAST TWITCH
Marathon Running
Most of the race
Spring finish
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THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE AND TRAINING
ON MUSCLES
Skeletal muscle responds to training in two ways. Voluntary muscles
become stronger and more flexible when they are exercised. This
development of the muscle is known as hypertrophy. When exercise
stops, due to injury or some other reason, muscles begin to lose the
strength and mass that was gradually building up during regular
activity. This is known as atrophy (wasting of the muscle).
Different activities rely on different muscles and muscular
requirement. With regular training muscles adapt well to the
exercise that they are required to perform. In activities which
involve heavy workloads, e.g. sprinting, new muscle fibres are
generated (muscle bulk) until the muscles are strong enough to
perform the task.
In endurance activities where bulk is of no advantage, muscles adapt
to training by utilizing energy more efficiently to delay the onset of
fatigue.
SPRINTER


Big, powerful muscles
Muscles are able to maximise
stored energy in short bursts of
all-out activity.
MARATHON RUNNER


As little bulk as possible
Muscles utilise energy much more
efficiently and for much longer
periods of time.
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KEY WORDS SECTION
WORD
DESCRIPTION
1) Involuntary Muscle
2) Voluntary Muscle
3) Cardiac Muscle
4) Origin
5) Insertion
6) Prime Mover
7) Antagonist
8) Synergist
9) Slow twitch fibres
10) Fast twitch fibres
11) Aerobic
12) Anaerobic
13) Atrophy
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14) Hypertrophy
15) Trapezius
16) Deltoid
17) Biceps
18) Pectorals
19) Tripceps
20) Latissimus dorsi
21) Abdominals
22) Gluteals
23) Quadriceps
24) Hamstrings
25) Gastrocnemius
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HOMEWORK/EXTENSION TASKS
Below are a number of homework tasks. All work should be
handed in on time and fully completed. (You may be asked to
complete this work on separate sheets of paper in this booklet).
Use this booklet, your textbook, the Internet and any other
resources to help you research and answer the questions.
1)
Complete worksheet 1.
2) Complete worksheet 2.
3) Complete worksheet 3.
4) Complete the ‘How Muscles Work’ crossword.
5) Working in pairs, using sticky labels, identify the major muscle
groups and their whereabouts on your partner.
6) Identify a specific muscle group that is important in any aspect
of your own practical activity. State whether you feel you need
to increase power or stamina and outline how you might achieve
this.
7) Slow and fast twitch muscle fibres are important in different
sports. Describe sports which involve slow twitch, fast twitch
and a mixture of both types of muscular activity.
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ICT HOMEWORK OR CLASSROOM EXERCISES
1)
Using the Internet, download a diagram of the body showing
the major muscles – print all and put in your file.
2)
Collect three website addresses different to those already
provided that contain useful information on muscles.
3)
Type in the following web address:
www.bbc.co.uk/education/gcsebitesize/physicaleducation
Go to: Anatomy and physiology
- muscles
- revision – print off information
- test. Answer and print off
4)
Type in the following web address:
www.s-cool.co.uk
Go to:
GCSE
PE
How the body moves
S-cool Quicklearn:
1) The Muscles – print off information
2) Skeletal muscles – print off information
3) Muscles and Movement – print off information
5)
www.TeachPE.com
- GCSE
- Interactive Quizzes:
- Voluntary Muscles – complete and print
- Involuntary/Cardiac Muscles – complete and print
- Muscle attachment – complete and print
- Antagonistic Systems – complete and print
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USING THE INTERNET
Below are a number of useful website addresses to help you
research this topic in more detail. (Add on any other sites you find).
www.bbc.co.uk/education/gcsebitesize/physicaleducation
www.physcialeducation.co.uk
www.sports-injury-clinic.com
www.TeachPE.com
www.pe4u.co.uk
www.Teachpe.com
Winterhill Physical Education Department
WORKSHEET 1
1. Identify and label the muscle groups indicated on the drawings
below.
2. For each muscle/muscle group below, write down the type of
movement it produces.
 deltoids …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 trapezius ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 pectorals ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 biceps ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 triceps ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
 latissimus dorsi …………………………………………………………………………………….
 abdominals ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
 gluteals …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 quadriceps ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
 hamstrings …………………………………………………………………………………………….
 gastrocnemius ………………………………………………………………………………………
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WORKSHEET 2
1.
Using the drawings on the right, complete
the following tasks:
a) Identify and label the muscles involved
in bending and straightening the arm
at the elbow joint.
b) Identify on each drawings, the prime
mover muscle in the above movement.
c) Identify on each drawing, the
antagonistic muscle in the same
movement.
2.
Label the tendon of origin and the tendon
of insertion of the prime mover muscle
that you will already have labelled in each
of the drawings opposite.
3.
Name the two main types of muscle fibre
found in skeletal muscle. State which
type is used predominantly in anaerobic
exercise and which type in aerobic exercise.
a) ………………………………………………………………………
b) ………………………………………………………………………
4.
5.
6.
7.
Explain the meaning of the term ‘synergist’ with respect to muscular action.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Explain the meaning of the terms ‘atrophy’ and ‘hypertrophy’
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Why does muscle bulk increase as a result of some physical activity, but not
as a result of all physical activity?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
If anaerobic activity is only possible in short bursts, how do games players
manage repeatedly to sprint for a ball or to catch an opponent over an
extended period of time?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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WORKSHEET 3
1. Explain the terms prime mover, antagonist and synergist.
(6)
Prime mover ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Antagonist …………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Synergist ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Name and describe the 3 types of muscle found in the body. (6)
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3.
What is the difference between the origin of a muscle and its
insertion?
(4)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4.
Why is it inadvisable to completely stop activity during the
‘close season’?
(4)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Winterhill Physical Education Department
HOW MUSCLES WORK
Complete the following crossword.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
3.
ACROSS
The wasting of muscle due to
inactivity is called
(7)
1.
DOWN
Muscles working to assist the
prime mover are called
(10)
4.
Muscles are connected to bones
by …………..
(7)
2.
Muscle fibres that are used
during fast power events. (4,6)
5.
The build up of muscle through
regular training is called ….. (10)
6.
An alternative word for
describing the prime mover. (7)
6.
Muscles working in opposition to
each other are said to be
working ……………………..
(16)
The type of muscle fibre used
during endurance events. (4,6)
7.
The number of directions in
which a muscle can create
movement.
(3)
9.
10. The muscle responsible for
most of the work during a
movement.
(5,5)
11. The minimum number of muscles
around a joint.
(3)
8.
The name given to the muscle
that relaxes in order to allow
movement at a joint.
(10)
10. In order to create movement in
two directions at a joint,
muscles need to work in ……… (5)
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MUSCLES
MIND MAP
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ADDITIONAL NOTES
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Action Required
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EXTENSION TASKS
MUSCLES
TASK 1
Complete Section A
TASK 2
Complete Section B
TASK 3
Complete Section C
TASK 4
Complete Section D
SECTION A
Circle the correct answer.
1)
Which muscle is found only in the walls of the heart?
A.
B.
C.
2)
Which muscle is capable of rapid contraction, which causes skeletal movement?
A.
B.
C.
3)
Tricep
Adominals
Hamstrings
How are muscles attached to bone?
A.
B.
C.
6)
Deltoid
Gluteus maximus
Bicep
Which muscle allows flexion at the knee?
A.
B.
C.
5)
Voluntary
Involuntary
Cardiac
Which muscle allows flexion at the elbow?
A.
B.
C.
4)
Voluntary
Involuntary
Cardiac
Ligaments
Tendons
Cartilage
Which muscle allows abduction at the shoulder?
A.
B.
C.
Deltoid
Pectorals
Quadriceps
1)
Describe THREE different occasions when fast-twitch muscle fibre is important
in physical activity.
(3)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2)
Identify the specific muscle group that is important to a sprinter. State whether
the athlete needs to increase stamina or speed and outline how he may achieve it. (5)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3)
Describe the difference between a weight training programme of a shot putter
and a marathon runner.
(2)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4)
Explain the terms prime mover, antagonist and synergist.
(6)
Prime mover: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Antagonist: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Synergist: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5)
Name and describe 3 types of muscle found in the body.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6)
Briefly explain how muscles produce movement.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(3)
SECTION B
USING THE INTERNET
Below are a number of useful website addresses to help you research this topic
in more detail. (Add on any other sites you find).
www.bbc.co.uk/education/gcsebitesize/physicaleducation
www.physcialeducation.co.uk
www.sports-injury-clinic.com
www.TeachPE.com
www.pe4u.co.uk
www.Teachpe.com
SECTION C
1)
Identify and label the muscle groups indicated on the drawings below.
2) For each muscle/muscle group below, write down the type of movement it
produces.
 deltoids …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 trapezius ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 pectorals ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 biceps ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 triceps ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
 latissimus dorsi …………………………………………………………………………………….
 abdominals ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
 gluteals …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 quadriceps ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
 hamstrings …………………………………………………………………………………………….
 gastrocnemius ………………………………………………………………………………………
3) Using the drawings on the right, complete
the following tasks:
a) Identify and label the muscles involved
in bending and straightening the arm
at the elbow joint.
b) Identify on each drawings, the prime
mover muscle in the above movement.
c) Identify on each drawing, the
antagonistic muscle in the same
movement.
4) Label the tendon of origin and the tendon
of insertion of the prime mover muscle
that you will already have labelled in each
of the drawings opposite.
5) Name the two main types of muscle fibre
found in skeletal muscle. State which
type is used predominantly in anaerobic
exercise and which type in aerobic exercise.
a) ………………………………………………………………………
b) ………………………………………………………………………
6) Explain the meaning of the term ‘synergist’ with respect to muscular action.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7) Explain the meaning of the terms ‘atrophy’ and ‘hypertrophy’
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8) Why does muscle bulk increase as a result of some physical activity, but not as a result
of all physical activity?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9) If anaerobic activity is only possible in short bursts, how do games players manage
repeatedly to sprint for a ball or to catch an opponent over an extended period of time?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10) Explain the terms prime mover, antagonist and synergist.
(6)
Prime mover ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Antagonist …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Synergist ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. Name and describe the 3 types of muscle found in the body.

(6)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
12.
What is the difference between the origin of a muscle and its insertion?
(4)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
13.
Why is it inadvisable to completely stop activity during the ‘close season’?
(4)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
HOW MUSCLES WORK
Complete the following crossword.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
3.
ACROSS
The wasting of muscle due to
inactivity is called
(7)
1.
DOWN
Muscles working to assist the
prime mover are called
(10)
4.
Muscles are connected to bones
by …………..
(7)
2.
Muscle fibres that are used
during fast power events. (4,6)
5.
The build up of muscle through
regular training is called ….. (10)
6.
An alternative word for
describing the prime mover. (7)
6.
Muscles working in opposition to
each other are said to be
working ……………………..
(16)
The type of muscle fibre used
during endurance events. (4,6)
7.
The number of directions in
which a muscle can create
movement.
(3)
9.
10. The muscle responsible for
most of the work during a
movement.
(5,5)
11. The minimum number of muscles
around a joint.
(3)
8.
The name given to the muscle
that relaxes in order to allow
movement at a joint.
(10)
10. In order to create movement in
two directions at a joint,
muscles need to work in ……… (5)
MUSCLES
MIND MAP
SECTION D - KEY WORDS SECTION
WORD
1) Involuntary Muscle
2) Voluntary Muscle
3) Cardiac Muscle
4) Origin
5) Insertion
6) Prime Mover
7) Antagonist
8) Synergist
9) Slow twitch fibres
10) Fast twitch fibres
11) Aerobic
12) Anaerobic
13) Atrophy
DESCRIPTION
14) Hypertrophy
15) Trapezius
16) Deltoid
17) Biceps
18) Pectorals
19) Tripceps
20) Latissimus dorsi
21) Abdominals
22) Gluteals
23) Quadriceps
24) Hamstrings
25) Gastrocnemius