Anatomy & Physiology
• Anatomy: the study of the structures, shape and
form of the parts of the body (morphology) and
their relative arrangement
• Physiology: study of the functions of the body
parts
Organization of the Body
Figure 1.6
Anatomical Terminology
(relative positions)
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Superior/Inferior
Anterior/Posterior
Dorsal/Ventral
Medial/Lateral
Proximal/ Distal
Superficial/Deep
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Figure 1.18
Figure 1.7a
Figure 1.7b
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Serous Membranes
TISSUES
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Objectives
• Introduce the four major types of tissues
• Describe the general characteristics and
functions of epithelial & connective tissue
• Name the major types of epithelial &
connective tissues and identify an organ in
which each type of tissue is found
• Explain the classification of glands
Tissues
• Layers or groups of similar cells
• four major tissue types
– epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
• associate and interact to form organs with
specialized functions
EPITHELIAL
TISSUE
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Epithelial Tissue
• Functions
– protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion
– Generally lines spaces and hollows within the body
• Composed
– tightly packed cells anchored to a basement
membrane
• lacks blood vessels
• rapidly divide
How to classify and name Epithelia:
1. Thickness of the epithelium
Lumen
Surface
Thickness (measured in # of cell layers)
Basement membrane
2. Shape of TOP LAYER of cells
(the ones closest to the lumen)
Simple Squamous Epithelium of Lung
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Figure 5.7
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Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Figure 5.8
Transitional Epithelium
Figure 5.9a
Multicellular Glands
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CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
Connective Tissues
• most abundant tissue in the body
• Most diverse range of functions
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Holds everything together
Provides supportive framework
Provides protection
Storage of fat
Produce blood
Help in tissue repair and protection from foreign
invaders
Connective Tissue Types
• Connective Tissue Proper
– Areolar (Loose): sparse collagen fibers
– Adipose Tissue
– Dense: abundant collagen fiber
• Specialized Connective Tissues
– Cartilage
– Bone
– Blood
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Connective Tissues
• Components
– Cells
– Extracellular material
• Fibers
• Ground substance
MAST CELL
MACROPHAGE
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FIBROBLAST
Fiber Types
• Fibroblast form 3 types
– Collagenous
– Elastic
– Reticular
• Collagenous and elastic most abundant
Collagen & Elastic Fibers
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Areolar (Loose) Connective Tissue
Collagen Fiber
Elastic Fiber
Fibroblasts
(100x) Mesentery
Adipose Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue
Figure 5.21
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Cartilage
• Rigid connective tissue
• Matrix
– collagenous fibers
– gel-like ground substance
• Protein-polysaccharide complex (chondromucoprotein)
• Lots of water
• Cartilage cells- chondrocytes
– found in small chambers, lacunae
• covered with a thin layer of connective tissue
– perichondrium
• lacks blood vessels
Types
3 types
• Distinguished by:
– Type of intercellular material
• Hyaline
• Elastic
• Fibrocartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
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Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Figure 5.25
Bone
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Haversian (Central) Canal
Osteocytes
Compact Bone (100x)
Blood
MUSCLE
TISSUE
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Muscle Tissue
• Contractile
– Only contract
• Move in one direction
• Muscle fibers
– shorten and thicken
• Three types of muscle tissue
– skeletal, smooth & cardiac
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
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Cardiac Muscle
NERVOUS TISSUE
Nervous Tissues
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Nervous Tissues
• Sensory tissues
• Regulatory tissues
– Coordinate body functions
– Keep track of body conditions
• homeostasis
• Transmit electrical signals
In-class Assignment:
Due before you leave class today (5pts)
Answer the following questions on a sheet of notebook paper. You may work in groups, but
must write answers in your own words.
1. DEFINE TISSUES?
2. WHAT CHARACTERISTICS WOULD YOU EXPECT THE EPITHELIAL LINING OF
THE DIGESTIVE TRACT TO POSSESS?
3. WHAT MECHANICAL REQUIREMENTS ARE SHARED BY THE TIP OF THE NOSE
AND THE PINNAE OF THE EARS? WHAT TISSUE TYPE ALLOWS THESE TO
FUNCTION NORMALLY?
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