verb
noun
sentence
adverb
adjective
A verb is a word that shows an action
or a state of being
links two words together
or helps another verb.
A noun names a person,
place, thing, or idea.
A sentence is complete when five rules it
meets:
It has a subject and a verb,
and makes sense with every word.
Add a capital letter at the start
and finish with an end mark.
Now the sentence has all its parts!!
An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or another
adverb.
An adverb asks how? when? Where?
To find an adverb: go ask get
Where do I go? to a verb, adjective or another
adverb.
What do I ask? How? When? Where?
What do I get? An adverb! That's what!
An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun.
An adjective asks What kind? Which one?
How many?
To find an adjective: go, ask, get
Where do I go? To a noun or a pronoun.
What do I ask? What kind? Which one? How
many?
What do I get? An adjective! That's what!
Four kinds of
sentences
Article
adjectives
Complete
subject
Complete
predicate
Period, statement, declarative sentence. D
Period, command, imperative sentence. Imp
Question, question mark, interrogative sentence. Int
Exclamation mark, strong feeling, exclamatory
sentence. E
a, an, are called indefinite articles, more
than one.
the, is called a definite article, the only one
there is
they are called noun-markers
The complete subject is the subject and
all the words that modify the subject.
The complete predicate is the verb and
all the words that modify the verb.
preposition
prepositions
(a)
prepositions
(b)
prepositions
(d-f)
prepositions
(i-o)
A preposition is a special group of words
that connects a noun or a pronoun to the
rest of the sentence. A preposition
always has an object of the preposition.
aboard, about, above, across,
after, against, along, among, around, at
before, behind, below, beneath, beside,
between, beyond, but, by
down, during, except, for, from
in, inside, into, like,
near, of, off, on,
out, outside, over
prepositions
(p-w)
pronoun
subject pronoun
possessive
pronoun adjective
object
pronoun
past, since, through, throughout,
to, toward, under, underneath,
until, up, upon,
with, within, without
Takes the place of a noun
Takes the place of a subject noun.
Think subject!
I (love)
you (love)
he, she, it (loves)
we (love)
you (love)
they (love)
Takes the place of a possessive noun.
Think possessive!
My (mom)
your (mom)
his, her its (mom)
our (mom)
your (mom)
their (mom)
Takes the place of an object noun.
Think object!
something can be done...
(to) me
(to) us
(to) you
(to) you
(to) him, her, it
(to) them
demonstrative
pronouns
this, that, these, those
(can be used as either pronouns or adjectives)
indefinite
pronouns
one, anyone, no one, anybody, nobody, everyone,
everybody, someone, somebody
(always singular)
all, both, few, many, several
(always plural)
(can be used as either pronouns or adjectives)
some
(may be sing or plural)
distributive
pronouns
each, neither, either
(always singular)
(can be used as either pronouns or adjectives)
possessive
pronouns
mine, yours, his, hers, its,
ours, yours, theirs
(can be used as either pronouns or adjectives)
relative
pronouns
(can be used as either pronouns or adjectives)
who, which, what, that.
“who” can be declined as who, whom, or whose
depending on its syntax.
Helping verbs
8 “be” verbs
am is are
was were
be being been
Helping verbs
(15 more)
have has had; do does did
might must may
can could; would should
shall (and) will
the 8 parts of
speech
Direct object
NVP
AA
PIC
(noun, verb, pronoun)
(adjective, adverb)
(preposition, interjection,
conjunction)
Direct object, don't perturb!
ask whom or what after the verb.
The noun or pronoun's a DO
if it doesn't mirror the subject, so...
now you can believe
the verb is surely transit-”ive”!
Ex: The cat caught the dog. caught what? dog
Indirect object
After the DO ask,
“to whom, to what?”
“for whom, for what?”
It is ALWAYS found between the Vt and DO
Yes, it's an IO!
(once located.. in a prep phrase it can be relocated)
Ex: The cat gave the dog a scratch.
gave what? scratch DO
scratch to what? dog IO
The cat gave a scratch (to the dog).
Compound
sentence
Coordinate
conjunctions
(compound sentences)
Other connecting
words
(for compound sentences)
Complex
sentence
(Types of subordinate clauses)
Adjectival
clauses
A compound sentence is a sentence that
contains two or more
independent clauses.
Connects independent clauses in a
compound sentence. Use after a comma.
and but or nor for
Connects independent clauses in a
compound sentence. Use after a
semicolon.
moreover
likewise
otherwise
consequently
accordingly
furthermore
however
therefore
also
besides
nevertheless
hence
thus
A complex sentence is a sentence that
contains one
principal clause
and one or more
subordinate clauses.
An adjectival clause is a subordinate clause
used as an adjective.
Introduced by a relative pronoun:
who which what that
or a relative adverb:
when where why
Ex:
The teacher read us a story (which was very interesting).
I am visiting Christopher (who lives in Montreal).
The town (where the immigrants settled is now a large city).
An adverbial clause is a subordinate
clause used as an adverb.
(Types of subordinate clauses)
Adverbial
clauses
Introduced by subordinate conjunctions:
as
because
how
as if
before
if
after
except
in order that
although
though
inasmuchas
as soon as even though
lest
provided
since
so
so that
than
unless
until
when
why
where
wherever
whether
while
whenever
Ex:
The boy came (when he was called).
(Before John sent the letter,) he proofread it thoroughly.
I will help in the hall (provided you serve the tea).
Kim failed to accomplish the task (after she had tried for an
hour).
(Types of subordinate clauses)
Noun
clause
A noun clause is a subordinate
clause used as a noun.
Like any noun in a sentence it can have
different jobs...subject, direct object etc.
When he died is not known.
I know that he died early.
What people do does not concern me.
How the dog escaped we'll never know.
subject
direct object
subject
direct object