AP Psych Ch. 01 - What Is Psychology?
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behavior
an observable action
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behaviorism
perspective that defines psychology as the
study of behavior that is directly observable
or through assessment instruments
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a highly detailed description of a single
individual or a vent
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case study
clinical
psychologist
cognitive
psychology
empiricism
the view that knowledge should be acquired
through observation and often an
experiment
engineering
psychologist
does research on how people function best
with machines
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ethics
psychologist who treats people serious
psychological problems or conducts
research into the causes of behavior
rules of proper and acceptable conduct that
investigators use to guide psychological
research
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ethnocentrism
perspective that focuses on the mental
processes involved in perception, learning,
memory, and thinking
tendency to believe that one's own group is
the standard, the reference point by which
other people and groups should be judged
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evolutionary
psychology
perspective that seeks to explain and predict
behaviors by analyzing how the human
brain developed over time, how it functions,
and how input from the environment affects
human behaviors
experiment
a procedure in which a researcher
systematically manipulates and observes
elements of a situation in order to test a
hypothesis and make a cause-and-effect
statement
experimental
group
in an experiment, the group of participants
to whom a treatment is given
experimenter
bias
expectation of the person conducting an
experiment which may be affect the outcome
ex post facto
study
describes differences between groups of
participants that differ naturally on a
variable such as race or gender
forensic
psychologist
applies psychological concepts to legal
issues
frequency
distribution
a chart or array of scores, usually arranged
from highest to lowest, showing the number
of instances for each score
frequency
polygon
graph of a frequency distribution that shows
the number of instances of obtained scores,
usually with the data points connect by
straight lines
functionalism
school of psychological thought that was
concerned with how and why the conscious
mind works
Gestalt
psychology
school of psychological thought that argued
that behavior cannot be studied in parts but
must be viewed a s whole
health
psychologist
focuses on psychological factors in illness
humanistic
psychology
perspective that emphasizes the uniqueness
of the individual and the idea that humans
have free will
confounding
variable
anything that causes a difference between
the IV and the DV other than the
independent variable
control group
subjects and not exposed to a changing
variable in an experiment
correlational
research
establish the relationship between two
variables
correlation
coefficient
a number that expresses the degree and
direction of the relationship between 2
variables, ranging from -1 to +1
counseling
psychologist
psychologist who treats people with
adjustment problems
debriefing
a procedure to inform participants about the
true nature of an experiment after its
completion
demand
characteristics
clues participants discover about the
purpose of a study that suggest how they
should respond
dependent
variable
the variable in a controlled experiment that
is expected to change due to the
manipulation of the independent variable
descriptive
statistics
general set of procedures used to
summarize, condense, and describe sets of
data
developmental
psychologist
studies psychological development across
the lifespan
double-blind
procedure
technique in which neither the persons
involved for those conducting the
experiment know in what group to
participate is involved
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dualism
seeing mind and body as two different
things that interact
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eclectic
use of techniques and ideas from a variety of
approaches
educational
psychologist
focuses on how effective teaching and
learning take place
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hypothesis
independent variable
a tentative statement or idea
expressing a causal
relationship between two
events or variables that is to be
evaluated in a research study
the variable in a controlled
experiment that the
experimenter directly and
purposefully manipulates to see
how the other variables under
study will be affected
industrial/organizational
psychologist
applies psychological
principles to the workplace to
improve productivity and the
quality of work life
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inferential statistics
procedures used to draw
conclusions about larger
populations from small
samples of data
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informed consent
the agreement of participants to
take part in an experiment and
their acknowledgement that
they understand the nature of
their participation in the
research, and have been fully
informed about the general
nature of the research, its
goals, and methods
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introspection
a person's description and
analysis of what he or she is
thinking and feeling or what he
or she has just thought about
mean
the arithmetic average of a set
of scores
measure of central
tendency
a descriptive statistic that tells
which result or score best
represents an entire set of
scores
median
mode
monism
naturalistic observation
the measure of central tendency
that is the data point with 50%
of the scores above it and 50%
below it
the most frequently occurring
score in a set of data
seeing mind and body as
different aspects of the same
thing
observing and recording
behavior naturally without
trying to manipulate and
control the situation
neuropsychologist
concerned with the relationship
between brain/nervous system and
behavior
normal
distribution
approximate distribution of scores
expected when a sample is taken from a
large population, drawn as a frequency
polygon that often takes the form of a
bell-shaped curve, called the normal
curve
observer bias
expectations of an observer which may
distort an authentic observation
operational
definition
a definition of a variable in terms of the
set of methods or procedures used to
measure or study that variable
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participant
an individual who takes part in an
experiment and whose behavior is
observed as part of the data collection
process
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percentile score
the percentage of scores at or below a
certain score
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placebo
typically a pill that is used as a control
in the experiment; a sugar pill
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placebo effect
response to the belief that the IV will
have an effect, rather than the IV's
actual effect, which can be a
confounding variable
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population
all of the individuals in the group to
which a study applies
positive
psychology
in emerging Theo psychology that
focuses on positive experiences;
includes subjective well-being, selfdetermination, the relationship between
positive emotions and physical health,
and the factors that allow individuals,
communities, and societies to boorish
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pseudoscience
an unscientific system which pretends
to discover psychological information
that his means are unscientific or
deliberately fraudulent
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psychiatrist
a medical doctor who specializes in the
diagnosis and treatment of mental
disorders
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psychoanalyst
one who uses psychoanalysis to treat
psychological problems
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psychoanalytic
perspective developed by freud, which
assumes that psychological problems
are the result of anxiety resulting from
unresolved conflicts and forces of which
a person might be unaware
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psychologist
professional who studies behavior and
uses behavioral principles in scientific
research or in applied settings
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statistics
branch of mathematics that deals with
collecting, classifying, and analyzing data
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structuralism
school of psychological thought that
considered the structure and elements of
conscious experience to be the proper subject
matter of psychology
survey
research
the measurement of public opinion through
the use of sampling and questioning
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psychology
the scientific study of behavior and
mental processes
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psychometrician
focuses on methods of acquiring and
analyzing data
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selection of a part of the population
without reason; participation is by chance
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theory
a collection of interrelated ideas and facts put
forward to describe, explain, and predict
behavior and mental processes
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random sample
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range
the spread between the highest and the
lowest scores in a distribution
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replication
the repetition of an experiment to test the
validity of its conclusion
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variability
the extent to which scores differ from one
another
representative
sample
selection of a part of the population which
mirrors the current demographics
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variable
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response bias
preconceived notions of a person
answering [a survey] which may alter the
experiments purpose
a condition or characteristic of a situation or
a person that is subject to change (it varies)
within or across situations or individuals
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sample
a group of participants who are assumed
to be representative of the population
about which an inference is being made
school
psychologist
assesses and counsels students, consults
with educators and parents, and performs
behavioral intervention when necessary
science
way of getting knowledge about the world
based on observation
scientific
method
in psychology, the techniques used to
discover knowledge about human
behavior and mental processes
selfactualization
the human need to fulfill one's potential
self-fulfilling
prophecy
when a researcher's expectations
unknowingly create a situation that
affects the results
significant
difference
in an experiment, a difference that is
unlikely to have occurred because of
chance alone and is inferred to be most
likely due to the systematic manipulations
of variables by the researcher
social
psychologist
focuses on how the individual's behavior
and mental processes are affected by
interactions with other people
sociocultural
psychology
perspective concerned with how cultural
differences affect behavior
sports
psychologist
helps athletes improve their focus,
increase motivation, and deal with
anxiety and fear of failure
standard
deviation
a descriptive statistic that measures the
variability of data from the mean of the
sample
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