___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ PSYCHOLOGY
___________________________________ (8th Edition, in Modules)
David Myers
___________________________________ PowerPoint Slides
Aneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University
Worth Publishers, © 2007
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___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Introduction to Emotion
___________________________________ Module 38
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___________________________________ Emotion
___________________________________ Theories of Emotion
___________________________________ Embodied Emotion
___________________________________ ƒ Emotions and The Autonomic Nervous System
___________________________________ ƒ Physiological Similarities Among Specific Emotions
___________________________________ ƒ Physiological Differences Among Specific Emotions
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 38 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 1
Where do emotions come from? Why do we Emotion
have them? What are they made of? ___________________________________ Emotions are our body’s adaptive response.
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OBJECTIVE 38‐1| Identify three components Theories of Emotion
of emotions, and contrast James‐Lange, Canon‐
Bard and two factor theories of emotion. Emotions are a mix of 1) physiological activation, 2) expressive behaviors, and 3) conscious experience.
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___________________________________ Controversy
___________________________________ 1) Does physiological arousal precede or follow your emotional experience?
2) Does cognition (thinking) precedes emotion (feeling)?
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 38 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 2
___________________________________ Commonsense View
___________________________________ As you become happy your heart starts beating faster. First comes conscious awareness then comes physiological activity.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Bob Sacha
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___________________________________ James‐Lange Theory
___________________________________ William James and Carl Lange proposed an idea that was diametrically opposed to the common‐sense view. James‐Lange theory proposes that physiological activity precedes the emotional experience.
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1) Cannon suggested that body’s responses were Cannon‐Bard Theory
not distinct enough to evoke different emotions. 2) Physiological responses seemed too slow to Walter Cannon and Phillip Bard questioned James‐
Lange theory and proposed emotion‐
triggering stimulus and bodyʹs arousal take place simultaneously.
trigger sudden emotions. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 9
___________________________________ Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 38 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 3
___________________________________ Two‐Factor Theory
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed yet another theory which suggested that our physiology and our cognitions create emotions. Emotions have two factors–
physical arousal and cognitive label.
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___________________________________ Embodied Emotion
___________________________________ We know that emotions involve bodily response. Some of these response are easy to notice (butterflies in stomach when fear arises) but others are more difficult discern (neurons activated in the brain).
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OBJECTIVE 38‐2| Describe the role of the Emotions and Autonomic Nervous System
autonomic nervous system during emotional During an emotional experience our autonomic nervous system mobilizes energy in the body and arouses us.
arousal. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 12
Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 38 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 4
OBJECTIVE 38‐3| Discuss the relationship Arousal and Performance
between arousal and performance. ___________________________________ Arousal in short spurts is adaptive. We perform better under moderate arousal, however optimal performance varies with task difficulty. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 13
OBJECTIVE 38‐4| Name three emotions that Physiological Similarities
involve similar physiological arousal. ___________________________________ Physiological responses are pretty much similar across the emotions of fear, anger, love and boredom.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ M. Grecco/ Stock Boston
___________________________________ Excitement and fear involve similar
physiological arousal.
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OBJECTIVE 38‐5| Describe some physiological Physiological Differences
and brain pattern indicators of specific Physical responses like finger temperature and facial muscles change during fear, rage and joy.
emotions. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Amygdala shows differences in activation during emotions of anger and rage. Activity of left hemisphere (happy) is different from right (depressed) in emotions.
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 38 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 5
___________________________________ Cognition and Emotion
___________________________________ What is the connection between how we think
(cognition) and how we feel (emotion)?
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Can we change our emotions by changing our thinking?
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OBJECTIVE 38‐6| Explain how spillover effect Cognition Can Define Emotion
influences our experience of emotion. ___________________________________ Arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Reuters/ Corbis
AP Photo/ Nati Harnik
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which can descend into rioting.
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OBJECTIVE 38‐7| Distinguish the two Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion
alternate pathways that sensory stimuli may A subliminally presented happy face can prime subjects to drink more than when presented with an angry face (Berridge & Winkeilman, 2003).
travel when triggering an emotional response. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Emotions are felt directly through amygdala (a) or through cortex for analysis (b). 18
Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 38 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 6
___________________________________ Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion
___________________________________ When fearful eyes were subliminally presented to subjects, fMRI scans revealed higher levels of amygdala’s activity than in the control (Whalen et al. 2004).
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Courtesy of Paul J. Whalen, PhD, Dartmouth
College, www.whalenlab.info
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___________________________________ Two Routes to Emotion
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Zajonc and LeDoux (1984) emphasize some emotions are immediate without conscious appraisal. Lazarus, Schachter and Singer (1998) emphasize that appraisal also determines emotions.
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