1/15/2010
Past American Foreign Policies
America
Becomes an
Imperial Power
“The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations
is in extending our commercial relations to have with them as
little political connection as possible…. Tis our true policy to
steer clear of permanent alliances, with any portion of the
foreign world.”
-- Author???
(1796)
“The American continents…
are henceforth not to be
considered as subjects for
future colonization by any
European powers.”
-- Author???
(1823)
1. Commercial/Business Interests
“..the fulfillment of our
manifest destiny to
overspread the continent
allotted by Providence for the
free development of our
yearly multiplying millions.”
-- Author???
Why did the U.S.
enter the race
for territorial
acquisitions?
(1845)
2. Military/Strategic Interests
3. Scientific Racism
U. S. Foreign
Investments:
1869-1908
American Foreign
Trade:
1870-1914
Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea
Power on History: 1660-1783
4. Religious/Missionary Interests
5. Closing the American Frontier
The Hierarchy
of Race
The White Man’s
Burden
6. Nationalist Spirit
American
Missionaries
in China, 1905
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Commodore Matthew Perry
Opens Up Japan: 1853
Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854
“unequal treaty” under Tokugawa
Seeking whaling rights;
“Gunboat diplomacy”
The Japanese View
of Commodore
Perry
U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
Hawaii becomes a
U. S. Protectorate in
1849 by virtue of
economic treaties.
Imiola
Church –
first built
in the late
1820s
Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
U. S. View of Hawaiians
U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii
1875 – Reciprocity Treaty
1890 – McKinley Tariff
1893 – American
businessmen backed an
uprising against Queen
Liliuokalani
To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian
Annexation
Ceremony, 1898
Sanford Dole
proclaims the Republic
of Hawaii in 1894
“Hawaii for the
Hawaiians!”
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Spanish Misrule in Cuba
De Lôme Letter
Remember the Maine
and to Hell with Spain!
Valeriano Weyler’s
“Reconcentration” Policy
“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism
Enrique Dupuy de Lôme,
(Spanish Ambassador to
the U.S.)
Criticized President
McKinley as “weak and a
bidder for the admiration
of the crowd, besides
being a wouldwould-be politician
who tries to leave a door
open behind himself while
keeping on good terms
with the jingoes of his
party.”
Joseph Pulitzer
Hearst to Frederick Remington:
Funeral for Maine
victims in Havana
William Randolph Hearst
You furnish the pictures,
and I’ll furnish the war!
Hearst’s New York Journal
Current Hearst
Publications
Newspapers
•San Francisco Chronicle
•Seattle P-I
The
“Rough
Riders”
Magazines
•Cosmopolitan
•Esquire
•Good Housekeeping
•O
•Popular Mechanics
•Redbook
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The SpanishSpanish-American War (1898):
Dewey Captures Manila!
• over a million
Americans enlisted,
though the call
was only for
200,000
• U.S. assumed
control; Cuban
rebels left out of
operations planning
• U.S. soldiers
had control of the
island in about 6
weeks
“That Splendid Little War”
- John Hay (to TR)
William H. Taft, 1st
Gov.--General of the Philippines
Gov.
Filipino Rebellion (1899(1899-1902)
U.S. flag was hoisted when Spain
relinquished control of the Philippines
rebels began to plot against U.S.
America’s “Sphere of Influence”
“Our little
brown brothers”
American soldiers began to call
Filipinos “the Indians” and advocated
killing them
Filipinos recruited AfricanAfrican-American
soldiers to their side (some successfully)
U.S. generals censored reports
U.S. banned all antianti-American ideas
(pictures, writings, speech, etc.), even
the P.I. flag
U.S. created concentration camps
casualties:
4,000 Americans
200,000 Filipinos
(20,000 were soldiers)
The Treaty of Paris: 1898
Cuba was freed from Spanish rule
(became U.S. protectorate in 1903)
Spain gave up Puerto Rico and Guam to U.S.
The U. S. paid Spain
$20 mil. indemnity for
the Philippines (annexed
that same year)
The U. S. becomes an
imperial power!
Taft set up/improved:
•
•
•
•
•
provincial governments
public schools
public works
communication
transportation
Independent
nation since 1946
The American AntiAnti-Imperialist
League
Founded in 1899
Mark Twain, Andrew
Carnegie, William
James, and William
Jennings Bryan among
the leaders.
Campaigned against the
annexation of the
Philippines and other
acts of imperialism
Cuban Independence?
Senator
Orville Platt
Platt Amendment (1903)
1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with
foreign powers that would endanger its independence
2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if
necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt
3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for
naval and coaling station
4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt
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Puerto Rico: 1898
Now that the U.S. was an imperial
power, a dilemma arose:
The Insular Cases (1901(1901-1903)
Constitution does NOT follow flag
Did the Constitution
Imperialists ☺
follow the flag?
Jones Act (1917):
Puerto Rico becomes the first test
• granted US citizenship
to Puerto Ricans
• reorganized the PR
government (US Pres.
kept veto power)
Panama Canal
Panama: The King’s Crown
5,609 deaths
(disease, accidents)
Clayton
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)
US/Britain agreed not to try to take
exclusive control of future canal route
Hay
Hay-PaunceforteTreaty (1901)
U.S.. authorized to build and manage a canal
U.S
without British involvement; guarantee
neutrality of region and int’l access
The Roosevelt Corollary
(to the Monroe Doctrine)
Venezuela and
Dominican Republic
owed $$$ to
Germany and
Britain
“Venezuelan Crisis”
(1902): Germany sank
VZ ships in attempt to
force to pay debts
owed to Germany
Philippe BunauBunau-Varilla
vigorously campaigned for canal; persuaded
Congress to fund construction through Panama
Hay
Hay-Bunau
Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)
widened the zone; paid Panama $10 mil
The Roosevelt Corollary
(to the Monroe Doctrine)
To keep European
powers out of the
Western Hemisphere,
the U.S. would
intervene (take over
customs houses, pay off
the debts, etc) in
future financial crises
“preventive
intervention”
TR in Panama
(construction from
1904-1914)
U.S. becomes
“Policeman of the
Western Hemisphere”
The Roosevelt Corollary
(to the Monroe Doctrine)
U.S
U.S.. had moral obligation to intervene
contrast with Monroe Doctrine ???
promoted “Bad Neighbor” policy
later used to justify wholesale
interventions and landings of U.S. marines
used in..
Dominican Republic (1905): collect tariffs
in Cuba (1906) after revolution
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Stereotypes of the Chinese
Immigrant
Chinese Exclusion
Act (1882)
The Open Door Policy
The Boxer Rebellion: 1900
The Society of
Harmonious Fists
The Open Door Policy
Sec. of State
John Hay
The Open Door Policy
1st Note:
all nations equal share
access to trade in China
ECONOMIC
2nd Note:
guaranteed that China
would NOT be taken
over by any one foreign
power
POLITICAL
The Cares of a Growing Family
Speak Softly,
But Carry a Big Stick!
Constable of the World
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Russo--Japanese War 1904
Russo
1904--05
• Russia and Japan went to war over
ports in Manchuria and Korea
• Japan destroyed much of Russian
fleet West is shocked!
• TR wanted to prevent both sides from
dominance in Asia,
Asia, so helped negotiate
peace settlement
Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905
Russia conceded defeat; Japan awarded
southern half of Sakhalin, but no indemnity
But neither side is pleased…
Japan wanted all of Sakhalin and $$$
blamed U.S.
mistrust grows…along with naval arms
race
U.S
U.S..-Russia relations soured
“TR robbed them of victory”
And the Nobel Peace Prize for TR!
Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908
San Francisco schools segregated
for Asian children
Japanese furious
talk of war in yellow press!
TR invited school board to WH
forced them to repeal order
agreed not to ban Japanese
from public schools
Japan promised to stop flow of
laborers to U.S
U.S..
Japan recognized the U.S.
right to exclude Japanese
immigrants holding passports issued
by other countries
Lodge Corollary
(to the Monroe Doctrine)
Senate resolution
(passed in 1912)
NonNon-European powers,
like Japan, would be
excluded from owning
territory in the Western
Hemisphere
Root--Takahira Agreement, 1908
Root
The Great White Fleet: 1907
U.S.
U.S. Japan
pledged to respect
each other’s
territorial
possessions in the
Pacific
uphold the Open
Door in China
To make sure Japan didn’t perceive
U.S. weakness, TR sent…
America as a Pacific Power
What the
U. S. Has
Fought
For
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge
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