Hawaii
China
Japan
Cuba
Puerto Rico
Philippines
Panama
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US covets Hawaii for naval base and sugar
◦ America investments in Hawaii increase throughout
1800s
◦ By 1870s, US controlled majority of Hawaiian trade
& land
http://www.adventuretravel.org.uk/AMERICA_N/hawaii.php
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/usa/states/hawaii/
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Timeline of Events
◦ 1875: treaty exempted Hawaiian sugar from
US tariffs
◦ 1887: Hawaiian Imperialist League forced
Kalakaua to sign Bayonet Treaty (US has
exclusive rights to Pearl Harbor)
◦ 1890 McKinley Tariff negatively impacts
Hawaiian sugar economy (subsidies to US
sugar producers forced sugar prices to drop)
◦ Hawaiian Imperialist League vs. Queen
Liliuokalani
◦ 1893: John L. Stevens & Sanford Dole
organizes revolt & overthrows Queen L.
◦ Cleveland doesn’t approve annexation of
Hawaii after special investigation and orders
Dole’s provisional govt. to resign
◦ Dole refuses to resign and Cleveland
reluctantly recognizes Dole’s provisional
govt.
◦ July 7, 1898: Hawaii is annexed by US
(Spanish-American War in 1898)
Provisionalgovernmentofhawaiicabinet.j
pg
◦ Hawaiian Imperialist League vs.
Queen Liliuokalani
◦ 1893: John L. Stevens & Sanford
Dole organizes revolt &
overthrows Queen L.
◦ Cleveland doesn’t approve
annexation of Hawaii after
special investigation and orders
Dole’s provisional govt. to resign
◦ Dole refuses to resign and
Cleveland reluctantly recognizes
Dole’s provisional govt.
◦ July 7, 1898: Hawaii is annexed
by US (Spanish-American War in
1898)
http://www.cedarstreetgalleries.com/bin/detail.cgi
?ID=1883
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US traded with China
throughout the 1800s
(especially after 1843)
GB, France, Germany,
Russia, and Japan carves
out spheres of influence in
China after 1895
1899: John Hay issues
Open Door Policy
◦ All nations have equal access
to trade and investment in
China
◦ Approved since no country
rejected or accepted it
http://www.bobmccaughey.com/post186
5/?page_id=1234

Fists of Righteous Harmony resented Foreigners’
influence & control
◦ 1900- attacked Western missionaries & traders in
northern China (Boxer Rebellion)
◦ Foreign countries send troops to China
◦ John Hay negotiates peace between Europe & China
(China pays Europe 333 mi. in damages)
http://svr225.stepx.com:3388/boxerrebellion/file/18516.jpg
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1854: Matthew Perry’s
visit to Tokyo, Japan to
open up trade
Japan starts to
industrialize and build up
navy
1904: Russo-Japanese War
1905: Treaty of
Portsmouth
◦ TR negotiates treaty
between Russia & Japan
◦ TR wins Nobel Peace Price

1907: TR sends Great
White Fleet on goodwill
voyage (to remind Japan of
US powerful might)
http://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/us_navy_
pages/uss_vermont_bb20.htm
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Russo-Japanese War pushed 70,000 Japanese
Immigrants to CA
1906 San Francisco Earthquake
Asian Exclusion League formed by CA
Gentleman’s Agreement (1906)
◦ Japanese will stop flow of laborers in US
◦ CA will not ban current Japanese living in US from
schools

1908: Root Takahira Agreement
◦ US and Japan pledged to respect each other’s territorial
possessions in Pacific and to uphold the Open Door in
China
1898 (16 Week War)
“Splendid Little War”
go.hrw.com
www.cyborlink.com
Travelyahoo.com
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US Foreign Policy developed in 1823
Stated:
◦ US would not interfere in European colonies in Latin
America
◦ But would consider any
new attempts to colonize
in the Western an act of
hostility
http://millercenter.virginia.edu/scri
pps/reference/images/monroe.jpg

Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894
◦ Placed a restriction on sugar imports
YELLOW
JOURNALISM

Cuban struggle for Independence from Spain
◦ “Butcher” General Valeriano Welyler &
Reconcentration Camps
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Delome Letter
USS Maine Incident
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Sensational journalism used by journalists to
attract readers.
Ex: William Randolph Hearst’s NY Journal &
Ex: Joseph Pulitzer’s NY World
Randolph: “You furnish the pictures and I’ll
furnish the war”
William Randolph
Hearst
Joseph Pulitzer
http://www.smplanet.com/imperi
alism/remember.html
http://blog.syracuse.com/shelflife/2009/04/writers_born_this_day_rod
_mcku.html
http://www.sparta
cus
Drawing by Leon Barritt
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Spanish Minister to the US: Enrique Dupuy de
Lome
Letter Printed in the NY Journal in February,
1898.
Criticized President McKinley
◦ McKinley was described as
“weak, and a bidder
for the admiration of
the crowd”
- Journal: “The worse
insult to the US in its
history”
http://www.classbrain.co
m/artteenst/uploads/delo
me-icon.gif
http://www.vw.cc.va.
us/vwhansd/HIS122/
DeLome.html
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USS Maine exploded on February 15, 1898
266 of 350 crew died
Sensationalized by
newspapers
◦ “Remember the Maine!
Hell with Spain!”
-Newspapers concluded that
explosion was from a
submarine mine
http://library.thinkquest.org
Captain
Sigsbee
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/spanam/events/maineskg.htm
<>
http://www.socialstudieshelp.com/USRA_Expansion.htm

Influence of Yellow Journalism
◦ Public Demands War

McKinley, reluctantly, issues war
to Congress on April 11, 1898
Congress declares war on Spain in April 25
Teller Amendment issued by Congress
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/presiden
ts/william-mckinley-1417412.html
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◦ Cuban would be given freedom after War

Manila Bay (Philippines)
◦ George Dewey
◦ Emilio Aguinaldo

www.theodoreroosevelt.com/
brdewey.gif
Kettle Hill (near Santiago)
◦ Rough Riders led by TR & Leonard Wood

San Juan Hill
◦ Rough Riders were sensationalized in newspapers

Santiago Harbor
◦ Blockade
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Armistice signed on August 12, 1898

5400 of 300,000 lost their lives
◦ Only 379 died from battle casualties
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Treaty of Paris signed on December 10, 1898
Major Points
◦ Cuba becomes independent.
◦ Puerto Rico and Guam are given to the US.
◦ US pays Spain $20 million for the annexation
ofwww.theod
the
www.sweetmarias
.com
ora.com
Philippines.
www.elca.org
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Cuba
◦ US military govt. set up by Leonard Wood for provisional govt.
◦ Major advances achieved in govt. finances achieved in govt. finance,
education, agriculture, public health…
 Walter Reed and William Gorgas led efforts to reduce mosquito pop. &
found that mosquitoes caused yellow fever
US withdrew from Cuba (Teller Amendment) however…
◦ Cuba forced to add Platt Amendment in Cuban Constitution
 US has right to approve Cuban treaties
 US has right to intervene militarily to restore order
 US has right to naval & coaling stations (ex: Guantanamo Bay)
 Cuba becomes a US protectorate
Puerto Rico
◦
Foraker Act of 1900: Governor & Upper house appointed by US
◦ Jones Act of 1917: Granted Puerto Ricans US citizenship & gave them the
right to elect both houses of their legislature
◦ 1952: Puerto Rico becomes a self-governing commonwealth of US
Pro Imperialism (tend to be
Republican)
Anti Imperialism (tend to be
Democrat)
Philippines seen as stepping stone
for Asia
Foreign Issues would overshadow
much needed reform at home
Spread Christianity *
Foreign workers would lower
wages at home
New Markets
American Factories may relocate
overseas
Raw Materials
Increased Army (higher taxes)
Spreading US influence and
democratic values in Asia
Mongrelization of America
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Filipinos assumed that their freedom was granted
after War (like Cuba) & however, despite
provisional govt set up by Aguinaldo, becomes a
US protectorate
Open Rebellion led by Emilio Aguinaldo (1899 to
1901)
◦ 4300 US & 57,000 Filipinos died
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1902: Philippine Govt Act (Organic Act)
◦ US appoints governor & upper house
Jones Act of 1916 :Filipinos elect both
houses
US granted independence to Philippines in
1946
http://lltm.tripod.com/
aguinaldo.html

1901- John Hay tries to negotiate Hay-Pauncefote treaty
with Republic of Colombia which included Panama
◦ Pay Colombia 10 mil. and yearly 250,000 rental
◦ US would receive 6 mile strip of land across isthmus for 99 years
◦ Colombian Senate rejects treaty for better offer

Gunboat Diplomacy (1903)
◦ Philippe Bunau-Varilla negotiates with US for assistance for
Panama independence from Colombia
◦ November- Panama revolution
 US Marines prevented Colombian forces form reaching rebels
 Three days later, US recognizes Panama
◦ Hay Bunau-Varilla Treaty
 Similar to Hay Pauncefote treaty, however would cost 40 mil.
◦ Roosevelt (later): “I took the Canal and let Congress Debate”
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Completed in 1914
Cost over 400 mil.
Organized under John F.
Stevens & Colonel
George Washington
Goethals
William Gorgas helps to
eliminate malaria by
1913
SS ANCON becomes first
to pass through Canal
on August 15, 1914
Significant Engineer
achievement
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6074106.stm
http://www.two-friends-travels.com/panama/panama-canalmiraflores-locks.html