Polykleitos, Doryphoros (Spear-Bearer)
Polykleitos, Doryphoros (Spear-Bearer) or Canon, Roman marble copy of a Greek bronze, c. 450-440 B.C.E.
Roman Copies of Ancient Greek Art
When we study ancient Greek art, so often we are really looking at ancient Roman art, or at
least their copies of ancient Greek sculpture (or paintings and architecture for that matter).
Basically, just about every Roman wanted ancient Greek art. For the Romans, Greek culture
symbolized a desirable way of life—of leisure, the arts, luxury and learning.
The Popularity of Ancient Greek Art for the Romans
Greek art became the rage when Roman generals began conquering Greek cities (beginning in
211 B.C.E.), and returned triumphantly to Rome not with the usual booty of gold and silver
coins, but with works of art. This work so impressed the Roman elite that studios were set up to
meet the growing demand for copies destined for the villas of wealthy Romans. The
Doryphoros was one of the most sought after, and most copied, Greek sculptures.
Bronze versus Marble
For the most part, the Greeks created their free-standing sculpture in bronze, but because
bronze is valuable and can be melted down and reused, sculpture was often recast into
weapons. This is why so few ancient Greek bronze originals survive, and why we often have to
look at ancient Roman copies in marble (of varying quality) to try to understand what the Greeks
achieved.
Why Sculptures are often Incomplete or Reconstructed
To make matter worse, Roman marble sculptures were buried for centuries, and very often we
recover only fragments of a sculpture that have to be reassembled. This is the reason you will
often see that sculptures in museums include an arm or hand that are modern recreations, or
that ancient sculptures are simply displayed incomplete.
The Doryphoros (Spear-Bearer) in the Naples museum (image above) is a Roman copy of a lost
Greek original that we think was found, largely intact, in the provincial Roman city of Pompeii.*
The Canon
The idea of a canon, a rule for a standard of beauty developed for artists to follow, was not new
to the ancient Greeks. The ancient Egyptians also developed a canon. Centuries later, during
the Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci investigated the ideal proportions of the human body with
his Vitruvian Man. The ideal male nude has remained a staple of Western art and culture to this
day, see, for example, of the work of Robert Mapplethorpe.
Polykleitos’s idea of relating beauty to ratio was later summarized by Galen, writing in the
second century,
Beauty consists in the proportions, not of the elements, but of the parts, that is to say, of finger
to finger, and of all the fingers to the palm and the wrist, and of these to the forearm, and of the
forearm to the upper arm, and of all the other parts to each other.
* Recent scholarship suggests that the Doryphoros sculpture in the Naples museum may not
have been found in a Palestra at Pompeii. See Warren G. Moon, ed., Polykleitos, The
Doryphoros and Tradition, University of Wisconsin Press, 1995.
Essay by Dr. Beth Harris & Dr. Steven Zucker