Electron, Proton, and Neutron Table
–
+
Electron
Proton
Neutron
Occurence
Charge
Mass (g)
Relative Mass
found outside of nucleus
-1
9.109 × 10-28
1
found in all nuclei
+1
1.673 × 10-24
1,836
found in almost all nuclei
(exception: most H nuclei)
0
1.675 × 10-24
1,839
Radioactive Decay
Alpha decay
Beta decay
Nucleus ejects a helium-4 nucleus
Nucleus converts a neutron to a proton
and electron, ejecting the electron.
-
Protons
Neutrons
Atomic number
Mass number
Decrease by 2
Decrease by 2
Decrease by 2
Decrease by 4
Protons
Neutrons
Atomic number
Mass number
Increase by 1
Decrease by 1
Increase by 1
Stays the same
Gamma decay
Nucleus emits gamma radiation and lowers its energy.
Gamma
ray
Protons
Neutrons
Atomic number
Mass number
Stays the same
Stays the same
Stays the same
Stays the same
Size and Structure of an Atom
–
Atom
Diameter =
10-10 m
+
+
–
+
Proton
Neutron
– Electron
+
+
Nucleus
Diameter = 10-15 m
Units of Elementary Charge
}
Electric charge only appears in multiples of the elementary charge, e.
+
–
+ +
– –
+ +e
– -e
+ +2e
– -2e
+ +3e
– -3e
+ + ++2.5e
– – -.5e
}
Allowed
in normal
matter
Impossible
in normal
matter
Bohr’s Model of the Atom
Ground state
Excited state
Ground state
–
–
–
Energy
absorbed
Energy
(light)
released
Electron Energy Levels
Number of
possible
electrons
Energy levels
(first four)
4th level
18
3rd level
8
2nd level
8
1st level
2
Atom
Orbitals
The
p-orbitals
The
s-orbitals
Up
Back
Left
Right
Up
Back
Left
Front Right
Down
Front
Down
Violet
Blue - violet
Blue - green
Hydrogen
Red
spectrum
high
7
6
5
4
3
Light
2
low
Light energy
1
Energy levels
Energy
Diagram of Spectral Lines and Energy
Energy Levels in the Periodic Table
Groups in the Periodic Table
Periodic Table of Elements
18
He
1
H
1
2
Li
2
Be
13
B
14
C
15
N
16
O
17
F
lithium
beryllium
boron
carbon
nitrogen
oxygen
fluorine
neon
Na Mg
Al
S
Cl
Ar
chlorine
argon
Br
Kr
bromine
krypton
I
Xe
iodine
xenon
Po At
Rn
hydrogen
3
11
sodium
K
19
potassium
5
4
12
3
Ca Sc
20
21
scandium
calcium
Y
Rb Sr
37
rubidium
38
strontium
39
yttrium
Cs Ba
55
barium
Fr
Ra
francium
radium
5
V
22
23
6
Cr
7
8
9
Mn Fe Co
25
24
vanadium chromium manganese
titanium
Zr Nb Mo Tc
40
41
zirconium
niobium
Hf
Ta
hafnium
tantalum
72
56
cesium
87
4
Ti
magnesium
73
44
W
Re Os
molybdenum technetium ruthenium
74
tungsten
75
rhenium
76
osmium
La
Ce
lanthanum
cerium
Ac
Th
actinium
thorium
57
89
58
90
Pr
59
seaborgium bohrium
61
Pa
91
U
92
protactinium uranium
neptunium
94
32
33
34
copper
29
30
zinc
48
gallium
In
49
palladium
Ir
Pt
Au Hg Tl
iridium
platinum
78
silver
79
gold
cadmium
80
mercury
Mt Uun Uuu Uub
110
111
63
64
europium gadolinium
65
terbium
Np Pu Am Cm Bk
93
31
nickel
28
112
hassium meitnerium ununnilium unununium ununbium
praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium
16
rhodium
108 109
62
15
11 12 aluminum silicon phosphorus silicon
Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se
Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb
60
14
47
77
95
plutonium americium
P
13
46
45
Si
8
10
Ni
Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
43
Rf Db Sg Bh Hs
rutherfordium dubnium
cobalt
iron
42
104 105 106 107
88
27
26
7
6
96
curium
97
indium
81
thallium
113
germanium
arsenic
Sn Sb
51
50
tin
antimony
Pb
Bi
83
82
lead
Uuq
114
ununquadium
Dy Ho
Er
dysprosium holmium
erbium
Te
52
tellurium
84
85
36
54
86
radon
115
116
117
118
Tm Yb
Lu
thulium
lutetium
Es Fm Md No
berkelium californium einsteinium fermium
53
18
astatine
Cf
100
35
10
polonium
67
99
17
Ne
bismuth
66
98
68
selenium
9
helium
69
101
70
ytterbium
102
71
Lr
103
mendelvium nobelium lawrencium
Reading the Periodic Table
Periodic Table of the Element s
1
H
1
Main Group Elements
Li
2
Be
lithium
beryllium
hydrogen
3
Transition Elements
4
11
K
19
potassium
12
3
Ca Sc
20
21
scandium
calcium
Y
Rb Sr
37
rubidium
38
strontium
39
yttrium
Cs Ba
55
barium
Fr
Ra
francium
radium
5
V
22
23
Metals
6
Cr
40
41
niobium
Hf
Ta
hafnium
tantalum
73
La
Ce
lanthanum
cerium
Ac
Th
actinium
thorium
57
89
58
90
Pr
59
44
W
Re Os
75
rhenium
76
osmium
seaborgium bohrium
91
28
29
92
protactinium uranium
fluorine
neon
S
Cl
Ar
chlorine
argon
Br
Kr
selenium
bromine
krypton
Te
I
Xe
iodine
xenon
Po At
Rn
Si
P
13
14
15
16
61
31
32
33
34
neptunium
zinc
48
94
In
49
47
Ir
Pt
Au Hg Tl
iridium
platinum
77
78
silver
79
gold
cadmium
80
mercury
Mt Uun Uuu Uub
110
111
112
hassium meitnerium ununnilium unununium ununbium
62
gallium
46
63
64
europium gadolinium
65
terbium
Np Pu Am Cm Bk
93
30
palladium
45
Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb
U
oxygen
rhodium
108 109
praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium
Pa
nitrogen
Al
Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
43
60
carbon
8
copper
Rf Db Sg Bh Hs
rutherfordium dubnium
boron
7
6
nickel
104 105 106 107
88
17
F
cobalt
iron
42
tungsten
16
O
5
27
26
molybdenum technetium ruthenium
74
15
N
11 12 aluminum silicon phosphorus silicon
Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se
Zr Nb Mo Tc
zirconium
14
C
10
Ni
25
24
95
plutonium americium
96
curium
97
indium
81
thallium
113
germanium
arsenic
Sn Sb
51
50
tin
antimony
Pb
Bi
83
82
lead
Uuq
114
ununquadium
Dy Ho
Er
dysprosium holmium
erbium
84
35
53
85
10
18
36
54
86
astatine
radon
115
116
117
118
Tm Yb
Lu
thulium
lutetium
Es Fm Md No
berkelium californium einsteinium fermium
17
Ne
polonium
Cf
100
9
helium
bismuth
67
99
68
52
tellurium
66
98
2
13
B
7
8
9
Mn Fe Co
vanadium chromium manganese
titanium
72
56
cesium
87
4
Ti
magnesium
Metalloids
COLUMNS = GROUPS
ROWS = PERIODS
Na Mg
sodium
Non metals
18
He
69
101
70
ytterbium
102
71
Lr
103
mendelvium nobelium lawrencium
Chemical Formulas and Structure Diagrams
Structural diagram
H
O
H
C
H
O
O
Na
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
O
H
H
H
C C
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
O
H
H
H
Sodium bicarbonate
(baking soda)
NaHCO3
Benzene
Ethane
C6H6
C2H6
Chemical formula
Acetic acid
(in vinegar)
HC2H3O2
H
Chlorine and Sodium Bonds
Periodic Table and Reactivity
Lewis Dot Diagrams
Neon
8 valence electrons
Ne
Boron
3 valence electrons
B
Flourine
F
Beryllium
Be
Oxygen
O
Lithium
Li
7 valence electrons
6 valence electrons
Nitrogen
N
Carbon
C
5 valence electrons
4 valence electrons
2 valence electrons
1 valence electrons
Hydrogen
1 valence electrons
H
Methane
H C H molecule
(CH4)
H
H
Example of Oxidation Numbers Adding to Zero
Cl
Cl
C
Cl
Cl
CCl4
Carbon tetrachloride
C
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
4+
1-
1-
1-
1-
=0
The total of the oxidation numbers for
each atom in the molecule must be zero.
Periodic Table and Electron
Acceptors and Donors
Predicting a Chemical Formula
Iron and oxygen combine to form a compound. Iron (Fe) has an oxidation
number of 3+. Oxygen (O) has an oxidation number of 2-. Predict the chemical
formula of this compound.
1. Looking for:
Chemical formula
2. Given:
oxidation numbers Fe 3+ and O 2-
3. Relationships:
The oxidation numbers for all the atoms in a compound
must add up to zero.
4. Solution:
Three oxygen atoms contribute the total oxidation number
of 6-. It takes only two iron atoms to get a total oxidation
number of 6+. Therefore, the chemical formula is Fe2O3.
Your turn...
a. Predict the chemical formula of the compound containing beryllium (2+) and
fluorine (1-). Answer: BeF2
Valence Electrons and Bonding
Chlorine
17 electrons
Inner electrons
7
1
6
2
5
Bond
Valence
electrons
3
4
Chlorine has 7 valence
electrons
Sodium
1 valence
electron
Chlorine
7 valence
electrons