Cell Parts
p. 75-83
Essential Questions
1. Identify the organelles involved in:
a) making proteins.
b) transporting macromolecules throughout the
cell.
c) producing & using carbohydrates for energy
(metabolism).
d) cell shape & movement.
2. Identify the differences between plant and
animal cells.
Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell
• Review:
– Cells – the basic unit of
life
– Organelles - small
structures inside a cell
with specific functions
Analogy – City of Rocklin
Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane
Cell
membrane
1. Function: Regulates materials entering and
exiting the cell.
2. Structure: Two layers of phospholipids,
proteins
Analogy – Rocklin city limits
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
1. Function: All cell contents that lie between the cell
membrane and the nucleus. (organelles + cytosol)
a. Cytosol = liquid portion/non-organelles.
2. Structure: made up of fluid and organelles except for
nucleus
Analogy – All air, water, life that are in Rocklin, except City Hall
Genetic Control of the Cell: Making
Proteins
• The Function of the nucleus
is to regulate DNA & RNA
actions (the “control
center”)
• The nucleus is made up of:
– Nuclear Envelope – a double
membrane surrounding the
nucleus
– Chromatin – long DNA
molecules and proteins
– Chromosomes – a single
strand of chromatin (visible
only just before cell division)
– Nucleolus – produces part of
the ribosomes
Analogy – City Hall
Genetic Control of the Cell: Making
Proteins
• Ribosomes – site of
protein production
– RNA is translated into an
amino acid sequence
– Ribosomes are made up
of rRNA & proteins
Analogy – Restaurants, Factories, Builders.
Transporting Macromolecules
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
(ER) – a membrane based
pathway that transports
proteins and other
macromolecules inside of
the cell
– Rough ER – Covered in
ribosomes
– Smooth ER – Lacking
ribosomes
Analogy – Roads & Sidewalks
Transporting Macromolecules
• Golgi Apparatus (aka
Golgi bodies or Golgi
Complex) – flattened
membrane sacs that
receive, store and
distribute proteins &
other macromolecules
out of the cell
Analogy – Post Office
Transporting Macromolecules
• Vesicles & Vacuoles –
membrane enclosed
sacs that store and
transport
macromolecules within
the cell
Analogy – Grocery stores, water tanks.
Transporting Macromolecules
• Lysosomes – membrane
enclosed sacs (vesicles)
of digestive enzymes
that break down
macromolecules
– Found in animals only!
Analogy – Recycling center
Transporting Macromolecules Summary
Making & Using Carbohydrates
(Metabolism)
• Chloroplasts (plants
only) – perform
photosynthesis by
converting sunlight and
CO2 into sugar
(carbohydrates
– Double membrane
structure that contains
chlorophyll
– Found in plants only!
Analogy – Solar Panels
Making & Using Carbohydrates
(Metabolism)
• Mitochondria (singular
mitochondrion) – performs
cellular respiration by
releasing energy stored in
carbohydrates and converts
it into useable energy for
the cell
– Double membrane structure
– Found in plant & animal cells!
Analogy – PG&E
Cell Shape & Movement
• Cytoskeleton – a
network of protein
fibers extending
throughout the
cytoplasm that supports
and maintains a cell’s
shape
– Microtubules – straight,
hollow fibers made of
proteins
– Microfilaments – thin,
solid fibers made of
proteins
Analogy – Wood, cement, steel beams
Centrioles (Animals Only)
Centrioles
1. Function: microtubules that help divide the cell
during cell division.
2. Structure: Tubules
Analogy – The “other” High School vs. Whitney High School
Cell Shape & Movement
• External structures
– Cilia (singular cilium) –
short, numerous hairlike structures that
propel the cell by
moving back and forth
– Flagella (singular
flagellum) – long
microtubules (proteins)
that aid in locomotion
Analogy – Cars or bicycles.
Plant vs. Animal Cells
• Plant cells contain:
– Cell Wall – made of cellulose,
provides structure and
support for the plant & aid in
cell division
– Chloroplasts – site of
photosynthesis
– Large central vacuole – stores
water
• Animal cells contain:
– Centrioles – bundles of
microtubules that help the
cell divide
– Lysosomes – vesicles full of
digestive enzymes that break
down macromolecules
Cell Parts Analogy
• Create an analogy (besides the city analogy)
for the cell and its parts
• Possible ideas:
– Stadium
– School
– Country
– Restaurant
– House
– Mall
– Waterpark
Stadium Example:
•
•
•
•
Cell membrane: wall of stadium, gates
Cytoplasm: everything inside the stadium.
Nucleus: the control room for the stadium.
Etc…