Chapter 16
Motivation
True/False Questions
1.
Motivation is the arousal, direction and persistence of behavior.
Answer: True
2.
Level: 1
Page: 589
Type: F
Level: 1
Page: 589
Type: F
Level: 1
Page: 589
Type: F
Level: 2
Page: 589
Type: F
The contemporary approach to employee motivation is dominated by four types of theories.
Answer: False
8.
Type: F
The most recent theories about motivation represent a perspective called human relations
approach.
Answer: False
7.
Page: 588
The satisfaction a person receives in the process of performing a particular action is called
the extrinsic rewards.
Answer: False
6.
Level: 2
Intrinsic rewards are rewards given by another person.
Answer: False
5.
Type: F
Monetary and non-monetary are two types of rewards.
Answer: False
4.
Page: 588
Employee motivation affects productivity, and part of a manager’s job is to channel
motivation toward the accomplishment of organizational goals.
Answer: True
3.
Level: 1
Level: 1
Page: 590
Type: F
The development of incentive pay systems is lead by the traditional approach to employee
motivation.
Answer: True
Level: 2
Page: 590
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 436
Type: F
9.
The human relations approach carries the concept of economic man and social man further
to introduce the concept of the whole person.
Answer: False
10.
Type: F
Level: 1
Page: 590
Type: F
Level: 1
Page: 591
Type: F
Level: 2
Page: 591
Type: F
Level: 2
Page: 591
Type: F
Level: 2
Page: 591
Type: F
The first two groups of needs in Aldefer's ERG theory are external and relatedness.
Answer: False
18.
Page: 590
Esteem needs are those needs that relate to the desire for a positive self-image and to receive
attention, recognition, and appreciation from others.
Answer: True
17.
Level: 2
The highest level of need in Maslow's hierarchy of need theory is the need for growth and
self-expression.
Answer: False
16.
Type: F
Food, water, and freedom from violence are examples of physiological needs in Maslow's
hierarchy of needs theory.
Answer: False
15.
Page: 590
Physiological needs are the most basic human physical needs, which are reflected in the
workplace as needs for adequate heat, air, and base salary.
Answer: True
14.
Level: 2
Content theories concern the thought processes that influence behavior.
Answer: False
13.
Type: F
Content theories, process theories, and reinforcement theories are three categories of
motivation theories.
Answer: True
12.
Page: 590
Process theories emphasize the needs that motivate people.
Answer: False
11.
Level: 2
Level: 2
Page: 592
Type: F
Many companies are finding that creating a humane work environment that allows people to
achieve a balance between work and personal life is also a great high-level motivator.
Answer: True
Level: 2
Page: 592
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 437
Type: F
19.
Herzberg's two-factor theory divides work-related needs into two categories: hygiene factors
and reward factors.
Answer: False
20.
Page: 594
Type: F
Level: 2
Page: 594
Type: F
Level: 3
Page: 594
Type: F
Level: 2
Page: 595
Type: F
Level: 3
Page: 596
Type: F
A high need for power often is associated with successful attainment of top levels in the
organizational hierarchy.
Answer: True
27.
Level: 2
The equity theory focuses on individual’s perceptions of how fairly they are treated relative
to others.
Answer: True
26.
Type: F
A need for power, a need for accomplishment and a need for superior power is proposed by
David McClelland's acquired needs theory.
Answer: False
25.
Page: 594
The implication of the two-factor theory for managers is clear. Providing hygiene factors
will eliminate employee dissatisfaction but will not motivate workers to high achievement
levels.
Answer: True
24.
Level: 1
Hygiene factors are the same as satisfiers and are based on fulfillment of higher level needs
including responsibility.
Answer: False
23.
Type: F
Hygiene factors are the same as dissatisfiers and include company policies and procedures.
Answer: True
22.
Page: 594
Motivators are factors that influence job satisfaction based on fulfillment of high-level
needs such as achievement, recognition, and opportunity for growth.
Answer: True
21.
Level: 2
Level: 2
Page: 596
Type: F
Process theories are the group of theories that explain how employees meet their needs and
determine their success.
Answer: True
Level: 1
Page: 596
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 438
Type: F
28.
A process theory that focuses on individuals' perception of how fairly they are treated in
comparison to other people is called equality theory.
Answer: False
29.
Type: F
Level: 2
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Type: F
Level: 1
Page: 599
Type: F
Level: 2
Page: 599
Type: A
Level: 3
Page: 600
Type: A
Level: 1
Page: 601
Type: F
Avoidance learning is the imposition of unpleasant outcomes on an employee.
Answer: False
37.
Page: 598
Behavior that is positively reinforced tends to be repeated, and behavior that is not
reinforced tends not to be repeated, as stated in the Law of Effect.
Answer: True
36.
Level: 1
The expectancy theory of motivation is similar to Fiedler's contingency model of leadership
in that both emphasize subordinates needs and goals.
Answer: False
35.
Type: F
According to expectancy theory, for an employee to be highly motivated, E-P expectancy
and valence must be maximized.
Answer: True
34.
Page: 596
The perceived value of a reward or outcome is valence.
Answer: True
33.
Level: 2
According to the expectancy theory, motivation increases when the worker believes that the
successful performance will result by putting effort into a given task. This is called E-P
expectancy.
Answer: True
32.
Type: F
Expectancy theory is based on the relationship among the individual's effort and
performance and not on the desirability of outcomes.
Answer: False
31.
Page: 596
The equity theory, by J. Stacy Adams, states that equity exists when the ratio of outcomes to
inputs for one person is equal to the same ratio for another person.
Answer: True
30.
Level: 2
Level: 2
Page: 601
Type: F
The withdrawal of positive reward refers to extinction.
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 439
Answer: True
38.
Page: 603
Type: F
Level: 2
Page: 604
Type: F
Level: 1
Page: 607
Type: F
Level: 2
Page: 607
Type: F
Level: 1
Page: 609
Type: F
The job characteristic of autonomy influences the worker's experiencing meaningfulness of
work.
Answer: False
45.
Level: 2
Task significance is the degree to which the job is perceived as important and having an
impact on the company or customers.
Answer: True
44.
Type: F
Job simplification is based on principles drawn from scientific management and industrial
engineering.
Answer: True
43.
Page: 602
A job design that incorporates achievement, recognition, and other high-level motivators
into the work is called job enlargement.
Answer: False
42.
Level: 1
The variable-ratio schedule is based on a random number of desired behaviors.
Answer: True
41.
Type: F
The fixed ratio schedule rewards employees at specified time intervals.
Answer: False
40.
Page: 602
Schedule of reinforcement is the frequency with which reinforcement occurs.
Answer: True
39.
Level: 1
Level: 2
Page: 609
Type: F
Empowering employees means giving them four elements that enable them to act more
freely to accomplish their jobs: information, knowledge, power, and rewards.
Answer: True
Level: 2
Page: 611
Type: F
Multiple Choice Questions
1.
______ is the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior.
a.
Commitment
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 440
b.
c.
d.
e.
Motivation
Satisfaction
Rewarding behavior
Behavior modification
Answer: b
2.
Level: 1
Page: 589
Type: F
Jessica dislikes almost everything about her job. The only reason she continues to work at
Knight Autobody is the excellent benefits package she receives. Jessica is motivated by
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
extrinsic rewards.
intrinsic rewards.
variable rewards.
all of the above.
none of the above.
Answer: a
Level: 2
Page: 589
Type: A
Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic reward?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
An employee's feelings of self-worth
A pat on the back from your boss
A pay raise
A promotion
A bonus
Answer: a
5.
Type: F
An intrinsic reward
An internal reward
An extrinsic reward
A valued reward
A charity
Answer: c
4.
Page: 588
Which of these refers to a reward given by another person?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3.
Level: 1
Level: 2
Page: 589
Type: F
The __________ to motivation led to the development of incentive pay systems.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
human resources approach
organizational approach
human relations approach
traditional approach
contemporary approach
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 441
Answer: d
6.
Page: 590
Type: F
contemporary approach.
human resource approach.
human relations approach.
traditional approach.
reinforcement approach.
Answer: d
Level: 2
Page: 590
Type: F
Which of the following motivational techniques is consistent with the traditional approach
to motivation?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Sensitivity training
The Hawthorne effect
Incentive pay systems
Need satisfaction
Recognition banquet
Answer: c
Level: 2
Page: 590
Type: F
Under which approach, noneconomic rewards first became popular?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The traditional approach
The contemporary approach
The human resource approach
The human relations approach
The situational approach
Answer: d
10.
Level: 1
The perception of workers as economic people is consistent with the
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
9.
Type: F
human resources approach.
organizational approach.
human relations approach.
traditional approach.
contemporary approach.
Answer: b
8.
Page: 590
All of these are perspectives on motivation described in your text EXCEPT the
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
7.
Level: 2
Level: 2
Page: 590
Type: F
The human resource approach is most closely associated with which of the following?
a.
The economic person
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 442
b.
c.
d.
e.
The social person
The whole person
The partial-man approach
The reinforced approach
Answer: c
11.
Level: 1
Page: 590
Type: F
Content and process theories of motivation are found in which approach to motivation?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The traditional approach
The contemporary approach
The human relations approach
The human resource approach
The whole person approach
Answer: b
Level: 2
Page: 590
Type: F
Which of the following theories emphasize the needs that motivate people?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Process
Reinforcement
Content
Contingency
Situational
Answer: c
14.
Type: F
Process
Reinforcement
Content
Needs
Maslow’s
Answer: a
13.
Page: 590
_________ theories concern the thought processes that influence behavior.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
12.
Level: 2
Level: 1
Page: 590
Type: F
Which of the following is NOT a need proposed by Maslow in his hierarchy of needs
theory?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Safety needs
Compensation needs
Physiological needs
Esteem needs
Self-actualization needs
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 443
Answer: b
15.
Level: 2
Page: 591
Type: A
Which component of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs describes the most basic human physical
needs, including food, water and oxygen?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Self-actualization needs
Physiological needs
Esteem needs
Belongingness needs
Safety needs
Answer: b
Level: 2
Page: 591
Type: F
Which need describes the desire to be accepted by one’s peer, have friendships, be part of a
group, and be loved?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Self-actualization needs
Physiological needs
Esteem needs
Belongingness needs
Safety needs
Answer: d
18.
Type: F
Physiological
Safety
Belongingness
Esteem
Self-actualization
Answer: d
17.
Page: 591
Neil is motivated by a strong need for recognition and is continually seeking credit for his
contributions to the organization. According to Maslow, Neil is motivated by which
category of needs?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
16.
Level: 2
Level: 2
Page: 591
Type: F
The highest order needs, according to Maslow, are
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
self-actualization needs.
physiological needs.
esteem needs.
belongingness needs.
safety needs.
Answer: a
Level: 1
Page: 591
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 444
Type: F
19.
Alderfer referred to the needs for physical well being as
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
physiological
existence
belongingness
relatedness
growth
Answer: b
20.
Type: F
Level: 2
Page: 592
Type: A
The frustration-regression principle is most closely related with
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Maslow.
Herzberg.
McClelland.
Alderfer.
Adam.
Answer: d
Level: 2
Page: 592
Type: F
According to Herzberg, which of these is an example of a hygiene factor?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Achievement
Recognition
Pay
Responsibility
Opportunity for growth
Answer: c
23.
Page: 592
growth needs.
existence needs.
relatedness needs.
self-actualization needs.
physiological needs.
Answer: c
22.
Level: 2
Joe is primarily driven by a need to establish close social relationships with other people.
Alderfer would say she is motivated by
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
21.
needs.
Level: 2
Page: 594
Type: F
__________ are high-level needs, according to Herzberg, and include achievement,
recognition, responsibility, and opportunity for growth.
a.
b.
Hygiene factors
Extrinsic factors
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 445
c.
d.
e.
Motivators
Dissatisfiers
All of the above
Answer: c
24.
Level: 2
Page: 594
Type: F
The majority of hourly workers at Formatting Unlimited are neither satisfied nor
dissatisfied. What would Herzberg recommend if your goal were to increase their level of
satisfaction?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Increase the level of hygiene factors
Increase the level of motivators
Decrease the level of motivators
Decrease the level of hygiene factors
None of the above
Answer: b
Level: 2
Page: 594
Type: A
The desire to form close personal relationships, avoid conflict, and establish warm
friendships, describes
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
a need for affiliation.
a need for power.
a need for achievement.
a need for authority.
all of the above.
Answer: c
27.
Type: F
Hygiene factors
Reinforcers
Motivators
Dissatisfiers
All of the above
Answer: c
26.
Page: 594
According to Herzberg, which of these has the greatest impact on job satisfaction?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
25.
Level: 2
Level: 1
Page: 595
Type: F
Which of these, according to McClelland, is associated with the desire to master complex
tasks?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A need for affiliation
A need for power
A need for achievement
A need for authority
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 446
e.
All of the above
Answer: a
28.
Level: 2
Page: 595
Type: F
Felix is a recent college graduate. He is unsure about his future. A counselor in his
university's career resources recently told Felix that he had a high need for achievement.
Based on this, what type of career should Felix pursue?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
He should look for work as a project manager.
He should think about starting his own business.
He should look for work in "corporate America," he is sure to climb to the top.
He should play the Lotto.
None of the above.
Answer: b
Level: 3
Page: 596
Type: A
Elizabeth has a desire to influence others, be responsible for them, and have authority over
them. It can be described as her
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
need for power.
need for achievement.
need for affiliation.
need for relatedness.
none of the above.
Answer: a
31.
Type: F
power
achievement
affiliation
success
expertise
Answer: a
30.
Page: 595
According to McClelland, a high need for ________ is associated with successful
attainment of top levels in the organizational hierarchy.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
29.
Level: 1
Level: 2
Page: 596
Type: A
______ is an example of a process theory of motivation.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Need hierarchy theory
Equity theory
Two-factor theory
ERG theory
Acquired needs theory
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 447
Answer: b
32.
Level: 1
content theories.
contingency theories.
process theories.
need hierarchy theories.
reinforcement theories.
Answer: c
33.
Level: 1
Page: 596
Type: F
theory deals with employee's perception of fairness.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Expectancy
Reinforcement
Need hierarchy
Equity
ERG
Answer: d
Level: 1
Page: 596
Type: F
Paula and Chris are both middle managers at Detrick International. Paula is dissatisfied
because she knows that Chris makes more in salary even though, in Paula’s opinion, she
works longer hours than he does. If Paula wishes to reduce this perceived inequity, what
should she do?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
She could reduce the number of hours she works.
She could increase her level of absenteeism.
She could ask for a raise.
All of the above.
a and c only.
Answer: d
35.
Type: F
Theories that explain how employees select the behaviors that allow them to meet their
needs are known as
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
34.
Page: 596
Level: 3
Page: 597
Type: A
Which of the following is NOT a common method for reducing a perceived inequity?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Change inputs
Change outcomes
Distorts perception
Leave the job
Change equity
Answer: e
Level: 2
Page: 597
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 448
Type: F
36.
Which of the following compensation strategies perpetuates inequity in the workplace?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Cafeteria-style benefits
Incentive pay systems
Two-tier wage systems
Gain-sharing
None of the above
Answer: c
37.
Level: 2
Equity theory
Expectancy theory
Reinforcement theory
Two-factor theory
ERG theory
Answer: b
P
E
O
A
V
Page: 598
Type: F
-> O expectancy
-> P expectancy
-> V expectancy
-> Z expectancy
-> P expectancy
Answer: b
Level: 2
Page: 598
Type: F
Chuck is a manager at Railroad Ties. He sees little opportunity for advancement at Railroad
Ties, regardless of how well he performs. Which of the following expectancies is low for
Chuck?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
E -> P expectancy
O -> V expectancy
P -> O expectancy
E -> V expectancy
None of the above
Answer: c
40.
Level: 1
The ___________ involves whether putting effort into a task will lead to high performance.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
39.
Type: A
______ is based on the relationships between effort, performance, and outcomes.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
38.
Page: 598
Level: 2
Page: 598
Type: A
__________ describes the value or attraction an individual has for an outcome.
a.
b.
Motivators
Valence
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 449
c.
d.
e.
O -> V expectancy
P -> O expectancy
E -> V expectancy
Answer: b
41.
Level: 3
Page: 599
Type: A
Which of the following theories places an emphasis on behavior and its consequences?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Two-factor theory
Need hierarchy theory
Reinforcement theory
ERG theory
Equity theory
Answer: c
Level: 1
Page: 601
Type: F
Which of the following statements best summarizes the law of effect?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
All behaviors have consequences.
Positively reinforced behavior tends to be repeated.
Your behavior will influence others.
Negatively reinforced behavior tends to be repeated.
None of the above.
Answer: b
44.
Type: F
E -> P expectancy
O -> P expectancy
Valence
Motivators
O -> E indicators
Answer: c
43.
Page: 599
Jill works at Kermit’s Korner. Her bosses continually indicate that her motivational level is
low. Jill agrees, but is unwilling to work harder until the company changes the types of
reward it offers its employees. Which of the following is low for Jill?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
42.
Level: 3
Level: 2
Page: 601
Type: F
Tony publicly praises his employees when they have achieved their goals. Tony hopes this
will increase the likelihood of goal achievement in the future. This is an example of
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
extinction.
negative reinforcement.
avoidance learning.
positive reinforcement.
none of the above.
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 450
Answer: d
45.
Page: 601
Type: F
avoidance learning.
punishment.
positive reinforcement.
extinction.
inefficient management.
Answer: a
Level: 2
Page: 601
Type: F
______ is sometimes called negative reinforcement.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Avoidance learning
Punishment
Positive reinforcement
Extinction
Neutral learning
Answer: a
Level: 2
Page: 601
Type: F
Which of these is the imposition of unpleasant outcomes on an employee?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Avoidance learning
Punishment
Positive reinforcement
Extinction
Avoiding punishment
Answer: b
49.
Level: 1
The removal of an unpleasant consequence following a desired behavior is referred to as
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
48.
Type: A
Avoidance learning
Punishment
Positive reinforcement
Extinction
Suspension
Answer: c
47.
Page: 601
______ is the administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired
behavior.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
46.
Level: 2
Level: 1
Page: 602
Type: F
______ is the withdrawal of a positive reward, meaning that behavior is no longer
reinforced and hence is less likely to occur in the future.
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 451
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Avoidance learning
Punishment
Positive reinforcement
Extinction
None of the above
Answer: d
50.
Level: 2
Page: 602
Type: F
One of your fellow students is continually late to class. The professor has tried numerous
verbal warnings and recently took points away from the student's grade. The student
continued to show up late. Based on the above, the professor's actions are consistent with
which of the following reinforcement techniques?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Negative reinforcement
Extinction
Positive reinforcement
Avoidance learning
Rewards enhancement
Answer: b
Level: 3
Page: 602
Type: A
One of your fellow team members at work is continually disrupting the team's work with
jokes and general horseplay. You hope that by ignoring him he will stop this senseless
behavior. You are attempting to use which reinforcement tool?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Extinction
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Avoidance learning
Desired behavior is reinforced annually
Answer: a
53.
Type: F
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Extinction
Reward enhancement
All of the above
Answer: c
52.
Page: 602
Which of the following techniques reduces the likelihood that behavior will be repeated?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
51.
Level: 1
Level: 3
Page: 602
Type: A
With __________ schedule, the reinforcement is administered only after some occurrences
of the correct behavior.
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 452
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
extinction
partial reinforcement
negative reinforcement
avoidance learning
none of the above
Answer: b
54.
The
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Level: 2
Page: 603
Type: F
schedule rewards employees at specified time intervals.
fixed-ratio
variable-interval
variable-ratio
continuous
fixed-interval
Answer: e
Level: 2
Page: 603
Type: F
Rakim is a big believer in reinforcement theory. He likes the slot machine analogy, so his
schedule of reinforcement is based on a random number of desired behaviors. What type of
reinforcement schedule is Rakim using?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Fixed-interval
Variable-ratio
Fixed-ratio
Continuous
Continuous-interval
Answer: b
57.
Type: F
every sixth desired behavior is reinforced.
on average, every sixth desired behavior is reinforced.
every occurrence of the desired behavior is reinforced.
once a day the desired behavior is reinforced.
desired behavior is reinforced annually.
Answer: c
56.
Page: 603
With a continuous reinforcement schedule,
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
55.
Level: 2
Level: 2
Page: 604
Type: A
With ______ schedules, reinforcement occurs after a specified number of desired responses.
a.
b.
c.
fixed-ratio
variable-interval
variable-ratio
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 453
d.
e.
continuous
fixed-interval
Answer: a
58.
Level: 2
Page: 604
Type: F
______ schedules are based on random number of desired responses rather than variable
time periods.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Fixed-ratio
Variable-interval
Variable-ratio
Continuous
Fixed-interval
Answer: c
Level: 2
Page: 604
Type: F
_________ is the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for improving
productivity and satisfaction.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Job design
Job enlargement
Job simplification
Job characteristics
Job enrichment
Answer: a
61.
Type: F
Fixed-ratio
Variable-interval
Variable-ratio
Continuous
Fixed-interval
Answer: b
60.
Page: 604
With which schedule reinforcement administered at random times cannot be predicted by
the employee?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
59.
Level: 2
Level: 1
Page: 605
Type: F
While job _________ can lead to greater task efficiencies, it has failed as a motivational
technique.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
rotation
enlargement
simplification
characteristics
enrichment
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 454
Answer: c
62.
Level: 2
Page: 607 Type: A
Rudy is looking for ways to increase the number of different tasks that an employee
performs without increasing task complexity. He should try
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
job simplification.
job enlargement.
job rotation.
job enrichment.
job lay-off.
Answer: c
Level: 2
Page: 607 Type: A
______ pursues task efficiency by reducing the number of tasks one person must do.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Job simplification
Job rotation
Job enlargement
Job enrichment
Job enhancement
Answer: a
65.
Type: F
Job simplification
Job enlargement
Job rotation
Job characteristics
Job lay-off
Answer: b
64.
Page: 607
Which of the following combines a series of tasks into one new, broader job?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
63.
Level: 1
Level: 1
Page: 607
Type: F
Which of these systematically moves employees from one job to another, thereby increasing
the number of different tasks an employee performs without increasing the complexity of
any one job?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Job simplification
Job rotation
Job enlargement
Job enrichment
None of the above
Answer: b
Level: 1
Page: 607
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 455
Type: F
66.
______ combines a number of tasks horizontally into one, new broader job.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Job simplification
Job rotation
Job enrichment
All of the above
None of the above
Answer: e
67.
Level: 1
Page: 608
Type: F
Daisy is a first line supervisor at Ducks, Inc. She wishes to increase her employee's
opportunities for growth and learning. Which of the following techniques should she use?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Job enlargement
Job enrichment
Job rotation
Positive reinforcement
Continuous
Answer: b
Level: 2
Page: 608
Type: A
Which of the following is an important part of the job characteristics model?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Critical psychological states
A hierarchy of needs
Schedules of reinforcement
All of the above
None of the above
Answer: a
70.
Type: F
job simplification.
job rotation.
job enlargement.
job enrichment.
none of the above.
Answer: d
69.
Page: 607- 608
A job design that incorporates achievement, recognition, and other high-level motivators
into the work is referred to as
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
68.
Level: 2
Level: 2
Page: 608
Type: F
The core dimension of Hackman and Oldham's model of job characteristics that is based on
the number of diverse activities that make up a job is known as
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 456
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
autonomy.
job enlargement.
skill variety.
task identity.
feedback.
Answer: c
71.
Level: 1
Page: 608
Type: F
The degree to which the job is perceived as important and having impact on the company or
customers is referred to as
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
task complexity.
task identity.
task significance.
task structure.
task simplification.
Answer: c
Level: 1
Page: 609
Type: F
When a person has ______, the Job Characteristics Model is effective.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
a desire for personal challenge
a desire for achievement
a need for challenging work
all of the above
none of the above
Answer: d
74.
Type: F
Task complexity
Task identity
Task significance
Task structure
None of the above
Answer: b
73.
Page: 608
______ is the degree to which an employee performs a total job with a recognizable
beginning and ending.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
72.
Level: 2
Level: 2
Page: 609
Type: F
Which of the following core job dimensions influences the critical psychological state of
experienced meaningfulness of work?
a.
b.
c.
Skill variety
Task significance
Task identity
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 457
d.
e.
All of the above
b and c only
Answer: d
75.
Type: F
Some of her employees are lazy.
Some of her employees are low in growth-need strength.
Some of her employees have a low need for power.
All of her employees have high growth-needs.
Some of her employees have low affiliation needs.
Answer: b
Level: 3
Page: 610
Type: A
The delegation of power and authority to subordinates is referred to as
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
need for power.
need for achievement.
empowerment.
passing the buck.
need of affiliation.
Answer: c
77.
Page: 609
Emma tried to apply the job characteristics model to her workforce, but it only worked for
some of her employees. Which of the following may be a reason why it did not work for
everyone?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
76.
Level: 2
Level: 1
Page: 610
Type: F
Empowering employees means giving employees
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
information.
knowledge.
power.
rewards.
All of the above.
Answer: e
Level: 2
Page: 611
Type: F
Scenario Questions
Scenario—Odysess Miller
Odysess Miller was a successful manager for one of the subsidiaries at Tour Unlimited. He was
responsible for 232 workers and had a span of control of eight lower level managers. Odysess has
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 458
decided to try to increase performance and productivity by the careful use of motivational theories.
1.
The hygiene factors, or dissatifiers, that Odysess can influence include all of the following
EXCEPT
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
salary and wages.
supervision relationships.
working conditions.
company policies.
all are hygiene factors.
Answer: e
2.
The motivator factors, or satisfiers, that Odysess can change and influence include all of the
following EXCEPT
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
recognition.
growth opportunities.
achievement.
salary.
all are motivator factors.
Answer: d
3.
Type: A
One of Odysess’ best employees has a driving need to be able to attain a high standard of
success, to master complex tasks, and to surpass others. Odysess recognizes these acquired
needs as defined as
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
the need for accomplishment.
the need for power.
the need for affiliation.
the need for adaptation.
none of the above.
Answer: e
4.
Type: A
Type: A
Odysess understands that perceived inequity creates tensions within individuals that
motivate them to bring equity back into balance, and one of his production supervisors feels
that she is underpaid. Which of the following is not a common method for reducing
perceived inequity?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Change in his inputs to the organization
Change his outcomes from the organization
Distort his perception
Leave the job for a new one
All are common methods
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 459
Answer: e
Type: A
Short-Answer Questions
1.
refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse
enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action.
Answer: Motivation
2.
The satisfaction received in the process of performing an action is also known as a(n)
_______.
Answer: intrinsic reward
3.
Page: 591
__________ are the most basic human physical needs, including food, water, and oxygen.
Answer: Physiological needs
7.
Page: 590
A content theory that proposes that people are motivated by five categories of needs—
physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization—that exist in a
hierarchical order is called the
theory.
Answer: hierarchy of needs
6.
Page: 589
_______ theories emphasize the needs that motivate people.
Answer: Content
5.
Page: 589
rewards are given by another person, typically a manager, and include
promotions and pay increases.
Answer: Extrinsic
4.
Page: 588
Page: 591
List the four content theories discussed in your text.
Answer:
The four are (1) hierarchy of needs theory, (2) ERG theory, (3) two-factor theory, and (4)
acquired needs theory.
Page: 591-596
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 460
8.
A modification of the needs hierarchy theory that proposes three categories of needs:
existence, relatedness, and growth is called the
theory.
Answer: ERG
9.
Page: 592
List the three needs proposed by Clayton Alderfer.
Answer:
The three needs are (1) existence needs, (2) relatedness needs, and (3) growth needs.
Page: 592
10.
The idea that failure to meet a high-order need may cause a regression to an already
satisfied lower-order need is referred to as a(n)
.
Answer: frustration-regression principle
Page: 592
11.
Factors that involve the presence or absence of job dissatisfiers, such as working
conditions or pay, are known as _______.
Answer: hygiene factors
12.
are high-level needs and include achievement, recognition, responsibility,
and opportunity for growth.
Answer: Motivators
13.
Page: 596
A state of
exists whenever the ratio of one person's outcomes to inputs
equals the ratio of another's outcomes to inputs.
Answer: equity
16.
Page: 596
_______ theory focuses on an individual's perceptions of how fairly he or she is treated
relative to others.
Answer: Equity
15.
Page: 594
theories explain how workers select behavioral actions to meet their needs
and determine whether their choices were successful.
Answer: Process
14.
Page: 594
Page: 596
theory suggests that motivation depends on individuals' expectations
about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards.
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 461
Answer: Expectancy
17.
Page: 598
involves whether putting effort into a task will lead to high performance.
Answer: E -> P expectancy
18.
Page: 598
involves whether successful performance will lead to the desired
outcome.
Answer: P -> O expectancy
19.
Page: 598
is the value of outcomes, or attraction for outcomes, for the individual.
Answer: Valence
20.
Page: 599
A motivation theory based on the relationship between a given behavior and its
consequences is called the
.
Answer: reinforcement theory
21.
Page: 601
is the name given to the set of techniques by which reinforcement theory
is used to modify human behavior.
Answer: Behavior modification
22.
Page: 601
The assumption that positively reinforced behavior tends to be repeated is the basis for
the _______.
Answer: law of effect
23.
Page: 601
is defined as anything that causes a certain behavior to be repeated or
inhibited.
Answer: Reinforcement
24.
Page: 601
List the four types of reinforcement.
Answer:
The four types of reinforcement are (1) positive reinforcement, (2) avoidance learning, (3)
punishment, and (4) extinction.
Page: 601-602
25.
__________ is the removal of an unpleasant consequence following a desired behavior.
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 462
Answer: Avoidance learning
26.
Page: 601
pertain to the frequency with which and intervals over which
reinforcement occurs.
Answer: Schedules of reinforcement
Page: 602
27.
With a
, every occurrence of the desired behavior is reinforced.
Answer: continuous reinforcement schedule
Page: 603
28.
With a
, the reinforcement is administered only after some occurrences of
the correct behavior.
Answer: partial reinforcement schedule
29.
The __________ rewards employees at specified time intervals.
Answer: fixed-interval schedule
30.
Page: 603
Page: 603
is the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for
improving productivity and satisfaction.
Answer: Job design
31.
Page: 605
pursues task efficiency by reducing the number of tasks one person must
do.
Answer: Job simplification
32.
systematically moves employees from one job to another, thereby
increasing the number of different tasks an employee performs without increasing the
complexity of any one job.
Answer: Job rotation
33.
Page: 607
combines a series of tasks into one new, broader job.
Answer: Job enlargement
34.
Page: 607
Page: 607
incorporates high-level motivators into the work, including job
responsibility, recognition, and opportunities for growth, learning, and achievement.
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 463
Answer: Job enrichment
35.
Page: 608
__________ is defined as the altering of jobs to increase both the quality of employees’
work experience and their productivity.
Answer: Work redesign
36.
Page: 608
List the five core job dimensions found in the job characteristics model.
Answer:
The five dimensions are (1) skill variety, (2) task identity, (3) task significance, (4)
autonomy, and (5) feedback.
Page: 608-609
37.
__________ is the degree to which the worker has freedom, discretion, and selfdetermination in planning and carrying out tasks.
Answer: Autonomy
38.
Page: 609
The delegation of power and authority to subordinates is called
Answer: empowerment
.
Page: 610
Essay Questions
1.
Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic rewards.
ANSWER:
Intrinsic rewards is the satisfaction received in the process of performing an action.
Extrinsic rewards are rewards given by another person.
Level: 2
2.
Page: 589
Briefly describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory.
ANSWER:
Maslow's theory is a content theory that proposes that people are motivated by five
categories of needs. They are (1) physiological, (2) safety and security, (3) belongingness
and love, (4) esteem, and (5) self-actualization. According to Maslow's theory, lowerorder needs take priority; they must be at least partially satisfied before higher order needs
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 464
are even recognized or experienced. An unsatisfied need is a motivating need.
Level: 2
3.
Page: 591
Compare the five groups of needs in Maslow's theory with the three groups of needs in
Alderfer's ERG theory.
ANSWER:
Physiological and safety needs in Maslow's theory correspond to the existence need in
Alderfer's theory. Belongingness and the need for esteem from other people in Maslow's
theory correspond to the relatedness need in Alderfer's theory. Finally, the need for selfesteem and self-actualization in Maslow's theory correspond to Alderfer's need for
growth.
Level: 3
4.
Page: 592-593
In David McClelland's acquired needs theory, what are the three acquired needs most
commonly discussed and which is/are not dependent on relationships with other people?
ANSWER:
The three needs are the need for achievement, the need for power, and the need for
affiliation. The need for affiliation is the need for friendships with other people and the
need for power is the need to influence people. The need for achievement is the desire to
accomplish something. People with a high need for achievement tend to be
entrepreneurs. While relationships with other people are implicit in the needs for
affiliation and power, relationships with other people are not central to the need for
achievement.
Level: 2
5.
Page: 595-596
Briefly explain expectancy theory.
ANSWER:
Expectancy theory is based on the relationship between the individual's effort, the
individual's performance, and the desirability of outcomes associated with high
performance. The key to expectancy theory lies in understanding three key variables. The
first variable is the relationship between effort and high performance (E --> P
expectancy). What is the expectancy that putting effort into a task will lead to high
performance? The second variable is the relationship between successful performance
and desired outcomes (P --> O expectancy). What is the expectancy that successful
performance will lead to the desired outcome? The final variable is valence, i.e., the
value or attraction of the outcome to individuals. Thus, motivation is a function of the
individual's expectations about his or her ability to perform tasks and receive desired
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 465
rewards.
Level: 2
6.
Page: 598-599
Explain employee growth-need strength and its relationship to the job characteristics
model.
ANSWER:
Growth need strength (GNS) means that people have different needs for growth and
development. GNS would influence the effectiveness of the job characteristics model in
terms of personal and work outcomes. If a person has low-level needs, such as needs for
security or belongingness, the impact of the job characteristics model would be
minimized. On the other hand, people with a high need to grow and expand their abilities
should respond very favorably to the model and there should be significant improvement
in the outcomes of interest.
Level: 2
Page: 610
Chapter Sixteen * Motivation
Test Bank * Page 466