Determination of blood glucose level (glycemia)
The questions will be asked during the testing:
1.
What saccharides are found in a human diet? Describe their structure.
2.
Describe digestion and absorption of starch and glycogen.
3.
Describe digestion and absorption of disaccharides.
4.
Describe transport of glucose into cells and releasing of glucose from the cells to blood.
5.
Give the names of the simplest aldose and ketose. Draw their structure formulas.
6.
Describe formation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate from glucose in glycolysis.
7.
Describe metabolism of triose phosphates in glycolysis.
8.
What reactions of glycolysis are irreversible? What reactions are regulated?
9.
Give the products of glycolysis (both aerobic and anaerobic). What is the fate of the products ?
10.
Compare amount of energy produced by both aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis.
11.
What reactions of glycolysis belong among “substrate level phosphorylations”?
12.
What substances can be used as substrates of gluconeogenesis?
13.
Describe formation of phosphoenolpyruvate in gluconeogenesis.
14.
What is the localization of glycolytic and gluconeogenetic enzymes within the cell?
15.
Describe an interconnection of saccharide metabolism with metabolism of lipids.
16.
Compare structure of starch and glycogen.
17.
Explain the terms: „reducing“ and „nonreducing“ saccharides.
18.
Explain the term: „glycosidic bond“. Classify the types of the bond, give an example.
19.
Glycosidase – explain their function in organism and the specifity.
20.
What cells contain the largest amount of glycogen in a human body?
21.
Explain the term: “PAS reaction” (repeat the knowledge of histology)
22.
Describe the synthesis of glycogen.
23.
Describe the degradation of glycogen.
24.
What is the effect of a) insulin and b) glucagon / adrenaline on glycogenolysis, synthesis of glycogen
and maintenance of glycemia?
25.
Draw the structure formulas of: ribose, glucose, fructose, galactose, gluconic and glucuronic acids.
26.
Describe formation of ribose-5-phosphate from glucose. What is the importance of Rib-5-P in cells?
27.
What are the main functions of pentose phosphate pathway?
28.
Give some examples of derivatives of monosaccharides found in organism. Describe the structure of
deoxysaccharides and amino saccharides. What do you know about glucitol?
29.
Glc-6-phosphate - describe its utilization within cells.
30.
Describe Cori cycle.
Practical training:
1.
Describe the experiment (briefly) including its goal.
2.
Explain the principle of glucose determination by the reagent used in the photometric analysis.
3.
Explain the principle of spectrophotometry.
4.
Explain the use of standard solutions.